212 lines
20 KiB
XML
212 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6887260" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a016af63-6437-427b-80b7-22bc9a002e20" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6887260" approvalRequired="5" approvalRequired_for_matCits="1" approvalRequired_for_treatments="4" checkinTime="1656696812616" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="1E30E275340AFFBBE16F2DB773938865" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Muridae_0536.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Meriones crassus Sundevall 1842" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="643" masterDocId="E2099A0D3426FF97E1372C0977498313" masterDocTitle="Muridae" masterLastPageNumber="884" masterPageNumber="536" pageNumber="643" updateTime="1658538965639" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Muridae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:dateIssued>2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2017-11-30</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>536</mods:start>
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<mods:end>884</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6887260</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">a016af63-6437-427b-80b7-22bc9a002e20</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-04-6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6887260</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6798276" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197826029" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6798276" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1E30E275340AFFBBE16F2DB773938865" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1E30E275340AFFBBE16F2DB773938865" lastPageNumber="643" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<heading pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<subSubSection box="[88,168,446,492]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[85,1037,446,570]" box="[88,168,446,492]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<figureCitation box="[88,168,446,492]" captionStart="Plate 37: Muridae" captionStartId="44.[87,117,3346,3367]" captionTargetBox="[12,2716,14,3648]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="138. Sundevall’s Jird (Meriones crassus), 139. Moroccan Jird (Meriones grandis), 140. Libyan Jird (Meriones libycus), 141. Shaw's Jird (Meriones shaw), 142. Tristram’s Jird (Meriones tristrami), 143. Dahl's Jird (Meriones dahl), 144. Vinogradov’s Jird (Meriones vinogradoui), 145. Buxton’s Jird (Meriones sacramenti), 146. King Jird (Meriones rex), 147. Arabian Jird (Meriones arimalius), 148. Persian Jird (Meriones persicus), 149. Zarudny’s Jird (Meriones zarudnyi), 150. Indian Desert Jird (Meriones hurrianae), 151. Cheng’s Jird (Meriones chengi), 152. Midday Jird (Meriones meridianus), 153. Tamarisk Jird (Meriones tamariscinus), 154. Mongolian Jird (Meriones unguiculatus), 155. Przewalski’s Jird (Brachiones przewalskii), 156. Fat Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus), 157. Lesser Sand Rat (Psammomys vexillaris), 158. Great Gerbil (Rhombomys oprmus), 159. Buttner’s African Forest Mouse (Leimacomys buettneri), 160. Maned Rat (Lophiomys imhausi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6887374" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6887374/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">138.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[186,506,446,492]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[85,1037,446,570]" box="[186,506,446,492]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<vernacularName box="[186,506,446,492]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Sundevall’s Jird</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[577,872,446,492]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[85,1037,446,570]" box="[577,872,446,492]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1842" box="[577,872,446,492]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassus">
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<emphasis box="[577,872,446,492]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Meriones crassus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[85,1037,446,570]" box="[85,1037,509,530]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[85,161,509,530]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[170,386,509,530]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Mérione de Sundevall</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[408,499,509,530]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[508,707,509,530]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Sundevall-Rennratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[728,819,509,530]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[829,1037,509,530]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Gerbillo de Sundevall</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="44.[85,1037,446,570]" box="[85,713,549,570]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[85,332,549,570]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[342,452,549,570]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Gentle Jird</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[464,612,549,570]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Jerusalem Jird</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[625,713,549,570]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Silky Jird</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[650,1290,624,1043]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[697,847,624,649]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Sundevall, 1842" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1842" box="[859,1282,624,649]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassus">Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864424607" box="[698,1259,659,688]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Fount of Moses (Ain Moses), Sinai, Egypt.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[650,1290,624,1043]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1842" box="[699,918,699,728]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassus">Meriones crassus</taxonomicName>
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1s distinguished by mor- phological features and chromosomal data. It has been revised by many authors, generally at regional scale. J. Darvish in 201 1 revised morphology of nearly all species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[797,910,892,926]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Meriones</taxonomicName>
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and provided a tree where
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1842" box="[699,842,936,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassus">M. crassus</taxonomicName>
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is close to M. menridianus and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[699,919,978,1003]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unguiculatus">M. unguiculatus</taxonomicName>
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. M. Ito and colleagues in 2010 found
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1842" box="[874,1011,1018,1043]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassus">M. crassus</taxonomicName>
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close to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Yerbury & Thomas" authorityYear="1895" box="[1142,1227,1018,1043]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">M. rex</taxonomicName>
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in a
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="44.[84,1292,1049,2934]" box="[86,540,1049,1083]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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clade with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[238,368,1049,1083]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libycus">M. libycus</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="distribution">
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<caption inLine="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" targetBox="[1238,1242,2909,2934]" targetPageId="44">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[84,1292,1049,2934]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[85,261,1092,1121]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Distribution.</emphasis>
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N Africa (from Morocco and Mauritania E to Egypt and NE Sudan), Middle East, S Turkmenistan, W & S Afghanistan, and W Pakistan.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[84,1292,1049,2934]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[85,338,1171,1200]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 100-153 mm, tail 98-158 mm, ear 14-22 mm, hindfoot 30-38 mm; weight 55-158 g. Tail of Sundevall’s Jird is long (100% of head-body length), and terminal tuft is grayish to chestnut (with strong variation) and less developed than that of Libyan Jird (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[568,707,1285,1319]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libycus">M. libycus</taxonomicName>
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); dorsal proximal part oftail is off-white, with dark brown tuft at end. According to Darvish in 2009, tail length increases from western Iranian Plateau toward Iraq and North Africa. Soles of hindfeet are partly hairy; heel is hairless, with fine line of demarcation. Claws are ivory-white. Dorsum is gray and underbelly white. Skull is less robust than that of Libyan Jird, but is characterized by voluminous tympanic bullae extending posteriorly to paroccipital processes. Females bear four pairs of mammae. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 60, FN = 72.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[84,1292,1049,2934]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[85,196,1565,1594]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Sundevall’s Jird is typically a Saharan species in North Africa, but can be found also in steppic semi-dry environments. It seems to prefer sandy soils, but may occur also in rocky areas in “wadis” (ephemeral riverbeds) and “hamadas” (barren, hard, rocky plateaus). It can wander far from vegetation. In North Africa it was reported also as feeding on succulent stems, fruits and insects.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[84,1292,1049,2934]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[85,349,1758,1792]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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In Arabia, Sundevall’s Jirds eat acacias (
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<taxonomicName box="[922,1011,1758,1792]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1028,1157,1758,1792]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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) or colocynths (
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<taxonomicName box="[198,314,1802,1831]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Citrullus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Citrullus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[332,535,1802,1831]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
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) as well as
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<taxonomicName box="[700,983,1802,1831]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Medicago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Fabaceae">Medicago (Fabaceae)</taxonomicName>
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seeds, and at certain times also some Schistocerca locusts. In Iran, they feed on seeds of Peganum harmala (
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<taxonomicName box="[99,279,1880,1909]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nitrariaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nitrariaceae</taxonomicName>
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). In Egypt, remnants of
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<taxonomicName box="[637,849,1880,1909]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acutifolia">Cassia acutifolia</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[872,1003,1880,1909]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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) were found in the burrows and Sundevall’s Jirds have been observed feeding on seeds of Colocynthis vulgaris (
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<taxonomicName box="[171,381,1959,1988]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[410,527,1959,1988]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Anabasis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Anabasis</taxonomicName>
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articulata (
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<taxonomicName box="[686,914,1959,1988]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<taxonomicName box="[1009,1283,1959,1988]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Zilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Brassicaceae">Zilla (Brassicaceae)</taxonomicName>
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. In Israel they preferred saltbush (
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<taxonomicName box="[583,686,1994,2028]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Atriplex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Atriplex</taxonomicName>
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halimus,
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<taxonomicName box="[822,1045,1994,2028]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Moricandia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitens">Moricandia nitens</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[186,363,2034,2068]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
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) plants. Their metabolism allows these jirds to concentrate and recycle water, and they can withstand strong dehydration.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[84,1292,1049,2934]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[85,215,2117,2146]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Gestation takes 21-31 days, and pregnant females have 3-7 embryos. Spring and early summer correspond to birth peak. Young are naked and blind until two weeks of life, and are weaned after one month. Sexual maturity is reached at around two months.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[84,1292,1049,2934]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[84,325,2231,2265]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Nocturnal, and terrestrial, digging burrows. Sundevall’s Jirds are known to be nomadic, and will move to another site when resources are finished or too poor. They emerge from burrows about one hour after dusk. Burrow architecture is variable in complexity, and abandoned burrows are sometimes “recycled.” Some may have 18 entrances,extend up to 12 m in length, and be very deep (1-2 m); mean depth beneath surface in Morocco is 0-37 m. Many galleries are “culs de sac” and end below surface. Nest chamber is lined with dry shredded vegetation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[84,1292,1049,2934]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[85,789,2511,2540]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Sundevall’s Jird is not colonial but can be gregarious or solitary. Communication is via podophony (foot-tapping), and the animals can respond to high-intensity ultrasonic sounds. They can forage over long distances (up to 10 km reported). They store food in special chambers in their burrows.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[84,1292,1049,2934]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[86,436,2668,2697]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hatt" authorityYear="1934" box="[1155,1289,2668,2697]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Thamnomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="643" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">No major</taxonomicName>
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threats are known for Sundevall’s Jird. It may be found close to agricultural regions in south Tunisia. It can be common in some environments, and densities of 0-1-11 ind/ ha have been reported.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="643" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[84,1292,1049,2934]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[87,239,2835,2856]" pageId="44" pageNumber="643">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Amr (2000), Aulagnier et al. (2009), Darvish (2009, 2011), Granjon & Duplantier (2009), Happold (2013a), Ito et al. (2010), Kam et al. (1997), Koffler (1972), Kowalski & Rzebik-Kowalska (1991), Krasnov et al. (1996), Krystufek & Vohralik (2009), Petter (1961c), Qumsiyeh (1996), Ranck (1968), Shenbrot et al. (2002).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |