677 lines
77 KiB
XML
677 lines
77 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.40.7973" ID-PMC="PMC4154306" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-40-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFB6FF88FFE2B53E5D3FFF8F6B6F0639" ID-PubMed="25197228" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576244" ModsDocID="1314-2003-40-1" checkinTime="1451251714908" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="de Lange, Peter J." docDate="2014" docId="E39F2C96FD15923D1FF782EE2E2A5A6B" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 40: 1-185" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 40" docPubDate="2014-08-26" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.40.7973" docTitle="Kunzea toelkenii de Lange 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFB6FF88FFE2B53E5D3FFF8F6B6F0639" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="FFB6FF88FFE2B53E5D3FFF8F6B6F0639" masterDocTitle="A revision of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (Myrtaceae) complex" masterLastPageNumber="185" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1668141164457" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (Myrtaceae) complex</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>de Lange, Peter J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Science & Capability Group, Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68908 Newton, Auckland 1145, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2014-08-26</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>40</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>185</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.40.7973</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.40.7973</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-40-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFB6FF88FFE2B53E5D3FFF8F6B6F0639</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576244</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152025369" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E39F2C96FD15923D1FF782EE2E2A5A6B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E39F2C96FD15923D1FF782EE2E2A5A6B" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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5.
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<taxonomicName LSID="E39F2C96-FD15-923D-1FF7-82EE2E2A5A6B" authority="de Lange" authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii" status="sp. nov.">Kunzea toelkenii de Lange</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="48" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="latin">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">A K. tenuicaulis habitu late expanso (usque ad 6 m lato), brevi (usque ad 4 m alto), valido multicauli, caulibus pertortis torsivis et flexis; surculibus frequentibus perfecte prostratibus ad 4 m e basi trunci expositis; ramis et ramulis superis pendulis, faragine pilorum longorum leniter flexuorum antrorum et brevium divergentium crisporum circinatorum; seriebus rDNA ITS et ETS differt.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="holotypus">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Holotypus</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Holotype of Kunzea toelkenii (P. J. de Lange 5322 & R. O. Gardner, AK 255350)." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">25</figureCitation>
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).
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">New Zealand (North Island).</emphasis>
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Bay of Plenty, State Highway 2, near Thornton (Wahieroa Dunes), Walker Road,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="37" direction="south" minutes="58" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="27" value="-37.974167">37°58'27"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="176" direction="east" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="11" value="176.83638">176°50'11"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 10 m a.s.l. 'Dominant, growing with
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Muehlenbeckia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muehlenbeckia complexa" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="complexa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="start">Muehlenbeckia</pageBreakToken>
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complexa
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fabaceae" genus="Lupinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lupinus arboreus" order="Rosales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="arboreus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Lupinus arboreus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, boxthorn and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hovenk" authorityYear="1984" baseAuthorityName="Bory" class="Filicopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Pyrrosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrrosia eleagnifolia" order="Polypodiales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="eleagnifolia">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Pyrrosia eleagnifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as sparse associates. Multi-trunked shrubs to small trees up to 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="m’">m'</normalizedToken>
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. P. J. de Lange 5322 & R. O. Gardner, 25 Oct 2001, AK 255350! Isotypes: AD! BM! CHR! NZFRI! P!
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="Figure 25" startId="F25">
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figure 25.</emphasis>
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Holotype of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(P. J. de Lange 5322 & R. O. Gardner, AK 255350).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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The specific epithet
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">toelkenii</emphasis>
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honours Australian
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<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea" order="Myrtales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kunzea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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expert Hellmut Toelken (1939-).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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(Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Distinguishing features of Kunzea toelkenii. A Flowering branchlet (ex cult. AK 284553) B Fruiting branchlet (ex cult. AK 284553) C Vegetative bud and branchlet indumentum (ex cult. AK 284553) D Adaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284553) E Abaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284553) F Leaf variation: (F 1) Walker Road (AK 255350), (F 2) Seacombes Canal (AK 287042) G Adaxial leaf apex (ex cult. AK 289816) H Leaf margin indumentum (ex cult. AK 284553) I Flower (top view) (ex cult. AK 284553) J Flower and hypanthium (side view) (ex cult. AK 284553) K Flower cross section showing anther, style and ovules (ex cult. AK 284553) L Style and stigma (ex cult. AK 284553) M Stamens (ex cult. AK 284553) N Dehisced fruit (ex cult. AK 284553). Scale bars: (A, B, F) 10 mm; (C-E, G, I-N) 1 mm; (H) 0.5 mm." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">26</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Scanning Electron Micrographs of Kunzea toelkenii (all AK 255350). A-C Branchlet indumentum. Scale bars: (A, B) 1 mm; (C) 100 μm." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">27</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Kunzea toelkenii at type locality, Walker Road (photos: P. J. de Lange). A Growth habit of Kunzea toelkenii within sand dunes at type locality, note extensive suckering growth at base of shrub B Side view of the same Kunzea toelkenii as (A) showed tortured growth and root suckers C Close up of distinctive branching pattern developed by mature Kunzea toelkenii at type locality D-E Bark of Kunzea toelkenii F Late season functionally male flowers of Kunzea toelkenii G-H Flowering branchlet of Kunzea toelkenii (an example with longer than usual stamens)." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">28</figureCitation>
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).
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="start">Growth</pageBreakToken>
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habit
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</emphasis>
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shrubs up to 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6 m;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘juveniles’">'juveniles'</normalizedToken>
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usually prostrate and trailing up to 4 m diam., often flowering, taking 2-4 years to develop several, usually central, ascending branches;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘adults’">'adults'</normalizedToken>
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forming widely spreading (up to 2 m diam.), characteristically flat-topped shrubs, with pendulous branches and branchlets; branches confined to upper 30-50% of shrub, basal 50-70% usually completely devoid of branches and vegetative growth, sometimes bearing completely pendulous growth; trunk bases usually bearing epicormic, prostrate growth spreading up to 4 m diam. from point of origin; this growth occasionally layering and producing further trunks.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Trunk</emphasis>
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(1-)6(-10), ascending to suberect, serpentine, highly contorted, twisted, bent, and spiralled, 0.10-0.25(-0.40) m d.b.h.; mostly arising from the top of a broad rootstock, and also from layered masses of prostrate epicormic growth; in all cases basal portions of trunks covered with numerous semi-detached, sinuous, rather corky, lengths of bark.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Bark</emphasis>
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early bark firmly coriaceous, grey or grey-brown,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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elongate, initially with few transverse cracks, soon becoming heavily cracked (into highly irregular pieces with rather sinuous margins (especially on branch flanges and decurrent leaf bases) but remaining firmly attached; old bark similar though more distinctly coriaceous-corky, upper surface often deeply corrugated and cracked but not peeling; detaching inwards readily but usually remaining centrally firmly attached; margins sinuous to lunate, often highly irregular and frayed, rarely shortly tabular; early and old bark flakes firm, scarcely crumbling in hand.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Branches</emphasis>
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of trunks numerous, usually confined to the upper 30-50% of trunk; widely spreading,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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serpentine, flexuose, often pendulous and interwoven; branchlets numerous, slender, usually apically pendulous, very leafy, with few to many brachyblasts; those of epicormic growth, straight not flexuose or serpentine, prostrate or pendulous if arising from basal half of trunk, widely spreading; in all cases quadrangular, sericeous, indumentum copious; hairs persistent, of two types: long, appressed often flexuose hairs up to 0.26 mm long, and smaller divergent hairs, with strongly curled and spiralled apices 0.04-0.10(-0.18) mm hyaline to translucent (appearing white when young maturing grey).
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Vegetative buds</emphasis>
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conspicuous; at resting stage 1.2(-1.8) mm diam.; scales scarious, deciduous, (0.4-)0.9(-1.2) mm long, brown to red-brown, broadly ovate to ovate-deltoid, apex obtuse to rounded; midrib prominent, strongly keeled in upper half, occasionally prolonged to a long cuspidate tip, lateral veins usually absent, oil glands usually absent, upper half of scale margins, keel, and keel apex ciliate.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Leaves</emphasis>
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well spaced along branchlets, spreading, patent to recurved; lamina (2.6-)5.7(-8.5)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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(0.6-)1.6(-2.5) mm, dark glossy green or bright-green, margins and base usually flushed red; spreading, obovate, clavate, to broadly oblanceolate; weakly to strongly recurved from about 30-50% of total length; apex sharply acute to apiculate, base attenuate; adaxial surface concave very rarely flat, finely glandular punctate; oil glands up to 280, more evident when dry; midrib slightly raised near base, otherwise not evident for rest of length, finely covered in deciduous, sericeous, antrorse-appressed, hairs in lower half otherwise glabrous; abaxial surface convex, glandular punctate, oil glands up to 180, more evident when dry; midrib raised for most of length, glabrous; lamina margin finely to densely sericeous, hairs weakly flexuose, antrorse, subantrorse to spreading, up to 0.5 mm long, hyaline to translucent, appearing white to naked eye, aligned in 1-2 uninterrupted rows meeting just short of leaf apiculus.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Perules</emphasis>
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scarious, persistent, (0.5-)1.0(-1.8) mm; basal ones dark brown to red-brown, broadly ovate, ovate, ovate-rostrate, to lanceolate, without oil glands, margins involute, ciliate, midrib strongly keeled with 1-2 usually finely ciliate lateral veins on each side, keel prolonged as a short to long, deciduous, obtuse-tipped, densely ciliate, cuspidate apiculus; remaining perules similar but smaller, chartaceous, (0.3-)0.8(-1.0) mm long.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Inflorescence</emphasis>
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a compact, (1-)7(-10)-flowered corymbiform botryum up to 40 mm long, mostly borne on alternate, distinctly spiralled, basally densely leafy, brachyblasts up to 12 mm long; inflorescences at the ultimate branchlet terminus uncommon (except in trailing epicormic growth), if present, often rather elongated (up to 80 mm long) and bearing well developed terminal vegetative growth, often with the uppermost flowers in elongated shoots male. Inflorescence axis densely invested with divergent hairs.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Pherophylls</emphasis>
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deciduous (falling very early), initially foliose, soon squamiform, tightly clasping pedicel or spreading, 0.4-1.6 mm long, foliose pherophylls green to bronze-green, shortly lanceolate to obovate, squamiform pherophylls amber-brown to brown, narrowly deltoid to ovate, both types adaxially deeply concave, margins and apex finely ciliate, grading into leaves at inflorescence axis apex.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Pedicels</emphasis>
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(1.6-)2.9(-3.8) mm long at anthesis, usually elongating slightly after anthesis, terete, copiously invested with short, divergent to subantrorse, silky hairs.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Flower buds</emphasis>
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bluntly clavate to obconic, rarely pyriform, apex flat prior to bud burst with calyx valves not meeting. Fresh flowers when fully expanded (3.6-)6.8(-9.0) mm diam., often functionally male toward end of flowering season.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Hypanthium</emphasis>
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(1.7-)2.4(-3.2)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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(2.8-)3.6(-4.3) mm, with free portion 0.6-0.9 mm long, green, dark green or red-green; obconic to funneliform, terminating in light-green to pink-green membranous rim bearing five persistent calyx lobes; surface smooth when fresh somewhat wrinkled when dry, with weakly defined ridges leading up to calyx lobes; sparingly dotted with pink or colourless oil glands otherwise with basal half finely and rather densely puberulent with areas leading to calyx lobes distinctly glabrescent; hairs silky, spreading, subantrorse to antrorse-appressed, often with smaller divergent hairs underlying larger appressed ones. Calyx lobes 5, upright (not spreading), submembranous, (0.8-)1.0(-1.2)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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(0.7-)1.0(-1.2) mm, persistent, ovate, broadly ovate to ovate-deltoid, of uniform thickness in transverse section, without keel, often uniformly green, otherwise with central portion of lobe darker green or pinkish green, with margins usually pale green to green flushed with pink, surface somewhat glandular punctate, oil glands inconspicuous,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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colourless, otherwise glabrous except for distinctly spreading, ciliate margins. Receptacle usually pink at anthesis, consistently darkening to dark magenta or maroon-black after fertilisation.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Petals</emphasis>
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5(-6), 1.5-1.9(-2.8)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.5-1.9(-2.6) mm, white, orbicular to very broadly ovate, apex obtuse to rotund, margins
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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entire, often finely folded or crimped 1-5 times, oil glands colourless.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Stamens</emphasis>
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20-36(-50) in 1(-3) weakly defined whorls, arising from receptacular rim, filaments white. Antipetalous stamens (2-)3(-6), antisepalous (1-)3(-8). Outermost antipetalous stamens weakly incurved or outcurved, on filaments 1.2-3.6 mm long, inner stamen if present, 0.8-1.2 mm, incurved or outcurved, a further 1-3 stamens, of similar length are very rarely present at the base of the outermost antipetalous pair. Antisepalous stamens usually shorter than outermost antipetalous stamens, sometimes of comparable length, generally 0.6-3.2 mm, mostly incurved, outcurved or in mixtures of both. Anthers dorsifixed, 0.06-0.09
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.05-0.08 mm, testicular-oval to testicular-ellipsoid, latrorse. Pollen white (12.2-)13.6(-17.8)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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. Anther connective gland prominent, pale lemon to pink when fresh, drying yellow to pale orange, spheroidal, finely papillate.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Ovary</emphasis>
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absent in males flowers, otherwise 3-4(-5) locular, each with 12-20(-24) ovules in two rows on each placental lobe. Style absent in male flowers, otherwise 1.0-1.4(-1.8) mm long at anthesis, elongating slightly after anthesis, white; stigma capitate, scarcely wider than style, flat, greenish-white, cream or pale pink, surface papillate.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fruits</emphasis>
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rarely persistent, (2.1-)2.6(-3.0)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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(2.5-)3.0(-3.7) mm, light brown to grey, obconic, broadly obconic, to cupular, splits concealed by dried, suberect to erect, free portion of hypanthium.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Seeds</emphasis>
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0.50-1.00(-1.02)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.52-0.60(-0.68) mm, oblong, oblong-obovate, curved near apex, laterally compressed, 2-3-angled with convex to flattened faces, apex rounded to subacute; base oblique,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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flattened; testa semi-glossy, amber, orange-brown to brown, surface coarsely reticulate. FL: (Sep-)Oct-Nov. FT: Oct-Sep. Chromosome Number
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">n</emphasis>
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= 11II, 2
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">n</emphasis>
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= 22 (see
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<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="609 - 617" publicationUrl="10.1071/BT04060" refId="B42" refString="de Lange, PJ, Murray, BG, 2004. Chromosome numbers in Kunzea (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 52: 609 - 617, DOI: 10.1071/BT04060" title="Chromosome numbers in Kunzea (Myrtaceae)." url="10.1071/BT04060" volume="52" year="2004">de Lange and Murray 2004</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 26" startId="F26">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figure 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinguishing features of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
|
||
Flowering branchlet (ex cult. AK 284553)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">B</emphasis>
|
||
Fruiting branchlet (ex cult. AK 284553)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C</emphasis>
|
||
Vegetative bud and branchlet indumentum (ex cult. AK 284553)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">D</emphasis>
|
||
Adaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284553)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">E</emphasis>
|
||
Abaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284553)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">F</emphasis>
|
||
Leaf variation: (F1) Walker Road (AK 255350), (F2) Seacombes Canal (AK 287042)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">G</emphasis>
|
||
Adaxial leaf apex (ex cult. AK 289816)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">H</emphasis>
|
||
Leaf margin indumentum (ex cult. AK 284553)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">I</emphasis>
|
||
Flower (top view) (ex cult. AK 284553)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">J</emphasis>
|
||
Flower and hypanthium (side view) (ex cult. AK 284553)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">K</emphasis>
|
||
Flower cross section showing anther, style and ovules (ex cult. AK 284553)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">L</emphasis>
|
||
Style and stigma (ex cult. AK 284553)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">M</emphasis>
|
||
Stamens (ex cult. AK 284553)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">N</emphasis>
|
||
Dehisced fruit (ex cult. AK 284553). Scale bars: (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A, B, F</emphasis>
|
||
) 10 mm; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C-E, G, I-N</emphasis>
|
||
) 1 mm; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">H</emphasis>
|
||
) 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 27" startId="F27">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figure 27.</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning Electron Micrographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(all AK 255350).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A-C</emphasis>
|
||
Branchlet indumentum. Scale bars: (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
) 1 mm; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C</emphasis>
|
||
) 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 28" startId="F28">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Figure 28.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at type locality, Walker Road (photos:
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">P. J. de Lange</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
|
||
Growth habit of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within sand dunes at type locality, note extensive suckering growth at base of shrub
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">B</emphasis>
|
||
Side view of the same
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
|
||
) showed tortured growth and root suckers
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">C</emphasis>
|
||
Close up of distinctive branching pattern developed by mature
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at type locality
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">D-E</emphasis>
|
||
Bark of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">F</emphasis>
|
||
Late season functionally male flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">G-H</emphasis>
|
||
Flowering branchlet of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(an example with longer than usual stamens).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="representative specimens">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Representative specimens</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">(16 sheets seen).</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">New Zealand (North Island).</emphasis>
|
||
State Highway 2, near Seacombes Canal, P. J. de Lange 5324 & R. O. Gardner, 25 Oct 2001, (AK 287042, Duplicate: AD); State Highway 2, Walker Road, P. J. de Lange 5314, 29 Sep 2001, (AK 287049); State Highway 2, Walker Road, P. J. de Lange 5323 & R. O. Gardner, 25 Oct 2001, (AK 287045, Duplicate: CHR); 1.75 km east of Rangitaiki River Mouth, Thornton Wildlife Management Reserve, eastern end of lagoon, P. B. Cashmore s.n., 7 Jun 2007, (AK 299633); 3.3 km East of Rangitaiki River Mouth, near Whakatane Airport Buildings, P. B. Cashmore s.n., 7 Jun 2007, (AK 299634); Whakatane, Piripai Spit, East of Coastlands Subdivision, P. B. Cashmore s.n., 12 Jul 2007, (AK 300903); Ohiwa Harbour, Whangakopikopiko (Tern Islet), P. J. de Lange 7247 & P. B. Cashmore, 5 Dec 2007, (AK 301682, Duplicate: CHR).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Distribution of Kunzea ericoides, Kunzea salterae, Kunzea sinclairii, Kunzea tenuicaulis, Kunzea toelkenii, Kunzea triregensis and Kunzea " Lottin Point "." pageId="50" pageNumber="51">7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Endemic, New Zealand, North Island, Bay of Plenty (2-10 m a.s.l.).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="51" pageNumber="52" start="start">Kunzea</pageBreakToken>
|
||
toelkenii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from a small strip of sand dune country (the Wahieroa Dunes) between the eastern bank of the Tarawera River mouth and the west bank of the Rangitaiki River mouth, near Thornton, and from another small population on a barrier sandspit island, Whangakopikopiko (Tern Islet), at the mouth of the Ohiwa Harbour. The current distribution is undoubtedly relict; the habitats occupied are remnants of indigenous woody sand dune vegetation that formerly extended as far west as Papamoa. Although I have been unable to find any supporting herbarium evidence, locals recollect that much of the sand country between Papamoa and Pikowai beach once supported dense 'kanuka [
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea" order="Myrtales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Kunzea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="shrublands’">shrublands'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(G. Wrigley pers. comm.). From the descriptions given by these people which include such phrases as 'tortured growths....pendulous shrubs.......... suckering
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="stems’">stems'</normalizedToken>
|
||
it is quite likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the species involved, and that it was once a locally important species of the Bay of Plenty sand dune country.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="recognition">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Recognition.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recognised by its uniquely suberect, sprawling growth habit, typically extensive suckering (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Kunzea toelkenii at type locality, Walker Road (photos: P. J. de Lange). A Growth habit of Kunzea toelkenii within sand dunes at type locality, note extensive suckering growth at base of shrub B Side view of the same Kunzea toelkenii as (A) showed tortured growth and root suckers C Close up of distinctive branching pattern developed by mature Kunzea toelkenii at type locality D-E Bark of Kunzea toelkenii F Late season functionally male flowers of Kunzea toelkenii G-H Flowering branchlet of Kunzea toelkenii (an example with longer than usual stamens)." pageId="51" pageNumber="52">28A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
), by its mixed branchlet hairs (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Scanning Electron Micrographs of Kunzea toelkenii (all AK 255350). A-C Branchlet indumentum. Scale bars: (A, B) 1 mm; (C) 100 μm." pageId="51" pageNumber="52">27A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
), tendency to produce late season functionally male flowers (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Kunzea toelkenii at type locality, Walker Road (photos: P. J. de Lange). A Growth habit of Kunzea toelkenii within sand dunes at type locality, note extensive suckering growth at base of shrub B Side view of the same Kunzea toelkenii as (A) showed tortured growth and root suckers C Close up of distinctive branching pattern developed by mature Kunzea toelkenii at type locality D-E Bark of Kunzea toelkenii F Late season functionally male flowers of Kunzea toelkenii G-H Flowering branchlet of Kunzea toelkenii (an example with longer than usual stamens)." pageId="51" pageNumber="52">28F</figureCitation>
|
||
), and also by its restriction to active sand dunes (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Kunzea toelkenii at type locality, Walker Road (photos: P. J. de Lange). A Growth habit of Kunzea toelkenii within sand dunes at type locality, note extensive suckering growth at base of shrub B Side view of the same Kunzea toelkenii as (A) showed tortured growth and root suckers C Close up of distinctive branching pattern developed by mature Kunzea toelkenii at type locality D-E Bark of Kunzea toelkenii F Late season functionally male flowers of Kunzea toelkenii G-H Flowering branchlet of Kunzea toelkenii (an example with longer than usual stamens)." pageId="51" pageNumber="52">28A-B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Further differences are given in Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing features of New Zealand Kunzea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" tableUuid="3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949">1</tableCitation>
|
||
. The distinctiveness of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was probably first recognised in the mid 1980s by the late Mr Derek Gosling of Whakatane who cultivated it, while the unusual ecology of the species was first noted and described in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smale, MC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="441 - 452" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" refId="B117" refString="Smale, MC, 1994. Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 32: 441 - 452, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" title="Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" volume="32" year="1994">Smale (1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. ericoides" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides subsp. var. var. ericoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="ericoides">Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="52" pageNumber="53" start="start">Kunzea</pageBreakToken>
|
||
toelkenii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from the other New Zealand members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea ericoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex by its unique growth habit, in particular the spiralled, often tortured multi-trunked (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Kunzea toelkenii at type locality, Walker Road (photos: P. J. de Lange). A Growth habit of Kunzea toelkenii within sand dunes at type locality, note extensive suckering growth at base of shrub B Side view of the same Kunzea toelkenii as (A) showed tortured growth and root suckers C Close up of distinctive branching pattern developed by mature Kunzea toelkenii at type locality D-E Bark of Kunzea toelkenii F Late season functionally male flowers of Kunzea toelkenii G-H Flowering branchlet of Kunzea toelkenii (an example with longer than usual stamens)." pageId="52" pageNumber="53">28C</figureCitation>
|
||
) growth habit, and ability of the trunk base to produce numerous, completely prostrate, widely spreading epicormic branches. This growth habit has previously been interpreted as habitat induced (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smale, MC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="441 - 452" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" refId="B117" refString="Smale, MC, 1994. Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 32: 441 - 452, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" title="Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" volume="32" year="1994">Smale 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, cultivation trials initiated by Mr Gosling showed that the distinctive multi-trunked shrub habit has a genetic basis. In cultivation, seedlings are completely prostrate but within 2-4 years of germination most develop one or more suberect trunks. Interestingly,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smale, MC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="441 - 452" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" refId="B117" refString="Smale, MC, 1994. Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 32: 441 - 452, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" title="Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" volume="32" year="1994">Smale (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the same development (what he termed 'semi-prostrate
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="candelabra’">candelabra'</normalizedToken>
|
||
habit) in specimens as 'early as 6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="years’">years'</normalizedToken>
|
||
of age. The ability of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to sucker from the trunk base is similar to the growth habit of five of the seven endemic Australian members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea ericoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="University of Auckland, New Zealand" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="B35" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. University of Auckland, New Zealand" title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex" year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, while these Australian species all possess a distinctly bulbous, fire-resistant lignotuber (with at least one of these species,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea leptospermoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leptospermoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea leptospermoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
F.Muell. ex Miq. also having a rhizomatous habit), such structures are absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The branchlet indumentum of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also distinctive, comprising mixtures of sparse, long antrorse-appressed, somewhat flexuose hairs, and more numerous, somewhat shorter, divergent, often curled and spiralled hairs (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Scanning Electron Micrographs of Kunzea toelkenii (all AK 255350). A-C Branchlet indumentum. Scale bars: (A, B) 1 mm; (C) 100 μm." pageId="52" pageNumber="53">27C</figureCitation>
|
||
). No other New Zealand
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species has such distinctive curled and spiralled divergent hairs, although mixtures of appressed and divergent hair types is a feature common to the hybrid
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although a hybrid origin for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems likely, and experimental examples of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AK 286145) are very similar to it, experimental hybrids of this cross lacked the curled and spiralled branchlet hairs and distinctive growth habit of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Ecologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is further distinguished as the only member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea ericoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex truly endemic to sand dune systems (cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea amathicola" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amathicola">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea amathicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described later). Within its sand dune habitat
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to occur sympatrically only with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and even then scarcely so (e.g., Coastlands, Whakatane (P. B. Cashmore s.n., (AK 300902)) and Whangakopikopiko (Tern Islet), Ohiwa Harbour (P. J. de Lange 7248 & P. B. Cashmore, (AK 301683)). However, this pattern more probably reflects past land clearance patterns because elsewhere in the Bay of Plenty
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread, with a range that extends to sand dunes, e.g., Waihi Beach, Matakana Island.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
A final peculiarity is the tendency of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, uniquely amongst the New Zealand species, to produce functionally male flowers (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Kunzea toelkenii at type locality, Walker Road (photos: P. J. de Lange). A Growth habit of Kunzea toelkenii within sand dunes at type locality, note extensive suckering growth at base of shrub B Side view of the same Kunzea toelkenii as (A) showed tortured growth and root suckers C Close up of distinctive branching pattern developed by mature Kunzea toelkenii at type locality D-E Bark of Kunzea toelkenii F Late season functionally male flowers of Kunzea toelkenii G-H Flowering branchlet of Kunzea toelkenii (an example with longer than usual stamens)." pageId="52" pageNumber="53">28F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In most cases these flowers had almost vestigial, non-functional stigmas, though occasionally even these are absent. Such flowers have been described for New Zealand examples of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum scoparium" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Leptospermum scoparium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Primack, RB" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="361 - 368" publicationUrl="10.2307/2442346" refId="B106" refString="Primack, RB, Lloyd, DG, 1980. Andromonoecy in the New Zealand montane shrub manuka, Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae). American Journal of Botany 67: 361 - 368, DOI: 10.2307/2442346" title="Andromonoecy in the New Zealand montane shrub manuka, Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae)." url="10.2307/2442346" volume="67" year="1980">Primack and Lloyd 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and are now known from at least five other Australian species of that genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Andersen, AN" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Botany" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="511 - 515" publicationUrl="10.1071/BT9900511" refId="B4" refString="Andersen, AN, 1990. Andromonoecy in four Australian species of Leptospermum. Australian Journal of Botany 38: 511 - 515, DOI: 10.1071/BT9900511" title="Andromonoecy in four Australian species of Leptospermum." url="10.1071/BT9900511" volume="38" year="1990">Andersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, SP" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Botany" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="751 - 762" publicationUrl="10.1071/BT9940751" refId="B95" refString="O'Brien, SP, 1994. Andromonoecy and fruit set in Leptospermum myrsinoides and L. continentale (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 42: 751 - 762, DOI: 10.1071/BT9940751" title="Andromonoecy and fruit set in Leptospermum myrsinoides and L. continentale (Myrtaceae)." url="10.1071/BT9940751" volume="42" year="1994">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but as far as I am aware they have not been reported previously for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As with the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Leptospermum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
examples studied (see in particular
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Andersen, AN" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Botany" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="511 - 515" publicationUrl="10.1071/BT9900511" refId="B4" refString="Andersen, AN, 1990. Andromonoecy in four Australian species of Leptospermum. Australian Journal of Botany 38: 511 - 515, DOI: 10.1071/BT9900511" title="Andromonoecy in four Australian species of Leptospermum." url="10.1071/BT9900511" volume="38" year="1990">Andersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), functionally male flowers appear toward the end of the flowering season. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they appear to be consistently produced in wild and cultivated plants, though in varying degrees and not necessarily on every plant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the same ITS and ETS sequences (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Sites of character variability within Australian and New Zealand taxa and informal entities of the Kunzea ericoides complex (from de Lange 2007)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C5BA8EFB616C850CF6940B7296B075C0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" tableUuid="C5BA8EFB616C850CF6940B7296B075C0">2</tableCitation>
|
||
) as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="University of Auckland, New Zealand" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="B35" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. University of Auckland, New Zealand" title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex" year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="309 - 319" publicationUrl="10.1071/SB10019" refId="B45" refString="de Lange, PJ, Smissen, RD, Wagstaff, SJ, Keeling, DJ, Murray, BG, Toelken, HR, 2010. A molecular phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Kunzea (Myrtaceae) inferred from rDNA ITS and ETS sequences. Australian Systematic Botany 23: 309 - 319, DOI: 10.1071/SB10019" title="A molecular phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Kunzea (Myrtaceae) inferred from rDNA ITS and ETS sequences." url="10.1071/SB10019" volume="23" year="2010">de Lange et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No variable sites are present in the ITS sequence, while the ETS sequence of both species, together with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea ericoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Mt Egmont samples only)
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea salterae" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salterae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea salterae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, share a guanine/cytosine mix at ETS alignment position 232 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="University of Auckland, New Zealand" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="B35" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. University of Auckland, New Zealand" title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex" year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Otherwise the ETS asequence of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares an adenine nucleotide with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea salterae" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salterae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea salterae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="University of Auckland, New Zealand" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="B35" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. University of Auckland, New Zealand" title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex" year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The ecology of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="53" pageNumber="54" start="start">Kunzea</pageBreakToken>
|
||
toelkenii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smale, MC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="441 - 452" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" refId="B117" refString="Smale, MC, 1994. Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 32: 441 - 452, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" title="Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" volume="32" year="1994">Smale (1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="var. ericoides" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides subsp. var. var. ericoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="ericoides">Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The extant consolidated and semi-consolidated foredune and dune swale habitats of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
near Thornton are estimated to be less than 700 years old (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pullar, WA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Science" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="419 - 434" refId="B107" refString="Pullar, WA, Selby, MJ, 1971. Coastal progradation of the Rangitaiki Plains, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science 14: 419 - 434" title="Coastal progradation of the Rangitaiki Plains, New Zealand." volume="14" year="1971">Pullar and Selby 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while Whangakopikopiko (Tern Islet), a barrier-spit island at the Ohiwa Harbour mouth, is probably even younger.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the dominant woody species within these habitats and associated species are scarce.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smale, MC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="441 - 452" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" refId="B117" refString="Smale, MC, 1994. Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 32: 441 - 452, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" title="Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" volume="32" year="1994">Smale (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded 17 vascular flora associates from the Thornton site, the majority of which were exotic naturalised species, and only five were woody trees or shrubs. Of the naturalised species at Thornton,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smale, MC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="441 - 452" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" refId="B117" refString="Smale, MC, 1994. Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 32: 441 - 452, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" title="Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" volume="32" year="1994">Smale (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified boxthorn (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Miers" authorityYear="1854" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycium ferocissimum" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ferocissimum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Lycium ferocissimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Miers) as potentially invasive and a possible threat to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He also observed that the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population appeared to form a single distinct cohort with a mean age of 45 years, though specimens up to 70 years of age were occasionally encountered, and that the stands sampled appeared to have arisen through invasion of open sand dune vegetation, possibly after fire had removed the previous vegetation cover.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smale, MC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="441 - 452" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" refId="B117" refString="Smale, MC, 1994. Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 32: 441 - 452, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" title="Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" volume="32" year="1994">Smale (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was of the opinion that the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stands (here
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) would replace themselves indefinitely, partly because Thornton is so isolated from other seed sources of potential successors. A similar, though less dense population to that seen at Thornton is present at Whangakopikopiko (Tern Islet), and there the impression is of a very recent establishment. If so, this suggests that at some stage
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was present on the adjoining sand spits of Ohope and Ohiwa, all now extensively developed and housed, and from where only scattered individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are now known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="hybridism">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Hybridism.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Within its habitat
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
very rarely associates with other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and thus far wild hybrids have not been found. Nevertheless experimental hybrids were readily produced using
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as pistillate or staminate parent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="117 - 131" publicationUrl="10.1071/SB04043" refId="B44" refString="de Lange, PJ, Datson, PM, Murray, BG, Toelken, HR, 2005. Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses. Australian Systematic Botany 18: 117 - 131, DOI: 10.1071/SB04043" title="Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses." url="10.1071/SB04043" volume="18" year="2005">de Lange et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides subsp. aff." order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">Kunzea aff. ericoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
(d)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="vernacular name">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Vernacular name.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
No specific vernacular appears to be in use for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
As
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides subsp. aff." order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">Kunzea aff. ericoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a) (AK 255350; Thornton)
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is appropriately assessed by the New Zealand Threatened Vascular Plant Panel (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Department of Conservation, Wellington" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" publicationUrl="www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/nz-threat-classification-system/nz-threat-classfication-system-lists-2012-14/" refId="B47" refString="de Lange, PJ, Rolfe, JR, Champion, PD, Courtney, SP, Heenan, PB, Barkla, JW, Cameron, EK, Norton, DA, Hitchmough, DA, 2013b. Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular, 2012. Department of Conservation, Wellington, www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/nz-threat-classification-system/nz-threat-classfication-system-lists-2012-14/" title="Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular, 2012" url="www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/nz-threat-classification-system/nz-threat-classfication-system-lists-2012-14/" year="2013 b">de Lange et al. 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as 'Acutely Threatened/Nationally
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vulnerable’">Vulnerable'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, qualified 'Range Restricted (RR)'.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |