364 lines
41 KiB
XML
364 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6115580" ID-GBIF-Dataset="85cd7166-7b23-496d-8b10-7f1dcf2c4d60" ID-GBIF-Taxon="114920417" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6115580" ID-ZooBank="A625A5A9-EE80-45E0-A9BE-7A183B0996B1" checkinTime="1447441568197" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Robert A. Johnson" docDate="2015" docId="971D8786FFD5FFFB65D4158FD2C02323" docLanguage="en" docName="29902.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4029 (1)" docTitle="Pogonomyrmex bispinosus" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" masterDocId="6B24FFFEFFE9FFB865431775D1342613" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of South American species of the seed-harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Part I" masterLastPageNumber="142" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1645066743641" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of South American species of the seed-harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Part I</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Robert A. Johnson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>4029</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>142</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4029.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A625A5A9-EE80-45E0-A9BE-7A183B0996B1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6115580" ID-GBIF-Taxon="114920417" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6115580" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:971D8786FFD5FFFB65D4158FD2C02323" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/971D8786FFD5FFFB65D4158FD2C02323" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<subSubSection box="[151,475,762,788]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph box="[151,475,762,788]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName box="[151,475,762,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,475,762,788]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,475,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Pogonomyrmex bispinosus</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[151,330,797,821]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="description">
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<paragraph box="[151,330,797,821]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[159,322,797,821]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 27" captionStart-1="FIGURE 28" captionStart-2="FIGURE 29" captionStart-3="FIGURE 30" captionStartId-0="61.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionStartId-1="62.[151,249,1607,1629]" captionStartId-2="64.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionStartId-3="65.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox-0="[436,1146,193,1956]" captionTargetBox-1="[314,1262,193,1575]" captionTargetBox-2="[376,1204,193,1955]" captionTargetBox-3="[380,1197,193,1955]" captionTargetId-0="figure@61.[436,1151,193,1956]" captionTargetId-1="figure@62.[314,1273,193,1585]" captionTargetId-2="figure@64.[376,1211,193,1956]" captionTargetId-3="figure@65.[380,1207,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId-0="61" captionTargetPageId-1="62" captionTargetPageId-2="64" captionTargetPageId-3="65" captionText-0="FIGURE 27. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT 0281087). Photographs by Shannon Hartman from www. AntWeb. org." captionText-1="FIGURE 28. Photograph from posterior margin of head looking down over cephalic dorsum: (A) Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) — black arrows show enlarged frontal lobes with convex lateral margins projecting from cephalic dorsum at a strong vertical orientation (CASENT 0281087), and (B) Pogonomyrmex uruguayensis Mayr—red arrows show frontal lobes not enlarged with lateral margins mostly subparallel and projecting nearly parallel to cephalic dorsum (CASENT 0914810). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www. AntWeb. org." captionText-2="FIGURE 29. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) ergatoid queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT 273679). Photographs by Shannon Hartman from www. AntWeb. org." captionText-3="FIGURE 30. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT 273583). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www. AntWeb. org." pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figures 27–30</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName authority="Spinola" authorityName="Spinola" box="[151,395,869,891]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
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<emphasis box="[151,309,869,891]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Atta bispinosus</emphasis>
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Spinola
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis box="[404,424,870,891]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">in</emphasis>
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Gay, 1851: 244. Neotype worker [ANTWEB1008879] by present designation [LACM]. CHILE, Valparaíso: Petorca Province, 3 km N Zapallar, 28 October 1972, J.H. Hunt, #952 (previous holotype worker from CHILE, Santa Rosa, presumed lost or destroyed).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName authority="Spinola" authorityName="Spinola" box="[151,532,961,983]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
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<emphasis box="[151,425,961,983]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Pogonomyrmex bispinosus</emphasis>
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(Spinola)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Mayr, 1870: 971. First combination in
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<taxonomicName box="[952,1111,962,983]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[952,1111,962,983]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Pogonomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. See also Gallardo, 1932: 130; Snelling & Hunt, 1976: 75, figs. 24, 27, 28.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,606,1058,1083]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Workers associated with the neotype:</emphasis>
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(7 workers) same data as neotype.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1018,1133,1058,1083]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. Within the
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<taxonomicName box="[1278,1427,1058,1083]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
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<emphasis box="[1278,1427,1058,1083]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. bispinosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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- group, the combination of: (1) superior propodeal spines well-developed, (2) larger (HW = 1.75–2.05 mm), (3) body concolorous tannish-brown to reddish-brown, (4) in frontal view and from posterior margins of head looking down over cephalic dorsum, frontal lobes enlarged, lateral margins convex, projecting at a strong vertical orientation relative to cephalic dorsum uniquely characterize this species (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[982,1148,1202,1227]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<figureCitation box="[982,1148,1202,1227]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 27" captionStart-1="FIGURE 28" captionStartId-0="61.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionStartId-1="62.[151,249,1607,1629]" captionTargetBox-0="[436,1146,193,1956]" captionTargetBox-1="[314,1262,193,1575]" captionTargetId-0="figure@61.[436,1151,193,1956]" captionTargetId-1="figure@62.[314,1273,193,1585]" captionTargetPageId-0="61" captionTargetPageId-1="62" captionText-0="FIGURE 27. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT 0281087). Photographs by Shannon Hartman from www. AntWeb. org." captionText-1="FIGURE 28. Photograph from posterior margin of head looking down over cephalic dorsum: (A) Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) — black arrows show enlarged frontal lobes with convex lateral margins projecting from cephalic dorsum at a strong vertical orientation (CASENT 0281087), and (B) Pogonomyrmex uruguayensis Mayr—red arrows show frontal lobes not enlarged with lateral margins mostly subparallel and projecting nearly parallel to cephalic dorsum (CASENT 0914810). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www. AntWeb. org." pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figures 27–28</figureCitation>
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</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,374,1239,1262]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Measurements</emphasis>
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—neotype (
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<emphasis box="[507,521,1239,1262]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">n</emphasis>
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= 11). HL 1.90 (1.67–2.00); HW 1.88 (1.75–2.05); MOD 0.38 (0.32–0.40); OMD 0.40 (0.36–0.45); SL 1.50 (1.27–1.48); PNW 1.15 (1.06–1.27); HFL 1.79 (1.59–1.98); ML 1.96 (1.86–2.17); PW 0.47 (0.46–0.54); PPW 0.68 (0.60–0.74). Indices: SI 79.79 (67.32–77.47); CI 98.95 (97.47–105.59); OI 20.21 (15.61–20.21); HFI 95.21 (84.13–100.00).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,365,1382,1407]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Redescription</emphasis>
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. Head subquadrate to quadrate (CI = 97.47–105.59), widest just posterior to eyes; posterior margin flat to weakly concave in full-face view. Longitudinal rugae on cephalic dorsum prominent, wavy to irregular; in full-face view, medial rugae diverging weakly toward posterior corners of head. In profile, rugae posterior to eyes converging near vertex. Cephalic interrugae strongly granulate-punctate, dull to weakly shining; vertex rugose. In frontal view and from posterior margins of head looking down over cephalic dorsum, frontal lobes enlarged, lateral margins convex, projecting at a strong vertical orientation relative to cephalic dorsum. Anterior margin of clypeus concave; lateral lobes with broad, blunt, sometimes inconspicuous tooth-like process below each antennal socket; dorsal surface with several subparallel, longitudinal rugae. Mandible with six teeth; mandibular dorsum coarsely rugose. MOD ranging from 0.16-21x HL. In profile, eyes situated slightly anterior to middle of head, OMD = 1.00–1.30x MOD. Antennal scapes moderately long (SI = 67.32–79.79), failing to reach vertex by length of basal funicular segment; base of scape flattened dorsoventrally, ventral surface widened at base with moderately well-developed inferior basal flange, margin of flange weakly carinate; entire scape with weak longitudinal striae, moderately granulate-punctate, weakly shining. Psammophore well-developed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Mesosomal profile weakly convex; all mesosomal surfaces with prominent irregular rugae to rugoreticulate. Dorsum of pronotum with irregular, transverse rugae to rugoreticulate, pronotal sides rugoreticulate or with coarse, irregular rugae traversing posteroventrally; dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum with irregular longitudinal rugae, irregular rugae on mesopleura longitudinal or traversing posterodorsally. Interrugae on mesosoma weakly to strongly granulate, dull to weakly shining. Superior propodeal spines moderately well-developed, length about 0.6–0.8x distance between their bases. Inferior propodeal spines poorly-developed, consisting of a broadly rounded process. Propodeal spiracles narrowly ovate facing posterad. Legs weakly to moderately coriarious, weakly shining.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="61" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[436,1146,193,1956]" targetPageId="61">
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<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,288,1978,2000]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
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Photograph of
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<taxonomicName authority="Spinola" authorityName="Spinola" box="[449,824,1978,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
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<emphasis box="[449,722,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Pogonomyrmex bispinosus</emphasis>
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(Spinola)
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</taxonomicName>
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worker: (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[926,945,1978,2000]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">A</emphasis>
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) frontal view of head, (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1191,1208,1979,2000]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">B</emphasis>
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) lateral view of body, and (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[202,220,2009,2031]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">C</emphasis>
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) dorsal view of body (CASENT0281087). Photographs by Shannon Hartman from www.AntWeb.org.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="62" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[314,1262,193,1575]" targetPageId="62">
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,288,1607,1629]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
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Photograph from posterior margin of head looking down over cephalic dorsum: (A)
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<taxonomicName authority="Spinola" authorityName="Spinola" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
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<emphasis box="[1163,1436,1607,1629]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pogonomyrmex bispinosus</emphasis>
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(Spinola)
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</taxonomicName>
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—black arrows show enlarged frontal lobes with convex lateral margins projecting from cephalic dorsum at a strong vertical orientation (CASENT0281087), and (B)
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<emphasis box="[674,979,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName box="[674,979,1669,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uruguayensis">Pogonomyrmex uruguayensis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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Mayr—red arrows show frontal lobes not enlarged with lateral margins mostly subparallel and projecting nearly parallel to cephalic dorsum (CASENT0914810). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Peduncle of petiole about 0.8x as long as petiolar node, anteroventral margin with poorly to well-developed rounded process. In profile, petiolar node asymmetrical with anterior surface shorter than posterior surface; apex broadly rounded. In dorsal view, petiolar node longer than wide, widest near spatulate anterior margin. Posterior surface of petiolar node with weak to coarse, irregular, longitudinal, oblique, or transverse rugae to rugoreticulate; interrugae on all surfaces weakly to moderately granulate-punctate, weakly shining. Dorsum of postpetiole convex in profile; in dorsal view, widest near posterior margin, narrowing to anterior margin, maximal width usually greater than length, weakly to moderately coriarious, weakly shining. First gastral tergum moderately coriarious, weakly shining to smooth and shining.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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Erect whitish to cream colored pilosity moderately abundant on head, short and similar in length, usually longer along posterior margin; longest hairs not exceeding MOD. Moderately abundant erect to semidecumbent pilosity on scape; abundant decumbent hairs on funicular segments. Legs with moderately abundant, long, semidecumbent, whitish to cream colored setae. Mesosoma, petiolar node, postpetiole, first gastral tergum with moderately dense, erect, whitish to cream colored setae, often similar in length, longest hairs approaching to exceeding MOD. Body concolorous tannish-brown to reddish-brown (
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<figureCitation box="[939,1106,431,456]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 27" captionStart-1="FIGURE 28" captionStartId-0="61.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionStartId-1="62.[151,249,1607,1629]" captionTargetBox-0="[436,1146,193,1956]" captionTargetBox-1="[314,1262,193,1575]" captionTargetId-0="figure@61.[436,1151,193,1956]" captionTargetId-1="figure@62.[314,1273,193,1585]" captionTargetPageId-0="61" captionTargetPageId-1="62" captionText-0="FIGURE 27. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT 0281087). Photographs by Shannon Hartman from www. AntWeb. org." captionText-1="FIGURE 28. Photograph from posterior margin of head looking down over cephalic dorsum: (A) Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) — black arrows show enlarged frontal lobes with convex lateral margins projecting from cephalic dorsum at a strong vertical orientation (CASENT 0281087), and (B) Pogonomyrmex uruguayensis Mayr—red arrows show frontal lobes not enlarged with lateral margins mostly subparallel and projecting nearly parallel to cephalic dorsum (CASENT 0914810). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www. AntWeb. org." pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[939,1106,431,456]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figures 27–28</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,525,466,491]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Ergatoid Queen. Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This caste is diagnosed by: (1) ergatoid, with small ocelli on head and mesosoma lacking all morphological structures related to wings, (2) in dorsal view, pronotum large, well-developed; mesoscutum poorly-developed, anterior margin barely surpassing humeral shoulders of pronotum, (3) superior propodeal spines well-developed, length greater than 0.6x distance between their bases, (4) inferior spines welldeveloped, wider than tall, broadly rounded, (5) in dorsal view, petiolar node globular, anterior margin broadly rounded, (6) in dorsal view, postpetiole notably wider than long, (7) rugae on dorsum of postpetiole lacking or faint to weak, rarely crossing entire surface, and (8) body mostly concolorous tannish-brown to reddish-brown (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="64.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[376,1204,193,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[376,1211,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 29. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) ergatoid queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT 273679). Photographs by Shannon Hartman from www. AntWeb. org." pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figure 29</figureCitation>
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</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,374,746,770]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Measurements</emphasis>
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—(
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<emphasis box="[411,425,746,770]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">n</emphasis>
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= 2). HL 2.27–2.29; HW 2.43–2.57; MOD 0.38–0.46; OMD 0.54–0.55; SL 1.61–1.61; PNW 1.40–1.52; HFL 2.06–2.08; ML 2.85–2.83; PW 0.77–0.79; PPW 1.06–1.09. Indices: SI 62.65–62.65; CI 106.11–113.22; OI 14.79–18.93; HFI 80.93–84.77.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,337,850,875]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Description</emphasis>
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. Ergatoid, with small ocelli on head. In full-face view, head slightly wider to wider than long (CI = 106.11–113.22), widest just posterior to eyes, posterior margin weakly concave. Longitudinal rugae on cephalic dorsum prominent, wavy to irregular; in full-face view, medial rugae diverging weakly toward posterior corners of head; vertex weakly to moderately rugose; interrugae on cephalic dorsum and vertex weakly to moderately granulate-punctate, weakly shining. Mandible with six teeth, dorsal surface coarsely rugose. Psammophore welldeveloped.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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||
Mesosomal segments largely fused, lacking all morphological structures related to wings. In dorsal view, pronotum large, well-developed; mesoscutum poorly-developed, anterior margin barely surpassing humeral shoulders of pronotum. All mesosomal surfaces with subparallel, regular, wavy, or irregular rugae; interrugae weakly to moderately granulate-punctate, weakly shining; propodeum with well-developed superior and inferior spines; inferior spines wider than tall, broadly rounded. Peduncle of petiole about 0.8x as long as petiolar node, anteroventral margin with weak process. In profile, petiolar node asymmetrical with anterior surface notably shorter than posterior surface, apex subangulate to rounded. In dorsal view, petiolar node globular, posterior surface with irregular rugae, interrugae weakly to moderately granulate-punctate, weakly shining. In dorsal view, postpetiole wider than long; dorsum with faint to weak irregular rugae, moderately granulate-punctate, weakly shining. First gastral tergum weakly coriarious, weakly shining to smooth and shining. Most body surfaces with moderately abundant suberect to erect, medium-length, white to yellowish setae. Body concolorous tannish-brown to reddish-brown (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[359,473,1444,1469]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[359,473,1444,1469]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="64.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[376,1204,193,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[376,1211,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 29. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) ergatoid queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT 273679). Photographs by Shannon Hartman from www. AntWeb. org." pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figure 29</figureCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,402,1479,1504]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Male. Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
This caste is diagnosed by: (1) first gastral tergum lacking striae, (1) in dorsal view, anteromedial surface of petiolar node and usually apex weakly to strongly concave, (2) dorsum of postpetiole with weak longitudinal rugae, (3) transverse rugae usually present between frontal lobes, and (4) notauli present (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="65.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[380,1197,193,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[380,1207,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 30. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola) male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (LACMENT 273583). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www. AntWeb. org." pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figure 30</figureCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,374,1620,1643]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
—(
|
||
<emphasis box="[411,425,1619,1643]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 6). HL 1.37–1.63; HW 1.41–1.71; MOD 0.46–0.55; OMD 0.20–0.27; SL 0.41–0.51; HFL 1.82–2.13; ML 2.41–2.71; PW 0.50–0.65; PPW 0.69–0.86. Indices: SI 26.28–32.00; CI 102.92–107.24; OI 31.58–34.67; HFI 114.47–132.62.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,852,1724,1748]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Additional material examined. CHILE:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[702,852,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Metropolitan</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: El Coipo, Jan 12, 1968 (LACM; MNHN); Río Maipo, El Peumo, Nov 1951 & Nov 23, 1967 (LACM; MNHN); Quebrada el Peumo, Nov 21, 1966 (LACM; MNHN); Cajon el Maipo, Dec 15–18, 1969 & Sept 23, 2000 & no date (LACM; MNHN); San José de Maipo, Jan 25–29, 1970 (MNHN); El Manzano, Dec 1, 1966 (LACM; MNHN); El Canelo, Dec 15, 1954 & Jan 9, 1967 (LACM; MNHN); Fundo Santa Laura near Cuesta de la Dormida, Dec 2, 1972 (LACM); Cerro Manquehue, Dec 1997 (MNHN); El Peñón, Dec 8, 1952 (MNHN).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[722,845,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Valparaíso</emphasis>
|
||
: 10 km E Papudo, Nov 28, 1950 (CASC); Viña del Mar, no date (MSNG); Laguna Verde, Dec 13, 2001 (RAJC; UCDC); Los Molles, Oct 26, 1971 (MNHN); Santa Rosa (= Santa Rosa del Los Andes), not examined (syntype from Spinola description).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1139,1342,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Region
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1229,1342,1968,1993]" family="Polemoniaceae" genus="Unknown" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Pantae" order="Polemoniales" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" rank="genus">Unknown</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: no loc, no date (USNM) (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[355,489,2003,2028]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[355,468,2003,2028]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="66.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[408,1175,193,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[408,1179,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 31. Geographic distribution of: (A) Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola), (B) Pogonomyrmex inermis Forel, and (C) Pogonomyrmex uruguayensis Mayr. The larger black circle in each panel (when present) denotes the type locality." pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Figure 31</figureCitation>
|
||
A
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption pageId="64" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[376,1204,193,1955]" targetPageId="64">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,287,1978,2000]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Spinola" authorityName="Spinola" box="[445,819,1978,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[445,718,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Pogonomyrmex bispinosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Spinola)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ergatoid queen: (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[997,1015,1978,2000]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">A</emphasis>
|
||
) frontal view of head, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1257,1274,1979,2000]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">B</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral view of body, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[264,282,2009,2031]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">C</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal view of body (LACMENT273679). Photographs by Shannon Hartman from www.AntWeb.org.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="65" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[380,1197,193,1955]" targetPageId="65">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,287,1978,2000]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 30.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Spinola" authorityName="Spinola" box="[444,817,1978,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[444,716,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Pogonomyrmex bispinosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Spinola)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male: (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[894,913,1978,2000]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A</emphasis>
|
||
) frontal view of head, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1153,1170,1979,2000]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">B</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral view of body, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[159,177,2009,2031]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">C</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal view of body (LACMENT273583). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="66" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[408,1175,193,1956]" targetPageId="66">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,287,1978,2000]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
|
||
Geographic distribution of: (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[585,603,1978,2000]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Spinola" authorityName="Spinola" box="[618,993,1978,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[618,890,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Pogonomyrmex bispinosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Spinola)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1012,1029,1979,2000]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">B</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" box="[1044,1347,1978,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1044,1285,1979,2000]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Pogonomyrmex inermis</emphasis>
|
||
Forel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1409,1428,1978,2000]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr. The" authorityName="Mayr. The" box="[151,563,2009,2031]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uruguayensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,451,2010,2031]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Pogonomyrmex uruguayensis</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr. The
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larger black circle in each panel (when present) denotes the type locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,334,152,176]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The naming of this species apparently refers to the two well-developed superior propodeal spines, which Spinola described as two dorsal spines, straight and equally vertical, slightly in front of posterior border.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,332,223,248]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[338,639,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[338,639,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Pogonomyrmex bispinosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to Chile, and it is distinguished from all Chilean congeners by: (1) well-developed psammophore, (2) first gastral tergum lacks striae, (3) dorsum of postpetiole lacks transverse striae, (4) body concolorous tannish-brown to reddish-brown, and (5) in frontal view and from posterior margins of head looking down over cephalic dorsum, the frontal lobes are enlarged and the lateral margins are convex, projecting at a strong vertical orientation relative to the cephalic dorsum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Spinola (1851) described
|
||
<emphasis box="[537,684,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[537,684,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">P. bispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from one worker that was collected at Santa Rosa, Chile (= Santa Rosa de los Andes, Valparaíso Region), and from sexuals (queens and males) taken during a mating flight at Tucapel, Chile. Emery (1906) believed the worker and sexuals were different species, and he assigned the sexuals as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[182,479,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="bispinosus" variety="spinolae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[182,196,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[211,329,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">bispinosus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[384,479,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">spinolae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. I concur with Emery (1906) that the queens and males described by Spinola (1851) are not conspecific with workers; the sexuals are in the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[773,901,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rastratus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[773,901,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">P. rastratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group and are not treated herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
The type of
|
||
<emphasis box="[340,487,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[340,487,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">P. bispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was not located during this study and it is presumably lost or destroyed. However, salient features of the present species correspond with the description by Spinola (1851): (1) entirely ferruginous red, (2) dorsum of postpetiole strongly punctate (lacking transverse rugae), and (3) first gastral tergum smooth and shining. In combination, these characters uniquely characterize
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[906,1058,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[906,919,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[940,1058,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">bispinosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all Chilean congeners. In addition, all material examined during this study was from the Metropolitan and Valparaíso Regions, which meets the geographical criteria for
|
||
<emphasis box="[492,643,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[492,643,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">P. bispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Snelling & Hunt (1975) also identified these same workers as
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">P. bispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, listing diagnostic characters as: (1) dorsum of postpetiole punctate and lacking transverse striae, and (2) scape thickened near the base. Moreover, Spinola’s description of
|
||
<emphasis box="[981,1137,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[981,1137,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">P. bispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, along with absence of morphologically similar congeners in Chile, leave no doubt as to the identity of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1054,1200,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1054,1200,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">P. bispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(see also Snelling & Hunt, 1975).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
The three examined queens were not collected with workers but correspond with workers in several respects: (1) concolorous dark ferruginous red-orange to reddish-brown, (2) first gastral tergum smooth and shining, (3) dorsum of the postpetiole lacking transverse rugae, and (4) geographic proximity to worker collections. Males were collected with queens at one site, and these males undoubtedly are those of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1000,1146,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1000,1146,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">P. bispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
given their large size and smooth, shining first gastral tergum. Snelling & Hunt (1975) also determined these sexuals to be
|
||
<emphasis box="[1238,1384,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1238,1384,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">P. bispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,294,1124,1148]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Nothing is known about the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[765,913,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[765,913,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">P. bispinosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
other than that males and/or ergatoid queens have been collected from 21 November to 29 January. It would be fruitful to study mating and colony founding behavior of this species given that they have ergatoid queens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,508,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[199,508,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosus">Pogonomyrmex bispinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is only known from central portions of Chile (Valparaíso and Metropolitan Regions) at elevations estimated to range from sea level to>1000 m in the Valdivian Temperate Forests and Chilean Matorral ecoregions as defined by Olson
|
||
<emphasis box="[708,757,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2001) (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[862,996,1303,1328]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[862,975,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="66.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[408,1175,193,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[408,1179,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 31. Geographic distribution of: (A) Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola), (B) Pogonomyrmex inermis Forel, and (C) Pogonomyrmex uruguayensis Mayr. The larger black circle in each panel (when present) denotes the type locality." pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Figure 31</figureCitation>
|
||
A
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |