399 lines
94 KiB
XML
399 lines
94 KiB
XML
<document id="CBFC9338283E2C09869D6E6AAF2B5AE7" ID-CLB-Dataset="27942" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4524.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e465c652-c873-486b-97f6-e4a6af137206" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2610252" ID-ZooBank="8BCDFFAB-6070-4C01-AFC6-C39BB9080130" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553624798594" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Nielsen, Gregory J. & Kaminski, Lucas A." docDate="2018" docId="2B0F87993C0D1705E09FFE7CFE27BA0C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4524.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4524 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Mesosemia cippus Hewitson 1859" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="D736FFE13C0A170EE008FC0FFC3EBE1C" masterDocTitle="Immature stages of the Rubiaceae-feeding metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), and a new function for the tentacle nectary organs" masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1698713846793" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="9624C47ACB21E5DBE482DFE717E799FE">Immature stages of the Rubiaceae-feeding metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), and a new function for the tentacle nectary organs</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FD93082955707C2A43BEF591A2F3F5BD">Nielsen, Gregory J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2C400F6D8E0298317685C26055E8EB31">Kaminski, Lucas A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9FAD76901E69B1D1DB30DC5C503BE421">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C086B27D4B8AFE08724D4158DF1CA88A">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="2B0F87993C0D1705E09FFE7CFE27BA0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949557" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154499368" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949557" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2B0F87993C0D1705E09FFE7CFE27BA0C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B0F87993C0D1705E09FFE7CFE27BA0C" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection id="EBBC65043C0D1709E09FFE7CFD52BB12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A319368F3C0D1709E09FFE7CFE07BC92" blockId="7.[151,569,627,654]" box="[151,569,627,654]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="F85181E33C0D1709E09FFE7CFE07BC92" bold="true" box="[151,569,627,654]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C0D1709E09FFE7CFE07BC92" ID-CoL="93735" authority="Hewitson, 1859" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,569,627,654]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Mesosemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cippus">
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<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C0D1709E09FFE7CFE07BC92" bold="true" box="[151,569,627,654]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C0D1709E09FFE7CFD4DBC91" bold="true" box="[151,371,627,653]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mesosemia cippus</emphasis>
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Hewitson, 1859
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A319368F3C0D1709E09FFEBAFD52BB12" blockId="7.[151,1437,693,2014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C0D1709E09FFEBAFD69BCD2" bold="true" box="[151,343,693,718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Natural history.</emphasis>
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This species is the most common
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<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C0D1709E2ECFEB9FF5CBCD1" box="[740,866,694,717]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Mesosemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C0D1709E2ECFEB9FF5CBCD1" box="[740,866,694,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mesosemia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at the Colombian study site, recolonizing the site each year after being absent for two to three months during the dry season. Populations peaked between June and August of each year and then diminished until they disappeared in the last quarter of the rainy season. Males displayed territorial perching behavior at a specific microhabitat in a low lying swampy area near the edge of a stream. Males used the same location every year for territorial displays and were recorded in low numbers (1–7) on the days they were present. They were seen perching between 9:30 to 16:00 h, but the greatest activity was observed between 11:00 to 13:00 h. When in a group the males interacted in short chases and spiraling dogfights and then returned to perch with their wings held partially open on vegetation between
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in height. Males appeared to detect females before they were seen. When a female was detected the male flight behavior abruptly changed and the male started to fly back and forth at high speed over a
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course until the female was located. The male then accompanied the female in flight and the pair soon landed on a low plant leaf, crossed over to the underside of the leaf and promptly mated. Mating was observed near of the male territory between 10:00 to 12:00 h, and copula lasted from 45 to 60 min (n = 4). Females were much less frequently observed, usually as a single individual flying low near the stream or in other parts of the forest briefly alighting on plants in a typical host plant search behavior, ovipositing or occasionally in copula. Feeding behavior of adults was never observed, as reported for other Mesosemiina (
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<bibRefCitation id="C7374B7E3C0D1709E206F8DEFF2EBAF6" author="Hall, J. P. W. & Willmott, K. R." box="[526,784,1233,1258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="11 - 23" refId="ref16933" refString="Hall, J. P. W. & Willmott, K. R. (2000) Patterns of feeding behaviour in adult male Riodinid butterflies and their relationship to morphology and ecology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 69, 11 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2000. tb 01666. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Hall & Willmott 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). At the study site in
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<collectingCountry id="DBB1761F3C0D1709E40FF8DEF84BBAF6" box="[1031,1141,1233,1258]" name="Colombia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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only
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<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C0D1709E4B0F8DEF9A2BAF6" box="[1208,1436,1233,1258]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="caerulea">
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<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C0D1709E4B0F8DEF9A2BAF6" box="[1208,1436,1233,1258]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Psychotria caerulea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was used as a host.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EBBC65043C0D1705E0CFF915FE27BA0C" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A319368F3C0D1706E0CFF915FCCABF94" blockId="7.[151,1437,693,2014]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,392]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Eggs were laid in clusters of 26 to 145 (n = 98) in irregular rows on the underside of mature leaves normally between 0.5 and
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high (
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<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C0D1709E1FEF932FEBBBB4A" box="[502,645,1341,1366]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 25–27" captionStart-1="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId-0="6.[151,264,638,661]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox-0="[156,1432,193,617]" captionTargetBox-1="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[156,1432,193,617]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 25–27. Greenhouse built for rearing work (25); detail of host plants set out to attract female Mesosemiina (26); female of Mesosemia cippus ovipositing (arrow) on a cultivated host plant (27)." captionText-1="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2610256/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 27–29</figureCitation>
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). A small space was left between each egg with a few eggs barely touching. Larva emerged through a small hole (~
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<quantity id="645E9B6A3C0D1709E2B4F96EFF1BBB66" box="[700,805,1377,1402]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
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) cut through the top of the egg and the remainder of the exochorion was not eaten. Eggs hatched during the day but all larvae molted at night. After leaving the egg, larvae congregated alongside the egg mass and began feeding side by side between major leaf veins, leaving the upper epidermis and minor leaf veins intact (
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<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C0D1709E258F9C2FE98BBFA" box="[592,678,1485,1510]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
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). After feeding for three days the larvae entered a premoult phase, stopped feeding and turned yellow, exhibiting cycloalexic behavior (
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<bibRefCitation id="C7374B7E3C0D1709E393F9FEF857B816" author="Jolivet, P. & Vasconcellos-Neto J. & Weinstein, P." box="[923,1129,1521,1546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="133 - 141" refId="ref17287" refString="Jolivet, P., Vasconcellos-Neto J. & Weinstein, P. (1990) Cycloalexy: a new concept in the larval defense of insects. Insecta Mundi, 4, 133 - 141." type="journal article" year="1990">
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Jolivet
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<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C0D1709E3E7F9FDF81EB816" box="[1007,1056,1521,1546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
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. 1990
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C7374B7E3C0D1709E47EF9FDF90FB816" author="Dury, G. J. & Bede, J. C. & Windsor, D. M." box="[1142,1329,1521,1546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref15880" refString="Dury, G. J., Bede, J. C. & Windsor, D. M. (2014) Preemptive circular defence of immature insects: definition and occurrences of cycloalexy revisited. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 2014, 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 2014 / 642908" type="journal article" year="2014">
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Dury
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<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C0D1709E4BFF9FDF8D7B816" box="[1207,1257,1521,1546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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) with the head inside and the abdomen in the periphery (
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<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C0D1709E2A7FA1AFF3AB832" box="[687,772,1557,1582]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
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). Second instar move to the tip of the same leaf underside and began feeding, again leaving the upper epidermis of the leaf intact (
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<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C0D1709E3BEFA36F834B84E" box="[950,1034,1593,1618]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
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). After feeding for 3 days the larvae migrated to a new leaf and aggregated in a mass for the premoult phase. When the gut emptied they turned bright yellow (
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<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C0D1709E0FCFA8EFD77B886" box="[244,329,1665,1690]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
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). The third instars moved as a group and started eating at the tip of the new leaf (
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<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C0D1709E4F8FA8EF978B886" box="[1264,1350,1665,1690]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
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); in the first days they left the upper epidermis of the leaf as they did in the previous instars. Eventually they broke through this thin membrane and the larvae began consuming all the leaf layers. Fourth and fifth instars continued feeding in aggregation (
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<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C0D1709E124FAE2FD88B91A" box="[300,438,1773,1798]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 34–37</figureCitation>
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), consuming the tissue between leaf major veins. They fed from the leaf tip towards the petiole and every
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C0D1709E16BFB1DFD89B935" box="[355,439,1810,1834]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
|
||
the caterpillars would clip off the uneaten veins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C0D1709E3E6FB1EF87CB936" box="[1006,1090,1809,1834]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
). When the leaf was devoured they moved as a group to a new leaf. Most of the feeding activity was done on the underside of the leaves but when crowded some larvae moved to the upper surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C0D1709E2E4FB56FF7AB96E" box="[748,836,1881,1906]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mature larvae fed both day and night, alternating periods of feeding and rest. When the larvae were numerous they split into groups to feed on different leaves but reunited in the prepupal phase (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C0D1709E20BFBAEFE67B9A6" box="[515,601,1953,1978]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
). Frass pellets were ejected with a flick of the abdomen preventing their accumulation on the plant. Prepupal larvae changed color, stopped feeding and wandered as a group up and down the plant stems for several days. Pupation sites were on the uppermost branches of the host plant where the larvae assembled in tight formation, spun the silk attachment pad and then turned head downwards (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C021706E4C6FCB3F91ABEC8" box="[1230,1316,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
), pupation occurred at night. Broods eclosed as a group during the afternoon of the 10th day from 13:00 to 17:30 h, or bimodally, some in the afternoon and the remainder the next morning between 5:30 and 9:00 h. Protogyny was observed; the females emerged first, followed shortly by the males in each cohort. The sex ratio was slightly skewed in favor of males at 1:0.93 (n = 272). The development time from egg to adult was 45–46 days (n = 14 broods).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F7D966073C021706E09FFB6CFE8AB9E9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" targetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C021706E09FFB6CFE8AB9E9" blockId="8.[151,1436,1891,2037]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C021706E09FFB6CFD6AB965" bold="true" box="[151,340,1891,1914]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURES 28–40.</emphasis>
|
||
Immature stages of
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C021706E229FB6AFEDDB966" box="[545,739,1893,1914]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C021706E229FB6AFEE1B966" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1859" box="[545,735,1893,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Mesosemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cippus">Mesosemia cippus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C031707E0CFFC98FCFDBD08" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E11EFC97FD90BEAC" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[278,430,152,176]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
species were found parasitizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E337FC96FF8BBEAC" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1859" box="[831,949,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Mesosemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cippus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E337FC96FF8BBEAC" box="[831,949,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. cippus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
immatures. An undetermined species of microparasitoid wasp of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E241FCB3FF43BEC8" authority="Halliday, 1833" authorityName="Halliday" authorityYear="1833" box="[585,893,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Telenomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E241FCB3FEFEBEC9" box="[585,704,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Telenomus</emphasis>
|
||
Halliday, 1833
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E39DFCB3F804BEC9" authorityName="" authorityYear="1833" box="[917,1082,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E444FCB3F8E0BEC9" box="[1100,1246,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Telenominae">Telenominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E4F6FCB3F9B1BEC8" box="[1278,1423,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 41–42</figureCitation>
|
||
), parasitized 74% of all eggs, with the highest losses during the months of July and August, the middle of the rainy season. They were observed arriving at the egg clusters immediately after oviposition (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E4ADFD0BF8C2BF00" box="[1189,1276,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
) and may be phoretic. Development time of this tiny wasp was 12–20 days. Another wasp, an undetermined species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E09FFD42FD85BF79" authority="Foerster, 1869" authorityName="Foerster" authorityYear="1869" box="[151,443,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E09FFD42FD32BF78" box="[151,268,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
Foerster, 1869
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E1C6FD43FEBFBF79" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[462,641,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Campopleginae) was only observed affecting two broods (n = 14). During the attack of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E1B2FD7EFE11BF94" authorityName="Foerster" authorityYear="1869" box="[442,559,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E1B2FD7EFE11BF94" box="[442,559,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
wasp, larvae defended themselves by raising their heads, regurgitating and everting the TNOs. Consequently, the attacks were fast (1–2s) and interspersed by moments of rest and cleaning behavior. The larvae of this parasitoid emerged from fourth instars and spun a cocoon with the empty skin of the caterpillar fixed to the dorsal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E236FDD3FEF6BFE8" box="[574,712,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 43–44</figureCitation>
|
||
). The adult wasps emerged after 6 days. In four broods a few late instars (n = 11) were parasitized by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E23CFDF0FE87BC04" box="[564,697,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E2C4FDF0F81BBC04" authority="Westwood, 1829" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1829" box="[716,1061,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E2C4FDF0FF60BC04" box="[716,862,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brachymeria</emphasis>
|
||
Westwood, 1829
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) wasps (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E483FDF0F8E0BC04" box="[1163,1246,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
|
||
) which emerged from the pupa through an anterior hole. Fourteen broods with a total of 537 first instars were tracked and the numbers of individuals of each instar were counted. Mortality from first instar to pupa was 44%. Loss due to parasitoids was 15% and the remainder of the losses due to undetermined causes. Caterpillars were occasionally observed being attacked by an ectoparasitic biting midge (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E322FE80FFBABCB4" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[810,900,655,680]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E387FE80F86EBCB4" box="[911,1104,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E460FE80F882BCB4" box="[1128,1212,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
|
||
), but the fly attacks were non-lethal. A nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) was also recorded predating third instar larvae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E514FEBBF94FBCD0" box="[1308,1393,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
|
||
). In response to attacks by the biting midge and predatory chrysopid the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E390FED6F839BCEC" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1859" box="[920,1031,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Mesosemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cippus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E390FED6F839BCEC" box="[920,1031,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. cippus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae everted the TNOs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E53AFED8FC89BD08" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 46– 47</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C031707E0CFFF2FFE47BA44" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
In the field, we did not find any larvae being tended by ants, only occasional encounters by workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E09FFF4AFE63BD41" authority="(Jerdon, 1851)" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[151,605,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floricola">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E09FFF4AFDA1BD41" box="[151,415,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Monomorium floricola</emphasis>
|
||
(Jerdon, 1851)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E278FF4AF8C7BD41" authority="(Roger, 1863) (Myrmicinae)" authorityName="Myrmicinae" authorityYear="1863" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[624,1273,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wasmannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auropunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E278FF4AFFA9BD40" box="[624,919,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Wasmannia auropunctata</emphasis>
|
||
(Roger, 1863) (Myrmicinae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a small undetermined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C031707E135FF67FDF4BD63" box="[317,458,872,895]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E135FF67FDF4BD63" box="[317,458,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Camponotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (Formicinae). When a larva sensed the approach of ants, the TNOs were extruded instantly. The TNOs were functional in all instars. In simulated larva-ant laboratory experiments, larvae also everted the TNOs when manipulated or touched by objects (e.g. forceps) and when they perceived the approach of ants (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E161FFDBFDFEBDF0" box="[361,448,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
). The TNO secretion consists of a drop of a viscous and opaque liquid and ants that contacted the secretion engaged in typical cleaning behavior and further avoided the caterpillar. In addition, larvae also exhibited other behavioral defense strategies as beat reflex, regurgitating and biting. When touched by ants pupae moved the head and thorax laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C031707E0CFF86BFF57BB2C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E0CFF86BFE46BA61" bold="true" box="[199,632,1124,1149]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description of immature stages. Egg</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E28FF86BFF31BA60" box="[647,783,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 28–29</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E313F86BFF5ABA60" box="[795,868,1124,1148]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">41–42</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E367F86BFF88BA61" box="[879,950,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 49–51" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,1481,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[156,1432,1481,1854]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 49–51. Scanning electron micrographs of Mesosemia cippus eggs. 49, lateral view; 50, hexagonal cells of the exochorion; 51, micropylar area (Mp)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610262/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">49–51</figureCitation>
|
||
). Embryonic development 10–11 days (n = 14 broods). Diameter
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C031707E19CF888FDC2BABC" box="[404,508,1159,1184]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="0.52">0.52 mm</quantity>
|
||
, height
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C031707E252F887FEFCBABC" box="[602,706,1160,1184]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="0.38">0.38 mm</quantity>
|
||
, (n = 240). Color light yellow; just before hatching the reddish larval mandibles could be seen through the exochorion. General shape spherical with lower surface flattened. Exochorion with irregular rows of hexagonal cells (13–15 per row) armed with tiny projections on the rib intersections. Lower cells with aeropyles on the ribs. Micropylar area concave, then raised in the center with 5–6 micropyles surrounded by concentric rows of petal-shaped cells.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C031707E0CFF933FEE5B884" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E0CFF933FD70BB49" bold="true" box="[199,334,1340,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">First instar</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E155F933FDD8BB48" box="[349,486,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 30–31</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E1FAF933FE07BB49" box="[498,569,1340,1365]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 52" captionStart-1="FIGURES 53–62" captionStartId-0="11.[151,250,1529,1551]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1410,1115,1489]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetId-0="figure@11.[169,1418,1093,1508]" captionTargetId-1="figure@13.[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 52. Diagram of the larval body chaetotaxy of the first instar of Mesosemia cippus in lateral view, showing position of setae (black circles) and perforated cupola organs (grey circles)." captionText-1="FIGURES 53–62. Scanning electron micrographs of the first instar of Mesosemia cippus. 53, lateral view; 54, head in laterodorsal view; 55, prothoracic plate in dorsal view, note that tactile SD1 arises from a pinaculum; 56, setae and perforated cupola organs (PCOs) on segments A1–A4 in lateral view; 57, dorsal setae (D1 and D2) and PCOs (DL1 and DL2) on the metathorax; 58, spiracle on A7 segment; 59, segment A8 in dorsal view, showing the opening (arrow) of tentacle nectary organ (TNO), dorsal setae (D1 and D2), PCOs (DL1 and DL2) and spiracle; 60, TNOs everted; 61, detail of TNO secretion (arrow); 62, proleg in ventral view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2610264/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2610266/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">52–62</figureCitation>
|
||
). Duration 3–4 days (n =537). Head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C031707E474F933F8DFBB48" box="[1148,1249,1340,1364]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="0.28">0.28 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 21). Newly enclosed length
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C031707E147F96FFD99BB64" box="[335,423,1376,1400]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 7), maximum length
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C031707E2DEF96FFF13BB64" box="[726,813,1376,1400]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 20). Head light brown, body yellowish and green dorsally from the intestinal content, turning yellow in premoult phase. Prothoracic plate yellowish, dorsal setae dark brown, remaining setae and TNOs white. Body cylindrical, with tegument covered by microtrichiae; long spiculated setae in dorsal, subdorsal and lateral groups on chalazae or pinnacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E427F9C3F8B0BBF9" box="[1071,1166,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1529,1551]" captionTargetBox="[189,1410,1115,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[169,1418,1093,1508]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 52. Diagram of the larval body chaetotaxy of the first instar of Mesosemia cippus in lateral view, showing position of setae (black circles) and perforated cupola organs (grey circles)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610264/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 52</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E492F9C3F8DABBF9" box="[1178,1252,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–62" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 53–62. Scanning electron micrographs of the first instar of Mesosemia cippus. 53, lateral view; 54, head in laterodorsal view; 55, prothoracic plate in dorsal view, note that tactile SD1 arises from a pinaculum; 56, setae and perforated cupola organs (PCOs) on segments A1–A4 in lateral view; 57, dorsal setae (D1 and D2) and PCOs (DL1 and DL2) on the metathorax; 58, spiracle on A7 segment; 59, segment A8 in dorsal view, showing the opening (arrow) of tentacle nectary organ (TNO), dorsal setae (D1 and D2), PCOs (DL1 and DL2) and spiracle; 60, TNOs everted; 61, detail of TNO secretion (arrow); 62, proleg in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610266/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">55–57</figureCitation>
|
||
), and perforated cupola organs (PCOs), varying in diameter between ~5–10 µm, are associated with these groups of setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E533F9E0F9AEB814" box="[1339,1424,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–62" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 53–62. Scanning electron micrographs of the first instar of Mesosemia cippus. 53, lateral view; 54, head in laterodorsal view; 55, prothoracic plate in dorsal view, note that tactile SD1 arises from a pinaculum; 56, setae and perforated cupola organs (PCOs) on segments A1–A4 in lateral view; 57, dorsal setae (D1 and D2) and PCOs (DL1 and DL2) on the metathorax; 58, spiracle on A7 segment; 59, segment A8 in dorsal view, showing the opening (arrow) of tentacle nectary organ (TNO), dorsal setae (D1 and D2), PCOs (DL1 and DL2) and spiracle; 60, TNOs everted; 61, detail of TNO secretion (arrow); 62, proleg in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610266/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
|
||
). A detailed description of the body chaetotaxy, including setae and PCOs is illustrated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E468FA1BF88AB831" box="[1120,1204,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1529,1551]" captionTargetBox="[189,1410,1115,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[169,1418,1093,1508]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 52. Diagram of the larval body chaetotaxy of the first instar of Mesosemia cippus in lateral view, showing position of setae (black circles) and perforated cupola organs (grey circles)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610264/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
|
||
). Openings of TNOs located on A8 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E141FA38FDF9B84C" box="[329,455,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–62" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 53–62. Scanning electron micrographs of the first instar of Mesosemia cippus. 53, lateral view; 54, head in laterodorsal view; 55, prothoracic plate in dorsal view, note that tactile SD1 arises from a pinaculum; 56, setae and perforated cupola organs (PCOs) on segments A1–A4 in lateral view; 57, dorsal setae (D1 and D2) and PCOs (DL1 and DL2) on the metathorax; 58, spiracle on A7 segment; 59, segment A8 in dorsal view, showing the opening (arrow) of tentacle nectary organ (TNO), dorsal setae (D1 and D2), PCOs (DL1 and DL2) and spiracle; 60, TNOs everted; 61, detail of TNO secretion (arrow); 62, proleg in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610266/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 59–60</figureCitation>
|
||
) and TNOs are functional (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E30CFA38FF5AB84C" box="[772,868,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E379FA38FF82B84C" box="[881,956,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–62" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 53–62. Scanning electron micrographs of the first instar of Mesosemia cippus. 53, lateral view; 54, head in laterodorsal view; 55, prothoracic plate in dorsal view, note that tactile SD1 arises from a pinaculum; 56, setae and perforated cupola organs (PCOs) on segments A1–A4 in lateral view; 57, dorsal setae (D1 and D2) and PCOs (DL1 and DL2) on the metathorax; 58, spiracle on A7 segment; 59, segment A8 in dorsal view, showing the opening (arrow) of tentacle nectary organ (TNO), dorsal setae (D1 and D2), PCOs (DL1 and DL2) and spiracle; 60, TNOs everted; 61, detail of TNO secretion (arrow); 62, proleg in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610266/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">60–61</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spiracles aligned sub-dorsally; openings elevated with circular peritrema (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E210FA53FE51B869" box="[536,623,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–62" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 53–62. Scanning electron micrographs of the first instar of Mesosemia cippus. 53, lateral view; 54, head in laterodorsal view; 55, prothoracic plate in dorsal view, note that tactile SD1 arises from a pinaculum; 56, setae and perforated cupola organs (PCOs) on segments A1–A4 in lateral view; 57, dorsal setae (D1 and D2) and PCOs (DL1 and DL2) on the metathorax; 58, spiracle on A7 segment; 59, segment A8 in dorsal view, showing the opening (arrow) of tentacle nectary organ (TNO), dorsal setae (D1 and D2), PCOs (DL1 and DL2) and spiracle; 60, TNOs everted; 61, detail of TNO secretion (arrow); 62, proleg in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610266/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
|
||
). Prolegs with uniordinal crochets in uniserial lateroseries, interrupted near the center by conspicuous fleshy pad (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E272FA70FEF1B884" box="[634,719,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–62" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1820,1843]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[155,1432,488,1787]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 53–62. Scanning electron micrographs of the first instar of Mesosemia cippus. 53, lateral view; 54, head in laterodorsal view; 55, prothoracic plate in dorsal view, note that tactile SD1 arises from a pinaculum; 56, setae and perforated cupola organs (PCOs) on segments A1–A4 in lateral view; 57, dorsal setae (D1 and D2) and PCOs (DL1 and DL2) on the metathorax; 58, spiracle on A7 segment; 59, segment A8 in dorsal view, showing the opening (arrow) of tentacle nectary organ (TNO), dorsal setae (D1 and D2), PCOs (DL1 and DL2) and spiracle; 60, TNOs everted; 61, detail of TNO secretion (arrow); 62, proleg in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610266/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C031707E0CFFAABFE9BB934" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E0CFFAABFD54B8A1" bold="true" box="[199,362,1700,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Second instar</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E173FAABFE3CB8A0" box="[379,514,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 32–33</figureCitation>
|
||
). Duration 4 days (n = 172). Head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C031707E43EFAABF8E4B8A0" box="[1078,1242,1700,1724]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="3.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="0.415" valueMax="0.44" valueMin="0.39">0.39–0.44 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 13). Length after molt
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C031707E11DFAC7FD62B8FC" box="[277,348,1736,1760]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, maximum length
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C031707E234FAC7FEA8B8FC" box="[572,662,1736,1760]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 13). Head dark brown. Body yellowish-green dorsally, with prothorax and A7–A10 abdominal segments creamy white. In general, the morphology is similar to first instar, but with more numerous, longer, and thicker setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C031707E0CFFB3BFFCAB9C1" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C031707E0CFFB3BFD67B951" bold="true" box="[199,345,1844,1869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Third instar</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E160FB3BFDFBB950" box="[360,453,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C031707E1D8FB3BFDD3B950" box="[464,493,1844,1868]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">47</figureCitation>
|
||
). Duration 3–5 days, normally 3 days feeding and 1 day in premoult (n = 168). Head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C031707E132FB57FDE3B96C" box="[314,477,1880,1904]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.7">0.70–0.80 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 12). Newly molted length
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C031707E34BFB58FFA5B96C" box="[835,923,1879,1904]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, maximum length
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C031707E466FB58F8F6B96C" box="[1134,1224,1879,1904]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Body yellow with a medium green band dorsally, corresponding to intestinal contents. Spiracles outlined in white, dorsal and subdorsal setae brown and lateral setae white. Tegument with tiny whitish setae along the entire dorsal surface. TNOs on A8 segment were prominent and paler than background coloration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F7D966073C001704E09FF8E7FF0ABB84" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" targetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C001704E09FF8E7FF0ABB84" blockId="10.[151,1436,1256,1432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C001704E09FF8E7FD64BAE1" bold="true" box="[151,346,1256,1279]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURES 41–48.</emphasis>
|
||
Interactions between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E243F8E6FF32BAE2" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1859" box="[587,780,1257,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Mesosemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cippus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C001704E243F8E6FF32BAE2" box="[587,780,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mesosemia cippus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E50FF8E7F94DBAE2" authorityName="Halliday" authorityYear="1833" box="[1287,1395,1256,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Telenomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C001704E50FF8E7F94DBAE2" box="[1287,1395,1256,1278]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Telenomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E096F908FD13BB01" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[158,301,1287,1309]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E13EF908FDF9BB01" authorityName="" authorityYear="1833" box="[310,455,1287,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E0BCF928FD20BB20" authorityName="Foerster" authorityYear="1869" box="[180,286,1319,1340]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C001704E0BCF928FD20BB20" box="[180,286,1319,1340]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E15BF92AFDDCBB27" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[339,482,1317,1339]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E1E6F92AFEB2BB27" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[494,652,1317,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E4A3F928F92BBB20" authorityName="Foerster" authorityYear="1869" box="[1195,1301,1319,1340]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C001704E4A3F928F92BBB20" box="[1195,1301,1319,1340]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (44); 45, adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E0E3F94BFD51BB46" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1829" box="[235,367,1348,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C001704E0E3F94BFD51BB46" box="[235,367,1348,1370]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brachymeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E197F94BFE10BB46" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[415,558,1348,1370]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E230F94BFE88BB46" box="[568,694,1348,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E514F96BFD33BB84" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C001704E514F96BFD33BB84" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Camponotus punctulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F7D966073C001704E09FFB5BFE23B995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610262/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[151,264,1876,1899]" targetBox="[156,1432,1481,1854]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C001704E09FFB5BFE23B995" blockId="10.[151,1436,1876,1929]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C001704E09FFB5BFD69B975" bold="true" box="[151,343,1876,1899]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURES 49–51.</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron micrographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64A64D0C3C001704E2C5FB5AFFB5B976" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1859" box="[717,907,1877,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Mesosemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cippus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C001704E2C5FB5AFFB5B976" box="[717,907,1877,1898]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mesosemia cippus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs. 49, lateral view; 50, hexagonal cells of the exochorion; 51, micropylar area (Mp).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C001705E0CFFBBFFE95BEC9" blockId="10.[151,1436,1968,2029]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,1040]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C001704E0CFFBBFFD59B9D5" bold="true" box="[199,359,1968,1993]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fourth instar</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C001704E17EFBBFFDC2B9D5" box="[374,508,1968,1993]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 35–36</figureCitation>
|
||
). Duration 4–5 days, 4 days feeding and 1 day in premoult (n = 193). Head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C001704E0D7FBDBFDBDB9F0" box="[223,387,2004,2029]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.045" metricValueMax="1.14" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.045" valueMax="1.14" valueMin="0.95">0.95–1.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 21). Length after molt
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C001704E2CEFBDAFF34B9F0" box="[710,778,2005,2029]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, maximum length
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C001704E3D7FBDAF811B9F0" box="[991,1071,2005,2029]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 28). Head and dorsal setae dark brown. Body yellow, greenish dorsally on the abdominal segments, with green irregular streaks. Legs medium tan; spiracles, lateral and subdorsal setae white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C011705E0CFFCD0FCCDBC7C" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C011705E0CFFCD0FDA9BEE4" bold="true" box="[199,407,223,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fifth (last) instar</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E1A1FCD0FE0DBEE4" box="[425,563,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 37–38</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E249FCEFFE5EBEE4" box="[577,608,224,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">48</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E265FCD0FE8BBEE4" box="[621,693,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1391,1414]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Scanning electron micrographs of the fifth (last) instar (63–68) and pupa (69–71) of Mesosemia cippus. 63, head capsule and prothorax in latero-frontal view; 64, drop-like setae on frontoclypeus, arrow indicating perforated cupola organs (PCOs); 65, detail of long dorsal setae on A5; 66, cluster of PCOs (arrows) on A2; 67, segment A8 in lateral view, showing everted tentacle organ, dorsal setae and spiracle; 68, proleg in lateral view; 69, mesothoracic spiracle; 70, segments A1–A2 in lateral view, note the silk girdle (arrow); 71, cluster of PCOs on A1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610268/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">63–68</figureCitation>
|
||
). Duration 7–8 days, 5 days feeding and 2 days in prepupa (n = 171). Head capsule width 1.77–2.25 (n = 9). Maximum length
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C011705E364FD0BFF83BF00" box="[876,957,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 20). Head black. Body color pattern similar to fourth instar until the premoult phase. On the 5th day color body changed to a darker grey-green, and during the following days acquired a golden brown color with numerous white spots dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E4CBFD43F91FBF78" box="[1219,1313,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E525FD43F973BF78" box="[1325,1357,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–48" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1256,1279]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[155,1432,193,1235]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 41–48. Interactions between Mesosemia cippus immatures and their natural enemies. 41–42, Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) microparasitoid wasps parasitizing (41) and emerging from eggs (42); 43–44, parasitoid cocoon of Hyposoter sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) under fourth instar host remains (43) and adult of Hyposoter sp. (44); 45, adult of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae); 46, third instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); 47, nymph of a chrysopid (Neuroptera) preying on third instar (arrow); 48, simulated encounter between larva and Camponotus punctulatus ants in the laboratory, note the TNOs everted (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610260/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">48</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head surface smooth, with long setae in the same position as primary setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E3B9FD60F83ABF94" box="[945,1028,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1391,1414]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Scanning electron micrographs of the fifth (last) instar (63–68) and pupa (69–71) of Mesosemia cippus. 63, head capsule and prothorax in latero-frontal view; 64, drop-like setae on frontoclypeus, arrow indicating perforated cupola organs (PCOs); 65, detail of long dorsal setae on A5; 66, cluster of PCOs (arrows) on A2; 67, segment A8 in lateral view, showing everted tentacle organ, dorsal setae and spiracle; 68, proleg in lateral view; 69, mesothoracic spiracle; 70, segments A1–A2 in lateral view, note the silk girdle (arrow); 71, cluster of PCOs on A1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610268/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
|
||
); several short drop-like setae in the frontoclypeus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E14CFD9BFDA2BFB1" box="[324,412,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1391,1414]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Scanning electron micrographs of the fifth (last) instar (63–68) and pupa (69–71) of Mesosemia cippus. 63, head capsule and prothorax in latero-frontal view; 64, drop-like setae on frontoclypeus, arrow indicating perforated cupola organs (PCOs); 65, detail of long dorsal setae on A5; 66, cluster of PCOs (arrows) on A2; 67, segment A8 in lateral view, showing everted tentacle organ, dorsal setae and spiracle; 68, proleg in lateral view; 69, mesothoracic spiracle; 70, segments A1–A2 in lateral view, note the silk girdle (arrow); 71, cluster of PCOs on A1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610268/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tegument covered by microtrichiae and setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E3D0FD9BF85ABFB1" box="[984,1124,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1391,1414]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Scanning electron micrographs of the fifth (last) instar (63–68) and pupa (69–71) of Mesosemia cippus. 63, head capsule and prothorax in latero-frontal view; 64, drop-like setae on frontoclypeus, arrow indicating perforated cupola organs (PCOs); 65, detail of long dorsal setae on A5; 66, cluster of PCOs (arrows) on A2; 67, segment A8 in lateral view, showing everted tentacle organ, dorsal setae and spiracle; 68, proleg in lateral view; 69, mesothoracic spiracle; 70, segments A1–A2 in lateral view, note the silk girdle (arrow); 71, cluster of PCOs on A1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610268/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 65–66</figureCitation>
|
||
), including small dendritic setae scattered dorsally; long spiculated setae in dorsal, subdorsal and lateral groups; perforated cupola organs (PCOs) in dorsal clusters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E1CCFDD3FE28BFE9" box="[452,534,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1391,1414]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Scanning electron micrographs of the fifth (last) instar (63–68) and pupa (69–71) of Mesosemia cippus. 63, head capsule and prothorax in latero-frontal view; 64, drop-like setae on frontoclypeus, arrow indicating perforated cupola organs (PCOs); 65, detail of long dorsal setae on A5; 66, cluster of PCOs (arrows) on A2; 67, segment A8 in lateral view, showing everted tentacle organ, dorsal setae and spiracle; 68, proleg in lateral view; 69, mesothoracic spiracle; 70, segments A1–A2 in lateral view, note the silk girdle (arrow); 71, cluster of PCOs on A1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610268/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 66</figureCitation>
|
||
) close to spiracles and distributed sparsely dorsally and around TNO openings. TNO openings with associated long dendritic setae and without sclerotized plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E45DFDF0F892BC04" box="[1109,1196,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1391,1414]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Scanning electron micrographs of the fifth (last) instar (63–68) and pupa (69–71) of Mesosemia cippus. 63, head capsule and prothorax in latero-frontal view; 64, drop-like setae on frontoclypeus, arrow indicating perforated cupola organs (PCOs); 65, detail of long dorsal setae on A5; 66, cluster of PCOs (arrows) on A2; 67, segment A8 in lateral view, showing everted tentacle organ, dorsal setae and spiracle; 68, proleg in lateral view; 69, mesothoracic spiracle; 70, segments A1–A2 in lateral view, note the silk girdle (arrow); 71, cluster of PCOs on A1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610268/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 67</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spiracles elliptical, positioned as in previous instars. Proleg lateroseries crochets multiserial, uniordinal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E45BFE2BF899BC21" box="[1107,1191,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1391,1414]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Scanning electron micrographs of the fifth (last) instar (63–68) and pupa (69–71) of Mesosemia cippus. 63, head capsule and prothorax in latero-frontal view; 64, drop-like setae on frontoclypeus, arrow indicating perforated cupola organs (PCOs); 65, detail of long dorsal setae on A5; 66, cluster of PCOs (arrows) on A2; 67, segment A8 in lateral view, showing everted tentacle organ, dorsal setae and spiracle; 68, proleg in lateral view; 69, mesothoracic spiracle; 70, segments A1–A2 in lateral view, note the silk girdle (arrow); 71, cluster of PCOs on A1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610268/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 68</figureCitation>
|
||
); mesoseries crochets divided.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A319368F3C011705E0CFFE63FE27BA0C" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D2EA9D3C011705E0CFFE63FD3BBC99" bold="true" box="[199,261,620,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E11CFE63FDA2BC98" box="[276,412,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 39–40</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E1A0FE63FDD1BC99" box="[424,495,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1391,1414]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Scanning electron micrographs of the fifth (last) instar (63–68) and pupa (69–71) of Mesosemia cippus. 63, head capsule and prothorax in latero-frontal view; 64, drop-like setae on frontoclypeus, arrow indicating perforated cupola organs (PCOs); 65, detail of long dorsal setae on A5; 66, cluster of PCOs (arrows) on A2; 67, segment A8 in lateral view, showing everted tentacle organ, dorsal setae and spiracle; 68, proleg in lateral view; 69, mesothoracic spiracle; 70, segments A1–A2 in lateral view, note the silk girdle (arrow); 71, cluster of PCOs on A1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610268/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">69–71</figureCitation>
|
||
). Duration 10–11 days (n = 114). Maximum length
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C011705E43DFE63F8B8BC98" box="[1077,1158,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
, width at widest point of A2,
|
||
<quantity id="645E9B6A3C011705E0C1FE80FD1DBCBB" box="[201,291,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Body brownish gray, with four black stripes along the abdominal segments, wing pads with several black stripes with indistinct and irregular borders giving them a fuzzy appearance. Four slight dorsolateral ridges extending from A2 to A8. Between the black areas were irregular spots of brown-tan. Prominent reddish brown areas dorsally on thorax and A2 crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E257FEF3FE89BD08" box="[607,695,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1891,1914]" captionTargetBox="[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[178,1405,445,1881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610258/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tegument corrugated with inconspicuous tubercles. Numerous short white setae cover the dorsal surface and most of the lateral surface. Mesothoracic spiracles black and slitshaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E0FDFF4BFD75BD41" box="[245,331,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1391,1414]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Scanning electron micrographs of the fifth (last) instar (63–68) and pupa (69–71) of Mesosemia cippus. 63, head capsule and prothorax in latero-frontal view; 64, drop-like setae on frontoclypeus, arrow indicating perforated cupola organs (PCOs); 65, detail of long dorsal setae on A5; 66, cluster of PCOs (arrows) on A2; 67, segment A8 in lateral view, showing everted tentacle organ, dorsal setae and spiracle; 68, proleg in lateral view; 69, mesothoracic spiracle; 70, segments A1–A2 in lateral view, note the silk girdle (arrow); 71, cluster of PCOs on A1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610268/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
|
||
); others with a semi-elliptical margin and surrounded by PCOs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E420FF4BF840BD40" box="[1064,1150,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1391,1414]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Scanning electron micrographs of the fifth (last) instar (63–68) and pupa (69–71) of Mesosemia cippus. 63, head capsule and prothorax in latero-frontal view; 64, drop-like setae on frontoclypeus, arrow indicating perforated cupola organs (PCOs); 65, detail of long dorsal setae on A5; 66, cluster of PCOs (arrows) on A2; 67, segment A8 in lateral view, showing everted tentacle organ, dorsal setae and spiracle; 68, proleg in lateral view; 69, mesothoracic spiracle; 70, segments A1–A2 in lateral view, note the silk girdle (arrow); 71, cluster of PCOs on A1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610268/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 70</figureCitation>
|
||
). Eyes setose. Silk girdle crossed segment A2 and was often embedded in the cuticle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3B9D2A0A3C011705E38BFF68FFE1BD9C" box="[899,991,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1391,1414]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[155,1432,185,1380]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Scanning electron micrographs of the fifth (last) instar (63–68) and pupa (69–71) of Mesosemia cippus. 63, head capsule and prothorax in latero-frontal view; 64, drop-like setae on frontoclypeus, arrow indicating perforated cupola organs (PCOs); 65, detail of long dorsal setae on A5; 66, cluster of PCOs (arrows) on A2; 67, segment A8 in lateral view, showing everted tentacle organ, dorsal setae and spiracle; 68, proleg in lateral view; 69, mesothoracic spiracle; 70, segments A1–A2 in lateral view, note the silk girdle (arrow); 71, cluster of PCOs on A1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610268/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 70</figureCitation>
|
||
). Girdle was fragile and broke upon emergence, giving the impression that the pupae lacked girdles. Metathoracic segment raised and almost at the level of the segment A2. Cremaster is wide and rounded. Abdominal segments A5 through A9 are smooth ventrally and flat allowing for close contact with the substrate. Female pupae show a longitudinal genital scar in the center of the ventral surface of segment A8.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |