treatments-xml/data/03/DA/87/03DA87BDFF85256EFCFDFAD80026FD33.xml

<document id="E9AC523BB1CFB5A474E26E2F2EF5C870" ID-CLB-Dataset="3674" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3509[1:ANMSOS]2.0.CO;2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2f8c7065-6e4b-46b1-89af-809f51afdcf2" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735318" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1620068761546" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Anderson, Robert P. &amp; Timm, Robert M." docDate="2006" docId="03DA87BDFF85256EFCFDFAD80026FD33" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2006.3509.1-38.pdf.imf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3509 (1)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2006)3509%5B1%3AANMSOS%5D2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Heteromys nubicolens Anderson &amp; Timm 2006, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FFE3FFC5FF832578FFFDFFEC024AFF9A" masterDocTitle="A New Montane Species of Spiny Pocket Mouse (Rodentia: Heteromyidae: Heteromys) from Northwestern Costa Rica" masterLastPageNumber="39" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698938181996" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="AB3547182BC0CEFF266BCB46A80DC6DF">A New Montane Species of Spiny Pocket Mouse (Rodentia: Heteromyidae: Heteromys) from Northwestern Costa Rica</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EB105EDFFE71820F788B22F9C601C8A6">Anderson, Robert P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D679614A3B67F271438EB5BDC38EAA83">Timm, Robert M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="68328D783BACC6C602D6857DF9224154">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF85257EFCFDFAD801BEFAD6" ID-CoL="7VD2R" authority="Anderson &amp; Timm, 2006" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[768,1012,1332,1356]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF85257EFCFDFAD801BEFAD6" bold="true" box="[768,1012,1332,1356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
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, 
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<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF85257EFD0FFAB406DDFAEA" blockId="6.[754,1175,1332,1427]" box="[754,1175,1368,1392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cloud-dwelling Spiny Pocket Mouse</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3696520FF85257EFC9EFA97066CFA09" box="[867,1062,1403,1427]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF85257EFC9EFA97066CFA09" blockId="6.[754,1175,1332,1427]" box="[867,1062,1403,1427]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<figureCitation id="13482A2EFF85257EFC9EFA97019AFA09" box="[867,976,1403,1427]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[112,150,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[88,1187,210,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-1@7.[88,1189,209,1551]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the cranium of the holotype of Heteromys nubicolens (KU 159025), an adult female in age class 4. See appendix 1 for full provenience." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5649218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5649218/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figures 3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13482A2EFF85257EFC23FA9701A7FA09" box="[990,1005,1403,1427]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[151,189,1651,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@11.[88,1619,425,1511]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. External features of Heteromys nubicolens from Monteverde (KU 142791, paratype), an adult female in age class 5. Close-up views of the cheek pouches, left front foot, and left hind foot are also provided. Illustration made from life by Fiona A. Reid on 25 February 1987 and reproduced here with her permission. See appendix 1 for full provenience." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5649220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5649220/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13482A2EFF85257EFC06FA970640FA09" box="[1019,1034,1403,1427]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[151,189,828,850]" captionTargetBox="[128,653,210,794]" captionTargetId="figure-501@12.[128,654,209,794]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Dorsal views of the crania of adult female specimens in age class 4 of two species of Heteromys from the slopes of Volcán Rincón de la Vieja– Volcán Santa María: Heteromys desmarestianus, 800 m (left, KU 158607; locality 13) and H. nubicolens, 1100 m (right, KU 158452; locality 27). See appendix 1 for full provenience." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735330/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13482A2EFF85257EFBE4FA97066CFA09" box="[1049,1062,1403,1427]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[151,189,1598,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-1@13.[151,1124,209,1698]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 7. Comparisons of female specimens of Heteromys desmarestianus (left column), H. nubicolens (middle column), and H. oresterus (right column); dorsal views of the crania are provided for specimens in age class 5 (top row), age class 4 (middle row), and age class 2 (bottom row). Museum catalog numbers follow: age class 5, KU 158510, KU 142791, and MVZ 164860 (note, zygomatic arches are missing due to breakage); age class 4, KU 158505, KU 159025 (holotype of H. nubicolens), and MVZ 164861; age class 2, MNCR 793, MNCR 797, and MVZ 164862. See appendices 1 and 2 for full provenience." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5649224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5649224/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</figureCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CF6FF85257EFD2EFA5B064AF940" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398544305" accessionNumber="KU 159025" collectingDate="2000-10-16" collectionCode="KU" collectorName="Robert M. Timm &amp; Christy M. McCain" country="Costa Rica" county="Monteverde" elevation="1550" location="Investigator's Trail" municipality="Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Puntarenas" typeStatus="holotype">
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: 
<collectionCode id="ED62AE6EFF85257EFC99FA5B01DAFA55" box="[868,912,1463,1487]" country="USA" name="Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="University or college">KU</collectionCode>
159025, nulliparous adult female; skin, skull, and postcranial skeleton in excellent condition; plus frozen tissues originally preserved in 95% ethanol (fig. 3). Collected on 
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<collectingDate id="EF89E983FF85257EFCA0F9C2066AF9DC" box="[861,1056,1582,1606]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2000-10-16">16 October 2000</collectingDate>
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from 
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: 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF85257EFCEFF9A701D7F9F8" box="[786,925,1611,1635]" country="Costa Rica" name="Puntarenas" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">PUNTARENAS</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingCounty id="62AD4E27FF85257EFC51F9A70672F9F9" box="[940,1080,1611,1635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Monteverde</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA8ACD1FF85257EFBBEF9A70187F91B" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
, 
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, 10 
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189N, 84 
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489W, at 
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elevation by 
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and 
<collectorName id="2686537DFF85257EFC2AF948068DF926" box="[983,1223,1700,1724]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Christy M. McCain</collectorName>
; original number RMT 4468.
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</paragraph>
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Fig. 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the cranium of the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF84257FFC73F9DD0621F9DC" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[910,1131,1585,1606]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF84257FFC73F9DD0621F9DC" box="[910,1131,1585,1606]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
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(KU 159025), an adult female in age class 4. See appendix 1 for full provenience.
</paragraph>
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: We designate as 
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the following 
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(adults in age classes 4–6; skins and skulls in good condition) from the Pacific slope or crest of the Cordillera de Tilarán in the Monteverde region, and housed in a variety of museum collections (appendix 1): 
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: 
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: 
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, 
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, 
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97307
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; 
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CF6FF8B2570FE61FE4F0299FE6D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398544306" collectionCode="UMMZ" elevation="1400" location="Arthur Rockwell's" municipality="Monteverde" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="UMMZ 115419, 115420" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA8ACD1FF8B2570FE61FE4F0063FE21" box="[412,553,419,443]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Monteverde</collectingMunicipality>
, 
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cafetales, 
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, 
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; 
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, 
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</quantity>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED62AE6EFF8B2570FF7DFE1002E6FD8E" box="[128,172,508,532]" country="USA" name="Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="University or college">KU</collectionCode>
142057
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; 
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CF6FF8B2570FEC5FE1003D1FDA8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398544317" collectionCode="LACM" elevation="1420" location="Hoge" municipality="Monteverde" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="LACM 64867" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA8ACD1FF8B2570FEC5FE10038FFD8E" box="[312,453,508,532]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Monteverde</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EAC6070FF8B2570FE19FE10006BFD8E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA87BDFF85256EFCFDFAD80026FD33:8EAC6070FF8B2570FE19FE10006BFD8E" box="[484,545,508,532]" municipality="Monteverde" name="Hoge" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS">Hoge</location>
woods, 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF8B2570FF7DFDF6029DFDA8" box="[128,215,538,562]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1420.0">
<elevation id="005ED198FF8B2570FF7DFDF6029DFDA8" box="[128,215,538,562]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1420.0">1420 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FF13FDF603D1FDA8" box="[238,411,538,562]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">LACM 64867</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CF6FF8B2570FE4FFDF6001EFDF7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398544307" collectionCode="FMNH" elevation="1550" location="John Campbell's" municipality="Monteverde" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="FMNH 128417, 128419, 128420, 128423, 128425" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA8ACD1FF8B2570FE4FFDF60075FDA8" box="[434,575,538,562]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Monteverde</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EAC6070FF8B2570FDABFDF602B5FDCA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA87BDFF85256EFCFDFAD80026FD33:8EAC6070FF8B2570FDABFDF602B5FDCA" municipality="Monteverde" name="John Campbell's" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS">John Campbell’s</location>
woods, 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF8B2570FE85FDD40057FDCA" box="[376,541,568,592]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.58" metricValueMin="1.52" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1550.0" valueMax="1580.0" valueMin="1520.0">
<elevation id="005ED198FF8B2570FE85FDD40057FDCA" box="[376,541,568,592]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.58" metricValueMin="1.52" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1550.0" valueMax="1580.0" valueMin="1520.0">1520–1580 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FDCBFDD40299FDF7" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">FMNH 128417</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FF1DFDB90379FDF7" box="[224,307,597,621]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">128419</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FEBDFDB903D9FDF7" box="[320,403,597,621]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">128420</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FE5CFDB903BEFDF7" box="[417,500,597,621]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">128423</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FDFCFDB9001EFDF7" box="[513,596,597,621]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">128425</specimenCode>
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; 
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CF6FF8B2570FD9FFDB90299FD11" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398544318" accessionNumber="KU 142791" collectionCode="KU" elevation="1550" isTailEnumeration="true" location="John Campbell's" municipality="Monteverde" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="ED62AE6EFF8B2570FD9FFDB900C4FDF7" box="[610,654,597,621]" country="USA" name="Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="University or college">KU</collectionCode>
142791
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; 
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CF6FF8B2570FF1FFD9F0397FD11" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398544302" box="[226,477,627,651]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="LACM 64863, 64865" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FF1FFD9F03CDFD11" box="[226,391,627,651]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">LACM 64863</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FE6AFD9F0397FD11" box="[407,477,627,651]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">64865</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CF6FF8B2570FE11FD9F0299FD33" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398544314" collectionCode="MVZ" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="MVZ 161224, 161225" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FE11FD9F00C3FD11" box="[492,649,627,651]" collectionCode="MVZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" name="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">MVZ 161224</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FF7DFD7D0299FD33" box="[128,211,657,681]" collectionCode="MVZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" name="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">161225</specimenCode>
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; 
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<collectingCounty id="62AD4E27FF8B2570FF0EFD7D03CAFD33" box="[243,384,657,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Monteverde</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA8ACD1FF8B2570FE5CFD7D037BFD5D" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EAC6070FF8B2570FEBCFD430068FD5D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA87BDFF85256EFCFDFAD80026FD33:8EAC6070FF8B2570FEBCFD430068FD5D" box="[321,546,687,711]" county="Monteverde" municipality="Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve" name="Investigator's Trail" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS">Investigator’s Trail</location>
, 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF8B2570FDCFFD4300C3FD5D" box="[562,649,687,711]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1550.0">
<elevation id="005ED198FF8B2570FDCFFD4300C3FD5D" box="[562,649,687,711]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1550.0">1550 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FF7DFD21032CFD7F" box="[128,358,717,741]" collectionCode="KU" country="USA" name="Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="University or college">KU 159022–159024</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FE89FD21038DFD7F" box="[372,455,717,741]" collectionCode="KU" country="USA" name="Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="University or college">159026</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FE28FD210062FD7F" box="[469,552,717,741]" collectionCode="KU" country="USA" name="Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="University or college">159027</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FDCBFD2100C3FD7F" box="[566,649,717,741]" collectionCode="KU" country="USA" name="Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="University or college">159029</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CF6FF8B2570FF7DFD06035CFC98" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398544304" accessionNumber="KU 159022" box="[128,278,746,770]" collectionCode="MNCR" county="Monteverde" elevation="1550" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Investigator's Trail" municipality="Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="MNCR 1336" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF8B2570FF7DFD06035CFC98" box="[128,278,746,770]" collectionCode="MNCR" country="Costa Rica" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yis-bi95" name="Museo Nacional de Costa Rica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MNCR 1336</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CF6FF8B2570FEDCFD060358FCBA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398544308" accessionNumber="KU 143337" collectionCode="KU" location="Quebrada Quecha" municipality="Monteverde" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA8ACD1FF8B2570FEDCFD0603E4FC98" box="[289,430,746,770]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Monteverde</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EAC6070FF8B2570FE45FD0600C3FC98" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA87BDFF85256EFCFDFAD80026FD33:8EAC6070FF8B2570FE45FD0600C3FC98" box="[440,649,746,770]" municipality="Monteverde" name="Quebrada Quecha" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS">Quebrada Quecha</location>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED62AE6EFF8B2570FF7DFCE402E6FCBA" box="[128,172,776,800]" country="USA" name="Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="University or college">KU</collectionCode>
143337
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CF6FF8B2570FED7FCE40310FCA4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398544315" accessionNumber="KU 143339" collectionCode="KU" location="Stella Wallace's" municipality="Monteverde" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA8ACD1FF8B2570FED7FCE403FDFCBA" box="[298,439,776,800]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Monteverde</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EAC6070FF8B2570FE32FCE400C7FCBA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA87BDFF85256EFCFDFAD80026FD33:8EAC6070FF8B2570FE32FCE400C7FCBA" box="[463,653,776,800]" municipality="Monteverde" name="Stella Wallace's" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" stateProvince="PUNTARENAS">Stella Wallace’s</location>
house, 
<collectionCode id="ED62AE6EFF8B2570FF2FFCCA02B4FCA4" box="[210,254,806,830]" country="USA" name="Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="University or college">KU</collectionCode>
143339
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3696520FF8B2570FF67FCA802BAFBB6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8B2570FF67FCA802BAFBB6" blockId="8.[128,654,211,1754]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
ETYMOLOGY: The adjective 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8B2570FE11FCA80014FCC6" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[492,606,836,860]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8B2570FE11FCA80014FCC6" box="[492,606,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or ‘‘cloud-dwelling,’’ derives from the Latin 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8B2570FF7DFC6C02F4FC02" box="[128,190,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">nubes</emphasis>
(cloud) and 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8B2570FEAAFC6C03CEFC02" box="[343,388,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">colo</emphasis>
(dwell, inhabit) and is applied here in reference to the species’ distribution in cloud forests present on mountains that rise above the surrounding lowlands of northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF8B2570FEB0FC1B039FFB95" box="[333,469,1015,1039]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF8B2570FE11FC1B02E1FBB6" author="Brown, R. W." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref17804" refString="Brown, R. W. 1956. Composition of scientific words. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press." type="book" year="1956">Brown, 1956: 213</bibRefCitation>
, 478).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3696520FF8B2570FF67FBDF004FFA2A" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8B2570FF67FBDF004FFA2A" blockId="8.[128,654,211,1754]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the Cordillera de Tilarán and Cordillera de 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF8B2570FF7DFB82034CFB1C" box="[128,262,1134,1158]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
of northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF8B2570FE00FB8200C4FB1C" box="[509,654,1134,1158]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(fig. 4). In the Monteverde region of the Cordillera de Tilarán, it is found from 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF8B2570FDB8FB46029EFB7A" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.295" metricValueMax="1.8399999999999999" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1295.0" valueMax="1840.0" valueMin="750.0">750 to 1840 m</quantity>
on the Caribbean slope and from 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF8B2570FDA5FB24034BFB67" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.595" metricValueMax="1.8399999999999999" metricValueMin="1.35" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1595.0" valueMax="1840.0" valueMin="1350.0">1350 to 1840 m</quantity>
on the Pacific slope. In the Cordillera de 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF8B2570FECFFAEF03F0FA81" box="[306,442,1283,1307]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
, the species has been collected at 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF8B2570FE90FACD004EFAA3" box="[365,516,1313,1337]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1300.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="1100.0">1100–1500 m</quantity>
on Cerro Cacao and from 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF8B2570FEA9FAD3004EFACD" box="[340,516,1343,1367]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1000.0" valueMax="1200.0" valueMin="800.0">800 to 1200 m</quantity>
on Volcán Rincón de la Vieja–Volcán Santa María. See also Sympatry and Zones of Contact with 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8B2570FF7DFA7403E3FA2A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[128,425,1432,1456]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8B2570FF7DFA7403E3FA2A" box="[128,425,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3696520FF8B2570FF67FA5A0607FDB5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8B2570FF67FA5A0607FDB5" blockId="8.[128,654,211,1754]" lastBlockId="8.[701,1228,211,1533]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
DIAGNOSIS: A species of spiny pocket mouse with adults showing the following combination of characters (figs. 3, 5, 6, 7): p4 (lower permanent premolar) with 3 lophs; P4 (permanent upper premolar) with long, curved fold in anterior border of posterior loph; mesopterygoid fossa V-shaped, with long, thin hamular processes of pterygoids; optic foramen small, with exterior margin formed by strong bar of bone; parietomastoid suture dipping well ventral to parietal crest posterior to its widest point; braincase not inflated; interorbit narrow; rostrum long and cylindrical; skull large (ONL 35.72–41.02 mm in adult specimens of age class 4; 
<tableCitation id="C6F10310FF8B2570FBBBFEA506D4FEFB" box="[1094,1182,329,353]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="15.[592,665,222,241]" captionTargetBox="[88,1142,362,1460]" captionText="TABLE 1 Descriptive Statistics and Results of t-Tests Comparing Adults in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus and H. nubicolens in Northwestern Costa Rica for External Measurements, Mass, Cranial Measurements, and Three Derived Ratiosa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF">tables 1</tableCitation>
, 2), elongated and relatively narrow; body size average to large for genus; dorsal pelage soft to moderately spiny; dorsal coloration dark brown and only faintly grizzled with thin ochraceous hairs intermixed among spines; no lateral ochraceous band present on flanks; plantar surface of hind feet naked.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3696520FF8B2572FD25FDD900C4FB58" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8B2572FD25FDD9005FFCBA" blockId="8.[701,1228,211,1533]" lastBlockId="10.[128,654,211,1754]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
DESCRIPTION: Dorsal pelage (fig. 5) soft to moderately spiny and dark brown (sharply contrasting with soft, pure white pelage of venter), only faintly grizzled with thin ochraceous hairs intermixed among spines (grizzling generally less pronounced along midline, producing slight dorsal stripe); ears dark brown to dark gray and small to medium in size; tail strongly bicolored for most of its length (then unicolored dark distally), generally longer than head-and-body length (
<tableCitation id="C6F10310FF8B2570FBFCFCB00610FCEE" box="[1025,1114,860,884]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="15.[592,665,222,241]" captionTargetBox="[88,1142,362,1460]" captionText="TABLE 1 Descriptive Statistics and Results of t-Tests Comparing Adults in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus and H. nubicolens in Northwestern Costa Rica for External Measurements, Mass, Cranial Measurements, and Three Derived Ratiosa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF">tables 1</tableCitation>
, 2); patch of dark coloration present on dorsal and external surfaces of forearms, continuous with dark coloration of flanks; ventral and internal surfaces of forearms white; hind feet large (
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF8B2570FD38FC1C015CFB92" box="[709,790,1008,1032]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
or greater in adults; 
<tableCitation id="C6F10310FF8B2570FBF6FC1C062EFB92" box="[1035,1124,1008,1032]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="15.[592,665,222,241]" captionTargetBox="[88,1142,362,1460]" captionText="TABLE 1 Descriptive Statistics and Results of t-Tests Comparing Adults in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus and H. nubicolens in Northwestern Costa Rica for External Measurements, Mass, Cranial Measurements, and Three Derived Ratiosa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF">tables 1</tableCitation>
, 2), with naked plantar surface; skull (figs. 3, 6, 7) moderately large for genus (
<tableCitation id="C6F10310FF8B2570FBD3FBC706DEFBD9" box="[1070,1172,1067,1091]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="15.[592,665,222,241]" captionTargetBox="[88,1142,362,1460]" captionText="TABLE 1 Descriptive Statistics and Results of t-Tests Comparing Adults in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus and H. nubicolens in Northwestern Costa Rica for External Measurements, Mass, Cranial Measurements, and Three Derived Ratiosa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF">tables 1</tableCitation>
, 2); anterior half of premaxillary convex (inflated), forming a smooth (not stepped) lateral border of rostrum (in dorsal view); rostrum long and cylindrical (not tapered anteriorly or with dorsal flare anteriorly); nasals inflated anteriorly; interorbital constriction narrow; braincase narrow, not inflated; parietal and temporal crests weakly to moderately developed; interparietal moderately wide, often with slight anterior point; incisive foramina generally thin and slightly tapering anteriorly; no swelling at posteroventral border of infraorbital foramen 
<superScript id="7C069BE3FF8B2570FCB8FA490105FA2F" attach="left" box="[837,847,1445,1461]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5</superScript>
; mesopterygoid fossa V-shaped, with long, thin hamular processes of pterygoids; shallow parapterygoid fossa; postalar fissure large and distinctly rounded anteriorly; optic foramen small, with exterior margin formed by strong bar of bone; parietomastoid suture dipping well ventral to parietal crest posterior to its widest point; anterodorsal lobe of periotic capsule of mastoid well developed, causing distinct undulation in posterior margin of squamosal (see schematic drawing in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF892572FF7DFE2D0338FE43" author="Anderson, R. P." box="[128,370,449,473]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="613 - 630" refId="ref17183" refString="Anderson, R. P. 1999 [2000]. Preliminary review of the systematics and biogeography of the spiny pocket mice (Heteromys) of Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 23 (suplemento especial): 613 - 630." type="book chapter" year="1999">Anderson, 1999: 619</bibRefCitation>
); jugular foramen (anterolateral to occipital condyle) medium in size; dental formula: (incisors 1/1, canines 0/0, premolars 1/1; molars 3/3) × 2 5 total 20; molars moderately robust, with lophs of M2 subequal in width; lateral borders of lophs of molars smooth, not pointed; P4 with long, curved fold in anterior border of posterior loph, and with smoothly curved posterior border; p4 with 3 lophs; m3 not reduced, approximately same width as p4; angular process of mandible flat and blunt.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8B2570FD35F9F501E9F943" blockId="8.[701,1228,1561,1753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<superScript id="7C069BE3FF8B2570FD35F9F5009AF9BC" attach="right" box="[712,720,1561,1574]" fontSize="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5</superScript>
Erroneously listed as ‘‘anterodorsal border of infraorbital foramen’’ in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF8B2570FC8AF9DA0657F9D3" author="Anderson, R. P." box="[887,1053,1590,1609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref17272" refString="Anderson, R. P. 2003 b. Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of the genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in western Venezuela, with the description of a dwarf species from the Peninsula de Paraguana. American Museum Novitates 3396: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson (2003b)</bibRefCitation>
. In most species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8B2570FD40F9A200B5F9FB" box="[701,767,1614,1633]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Liomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8B2570FD40F9A200B5F9FB" box="[701,767,1614,1633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Liomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a distinct swelling is present at the posteroventral border of the infraorbital foramen (generally anterodorsal to the incisive foramina). Such a swelling is never present in species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8B2570FCAFF97A01F2F933" box="[850,952,1686,1705]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8B2570FCAFF97A01F2F933" box="[850,952,1686,1705]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Heteromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Other, more salient and consistent differences between the two genera are listed in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF8B2570FD2BF92A01D5F943" author="Anderson, R. P." box="[726,927,1734,1753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref17272" refString="Anderson, R. P. 2003 b. Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of the genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in western Venezuela, with the description of a dwarf species from the Peninsula de Paraguana. American Museum Novitates 3396: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson (2003b: 11)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0C6623FF8A2571FF92FA490182FA6A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735328" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735328/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[111,149,1445,1467]" targetBox="[96,1626,427,1411]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8A2571FF92FA490182FA6A" blockId="9.[88,1636,1445,1520]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig. 4. Map showing collection localities for 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8A2571FDB5FA490098FA21" authority="in" authorityName="DESMARESTIANUS" authorityYear="1817" box="[584,722,1445,1467]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8A2571FDB5FA4900FFFA20" box="[584,693,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Heteromys</emphasis>
in
</taxonomicName>
northwestern Costa Rica. Circles represent localities of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8A2571FADCFA490467FA20" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[1313,1581,1445,1466]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8A2571FADCFA490467FA20" box="[1313,1581,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and triangles denote localities of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8A2571FE7FFA2C0041FA4F" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[386,523,1472,1493]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8A2571FE7FFA2C0041FA4F" box="[386,523,1472,1493]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Localities are numbered to correspond to data given in the Gazetteer (appendix 1). Gray shading denotes regions higher than 1000 m in elevation, and areas shown in black lie above 2000 m.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF892572FF67FCCA0303FC49" blockId="10.[128,654,211,1754]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
MEASUREMENTS OF THE 
<typeStatus id="54C88809FF892572FE38FCCA007CFCA7" box="[453,566,806,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
(mm): total length 295, tail length 165, hind foot length 38, ear length 17, ONL 37.43, ZB 17.23, RL 17.45, NL 15.63, IOC 9.23, SB 16.12, MTR 5.38, IW 9.64, IL 5.26, PB 13.77, SD 11.42. Mass 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF892572FEECFC57030FFC49" box="[273,325,955,979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="g" value="68.0">68 g</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF892572FF67FC3500C4FB58" blockId="10.[128,654,211,1754]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CF6FF892572FF67FC3500C0FB58" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3398544303" collectionCode="MVZ" location="John Campbell's" municipality="Monteverde" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCode="MVZ 161224, 161225" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Puntarenas">
KARYOLOGY: Rogers (1989) reported the standard karyotype for 
<specimenCount id="9D75FD22FF892572FE59FC1B0005FB95" box="[420,591,1015,1039]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
now known as 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FEDEFBF90067FBB7" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[291,557,1045,1069]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FEDEFBF90067FBB7" box="[291,557,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF892572FF7DFBDF03ECFBD1" box="[128,422,1075,1099]" country="Costa Rica" name="Puntarenas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Provincia de Puntarenas</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA8ACD1FF892572FE4AFBDF000EFBD1" box="[439,580,1075,1099]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Monteverde</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EAC6070FF892572FDABFBDF02B5FBF2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA87BDFF85256EFCFDFAD80026FD33:8EAC6070FF892572FDABFBDF02B5FBF2" municipality="Monteverde" name="John Campbell's" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Puntarenas">John Campbell’s</location>
woods, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF892572FE85FBBC0054FBF2" box="[376,542,1104,1128]" collectionCode="MVZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" name="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">MVZ 161224</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBD59ED0FF892572FDCBFBBC00C3FBF2" box="[566,649,1104,1128]" collectionCode="MVZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34777" name="Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">161225</specimenCode>
; appendix 1). This karyotype, the cytotype F of Rogers (1989), has a diploid number of 2n 5 60 and a fundamental number of FN 5 86
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3696520FF892568FF67FB24013DF940" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF892572FF67FB24061BFC49" blockId="10.[128,654,211,1754]" lastBlockId="10.[701,1228,211,1754]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
COMPARISONS: Externally, the dark brown, moderately grizzled pelage of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FDE9FB0A02B8FA86" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FDE9FB0A02B8FA86" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differentiates it from most currently recognized species of the genus (fig. 5). 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FF7DFAD3032CFACD" authorityName="J. A. Allen &amp; Chapman" authorityYear="1897" box="[128,358,1343,1367]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaumeri">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FF7DFAD3032CFACD" box="[128,358,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heteromys gaumeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FE82FAD303B4FACD" authorityName="R.P.Anderson" authorityYear="2003" box="[383,510,1343,1367]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oasicus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FE82FAD303B4FACD" box="[383,510,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. oasicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and most populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FECFFAB1038BFAEF" authorityName="Thompson" authorityYear="1815" box="[306,449,1373,1397]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FECFFAB1038BFAEF" box="[306,449,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have pale brown dorsal pelage that is strongly grizzled with thin ochraceous hairs intermixed among the spines (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF892572FF7AFA5A031BFA54" author="Anderson, R. P." box="[135,337,1462,1486]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref17272" refString="Anderson, R. P. 2003 b. Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of the genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in western Venezuela, with the description of a dwarf species from the Peninsula de Paraguana. American Museum Novitates 3396: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson, 2003b</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FF7DFA38034AFA76" authorityName="J. A. Allen &amp; Chapman" authorityYear="1897" box="[128,256,1492,1516]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaumeri">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FF7DFA38034AFA76" box="[128,256,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. gaumeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possess a lateral ochraceous band that is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FEA0FA1E03B6F990" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[349,508,1522,1546]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FEA0FA1E03B6F990" box="[349,508,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FDE9FA1E02B8F9B2" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FDE9FA1E02B8F9B2" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is much larger than the dwarf species 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FF24F9C10318F9DF" authorityName="R.P.Anderson" authorityYear="2003" box="[217,338,1581,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oasicus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FF24F9C10318F9DF" box="[217,338,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. oasicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(total length 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF892572FE01F9C100C4F9DF" box="[508,654,1581,1605]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.385" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="238.5" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="227.0">227–250 mm</quantity>
for adults in age class 4; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF892572FE40F9A700C8F9F9" author="Anderson, R. P." box="[445,642,1611,1635]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref17272" refString="Anderson, R. P. 2003 b. Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of the genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in western Venezuela, with the description of a dwarf species from the Peninsula de Paraguana. American Museum Novitates 3396: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003b</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FF7DF9850310F91B" authorityName="J. A. Allen &amp; Chapman" authorityYear="1897" box="[128,346,1641,1665]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaumeri">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FF7DF9850310F91B" box="[128,346,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heteromys gaumeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted geographically to 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF892572FF59F96A02A0F904" box="[164,234,1670,1694]" name="Belize" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Belize</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF892572FF01F96A0337F904" box="[252,381,1670,1694]" name="Guatemala" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
, and the Península de 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF892572FF7DF94802ABF926" box="[128,225,1700,1724]" country="Mexico" name="Yucatan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Yucatán</collectingRegion>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF892572FEF7F9480328F926" box="[266,354,1700,1724]" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FE5EF9480078F926" authorityName="Thompson" authorityYear="1815" box="[419,562,1700,1724]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FE5EF9480078F926" box="[419,562,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FD8DF9480285F940" authorityName="R.P.Anderson" authorityYear="2003" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oasicus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FD8DF9480285F940" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. oasicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabit only South America (Williams et al., 1993; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF892572FC95FF3F0673FF71" author="Anderson, R. P." box="[872,1081,211,235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref17272" refString="Anderson, R. P. 2003 b. Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of the genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in western Venezuela, with the description of a dwarf species from the Peninsula de Paraguana. American Museum Novitates 3396: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson, 2003b</bibRefCitation>
). Quite the reverse, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FCE3FF1D01E9FE93" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[798,931,241,265]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FCE3FF1D01E9FE93" box="[798,931,241,265]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FC49FF1D0662FE93" box="[948,1064,241,265]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FC49FF1D0662FE93" box="[948,1064,241,265]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. nelsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FBC4FF1D068EFE93" box="[1081,1220,241,265]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FBC4FF1D068EFE93" box="[1081,1220,241,265]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FD0EFEE30110FEBD" authorityName="R.P.Anderson &amp; Jarrin-Valladares" authorityYear="2002" box="[755,858,271,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teleus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FD0EFEE30110FEBD" box="[755,858,271,295]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. teleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show a dark slaty-gray, nearly uniform dorsal pelage, which separates them from the dark brown, moderately grizzled pelage of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FCD3FE84018CFE1A" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[814,966,360,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FCD3FE84018CFE1A" box="[814,966,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FC2AFE8406D2FE1A" authorityName="R.P.Anderson &amp; Jarrin-Valladares" authorityYear="2002" box="[983,1176,360,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teleus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FC2AFE8406D2FE1A" box="[983,1176,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heteromys teleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FD40FE6A0108FE04" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[701,834,390,414]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FD40FE6A0108FE04" box="[701,834,390,414]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are South American species, with the latter also showing a marginal distribution in extreme eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF892572FC60FE2D01B0FE43" box="[925,1018,449,473]" name="Panama" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF892572FBF1FE2D068DFE43" author="Anderson, R. P." box="[1036,1223,449,473]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="613 - 630" refId="ref17183" refString="Anderson, R. P. 1999 [2000]. Preliminary review of the systematics and biogeography of the spiny pocket mice (Heteromys) of Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 23 (suplemento especial): 613 - 630." type="book chapter" year="1999">Anderson, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Anderson and Jarrín-V., 2002). Both 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FB53FE330143FD8F" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FB53FE330143FD8F" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. nelsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FCBEFE110186FD8F" box="[835,972,509,533]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FCBEFE110186FD8F" box="[835,972,509,533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
display extremely soft dorsal pelage and are distributed in restricted highland regions of extreme southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF892572FD40FDB90158FDF7" box="[701,786,597,621]" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and southwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF892572FBEFFDB906DAFDF7" box="[1042,1168,597,621]" name="Guatemala" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FB53FDBA0143FD16" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FB53FDBA0143FD16" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. nelsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the Cordillera de Talamanca in 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF892572FD40FD7D0177FD33" box="[701,829,657,681]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FCB3FD7D0192FD33" box="[846,984,657,681]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FCB3FD7D0192FD33" box="[846,984,657,681]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Rogers and Rogers, 1992; Williams et al., 1993; Reid, 1997). However, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FCC1FD210191FD7F" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[828,987,717,741]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FCC1FD210191FD7F" box="[828,987,717,741]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is quite similar in external morphology to species of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FB53FD07012EFCBA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FB53FD07012EFCBA" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, which ranges from southern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF892572FCC9FCCA01C3FCA4" box="[820,905,806,830]" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF892572FC5FFCCA06D0FCA4" box="[930,1178,806,830]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Estado de Veracruz</collectingRegion>
) to extreme northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF892572FC3FFCA80679FCC6" box="[962,1075,836,860]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(Williams et al., 1993). Many populations of this complex possess a lateral ochraceous band that is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FCCFFC710181FC2F" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[818,971,925,949]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FCCFFC710181FC2F" box="[818,971,925,949]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but comparisons are best made using cranial characters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF892572FD25FC350680F992" blockId="10.[701,1228,211,1754]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Cranial characters serve to separate 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FD40FC1B01FDFB95" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[701,951,1015,1039]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FD40FC1B01FDFB95" box="[701,951,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all other species of the genus (figs. 3, 6, 7). 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FBF0FBF9014AFBD0" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FBF0FBF9014AFBD0" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FC60FBDE0654FBD0" authorityName="J. A. Allen &amp; Chapman" authorityYear="1897" box="[925,1054,1074,1098]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaumeri">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FC60FBDE0654FBD0" box="[925,1054,1074,1098]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. gaumeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the narrow postalar fissure and strongly concave anterior termination of the premaxillary of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FBBAFB82068FFB1C" authorityName="J. A. Allen &amp; Chapman" authorityYear="1897" box="[1095,1221,1134,1158]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaumeri">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FBBAFB82068FFB1C" box="[1095,1221,1134,1158]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. gaumeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The formation of the premaxillary in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FB53FB60015DFB5B" authorityName="J. A. Allen &amp; Chapman" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaumeri">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FB53FB60015DFB5B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. gaumeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
creates a distinct step in the lateral border of the rostrum in dorsal view, a character lacking in the new species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FBAFFB090165FA81" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FBAFFB090165FA81" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contrasts with the South American species 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FCE8FACD01EEFAA3" authorityName="Thompson" authorityYear="1815" box="[789,932,1313,1337]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FCE8FACD01EEFAA3" box="[789,932,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. anomalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FC4BFACD0676FAA3" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[950,1084,1313,1337]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FC4BFACD0676FAA3" box="[950,1084,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FBB3FACD068EFAA3" authorityName="R.P.Anderson" authorityYear="2003" box="[1102,1220,1313,1337]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oasicus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FBB3FACD068EFAA3" box="[1102,1220,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. oasicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FD0AFAD20128FACC" authorityName="R.P.Anderson &amp; Jarrin-Valladares" authorityYear="2002" box="[759,866,1342,1366]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teleus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FD0AFAD20128FACC" box="[759,866,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. teleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the especially small optic foramen and the straight, only moderately long fold in the anterior border of the posterior loph of P4 of those species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FD40FA5901F2FA57" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[701,952,1461,1485]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FD40FA5901F2FA57" box="[701,952,1461,1485]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is average in size for the genus (
<tableCitation id="C6F10310FF892572FCC0FA3F01D2FA71" box="[829,920,1491,1515]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="15.[592,665,222,241]" captionTargetBox="[88,1142,362,1460]" captionText="TABLE 1 Descriptive Statistics and Results of t-Tests Comparing Adults in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus and H. nubicolens in Northwestern Costa Rica for External Measurements, Mass, Cranial Measurements, and Three Derived Ratiosa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF">tables 1</tableCitation>
, 2), not nearly as large as the massive 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FCB7FA1D068CF992" authority="(Williams et al., 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Williams" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[842,1222,1520,1545]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FCB7FA1D01F6F993" box="[842,956,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. nelsoni</emphasis>
(Williams et al., 1993)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF892574FD25F9E30127FD46" blockId="10.[701,1228,211,1754]" lastBlockId="12.[701,1228,211,1551]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FD25F9E301F4F9BD" box="[728,958,1551,1575]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FD25F9E301F4F9BD" box="[728,958,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Heteromys oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FBA8F9E300ADF9DF" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FBA8F9E300ADF9DF" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in many respects but shows several clear differences. As mentioned above, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FBBFF9A70686F9F9" box="[1090,1228,1611,1635]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FBBFF9A70686F9F9" box="[1090,1228,1611,1635]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has dark slaty-gray, nearly uniform dorsal pelage, in contrast to the dark brown, moderately grizzled pelage of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FBD5F948068EF926" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[1064,1220,1700,1724]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FBD5F948068EF926" box="[1064,1220,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF892572FC98F92E01BDF940" box="[869,1015,1730,1754]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF892572FC98F92E01BDF940" box="[869,1015,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows extremely soft dorsal pelage, whereas the dorsal pelage of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FF59FBD70375FBC9" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[164,319,1083,1107]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FF59FBD70375FBC9" box="[164,319,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is soft-to-moderately spiny. Although spininess often varies clinally with elevation within a species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FDE9FB9A00C4FB14" authorityName="DESMARESTIANUS" authorityYear="1817" box="[532,654,1142,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FDE9FB9A00C4FB14" box="[532,654,1142,1166]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heteromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(spinier in the lowlands and softer at higher elevations; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF8F2574FEFBFB5D004AFB53" author="Anderson, R. P." box="[262,512,1201,1225]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="613 - 630" refId="ref17183" refString="Anderson, R. P. 1999 [2000]. Preliminary review of the systematics and biogeography of the spiny pocket mice (Heteromys) of Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 23 (suplemento especial): 613 - 630." type="book chapter" year="1999">Anderson, 1999: 619</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF8F2574FDEFFB5D00C3FB53" author="Anderson, R. P." box="[530,649,1201,1225]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref17272" refString="Anderson, R. P. 2003 b. Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of the genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in western Venezuela, with the description of a dwarf species from the Peninsula de Paraguana. American Museum Novitates 3396: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="2003">2003b: 23</bibRefCitation>
, 26; Anderson and Jarrín-V., 2002: 12), the difference in spininess between these two species is marked, despite the fact that they occur at broadly overlapping elevations. Cranially, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FF03FAA903C6FAC7" box="[254,396,1349,1373]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FF03FAA903C6FAC7" box="[254,396,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs by having an especially long, narrow rostrum (fig. 7) with a distinctive dorsal flare at the anterior termination of the rostrum (best observed in lateral view). Additionally, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FE36FA500010FA4E" box="[459,602,1468,1492]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FE36FA500010FA4E" box="[459,602,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has deep parapterygoid fossae, in contrast to the shallow ones of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FEC6FA1B0399F995" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[315,467,1527,1551]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FEC6FA1B0399F995" box="[315,467,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In quantitative comparisons, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FCA6FF3F01A8FF71" box="[859,994,211,235]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FCA6FF3F01A8FF71" box="[859,994,211,235]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
averages larger than 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FD40FF1C0112FE92" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[701,856,240,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FD40FF1C0112FE92" box="[701,856,240,264]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in total length, head-and-body length, hind foot length, and occipitonasal length, but its average for the tail/head-andbody length ratio is smaller than that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FB53FEA40165FEE7" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FB53FEA40165FEE7" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FCBFFE89011EFEE7" box="[834,852,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P</emphasis>
, 0.041 for significant comparisons, despite small sample size for 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FB53FE6E016BFE22" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FB53FE6E016BFE22" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Other quantitative comparisons between these two species were nonsignificant (
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FD3BFE360092FE68" box="[710,728,474,498]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P</emphasis>
. 0.084; test not possible for mass; see 
<tableCitation id="C6F10310FF8F2574FD40FE1B0178FD95" box="[701,818,503,527]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStart-2="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="15.[592,665,222,241]" captionStartId-1="16.[632,705,222,241]" captionStartId-2="17.[592,665,222,241]" captionTargetBox-0="[88,1142,362,1460]" captionTargetBox-1="[128,1209,335,1434]" captionTargetBox-2="[88,1172,335,1460]" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionText-0="TABLE 1 Descriptive Statistics and Results of t-Tests Comparing Adults in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus and H. nubicolens in Northwestern Costa Rica for External Measurements, Mass, Cranial Measurements, and Three Derived Ratiosa" captionText-1="TABLE 2 Descriptive Statistics for Adults in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus from La Selva and H. nubicolens from Monteverde and Cerro Cacao in Northwestern Costa Ricaa" captionText-2="TABLE 3 Descriptive Statistics for Adults in Age Class 4 of Heteromys oresterus in Central Costa Rica for External Measurements, Mass, Cranial Measurements, and Three Derived Ratiosa" httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF932568FD85FF3201A6FE80" httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF922569FDADFF3201A5FE80" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid-0="DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" tableUuid-1="DF0C6623FF932568FD85FF3201A6FE80" tableUuid-2="DF0C6623FF922569FDADFF3201A5FE80">tables 1–3</tableCitation>
for descriptive statistics). In addition to these external, cranial, and mensural differences, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FCB3FDDE01AAFDD0" box="[846,992,562,586]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FCB3FDDE01AAFDD0" box="[846,992,562,586]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FBD6FDDE0681FDD0" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Timm" authorityYear="2006" box="[1067,1227,562,586]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FBD6FDDE0681FDD0" box="[1067,1227,562,586]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differ in standard karyotype; whereas the diploid number for each species is 2n 5 60, the fundamental number for 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FC20FD66062CFD38" box="[989,1126,650,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FC20FD66062CFD38" box="[989,1126,650,674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is FN 5 78, in contrast to the FN 5 86 of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FBC8FD4B0123FD46" authority="(Rogers, 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FBC8FD4B0681FD25" box="[1077,1227,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
(Rogers, 1989)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8F2576FD25FD0E039BFD8A" blockId="12.[701,1228,211,1551]" lastBlockId="14.[128,654,211,1499]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
A member of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FC5FFD0E0681FD60" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[930,1227,738,762]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FC5FFD0E0681FD60" box="[930,1227,738,762]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex comes into geographic contact with 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FD40FCF1011FFCAF" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[701,853,797,821]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FD40FCF1011FFCAF" box="[701,853,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF8F2574FBE4FCF006D3FCAE" box="[1049,1177,796,820]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(see Sympatry and Zones of Contact with 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FD40FCBB01A2FCF5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[701,1000,855,879]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FD40FCBB01A2FCF5" box="[701,1000,855,879]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, below) and merits close comparisons (figs. 6, 7). Currently, many species-level taxa are considered synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FD40FC4301DCFC5D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[701,918,943,967]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FD40FC4301DCFC5D" box="[701,918,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Williams et al., 1993; appendix 2), but none of them corresponds to the species here described as 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FBD1FC05068EFB9B" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1068,1220,1001,1025]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FBD1FC05068EFB9B" box="[1068,1220,1001,1025]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two species present in northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF8F2574FB74FBEA00B8FBA6" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
are extremely similar externally, but differ in cranial size and proportions. Although both possess dark brown moderately grizzled dorsal pelage, that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FBC9FB900681FB0E" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1076,1227,1148,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FBC9FB900681FB0E" box="[1076,1227,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is generally less grizzled. In particular, very few ochraceous hairs are present along the midline of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FCBAFB3F01AEFB71" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[839,996,1235,1259]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FCBAFB3F01AEFB71" box="[839,996,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, producing a gray dorsal stripe that is lacking in adjacent populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FC97FAE2067CFABC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[874,1078,1294,1318]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FC97FAE2067CFABC" box="[874,1078,1294,1318]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, at Poco Sol (locality 7; appendix 1) near where the two species’ distributions apparently come into contact in the Peñas Blancas Valley (see locality 24 of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FC9BFA6F064BFA01" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[870,1025,1411,1435]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FC9BFA6F064BFA01" box="[870,1025,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the ochraceous hairs of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FCDDFA4C01A4FA22" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[800,1006,1440,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FCDDFA4C01A4FA22" box="[800,1006,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are especially pronounced around the neck, creating a ‘‘collar’’ not present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FCA2FA3601BEFA68" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[863,1012,1498,1522]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FCA2FA3601BEFA68" box="[863,1012,1498,1522]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(especially notable in the field; C.M. McCain, personal commun.). Otherwise, the two species are virtually identical in external coloration. Interestingly, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FF7DFEE20356FEBC" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[128,284,270,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FF7DFEE20356FEBC" box="[128,284,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FE9CFEE20078FEBC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[353,562,270,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FE9CFEE20078FEBC" box="[353,562,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit vastly different behaviors when handled. 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FF7DFEA403F2FEFA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[128,440,328,352]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FF7DFEA403F2FEFA" box="[128,440,328,352]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is quite vocal, uttering an array of audible sounds and actively struggling when held, whereas individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FEF7FE4D03E1FE23" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[266,427,417,441]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FEF7FE4D03E1FE23" box="[266,427,417,441]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
make no audible vocalizations when handled and are quite passive (M. Klaus, personal commun.; C.M. McCain, personal commun.).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0C6623FF8F2574FF6AFCD0006EFC6B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735330" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735330/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[151,189,828,850]" targetBox="[128,653,210,794]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8F2574FF6AFCD0006EFC6B" blockId="12.[128,654,828,1009]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Fig. 6. Dorsal views of the crania of adult female specimens in age class 4 of two species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FDDDFCBB02F8FC1D" authority="from" authorityName="FROM" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FDDDFCBB00C7FCF6" box="[544,653,855,876]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heteromys</emphasis>
from
</taxonomicName>
the slopes of Volcán Rincón de la Vieja– Volcán Santa María: 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FE88FC6000CDFC3B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[373,647,908,929]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FE88FC6000CDFC3B" box="[373,647,908,929]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 800 m (left, KU 158607; locality 13) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FD8EFC4A0300FC4D" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FD8EFC4A02ADFC4C" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
, 1100 m
</taxonomicName>
(right, KU 158452; locality 27). See appendix 1 for full provenience.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<footnote id="E8682AA5FF8F2574FF7FF9AD02D0F9C9" box="[130,154,1601,1619]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8F2574FF7FF9AD02D0F9C9" blockId="12.[130,154,1601,1619]" box="[130,154,1601,1619]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">+</paragraph>
</footnote>
<caption id="DF0C6623FF8F2574FF6AF99F0038F943" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5649220" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5649220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5649220/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[151,189,1651,1673]" targetBox="[123,1561,438,1505]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8F2574FF6AF99F0038F943" blockId="12.[128,1228,1651,1753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Fig. 5. External features of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8F2574FE3EF99800E8F913" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[451,674,1652,1673]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8F2574FE3EF99800E8F913" box="[451,674,1652,1673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Monteverde (KU 142791, paratype), an adult female in age class 5. Close-up views of the cheek pouches, left front foot, and left hind foot are also provided. Illustration made from life by Fiona A. Reid on 25 February 1987 and reproduced here with her permission. See appendix 1 for full provenience.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8D2576FF67FDFA0357FB0D" blockId="14.[128,654,211,1499]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Quantitative comparisons document differences in size and shape between 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FDE9FDD802B8FDF3" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FDE9FDD802B8FDF3" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FEC4FDBD0041FDF3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[313,523,593,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FEC4FDBD0041FDF3" box="[313,523,593,617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although the two species overlap for mass and all external and cranial measurements, means were significantly different for each variable except ear length (
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FE8CFD2B03C9FD45" box="[369,387,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P</emphasis>
, 0.002 for significant comparisons; 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FE9CFD080339FD66" box="[353,371,740,764]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P</emphasis>
5 0.75 for ear length; 
<tableCitation id="C6F10310FF8D2576FF7DFCED0299FC83" box="[128,211,769,793]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="15.[592,665,222,241]" captionTargetBox="[88,1142,362,1460]" captionText="TABLE 1 Descriptive Statistics and Results of t-Tests Comparing Adults in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus and H. nubicolens in Northwestern Costa Rica for External Measurements, Mass, Cranial Measurements, and Three Derived Ratiosa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF">table 1</tableCitation>
). Generally, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FE8AFCEE005FFC80" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[375,533,770,794]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FE8AFCEE005FFC80" box="[375,533,770,794]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is larger, but least interorbital constriction, interparietal length, and parietal breadth average greater for 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FED9FCB60048FCE8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[292,514,858,882]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FED9FCB60048FCE8" box="[292,514,858,882]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see also figs. 6, 7). Accordingly, although overlap occurs, the species also differ in mean for the ratios of least interorbital constriction/ occipitonasal length and parietal breadth/ occipitonasal length (
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FE78FC0003DDFB9E" box="[389,407,1004,1028]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P</emphasis>
, 0.0001). Indeed, the species barely overlap in a plot of least interorbital constriction versus occipitonasal length (fig. 8). In addition, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FE11FBA800C7FBC6" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[492,653,1092,1116]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FE11FBA800C7FBC6" box="[492,653,1092,1116]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows a larger tail/head-and-body length ratio (
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FF75FB9302D0FB0D" box="[136,154,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P</emphasis>
5 0.0006).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8D2576FF67FB7101C3FED9" blockId="14.[128,654,211,1499]" lastBlockId="14.[701,1228,211,1499]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Multivariate analyses also support the morphological distinctiveness of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FDE9FB5702B8FB6A" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FDE9FB5702B8FB6A" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FEA7FB34007CFB6A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[346,566,1240,1264]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FEA7FB34007CFB6A" box="[346,566,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Only moderate overlap occurs between specimens of the two species in a plot of scores on the first two principal components of the PCA undertaken on specimens in age class 4 (fig. 9). The coefficients and loadings of PC1 are all of the same sign (
<tableCitation id="C6F10310FF8D2576FECBFA6403C1FA3A" box="[310,395,1416,1440]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="20.[632,705,222,241]" captionTargetBox="[128,1189,335,773]" captionText="TABLE 4 Results of Principal Components Analysis for Adult Specimens in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus and H. nubicolens from Northwestern Costa Ricaa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF97256CFD85FF3201EEFE80" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF0C6623FF97256CFD85FF3201EEFE80">table 4</tableCitation>
). Hence, we interpret that PC1 represents a size axis (with larger specimens having lower scores, because the signs of the coefficients are all negative). In contrast, PC2 represents a shape axis (because some coefficients are positive and others negative; 
<tableCitation id="C6F10310FF8D2576FCD6FEC70136FED9" box="[811,892,299,323]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="20.[632,705,222,241]" captionTargetBox="[128,1189,335,773]" captionText="TABLE 4 Results of Principal Components Analysis for Adult Specimens in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus and H. nubicolens from Northwestern Costa Ricaa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF97256CFD85FF3201EEFE80" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF0C6623FF97256CFD85FF3201EEFE80">table 4</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8D2576FD25FEA5014DFA41" blockId="14.[701,1228,211,1499]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
In sum, adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FC30FEA60681FEF8" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[973,1227,330,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FC30FEA60681FEF8" box="[973,1227,330,354]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show larger overall body size than 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FBB3FE8B015FFE06" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FBB3FE8B015FFE06" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and differ in cranial proportions (figs. 6, 7). Although most measurements are larger for 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FCB8FE5301ADFE4D" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[837,999,447,471]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FCB8FE5301ADFE4D" box="[837,999,447,471]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FB53FE53012EFE6E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FB53FE53012EFE6E" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have wider interorbits, longer interparietals, and wider braincases (see parietal breadth; 
<tableCitation id="C6F10310FF8D2576FCA5FDFB01FBFDB5" box="[856,945,535,559]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="15.[592,665,222,241]" captionTargetBox="[88,1142,362,1460]" captionText="TABLE 1 Descriptive Statistics and Results of t-Tests Comparing Adults in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus and H. nubicolens in Northwestern Costa Rica for External Measurements, Mass, Cranial Measurements, and Three Derived Ratiosa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF">tables 1</tableCitation>
, 2). In addition to these characters, direct visual comparisons of skulls indicate several further differences between the two species. The nasals flare laterally as they approach their anterior termination in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FB53FD610165FD58" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FB53FD610165FD58" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas they are subparallel in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FB53FD46012EFD45" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FB53FD46012EFD45" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This character, combined with the overall greater development of the rostrum in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FD14FCEE01C4FC80" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[745,910,770,794]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FD14FCEE01C4FC80" box="[745,910,770,794]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, yields a more massive rostrum that is both absolutely and relatively longer and less tapered anteriorly (in dorsal view) than that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FC69FCB6062AFCE8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[916,1120,858,882]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FC69FCB6062AFCE8" box="[916,1120,858,882]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Because of its long rostrum, the interorbital constriction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FCDAFC790183FC37" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[807,969,917,941]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FCDAFC790183FC37" box="[807,969,917,941]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies a position proportionately more posterior than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FB53FC5E012EFC72" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FB53FC5E012EFC72" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally, associated with the wide interorbit and braincase of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FB53FC01012EFBB8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FB53FC01012EFBB8" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the parietal and temporal crests tend to converge anteriorly in a V-shape in that species, in contrast to the generally hourglass-shaped crests of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FBE3FB8E068EFBE0" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1054,1220,1122,1146]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FBE3FB8E068EFBE0" box="[1054,1220,1122,1146]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Overall, the parietal and temporal crests are more strongly developed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FC04FB71068EFB2F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[1017,1220,1181,1205]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FC04FB71068EFB2F" box="[1017,1220,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, forming a conspicuous shelf along the lateral borders of the interorbital constriction (whereas the corresponding crest is only weakly developed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FC9BFAFF064CFAB1" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[870,1030,1299,1323]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FC9BFAFF064CFAB1" box="[870,1030,1299,1323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Ventrally, the parapterygoid fossa is shallow in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FBACFADC00ADFAFF" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FBACFADC00ADFAFF" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but deep in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FC6DFAA1062AFAFF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[912,1120,1357,1381]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FC6DFAA1062AFAFF" box="[912,1120,1357,1381]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally, the basisphenoid and basioccipital are wider at the level of the basisphenoid–basioccipital suture in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FCCDFA4A0180FA24" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[816,970,1446,1470]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FCCDFA4A0180FA24" box="[816,970,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FBC8FA4A00B5FA41" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FBC8FA4A00B5FA41" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="E8682AA5FF8D2576FF7FF9E002D0F984" box="[130,154,1548,1566]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8D2576FF7FF9E002D0F984" blockId="14.[130,154,1548,1566]" box="[130,154,1548,1566]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">+</paragraph>
</footnote>
<caption id="DF0C6623FF8D2576FF6AF9D2066BF943" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5649224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5649224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5649224/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[151,189,1598,1620]" targetBox="[151,1124,210,1698]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8D2576FF6AF9D2066BF943" blockId="14.[128,1228,1598,1753]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig. 7. Comparisons of female specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FD78F9D301DFF9CE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[645,917,1599,1620]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FD78F9D301DFF9CE" box="[645,917,1599,1620]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(left column), 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FBC3F9D30681F9CE" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1086,1227,1599,1620]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FBC3F9D30681F9CE" box="[1086,1227,1599,1620]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(middle column), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FE98F9B503AAF9F4" box="[357,480,1625,1646]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FE98F9B503AAF9F4" box="[357,480,1625,1646]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(right column); dorsal views of the crania are provided for specimens in age class 5 (top row), age class 4 (middle row), and age class 2 (bottom row). Museum catalog numbers follow: age class 5, KU 158510, KU 142791, and MVZ 164860 (note, zygomatic arches are missing due to breakage); age class 4, KU 158505, KU 159025 (holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8D2576FD0BF9450134F924" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[758,894,1705,1726]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8D2576FD0BF9450134F924" box="[758,894,1705,1726]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and MVZ 164861; age class 2, MNCR 793, MNCR 797, and MVZ 164862. See appendices 1 and 2 for full provenience.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" ID-Table-UUID="DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[592,665,222,241]" targetBox="[88,1142,362,1460]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8C2577FDADFF3200A4FEAF" blockId="15.[88,1188,222,322]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
TABLE 1 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FFA5FF1B00AFFED8" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Descriptive Statistics and Results of 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FE3DFF1B0382FE97" bold="true" box="[448,456,247,269]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">t</emphasis>
-Tests Comparing Adults in Age Class 4 of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8C2577FC8CFF1B0630FE97" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[881,1146,247,269]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FC8CFF1B0630FE97" bold="true" box="[881,1146,247,269]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8C2577FF98FEFD02A4FEBD" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[101,238,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FF98FEFD02A4FEBD" bold="true" box="[101,238,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF8C2577FE62FEFD005AFEBD" box="[415,528,273,295]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
for External Measurements, Mass, Cranial Measurements, and Three Derived Ratios
</emphasis>
<superScript id="7C069BE3FF8C2577FD18FECB00A4FEAF" attach="left" box="[741,750,295,309]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">a</superScript>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8C2577FD3BFE860616FA2E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<table id="F973C40BFF8CDA87FFA5FE86063CFA2E" box="[88,1142,362,1460]" gridcols="3" gridrows="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FE86063CFEE7" box="[88,1142,362,381]" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FE860139FEE7" box="[700,883,362,381]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8C2577FD3BFE860123FEE7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[710,873,362,381]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FD3BFE860123FEE7" box="[710,873,362,381]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FE86063CFEE7" box="[969,1142,362,381]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8C2577FC1EFE860616FEE7" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[995,1116,362,381]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FC1EFE860616FEE7" box="[995,1116,362,381]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FE79063CFE59" box="[88,1142,405,451]" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FE7903B3FE59" box="[88,505,405,451]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Total length****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FE790139FE59" box="[700,883,405,451]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">292.2 ± 3.9, 46 (238–353)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FE79063CFE59" box="[969,1142,405,451]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">322.2 ± 2.7, 41 (291–358)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FE26063CFE62" box="[88,1142,458,504]" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FE2603B3FE62" box="[88,505,458,504]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Head-and-body length**</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FE260139FE62" box="[700,883,458,504]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">138.7 ± 1.9, 52 (96–169)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FE26063CFE62" box="[969,1142,458,504]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">146.4 ± 1.5, 52 (104–183)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FE13063CFDB7" box="[88,1142,511,557]" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FE1303B3FDB7" box="[88,505,511,557]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tail length****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FE130139FDB7" box="[700,883,511,557]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">152.8 ± 2.6, 46 (128–210)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FE13063CFDB7" box="[969,1142,511,557]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">174.8 ± 1.7, 41 (150–197)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FDD8063CFDF8" box="[88,1142,564,610]" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FDD803B3FDF8" box="[88,505,564,610]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tail/head-and-body ratio, × 100 (%; ***)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FDD80139FDF8" box="[700,883,564,610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">110.0 ± 1.8, 46 (90.8–146.9)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FDD8063CFDF8" box="[969,1142,564,610]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">119.3 ± 1.9, 41 (95.6–179.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FD85063CFD0D" box="[88,1142,617,663]" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FD8503B3FD0D" box="[88,505,617,663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hind foot length****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FD850139FD0D" box="[700,883,617,663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">35.8 ± 0.3, 52 (32–40)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FD85063CFD0D" box="[969,1142,617,663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">38.7 ± 0.2, 51 (35–42)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FD73063CFD56" box="[88,1142,671,716]" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FD7303B3FD56" box="[88,505,671,716]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ear length (n.s.)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FD730139FD56" box="[700,883,671,716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">17.9 ± 0.2, 51 (13–20)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FD73063CFD56" box="[969,1142,671,716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">17.8 ± 0.2, 51 (15–21)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FD38063CFC98" box="[88,1142,724,770]" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FD3803B3FC98" box="[88,505,724,770]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mass (grams)**</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FD380139FC98" box="[700,883,724,770]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">75.4 ± 2.7, 42 (37–110)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FD38063CFC98" box="[969,1142,724,770]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">86.6 ± 2.4, 50 (60–136)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FCE5063CFCAD" box="[88,1142,777,823]" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FCE503B3FCAD" box="[88,505,777,823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Occipitonasal length****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FCE50139FCAD" box="[700,883,777,823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">36.506 ± 0.109, 176 (32.71–40.09)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FCE5063CFCAD" box="[969,1142,777,823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">38.630 ± 0.177, 51 (35.72–41.02)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FCD2063CFCF6" box="[88,1142,830,876]" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FCD203B3FCF6" box="[88,505,830,876]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zygomatic breadth****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FCD20139FCF6" box="[700,883,830,876]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">16.519 ± 0.054, 134 (15.20–18.52)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FCD2063CFCF6" box="[969,1142,830,876]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">17.533 ± 0.085, 42 (16.40–18.51)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FC9F063CFC3B" box="[88,1142,883,929]" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FC9F03B3FC3B" box="[88,505,883,929]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rostral length****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FC9F0139FC3B" box="[700,883,883,929]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">16.558 ± 0.062, 176 (14.51–18.67)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FC9F063CFC3B" box="[969,1142,883,929]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">17.950 ± 0.110, 50 (15.82–19.36)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FC44063CFC4C" box="[88,1142,936,982]" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FC4403B3FC4C" box="[88,505,936,982]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nasal length****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FC440139FC4C" box="[700,883,936,982]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">15.283 ± 0.065, 175 (13.05–17.25)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FC44063CFC4C" box="[969,1142,936,982]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">16.079 ± 0.112, 51 (13.89–17.78)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FC32063CFB91" box="[88,1142,990,1035]" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FC3203B3FB91" box="[88,505,990,1035]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Least interorbital constriction****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FC320139FB91" box="[700,883,990,1035]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">9.789 ± 0.036, 176 (8.39–11.11)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FC32063CFB91" box="[969,1142,990,1035]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">9.250 ± 0.067, 51 (8.20–10.40)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FBFF063CFBDA" box="[88,1142,1043,1088]" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FBFF03B3FBDA" box="[88,505,1043,1088]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Squamosal breadth****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FBFF0139FBDA" box="[700,883,1043,1088]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">15.471 ± 0.032, 176 (14.40–16.59)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FBFF063CFBDA" box="[969,1142,1043,1088]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">15.932 ± 0.059, 51 (15.19–17.74)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FBA4063CFBEF" box="[88,1142,1096,1141]" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FBA403B3FBEF" box="[88,505,1096,1141]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Maxillary toothrow length****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FBA40139FBEF" box="[700,883,1096,1141]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">5.252 ± 0.017, 176 (4.63–5.99)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FBA4063CFBEF" box="[969,1142,1096,1141]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">5.461 ± 0.035, 51 (4.97–5.92)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FB91063CFB31" box="[88,1142,1149,1195]" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FB9103B3FB31" box="[88,505,1149,1195]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Interparietal width****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FB910139FB31" box="[700,883,1149,1195]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">9.289 ± 0.042, 176 (8.02–10.75)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FB91063CFB31" box="[969,1142,1149,1195]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">9.715 ± 0.066, 51 (8.24–10.84)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FB5E063CFB7A" box="[88,1142,1202,1248]" gridrow="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FB5E03B3FB7A" box="[88,505,1202,1248]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Interparietal length****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FB5E0139FB7A" box="[700,883,1202,1248]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">5.288 ± 0.033, 176 (4.23–6.49)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FB5E063CFB7A" box="[969,1142,1202,1248]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">4.912 ± 0.071, 51 (3.82–6.11)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FB0B063CFA8F" box="[88,1142,1255,1301]" gridrow="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FB0B03B3FA8F" box="[88,505,1255,1301]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Parietal breadth****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FB0B0139FA8F" box="[700,883,1255,1301]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">14.286 ± 0.033, 176 (13.11–15.50)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FB0B063CFA8F" box="[969,1142,1255,1301]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">13.795 ± 0.045, 51 (12.85–14.60)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FAF0063CFAD0" box="[88,1142,1308,1354]" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FAF003B3FAD0" box="[88,505,1308,1354]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Skull depth****</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FAF00139FAD0" box="[700,883,1308,1354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">11.202 ± 0.023, 176 (10.43–11.99)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FAF0063CFAD0" box="[969,1142,1308,1354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">11.640 ± 0.032, 51 (11.00–12.09)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF8CDA87FFA5FABD063CFA2E" box="[88,1142,1361,1460]" gridrow="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<th id="76925D95FF8CDA87FFA5FABD03B3FA2E" box="[88,505,1361,1460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Least interorbital constriction/ occipitonasal length ratio, × 100 (%; ****) Parietal breadth/ occipitonasal length ratio, × 100 (%; ****)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FD41FABD0139FA2E" box="[700,883,1361,1460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">26.824 ± 0.076, 176 (23.93–28.79) 39.164 ± 0.093, 176 (35.38–41.80)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF8CDA87FC34FABD063CFA2E" box="[969,1142,1361,1460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">23.944 ± 0.133, 51 (22.20–26.46) 35.742 ± 0.175, 51 (32.63–38.94)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8C2577FF90FA2B00F7F9D2" blockId="15.[88,1189,1479,1608]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<tableNote id="76953725FF8C2577FF90FA2B00F7F9D2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[88,1142,362,1460]" targetPageId="15">
<superScript id="7C069BE3FF8C2577FF90FA2B023FFA49" attach="right" box="[109,117,1479,1491]" fontSize="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">a</superScript>
Mean ± standard error, sample size, and observed range (minimum–maximum) are given for each species. Measurements with significant differences in two-tailed 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FDB0FA09001EFA62" box="[589,596,1509,1528]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">t</emphasis>
-tests comparing means of the species are indicated (* 5 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FBB3FA090616FA62" box="[1102,1116,1509,1528]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
# 0.05; ** 5 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FF74F9EC02DDF989" box="[137,151,1536,1555]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
# 0.01; *** 5 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FEDCF9EC0365F989" box="[289,303,1536,1555]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
# 0.001; **** 5 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FE33F9EC0396F989" box="[462,476,1536,1555]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
# 0.0001; n.s. 5 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FD87F9EC00C2F989" box="[634,648,1536,1555]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
. 0.05). Note that whereas averages of most measurements are larger for 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8C2577FF2EF9F60301F9B7" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[211,331,1562,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FF2EF9F60301F9B7" box="[211,331,1562,1581]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, averages for least interorbital constriction, interparietal length, and parietal breadth are larger in 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8C2577FF8DF9D90359F9D2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[112,275,1589,1608]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FF8DF9D90359F9D2" box="[112,275,1589,1608]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Units are millimeters unless otherwise noted.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF8C2568FF8FF986013DF940" blockId="15.[88,614,1642,1754]" lastBlockId="16.[701,1228,1583,1754]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION: Moderate geographic variation exists between samples of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF8C2577FFA5F9490305F927" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[88,335,1701,1725]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF8C2577FFA5F9490305F927" box="[88,335,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Cordillera de Tilarán versus those of the Cordillera de 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF8C2577FD6BF9860156F918" box="[662,796,1642,1666]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
(
<tableCitation id="C6F10310FF8C2577FCD3F98601C8F918" box="[814,898,1642,1666]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="16.[632,705,222,241]" captionTargetBox="[128,1209,335,1434]" captionText="TABLE 2 Descriptive Statistics for Adults in Age Class 4 of Heteromys desmarestianus from La Selva and H. nubicolens from Monteverde and Cerro Cacao in Northwestern Costa Ricaa" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF932568FD85FF3201A6FE80" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="DF0C6623FF932568FD85FF3201A6FE80">table 2</tableCitation>
). Means for a few measurements were significantly different in univariate comparisons of specimens from Monteverde (localities 30–32; Cordillera de Tilarán) with those from Cerro Cacao (locality 28; Cordillera de 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF932568FE95F9A103B8F9FF" box="[360,498,1613,1637]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
). Externally, only head-and-body length (
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF932568FE37F9860396F918" box="[458,476,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P</emphasis>
5 0.01; longer at Cerro Cacao) and mass (
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF932568FE46F9640387F93A" box="[443,461,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P</emphasis>
, 0.0001; larger at Cerro Cacao) differed. In two cranial dimensions reflecting aspects of the width of the neurocranium, the Monteverde sample averaged larger (squamosal breadth, 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF932568FB6CF9A106E9F9FF" box="[1169,1187,1613,1637]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P</emphasis>
5 0.027; interparietal width, 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF932568FBE6F9860667F918" box="[1051,1069,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P</emphasis>
5 0.0009). Finally, the samples differed in mean for maxillary toothrow length (
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF932568FC0BF9490642F927" box="[1014,1032,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P</emphasis>
5 0.0006; longer at Monteverde).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF0C6623FF932568FD85FF3201A6FE80" ID-Table-UUID="DF0C6623FF932568FD85FF3201A6FE80" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF932568FD85FF3201A6FE80" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[632,705,222,241]" targetBox="[128,1209,335,1434]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF932568FD85FF3201A6FE80" blockId="16.[128,1227,222,295]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
TABLE 2 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF932568FF7DFF1B01A9FEBD" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Descriptive Statistics for Adults in Age Class 4 of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF932568FD89FF1B0134FE97" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[628,894,247,269]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF932568FD89FF1B0134FE97" bold="true" box="[628,894,247,269]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from La Selva and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF932568FBB9FF1B0681FE97" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1092,1227,247,269]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF932568FBB9FF1B0681FE97" bold="true" box="[1092,1227,247,269]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Monteverde and Cerro Cacao in Northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF932568FC8EFEFD01A9FEBD" box="[883,995,273,295]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
<superScript id="7C069BE3FF932568FC1EFEE001A6FE80" attach="left" box="[995,1004,268,282]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">a</superScript>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF932568FD7EFEA306EAFA00" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<table id="F973C40BFF93DA87FF7DFEA306F3FA00" box="[128,1209,335,1434]" gridcols="4" gridrows="41" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFEA306F3FEF8" box="[128,1209,335,354]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FEA3014DFEF8" box="[591,775,335,354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">La Selva</th>
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFEA301A9FEF8" box="[822,995,335,354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Monteverde</th>
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FEA306F3FEF8" box="[1036,1209,335,354]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cerro Cacao</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFE9606F3FE14" box="[128,1209,378,398]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFE9603A0FE14" box="[128,490,378,398]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Total length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FE96014DFE14" box="[591,775,378,398]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">265, 1</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFE9601A9FE14" box="[822,995,378,398]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">318.9 ± 4.1, 17</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FE9606F3FE14" box="[1036,1209,378,398]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">329.3 ± 3.5, 15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFE7906F3FE32" box="[128,1209,405,424]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FE79014DFE32" box="[591,775,405,424]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(265)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFE7901A9FE32" box="[822,995,405,424]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(291–347)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FE7906F3FE32" box="[1036,1209,405,424]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(300–351)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFE4306F3FE59" box="[128,1209,431,451]" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFE4303A0FE59" box="[128,490,431,451]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Head-and-body length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FE43014DFE59" box="[591,775,431,451]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">131, 1</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFE4301A9FE59" box="[822,995,431,451]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">143.2 ± 2.2, 27</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FE4306F3FE59" box="[1036,1209,431,451]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">150.3 ± 1.5, 15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFE2606F3FE47" box="[128,1209,458,477]" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FE26014DFE47" box="[591,775,458,477]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(131)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFE2601A9FE47" box="[822,995,458,477]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(104–163)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FE2606F3FE47" box="[1036,1209,458,477]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(140–158)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFE0906F3FE62" box="[128,1209,485,504]" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFE0903A0FE62" box="[128,490,485,504]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tail length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FE09014DFE62" box="[591,775,485,504]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">134, 1</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFE0901A9FE62" box="[822,995,485,504]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">175.1 ± 2.6, 17</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FE0906F3FE62" box="[1036,1209,485,504]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">179.1 ± 2.7, 15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFE1306F3FD88" box="[128,1209,511,530]" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FE13014DFD88" box="[591,775,511,530]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(134)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFE1301A9FD88" box="[822,995,511,530]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(153–192)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FE1306F3FD88" box="[1036,1209,511,530]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(155–197)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFDF606F3FDB7" box="[128,1209,538,557]" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFDF603A0FDB7" box="[128,490,538,557]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tail/head-and-body ratio, × 100 (%)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FDF6014DFDB7" box="[591,775,538,557]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">102.3, 1</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFDF601A9FDB7" box="[822,995,538,557]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">122.8 ± 3.9, 17</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FDF606F3FDB7" box="[1036,1209,538,557]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">119.2 ± 1.8, 15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFDD906F3FDD2" box="[128,1209,565,584]" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FDD9014DFDD2" box="[591,775,565,584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(102.3)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFDD901A9FDD2" box="[822,995,565,584]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(105.1–179.8)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FDD906F3FDD2" box="[1036,1209,565,584]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(106.9–131.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFDA306F3FDF8" box="[128,1209,591,610]" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFDA303A0FDF8" box="[128,490,591,610]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hind foot length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FDA3014DFDF8" box="[591,775,591,610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">35, 1</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFDA301A9FDF8" box="[822,995,591,610]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">38.9 ± 0.3, 26</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FDA306F3FDF8" box="[1036,1209,591,610]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">38.7 ± 0.4, 15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFD8606F3FDE7" box="[128,1209,618,637]" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FD86014DFDE7" box="[591,775,618,637]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(35)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFD8601A9FDE7" box="[822,995,618,637]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(35–41)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FD8606F3FDE7" box="[1036,1209,618,637]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(36–42)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFD6806F3FD0D" box="[128,1209,644,663]" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFD6803A0FD0D" box="[128,490,644,663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ear length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FD68014DFD0D" box="[591,775,644,663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">17, 1</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFD6801A9FD0D" box="[822,995,644,663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">17.8 ± 0.2, 27</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FD6806F3FD0D" box="[1036,1209,644,663]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">18.3 ± 0.3, 14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFD7306F3FD28" box="[128,1209,671,690]" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FD73014DFD28" box="[591,775,671,690]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(17)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFD7301A9FD28" box="[822,995,671,690]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(16–21)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FD7306F3FD28" box="[1036,1209,671,690]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(17–20)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFD5506F3FD56" box="[128,1209,697,716]" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFD5503A0FD56" box="[128,490,697,716]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mass (grams)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FD55014DFD56" box="[591,775,697,716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">62, 1</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFD5501A9FD56" box="[822,995,697,716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">79.4 ± 2.2, 26</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FD5506F3FD56" box="[1036,1209,697,716]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">104.9 ± 3.5, 14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFD3806F3FD7D" box="[128,1209,724,743]" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FD38014DFD7D" box="[591,775,724,743]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(62)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFD3801A9FD7D" box="[822,995,724,743]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(61–109)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FD3806F3FD7D" box="[1036,1209,724,743]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(90–136)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFD0206F3FC98" box="[128,1209,750,770]" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFD0203A0FC98" box="[128,490,750,770]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Occipitonasal length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FD02014DFC98" box="[591,775,750,770]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">36.512 ± 0.123, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFD0201A9FC98" box="[822,995,750,770]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">38.346 ± 0.210, 28</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FD0206F3FC98" box="[1036,1209,750,770]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">39.183 ± 0.376, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFCE506F3FC86" box="[128,1209,777,796]" gridrow="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FCE5014DFC86" box="[591,775,777,796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(32.71–39.74)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFCE501A9FC86" box="[822,995,777,796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(36.48–40.49)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FCE506F3FC86" box="[1036,1209,777,796]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(35.72–41.02)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFCCF06F3FCAD" box="[128,1209,803,823]" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFCCF03A0FCAD" box="[128,490,803,823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Zygomatic breadth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FCCF014DFCAD" box="[591,775,803,823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">16.359 ± 0.059, 85</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFCCF01A9FCAD" box="[822,995,803,823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">17.413 ± 0.110, 24</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FCCF06F3FCAD" box="[1036,1209,803,823]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">17.831 ± 0.227, 8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFCD206F3FCCB" box="[128,1209,830,849]" gridrow="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FCD2014DFCCB" box="[591,775,830,849]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(15.20–17.83)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFCD201A9FCCB" box="[822,995,830,849]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(16.40–18.31)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FCD206F3FCCB" box="[1036,1209,830,849]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(16.52–18.51)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFCB506F3FCF6" box="[128,1209,857,876]" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFCB503A0FCF6" box="[128,490,857,876]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Rostral length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FCB5014DFCF6" box="[591,775,857,876]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">16.590 ± 0.069, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFCB501A9FCF6" box="[822,995,857,876]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">17.786 ± 0.125, 27</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FCB506F3FCF6" box="[1036,1209,857,876]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">18.270 ± 0.234, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFC9F06F3FC1C" box="[128,1209,883,902]" gridrow="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FC9F014DFC1C" box="[591,775,883,902]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(14.51–18.45)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFC9F01A9FC1C" box="[822,995,883,902]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(16.61–19.29)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FC9F06F3FC1C" box="[1036,1209,883,902]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(15.82–19.11)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFC6206F3FC3B" box="[128,1209,910,929]" gridrow="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFC6203A0FC3B" box="[128,490,910,929]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Nasal length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FC62014DFC3B" box="[591,775,910,929]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">15.365 ± 0.070, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFC6201A9FC3B" box="[822,995,910,929]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">15.999 ± 0.154, 28</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FC6206F3FC3B" box="[1036,1209,910,929]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">16.265 ± 0.213, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFC4406F3FC21" box="[128,1209,936,955]" gridrow="22" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FC44014DFC21" box="[591,775,936,955]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(13.21–17.25)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFC4401A9FC21" box="[822,995,936,955]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(13.89–17.78)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FC4406F3FC21" box="[1036,1209,936,955]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(14.25–17.41)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFC2F06F3FC4C" box="[128,1209,963,982]" gridrow="23" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFC2F03A0FC4C" box="[128,490,963,982]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Least interorbital constriction</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FC2F014DFC4C" box="[591,775,963,982]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">9.919 ± 0.038, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFC2F01A9FC4C" box="[822,995,963,982]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">9.222 ± 0.088, 28</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FC2F06F3FC4C" box="[1036,1209,963,982]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">9.419 ± 0.093, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFC3206F3FC6B" box="[128,1209,990,1009]" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FC32014DFC6B" box="[591,775,990,1009]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(8.75–11.11)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFC3201A9FC6B" box="[822,995,990,1009]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(8.37–10.19)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FC3206F3FC6B" box="[1036,1209,990,1009]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(8.78–10.04)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFC1406F3FB91" box="[128,1209,1016,1035]" gridrow="25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFC1403A0FB91" box="[128,490,1016,1035]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Squamosal breadth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FC14014DFB91" box="[591,775,1016,1035]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">15.449 ± 0.036, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFC1401A9FB91" box="[822,995,1016,1035]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">15.971 ± 0.061, 28</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FC1406F3FB91" box="[1036,1209,1016,1035]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">15.746 ± 0.075, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFBFF06F3FBBC" box="[128,1209,1043,1062]" gridrow="26" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FBFF014DFBBC" box="[591,775,1043,1062]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(14.40–16.35)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFBFF01A9FBBC" box="[822,995,1043,1062]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(15.43–16.61)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FBFF06F3FBBC" box="[1036,1209,1043,1062]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(15.19–16.26)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFBC106F3FBDA" box="[128,1209,1069,1088]" gridrow="27" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFBC103A0FBDA" box="[128,490,1069,1088]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Maxillary toothrow length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FBC1014DFBDA" box="[591,775,1069,1088]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">5.237 ± 0.020, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFBC101A9FBDA" box="[822,995,1069,1088]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">5.516 ± 0.041, 28</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FBC106F3FBDA" box="[1036,1209,1069,1088]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">5.268 ± 0.050, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFBA406F3FBC1" box="[128,1209,1096,1115]" gridrow="28" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FBA4014DFBC1" box="[591,775,1096,1115]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(4.63–5.78)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFBA401A9FBC1" box="[822,995,1096,1115]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(5.02–5.85)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FBA406F3FBC1" box="[1036,1209,1096,1115]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(4.97–5.51)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFB8E06F3FBEF" box="[128,1209,1122,1141]" gridrow="29" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFB8E03A0FBEF" box="[128,490,1122,1141]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Interparietal width</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FB8E014DFBEF" box="[591,775,1122,1141]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">9.270 ± 0.044, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFB8E01A9FBEF" box="[822,995,1122,1141]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">9.906 ± 0.079, 28</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FB8E06F3FBEF" box="[1036,1209,1122,1141]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">9.425 ± 0.102, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFB9106F3FB0A" box="[128,1209,1149,1168]" gridrow="30" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FB91014DFB0A" box="[591,775,1149,1168]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(8.03–10.23)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFB9101A9FB0A" box="[822,995,1149,1168]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(9.14–10.84)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FB9106F3FB0A" box="[1036,1209,1149,1168]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(8.88–10.00)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFB7B06F3FB31" box="[128,1209,1175,1195]" gridrow="31" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFB7B03A0FB31" box="[128,490,1175,1195]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Interparietal length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FB7B014DFB31" box="[591,775,1175,1195]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">5.274 ± 0.037, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFB7B01A9FB31" box="[822,995,1175,1195]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">4.858 ± 0.094, 28</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FB7B06F3FB31" box="[1036,1209,1175,1195]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">4.999 ± 0.169, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFB5E06F3FB5F" box="[128,1209,1202,1221]" gridrow="32" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FB5E014DFB5F" box="[591,775,1202,1221]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(4.29–6.40)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFB5E01A9FB5F" box="[822,995,1202,1221]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(3.82–5.98)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FB5E06F3FB5F" box="[1036,1209,1202,1221]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(3.94–6.11)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFB2106F3FB7A" box="[128,1209,1229,1248]" gridrow="33" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFB2103A0FB7A" box="[128,490,1229,1248]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Parietal breadth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FB21014DFB7A" box="[591,775,1229,1248]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">14.387 ± 0.038, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFB2101A9FB7A" box="[822,995,1229,1248]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">13.712 ± 0.064, 28</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FB2106F3FB7A" box="[1036,1209,1229,1248]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">13.878 ± 0.092, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFB0B06F3FB60" box="[128,1209,1255,1274]" gridrow="34" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FB0B014DFB60" box="[591,775,1255,1274]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(13.26–15.50)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFB0B01A9FB60" box="[822,995,1255,1274]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(12.85–14.45)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FB0B06F3FB60" box="[1036,1209,1255,1274]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(13.21–14.60)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFAEE06F3FA8F" box="[128,1209,1282,1301]" gridrow="35" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFAEE03A0FA8F" box="[128,490,1282,1301]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Skull depth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FAEE014DFA8F" box="[591,775,1282,1301]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">11.212 ± 0.025, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFAEE01A9FA8F" box="[822,995,1282,1301]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">11.636 ± 0.044, 28</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FAEE06F3FA8F" box="[1036,1209,1282,1301]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">11.635 ± 0.060, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFAF006F3FAB5" box="[128,1209,1308,1327]" gridrow="36" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FAF0014DFAB5" box="[591,775,1308,1327]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(10.43–11.99)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFAF001A9FAB5" box="[822,995,1308,1327]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(11.00–12.09)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FAF006F3FAB5" box="[1036,1209,1308,1327]" gridcol="3" gridrow="36" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(11.07–11.88)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFADB06F3FAD0" box="[128,1209,1335,1354]" gridrow="37" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFADB03A0FAD0" box="[128,490,1335,1354]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Least interorbital constriction/</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FADB014DFAD0" box="[591,775,1335,1354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">27.171 ± 0.069, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFADB01A9FAD0" box="[822,995,1335,1354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">24.045 ± 0.171, 28</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FADB06F3FAD0" box="[1036,1209,1335,1354]" gridcol="3" gridrow="37" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">24.048 ± 0.217, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFABD06F3FAFF" box="[128,1209,1361,1381]" gridrow="38" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFABD03A0FAFF" box="[128,490,1361,1381]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">occipitonasal length ratio, × 100 (%)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FABD014DFAFF" box="[591,775,1361,1381]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(25.20–28.79)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFABD01A9FAFF" box="[822,995,1361,1381]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(22.41–26.06)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FABD06F3FAFF" box="[1036,1209,1361,1381]" gridcol="3" gridrow="38" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(22.76–25.48)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFA8006F3FAE5" box="[128,1209,1388,1407]" gridrow="39" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFA8003A0FAE5" box="[128,490,1388,1407]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Parietal breadth/</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FA80014DFAE5" box="[591,775,1388,1407]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">39.429 ± 0.100, 121</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFA8001A9FAE5" box="[822,995,1388,1407]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">35.787 ± 0.250, 28</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FA8006F3FAE5" box="[1036,1209,1388,1407]" gridcol="3" gridrow="39" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">35.444 ± 0.300, 13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF93DA87FF7DFA6A06F3FA00" box="[128,1209,1414,1434]" gridrow="40" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925D95FF93DA87FF7DFA6A03A0FA00" box="[128,490,1414,1434]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">occipitonasal length ratio, × 100 (%)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FDB2FA6A014DFA00" box="[591,775,1414,1434]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(36.68–41.56)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FCCBFA6A01A9FA00" box="[822,995,1414,1434]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(32.63–38.94)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF93DA87FBF1FA6A06F3FA00" box="[1036,1209,1414,1434]" gridcol="3" gridrow="40" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">(33.69–37.34)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<tableNote id="76953725FF932568FF68FA4000CEF989" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[128,1209,335,1434]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF932568FF68FA400686FA59" blockId="16.[128,1228,1452,1555]" box="[149,1228,1452,1475]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<superScript id="7C069BE3FF932568FF68FA4002D7FA22" attach="right" box="[149,157,1452,1464]" fontSize="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">a</superScript>
Mean ± standard error, sample size, and observed range (minimum–maximum) are given for external measurements,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF932568FF7DFA260686FA47" blockId="16.[128,1228,1452,1555]" box="[128,1228,1482,1501]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">mass, cranial measurements, and three derived ratios. Units are millimeters unless otherwise noted. La Selva (localities 18,</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF932568FF7DFA090686FA62" blockId="16.[128,1228,1452,1555]" box="[128,1228,1509,1528]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">19), Monteverde (localities 30–32; all on the Pacific slope or crest of the Cordillera de Tilarán), and Cerro Cacao (locality</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF932568FF7DF9EC00CEF989" blockId="16.[128,1228,1452,1555]" box="[128,644,1536,1555]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">28) constituted the geographic samples (see appendix 1).</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<caption id="DF0C6623FF922569FDADFF3201A5FE80" ID-Table-UUID="DF0C6623FF922569FDADFF3201A5FE80" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF922569FDADFF3201A5FE80" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[592,665,222,241]" targetBox="[88,1172,335,1460]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF922569FDADFF3201A5FE80" blockId="17.[96,1179,222,295]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
TABLE 3 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF922569FF9DFF1B01ADFEBD" bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Descriptive Statistics for Adults in Age Class 4 of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF922569FD9FFF1B017BFE97" box="[610,817,247,269]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oresterus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF922569FD9FFF1B017BFE97" bold="true" box="[610,817,247,269]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heteromys oresterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Central 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF922569FC5BFF1B065CFE97" box="[934,1046,247,269]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
for External Measurements, Mass, Cranial Measurements, and Three Derived Ratios
</emphasis>
<superScript id="7C069BE3FF922569FC1BFEE001A5FE80" attach="left" box="[998,1007,268,282]" fontSize="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">a</superScript>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF922569FC4AFEA3062FFA2E" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<table id="F973C40BFF92DA87FFA5FEA306DEFA2E" box="[88,1172,335,1460]" gridcols="3" gridrows="42" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FEA306DEFEF8" box="[88,1172,335,354]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFEA306DEFEF8" box="[951,1172,335,354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">El Copey de Dota (type</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FE8506DEFEE6" box="[88,1172,361,380]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFE850123FEE6" box="[711,873,361,380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">All specimens</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFE8506DEFEE6" box="[951,1172,361,380]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">locality)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FE7906DEFE32" box="[88,1172,405,424]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FE790388FE32" box="[88,450,405,424]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Total length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFE790123FE32" box="[711,873,405,424]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">339.9 ± 6.8, 7</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFE7906DEFE32" box="[951,1172,405,424]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">343.5 ± 6.7, 6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FE5C06DEFE59" box="[88,1172,432,451]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFE5C0123FE59" box="[711,873,432,451]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(311–357)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFE5C06DEFE59" box="[951,1172,432,451]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(311–357)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FE2606DEFE47" box="[88,1172,458,477]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FE260388FE47" box="[88,450,458,477]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Head-and-body length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFE260123FE47" box="[711,873,458,477]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">164.8 ± 5.3, 8</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFE2606DEFE47" box="[951,1172,458,477]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">168.8 ± 6.1, 6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FE0906DEFE62" box="[88,1172,485,504]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFE090123FE62" box="[711,873,485,504]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(143–183)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFE0906DEFE62" box="[951,1172,485,504]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(143–183)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FE1306DEFD88" box="[88,1172,511,530]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FE130388FD88" box="[88,450,511,530]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tail length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFE130123FD88" box="[711,873,511,530]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">174.4 ± 1.9, 8</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFE1306DEFD88" box="[951,1172,511,530]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">175.0 ± 2.0, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FDF606DEFDB7" box="[88,1172,538,557]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFDF60123FDB7" box="[711,873,538,557]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(168–185)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFDF606DEFDB7" box="[951,1172,538,557]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(168–185)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FDD806DEFDD2" box="[88,1172,564,584]" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FDD80388FDD2" box="[88,450,564,584]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tail/head-and-body ratio, × 100 (%)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFDD80123FDD2" box="[711,873,564,584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">105.7 ± 3.8, 7</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFDD806DEFDD2" box="[951,1172,564,584]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">104.2 ± 4.1, 6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FDA306DEFDF8" box="[88,1172,591,610]" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFDA30123FDF8" box="[711,873,591,610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(95.1–117.5)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFDA306DEFDF8" box="[951,1172,591,610]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(95.1–117.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FD8506DEFDE7" box="[88,1172,617,637]" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FD850388FDE7" box="[88,450,617,637]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hind foot length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFD850123FDE7" box="[711,873,617,637]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">39.9 ± 0.2, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFD8506DEFDE7" box="[951,1172,617,637]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">39.9 ± 0.3, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FD6806DEFD0D" box="[88,1172,644,663]" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFD680123FD0D" box="[711,873,644,663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(39–41)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFD6806DEFD0D" box="[951,1172,644,663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(39–41)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FD7306DEFD28" box="[88,1172,671,690]" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FD730388FD28" box="[88,450,671,690]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ear length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFD730123FD28" box="[711,873,671,690]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">17.0 ± 0.6, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFD7306DEFD28" box="[951,1172,671,690]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">16.7 ± 0.7, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FD5506DEFD56" box="[88,1172,697,716]" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFD550123FD56" box="[711,873,697,716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(14–20)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFD5506DEFD56" box="[951,1172,697,716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(14–20)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FD3806DEFD7D" box="[88,1172,724,743]" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FD380388FD7D" box="[88,450,724,743]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mass (grams)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFD380123FD7D" box="[711,873,724,743]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">74.0, 1</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFD3806DEFD7D" box="[951,1172,724,743]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">—</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FD0306DEFC98" box="[88,1172,751,770]" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFD030123FC98" box="[711,873,751,770]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(74)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFD0306DEFC98" box="[951,1172,751,770]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(—)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FCE506DEFC86" box="[88,1172,777,796]" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FCE50388FC86" box="[88,450,777,796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Occipitonasal length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFCE50123FC86" box="[711,873,777,796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">39.554 ± 0.364, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFCE506DEFC86" box="[951,1172,777,796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">39.901 ± 0.368, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FCC806DEFCAD" box="[88,1172,804,823]" gridrow="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFCC80123FCAD" box="[711,873,804,823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(38.22–40.91)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFCC806DEFCAD" box="[951,1172,804,823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(38.26–40.91)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FCD206DEFCCB" box="[88,1172,830,849]" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FCD20388FCCB" box="[88,450,830,849]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Zygomatic breadth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFCD20123FCCB" box="[711,873,830,849]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">17.597 ± 0.162, 4</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFCD206DEFCCB" box="[951,1172,830,849]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">17.735 ± 0.335, 2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FCB506DEFCF6" box="[88,1172,857,876]" gridrow="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFCB50123FCF6" box="[711,873,857,876]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(17.37–18.07)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFCB506DEFCF6" box="[951,1172,857,876]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(17.40–18.07)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FC9F06DEFC1C" box="[88,1172,883,902]" gridrow="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FC9F0388FC1C" box="[88,450,883,902]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Rostral length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFC9F0123FC1C" box="[711,873,883,902]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">18.419 ± 0.224, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFC9F06DEFC1C" box="[951,1172,883,902]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">18.566 ± 0.252, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FC6206DEFC3B" box="[88,1172,910,929]" gridrow="21" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFC620123FC3B" box="[711,873,910,929]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(17.34–19.40)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFC6206DEFC3B" box="[951,1172,910,929]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(17.34–19.40)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FC4406DEFC21" box="[88,1172,936,955]" gridrow="22" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FC440388FC21" box="[88,450,936,955]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nasal length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFC440123FC21" box="[711,873,936,955]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">16.222 ± 0.181, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFC4406DEFC21" box="[951,1172,936,955]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">16.381 ± 0.194, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FC2F06DEFC4C" box="[88,1172,963,982]" gridrow="23" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFC2F0123FC4C" box="[711,873,963,982]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(15.65–16.97)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFC2F06DEFC4C" box="[951,1172,963,982]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(15.65–16.97)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FC3206DEFC6B" box="[88,1172,990,1009]" gridrow="24" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FC320388FC6B" box="[88,450,990,1009]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Least interorbital constriction</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFC320123FC6B" box="[711,873,990,1009]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.308 ± 0.159, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFC3206DEFC6B" box="[951,1172,990,1009]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.410 ± 0.184, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FC1406DEFB91" box="[88,1172,1016,1035]" gridrow="25" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFC140123FB91" box="[711,873,1016,1035]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(8.72–10.07)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFC1406DEFB91" box="[951,1172,1016,1035]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(8.72–10.07)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FBFF06DEFBBC" box="[88,1172,1043,1062]" gridrow="26" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FBFF0388FBBC" box="[88,450,1043,1062]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Squamosal breadth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFBFF0123FBBC" box="[711,873,1043,1062]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">16.106 ± 0.087, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFBFF06DEFBBC" box="[951,1172,1043,1062]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">16.113 ± 0.112, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FBC106DEFBDA" box="[88,1172,1069,1088]" gridrow="27" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFBC10123FBDA" box="[711,873,1069,1088]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(15.69–16.59)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFBC106DEFBDA" box="[951,1172,1069,1088]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(15.69–16.59)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FBA406DEFBC1" box="[88,1172,1096,1115]" gridrow="28" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FBA40388FBC1" box="[88,450,1096,1115]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Maxillary toothrow length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFBA40123FBC1" box="[711,873,1096,1115]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5.457 ± 0.070, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFBA406DEFBC1" box="[951,1172,1096,1115]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5.454 ± 0.065, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FB8E06DEFBEF" box="[88,1172,1122,1141]" gridrow="29" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFB8E0123FBEF" box="[711,873,1122,1141]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(5.17–5.76)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFB8E06DEFBEF" box="[951,1172,1122,1141]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(5.20–5.65)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FB9106DEFB0A" box="[88,1172,1149,1168]" gridrow="30" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FB910388FB0A" box="[88,450,1149,1168]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Interparietal width</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFB910123FB0A" box="[711,873,1149,1168]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9.893 ± 0.194, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFB9106DEFB0A" box="[951,1172,1149,1168]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">10.053 ± 0.184, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FB7406DEFB31" box="[88,1172,1176,1195]" gridrow="31" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFB740123FB31" box="[711,873,1176,1195]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(8.84–10.64)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFB7406DEFB31" box="[951,1172,1176,1195]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(9.17–10.64)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FB5E06DEFB5F" box="[88,1172,1202,1221]" gridrow="32" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FB5E0388FB5F" box="[88,450,1202,1221]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Interparietal length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFB5E0123FB5F" box="[711,873,1202,1221]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5.159 ± 0.150, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFB5E06DEFB5F" box="[951,1172,1202,1221]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5.319 ± 0.138, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FB2106DEFB7A" box="[88,1172,1229,1248]" gridrow="33" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFB210123FB7A" box="[711,873,1229,1248]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(4.54–6.03)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFB2106DEFB7A" box="[951,1172,1229,1248]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(4.96–6.03)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FB0B06DEFB60" box="[88,1172,1255,1274]" gridrow="34" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FB0B0388FB60" box="[88,450,1255,1274]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Parietal breadth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFB0B0123FB60" box="[711,873,1255,1274]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">13.887 ± 0.079, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFB0B06DEFB60" box="[951,1172,1255,1274]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">13.847 ± 0.097, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FAEE06DEFA8F" box="[88,1172,1282,1301]" gridrow="35" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFAEE0123FA8F" box="[711,873,1282,1301]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(13.47–14.17)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFAEE06DEFA8F" box="[951,1172,1282,1301]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(13.47–14.17)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FAF006DEFAB5" box="[88,1172,1308,1327]" gridrow="36" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FAF00388FAB5" box="[88,450,1308,1327]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Skull depth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFAF00123FAB5" box="[711,873,1308,1327]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11.736 ± 0.092, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFAF006DEFAB5" box="[951,1172,1308,1327]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11.763 ± 0.107, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FADB06DEFAD0" box="[88,1172,1335,1354]" gridrow="37" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFADB0123FAD0" box="[711,873,1335,1354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(11.41–12.16)</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFADB06DEFAD0" box="[951,1172,1335,1354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">(11.47–12.16)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FABD06DEFAFF" box="[88,1172,1361,1381]" gridrow="38" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FABD0388FAFF" box="[88,450,1361,1381]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Least interorbital constriction/</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFABD0123FAFF" box="[711,873,1361,1381]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">23.522 ± 0.240, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFABD06DEFAFF" box="[951,1172,1361,1381]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">23.573 ± 0.298, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FA8006DEFAE5" box="[88,1172,1388,1407]" gridrow="39" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FA800388FAE5" box="[88,450,1388,1407]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">occipitonasal length ratio, × 100 (%)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFA800123FAE5" box="[711,873,1388,1407]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">22.436–24.615</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFA8006DEFAE5" box="[951,1172,1388,1407]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">22.436–24.615</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FA6A06DEFA00" box="[88,1172,1414,1434]" gridrow="40" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FA6A0388FA00" box="[88,450,1414,1434]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Parietal breadth/</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFA6A0123FA00" box="[711,873,1414,1434]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">35.134 ± 0.407, 9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFA6A06DEFA00" box="[951,1172,1414,1434]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">34.721 ± 0.395, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF92DA87FFA5FA4D06DEFA2E" box="[88,1172,1441,1460]" gridrow="41" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="76925D95FF92DA87FFA5FA4D0388FA2E" box="[88,450,1441,1460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="41" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">occipitonasal length ratio, × 100 (%)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FD3AFA4D0123FA2E" box="[711,873,1441,1460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">33.120–36.609</td>
<td id="76925D95FF92DA87FC4AFA4D06DEFA2E" box="[951,1172,1441,1460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">33.120–35.883</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<tableNote id="76953725FF922569FF90FA2B06EFFA62" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[88,1172,335,1460]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF922569FF90FA2B06EEFA47" blockId="17.[88,1189,1479,1528]" box="[109,1188,1479,1501]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<superScript id="7C069BE3FF922569FF90FA2B023FFA49" attach="right" box="[109,117,1479,1491]" fontSize="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">a</superScript>
Mean ± standard error, sample size, and observed range (minimum–maximum) are given for all available specimens
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF922569FFA5FA0906EFFA62" blockId="17.[88,1189,1479,1528]" box="[88,1189,1509,1528]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">and for specimens from the type locality (El Copey de Dota; see appendix 2). Units are millimeters unless otherwise noted.</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<subSubSection id="C3696520FF92256BFF8FF9E306EEFAC2" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF92256AFF8FF9E30071FC78" blockId="17.[88,614,1551,1754]" lastBlockId="18.[128,654,824,1754]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
SYMPATRY AND ZONES OF CONTACT WITH 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF922569FFA5F9C103D6F9DE" box="[88,412,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF922569FFA5F9C103D2F9DE" authority="DESMARESTIANUS" authorityName="DESMARESTIANUS" authorityYear="1817" box="[88,408,1581,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">HETEROMYS DESMARESTIANUS</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
Presently available specimens document three regions where the distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF922569FE9CF985002FF91B" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[353,613,1641,1665]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF922569FE9CF985002FF91B" box="[353,613,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes into geographic contact with that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF922569FFA5F9480379F926" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[88,307,1700,1724]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF922569FFA5F9480379F926" box="[88,307,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including one site of sympatry (fig. 4). The two species show parapatric distributions in the foothills of the Peñas Blancas Valley (on the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera de Tilarán in the Monteverde region) and at intermediate elevations on the slopes of both Cerro Cacao and Volcán Rincón de la Vieja–Volcán Santa María (in the Cordillera de 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF922569FC14F92E063BF940" box="[1001,1137,1730,1754]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
; see also fig. 6). Similar parapatric distributions have been observed for other pairs of species in the subfamily (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF91256AFEBEFC9E004BFC10" author="Genoways, H. H." box="[323,513,882,906]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 368" refId="ref18726" refString="Genoways, H. H. 1973. Systematics and evolutionary relationships of spiny pocket mice, genus Liomys. Special Publications of the Museum, Texas Tech University 5: 1 - 368." type="journal article" year="1973">Genoways, 1973</bibRefCitation>
; Rogers and Engstrom, 1992; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF91256AFEBCFC6303BDFC3D" author="Anderson, R. P." box="[321,503,911,935]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="613 - 630" refId="ref17183" refString="Anderson, R. P. 1999 [2000]. Preliminary review of the systematics and biogeography of the spiny pocket mice (Heteromys) of Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 23 (suplemento especial): 613 - 630." type="book chapter" year="1999">Anderson, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF91256AFDFFFC6302B6FC5F" author="Anderson, R. P. &amp; A. T. Peterson" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="3 - 16" refId="ref17453" refString="Anderson, R. P., A. T. Peterson, and M. Gomez- Laverde. 2002 b. Using niche-based GIS modeling to test geographic predictions of competitive exclusion and competitive release in South American pocket mice. Oikos 98: 3 - 16." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson et al., 2002b</bibRefCitation>
; Anderson and Jarrín-V., 2002; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF91256AFF7DFC260065FC78" author="Anderson, R. P. &amp; E. Martinez-Meyer" box="[128,559,970,994]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="167 - 179" refId="ref17409" refString="Anderson, R. P., and E. Martinez-Meyer. 2004. Modeling species' geographic distributions for preliminary conservation assessments: an implementation with the spiny pocket mice (Heteromys) of Ecuador. Biological Conservation 116: 167 - 179." type="journal article" year="2004">Anderson and Martínez-Meyer, 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0C6623FF91256AFF6AFD2B03F2FC88" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735332" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735332/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[151,189,711,733]" targetBox="[128,1230,210,677]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF91256AFF6AFD2B03F2FC88" blockId="18.[128,1228,711,786]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig. 8. Plot of least interorbital constriction versus occipitonasal length for adult specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF91256AFBA3FD2B02DEFD62" authority="in" authorityName="DESMARESTIANUS" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFBA3FD2B0681FD46" box="[1118,1227,711,732]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heteromys</emphasis>
in
</taxonomicName>
age class 4 from northwestern Costa Rica. Circles represent individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF91256AFC7BFD0E0676FD6D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[902,1084,738,759]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFC7BFD0E0676FD6D" box="[902,1084,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and triangles denote those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF91256AFEDAFD1103F9FC88" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[295,435,765,786]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">H. nubicolens</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF91256AFF67FC0B039BFA6A" blockId="18.[128,654,824,1754]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
In the Peñas Blancas Valley on the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera de Tilarán in the Monteverde region, the species’ distributions probably meet at ca. 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFDF9FBD300C4FBCD" box="[516,654,1087,1111]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="875.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="750.0">750–1000 m</quantity>
(fig. 4). Along the main course of the Río Peñas Blancas, a recent standardized survey captured 
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<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFF10FB7B03A9FB35" box="[237,483,1175,1199]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the continental divide down to 
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in elevation (localities 24–26, 30, 32; appendix 1; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF91256AFDD7FB3D02F2FA9C" author="McCain, C. M." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref20158" refString="McCain, C. M. 2004. The mid-domain effect applied to elevational gradients: species richness of small mammals in Costa Rica. Journal of Biogeography 31: 19 - 31." type="journal article" year="2004">McCain, 2004</bibRefCitation>
, in press). In contrast, the same survey only encountered 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF91256AFEB2FAE00056FABE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[335,540,1292,1316]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFEB2FAE00056FABE" box="[335,540,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFD9BFAE702B3FADB" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.5" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="900.0" valueMax="1050.0" valueMin="750.0">750 to 1050 m</quantity>
in elevation; these sites near the Poco Sol Field Station correspond to an area farther from the main valley (voucher specimens were collected at 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFE4FFA6C03B6FA02" box="[434,508,1408,1432]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="750.0">750 m</quantity>
, locality 7, whereas captures of this species at 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFDB6FA71029EFA49" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.025" metricValueMax="1.05" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1025.0" valueMax="1050.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000– 1050 m</quantity>
were released; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF91256AFE68FA570075FA49" author="McCain, C. M." box="[405,575,1467,1491]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref20158" refString="McCain, C. M. 2004. The mid-domain effect applied to elevational gradients: species richness of small mammals in Costa Rica. Journal of Biogeography 31: 19 - 31." type="journal article" year="2004">McCain, 2004</bibRefCitation>
; C.M. McCain, personal commun.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF91256AFF67FA190188FB56" blockId="18.[128,654,824,1754]" lastBlockId="18.[701,1228,824,1754]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
On the slopes of Cerro Cacao in the Cordillera de 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF91256AFED3F9FF03FCF9B1" box="[302,438,1555,1579]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
, the species turn over at ca. 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFEE4F9DC03E8F9D2" box="[281,418,1584,1608]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1000.0" valueMax="1100.0" valueMin="900.0">900–1100 m</quantity>
(fig. 4). At Cerro Cacao (locality 28; appendix 1), the new species has been collected from 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFDD1F986029DF905" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1300.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="1100.0">1100 to 1500 m</quantity>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF91256AFF1AF964005FF93A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[231,533,1672,1696]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFF1AF964005FF93A" box="[231,533,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from Maritza, Sendero Cacao at 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFDEFF94900C4F927" box="[530,654,1701,1725]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="750.0" valueMax="900.0" valueMin="600.0">600–900 m</quantity>
(locality 12) on the western slopes of Volcán Orosí and Cerro Cacao (which share a common base, with their peaks being connected by a broad connection at ca. 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFBDFFC9E0630FC10" box="[1058,1146,882,906]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
). This 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFD40FC7C015BFC32" box="[701,785,912,936]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">sendero</emphasis>
(trail) runs from the Maritza field station south to the Cerro Cacao field station (Estación Mengo), following a gradual ascent to ca. 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFCF8FC0B0106FC65" box="[773,844,999,1023]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
before rising steeply to the Cerro Cacao field station. Elsewhere in the general vicinity of Cerro Cacao, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF91256AFC0AFBCE0681FBA0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[1015,1227,1058,1082]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFC0AFBCE0681FBA0" box="[1015,1227,1058,1082]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also is known from 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFC4EFBD30618FBCD" box="[947,1106,1087,1111]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="750.0" valueMax="900.0" valueMin="600.0">600 to 900 m</quantity>
at Pitilla, Sendero Carica and Pitilla, Sendero Orosilito (locality 11). These trails rise from the Pitilla field station, which lies on the northeastern slope of Volcán Orosı´.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF91256AFD25FB3D01E4F940" blockId="18.[701,1228,824,1754]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
On the slopes of Volcán Rincón de la Vieja– Volcán Santa María, the species’ distributions turn over at ca. 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFC7DFAE70646FAB9" box="[896,1036,1291,1315]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="950.0" valueMax="1100.0" valueMin="800.0">800–1100 m</quantity>
, and one site of sympatry is known (figs. 4, 6). Here, collections of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF91256AFCDFFAAA01D6FAC4" authorityName="DESMARESTIANUS" authorityYear="1817" box="[802,924,1350,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFCDFFAAA01D6FAC4" box="[802,924,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heteromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exist from two areas, the southeastern and southwestern versants of the mountain. On a southeastern ridge, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF91256AFB96FA6D014AFA2C" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFB96FA6D014AFA2C" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected at 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFBF2FA720629FA2C" box="[1039,1123,1438,1462]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
(locality 27; appendix 1). Just below that site, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF91256AFB53FA57012EFA6A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFB53FA57012EFA6A" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from the Quebrada Provisión, 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFCC0FA19018CF997" box="[829,966,1525,1549]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="950.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="900.0">900–1000 m</quantity>
(locality 5) and from the Hacienda Santa María (locality 14). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF91256AFD40F9DC01C1F9D2" author="Goodwin, G. G." box="[701,907,1584,1608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="271 - 473" refId="ref18791" refString="Goodwin, G. G. 1946. Mammals of Costa Rica. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 87: 271 - 473." type="journal article" year="1946">Goodwin (1946)</bibRefCitation>
gave the elevation of Hacienda Santa María as 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFC0AF9A1060DF9FF" box="[1015,1095,1613,1637]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7536" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="ft" value="3200.0">3200 ft</quantity>
(5 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFB80F9A1068DF9FF" box="[1149,1223,1613,1637]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="975.0">975 m</quantity>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF91256AFD40F986011BF918" author="Harris, W. P., Jr." box="[701,849,1642,1666]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref19212" refString="Harris, W. P., Jr. 1943. A list of mammals from Costa Rica. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 476: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1943">Harris [1943]</bibRefCitation>
reported these specimens but did not give an elevation). Hence, in this area, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF91256AFB53F964012EF927" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFB53F964012EF927" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to replace 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF91256AFBAFF94900ADF940" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF91256AFBAFF94900ADF940" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF91256AFCEDF92E01E3F940" box="[784,937,1730,1754]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1050.0" valueMax="1100.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000–1100 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0C6623FF90256BFF8DFC4403CFFBB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735334/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[112,150,936,958]" targetBox="[88,1190,210,902]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF90256BFF8DFC4403CFFBB2" blockId="19.[88,1188,936,1064]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Fig. 9. Plot of specimen scores on the first two axes of a principal components analysis of cranial measurements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF90256BFEF1FC2F005DFC42" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[268,535,963,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFEF1FC2F005DFC42" box="[268,535,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(circles) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF90256BFD5EFC2F0161FC42" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[675,811,963,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFD5EFC2F0161FC42" box="[675,811,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(triangles) from northwestern Costa Rica. The analysis was performed on the covariance matrix of log 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFCEDFC0B0152FC6F" box="[784,792,999,1013]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<subScript id="17F734EEFF90256BFCEDFC0B0152FC6F" attach="left" box="[784,792,999,1013]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">e</subScript>
</emphasis>
-transformed cranial measurements of adult specimens in age class 4. Axes are scaled relative to their eigenvalues (proportion of the variation among specimens explained).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF90256BFF8FFB9D06EEFAC2" blockId="19.[88,614,1137,1754]" lastBlockId="19.[662,1188,1137,1754]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Both species also are known from the southwestern slopes of Volcán Rincón de la Vieja–Volcán Santa María, including a site of sympatry at 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF90256BFF13FB26037EFB78" box="[238,308,1226,1250]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
(note that locality 13 for 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF90256BFFA5FB040331FA9A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[88,379,1256,1280]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFFA5FB040331FA9A" box="[88,379,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
5 locality 29 of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF90256BFDB4FB04028DFA84" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFDB4FB04028DFA84" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; figs. 4, 6; appendix 1). In this area, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF90256BFDB4FAEA028DFAA1" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFDB4FAEA028DFAA1" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected at both Pailas, Sendero Cráter, 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF90256BFEE1FAAD0325FAC3" box="[284,367,1345,1369]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
and Pailas, Sendero Pailas, near Río 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF90256BFEEEFAB20335FAEC" box="[275,383,1374,1398]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Colorado</collectingRegion>
, 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF90256BFE70FAB20398FAEC" box="[397,466,1374,1398]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
(locality 29). These two trails emanate from the Pailas field station. 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF90256BFF46FA7603AFFA28" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[187,485,1434,1458]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFF46FA7603AFFA28" box="[187,485,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from Pailas, Sendero Pailas, 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF90256BFE4AFA5B03B7FA55" box="[439,509,1463,1487]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
(locality 13). In addition, 
<specimenCount id="9D75FD22FF90256BFEE6FA3903F7FA77" box="[283,445,1493,1517]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
that we tentatively ascribe to 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF90256BFEF3FA1F039FF991" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[270,469,1523,1547]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFEF3FA1F039FF991" box="[270,469,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected from Pailas, Sendero Pailas, near Río 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF90256BFFA5F9C2028FF9DC" box="[88,197,1582,1606]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Colorado</collectingRegion>
, 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF90256BFF2BF9C20356F9DC" box="[214,284,1582,1606]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
(locality 13). The skulls of these two individuals (KU 158614, 158615; adult females in age class 5) are smaller than those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF90256BFFA5F96B02B2F905" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[88,248,1671,1695]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFFA5F96B02B2F905" box="[88,248,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the equivalent age class. Furthermore, they display most cranial characters typical of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF90256BFEE0F92E03ADF940" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[285,487,1730,1754]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFEE0F92E03ADF940" box="[285,487,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the parietal and temporal crests are hourglassshaped, and the rostrum is massive and not tapered anteriorly. We provisionally identify these specimens as 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF90256BFC91FB260679FB78" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[876,1075,1226,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFC91FB260679FB78" box="[876,1075,1226,1250]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but raise the possibility that they may represent rare hybrids, present along a very narrow contact zone between the two species. Genetic studies are necessary to examine this possibility further.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3696520FF90256EFD4DFAB30026FD33" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF90256CFD4DFAB300C4FA28" blockId="19.[662,1188,1137,1754]" lastBlockId="20.[128,654,934,1754]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
NATURAL HISTORY: Whereas copious ecological information is available for 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF90256BFBD7FA910177FA28" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF90256BFBD7FA910177FA28" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at La Selva (localities 18, 19; appendix 1) in 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF90256BFCADFA5B0199FA55" box="[848,979,1463,1487]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF90256BFC1AFA5B06D5FA55" author="Fleming, T. H." box="[999,1183,1463,1487]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="543 - 561" refId="ref18549" refString="Fleming, T. H. 1974 a. Social organization in two species of Costa Rican heteromyid rodents. Journal of Mammalogy 55: 543 - 561." type="journal article" year="1974">Fleming, 1974a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF90256BFD6BFA390096FA77" author="Fleming, T. H." box="[662,732,1493,1517]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="493 - 510" refId="ref18578" refString="Fleming, T. H. 1974 b. The population ecology of two species of Costa Rican heteromyid rodents. Ecology 55: 493 - 510." type="journal article" year="1974">1974b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF90256BFD14FA39016BFA77" author="Fleming, T. H." box="[745,801,1493,1517]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="109 - 123" refId="ref18606" refString="Fleming, T. H. 1977. Growth and development of two species of tropical heteromyid rodents. The American Midland Naturalist 98: 109 - 123." type="journal article" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF90256BFCD3FA39012CFA77" author="Fleming, T. H." box="[814,870,1493,1517]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="474 - 475" refId="ref18635" refString="Fleming, T. H. 1983. Heteromys desmarestianus (raton semiespinosa [sic], spiny pocket mouse). In D. H. Janzen (editor), Costa Rican natural history: 474 - 475. Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book chapter" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF90256BFC8FFA3906D5FA77" author="Fleming, T. H. &amp; G. J. Brown" box="[882,1183,1493,1517]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="301 - 315" refId="ref18683" refString="Fleming, T. H., and G. J. Brown. 1975. An experimental analysis of seed hoarding and burrowing behavior in two species of Costa Rican heteromyid rodents. Journal of Mammalogy 56: 301 - 315." type="journal article" year="1975">Fleming and Brown, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; Vandermeer, 1979; Vandermeer et al., 1979; Timm, 1994) and for a few populations in other parts of the range of this species complex (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF90256BFCB5F9A701B8F9F9" author="Fleming, T. H." box="[840,1010,1611,1635]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="473 - 490" refId="ref18522" refString="Fleming, T. H. 1970. Notes on the rodent faunas of two Panamanian forests. Journal of Mammalogy 51: 473 - 490." type="journal article" year="1970">Fleming, 1970</bibRefCitation>
; Quintero and Sánchez-Cordero, 1989; Sánchez-Cordero, 1993; Sánchez-Cordero and Fleming, 1993; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF90256BFD6BF94801A3F926" author="Brewer, S. W. &amp; M. Rejmanek" box="[662,1001,1700,1724]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="165 - 174" refId="ref17767" refString="Brewer, S. W., and M. Rejmanek. 1999. Small rodents as significant dispersers of tree seeds in a Neotropical forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 10: 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1999">Brewer and Rejmánek, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF90256BFC07F94806DDF926" author="Brewer, S. W." box="[1018,1175,1700,1724]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="245 - 255" refId="ref17739" refString="Brewer, S. W. 2001. Predation and dispersal of large and small seeds of a tropical palm. Oikos 92: 245 - 255." type="journal article" year="2001">Brewer, 2001</bibRefCitation>
), relatively little has been published regardinthe species now known as 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFE51FC4A0008FC24" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[428,578,934,958]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFE51FC4A0008FC24" box="[428,578,934,958]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Most of what is known derives from Monteverde and adjacent localities in the Cordillera de Tilarán. 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFF0AFC1203B5FB8C" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[247,511,1022,1046]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFF0AFC1203B5FB8C" box="[247,511,1022,1046]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents a common forest-floor species in the small mammal community at Monteverde (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF97256CFDAEFBD5031AFBF5" author="Ashe, J. S. &amp; R. M. Timm" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="429 - 437" refId="ref17538" refString="Ashe, J. S., and R. M. Timm. 1987 a. Predation by and activity patterns of ' parasitic' beetles of the genus Amblyopinus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Journal of Zoology (London) 212: 429 - 437." type="journal article" year="1987">Ashe and Timm, 1987a</bibRefCitation>
; Timm and LaVal, 2000a). At Monteverde, adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFE5EFB98000CFB16" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[419,582,1140,1164]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFE5EFB98000CFB16" box="[419,582,1140,1164]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a home range of ca. 0.15 ha and do not shift their home ranges appreciably even over several months; immatures have a smaller home range of ca. 0.10 ha (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF97256CFE33FB0602E6FA85" author="Anderson, S. D." pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref17502" refString="Anderson, S. D. 1982. Comparative population ecology of Peromyscus mexicanus in a Costa Rican wet forest. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles." type="book" year="1982">Anderson, 1982: 166</bibRefCitation>
). Breeding can occur during any month (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF97256CFF7AFAC90374FAA7" author="Anderson, S. D." box="[135,318,1317,1341]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref17502" refString="Anderson, S. D. 1982. Comparative population ecology of Peromyscus mexicanus in a Costa Rican wet forest. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles." type="book" year="1982">Anderson, 1982</bibRefCitation>
). This species was captured at all elevations in a transect from 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF97256CFE0DFAAE000EFAC0" box="[496,580,1346,1370]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8399999999999999" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1840.0">1840 m</quantity>
in the Monteverde region down the Peñas Blancas Valley to 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF97256CFF13FA91037EFA0F" box="[238,308,1405,1429]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="750.0">750 m</quantity>
on the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera de Tilarán (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF97256CFE86FA760054FA28" author="McCain, C. M." box="[379,542,1434,1458]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref20158" refString="McCain, C. M. 2004. The mid-domain effect applied to elevational gradients: species richness of small mammals in Costa Rica. Journal of Biogeography 31: 19 - 31." type="journal article" year="2004">McCain, 2004</bibRefCitation>
, in press).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0C6623FF97256CFD85FF3201EEFE80" ID-Table-UUID="DF0C6623FF97256CFD85FF3201EEFE80" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6623FF97256CFD85FF3201EEFE80" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[632,705,222,241]" targetBox="[128,1189,335,773]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF97256CFD85FF3201EEFE80" blockId="20.[130,1224,222,295]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
TABLE 4 
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFF7FFF1B01D1FEBD" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Results of Principal Components Analysis for Adult Specimens in Age Class 4 of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFC40FF1B0682FE97" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[957,1224,247,269]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFC40FF1B0682FE97" bold="true" box="[957,1224,247,269]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Heteromys desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFE2EFEFD0016FEBD" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[467,604,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFE2EFEFD0016FEBD" bold="true" box="[467,604,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF97256CFCD7FEFD01D1FEBD" box="[810,923,273,295]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
<superScript id="7C069BE3FF97256CFC66FEE001EEFE80" attach="left" box="[923,932,268,282]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">a</superScript>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF97256CFDC1FEA30145FC9F" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<table id="F973C40BFF97DA87FF7DFEA306EFFC9F" box="[128,1189,335,773]" gridcols="7" gridrows="15" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFEA306EFFEF8" box="[128,1189,335,354]" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FEA3016EFEF8" box="[507,804,335,354]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Unit eigenvector</th>
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FEA3067AFEF8" box="[987,1072,335,354]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Loadings</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFE9706EFFE14" box="[128,1189,379,398]" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FE970077FE14" box="[507,573,379,398]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">PC1</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FE9700FAFE14" box="[623,688,379,398]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">PC2</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFE97016EFE14" box="[738,804,379,398]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">PC3</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFE9701E8FE14" box="[865,930,379,398]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">PC1</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FE97067AFE14" box="[987,1072,379,398]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">PC2</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFE9706EFFE14" box="[1123,1189,379,398]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">PC3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFE4A06EFFE23" box="[128,1189,422,441]" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFE4A03E3FE23" box="[128,425,422,441]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ln-Occipitonasal length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FE4A0077FE23" box="[507,573,422,441]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.364</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FE4A00FAFE23" box="[623,688,422,441]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.096</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFE4A016EFE23" box="[738,804,422,441]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.025</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFE4A01E8FE23" box="[865,930,422,441]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.941</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FE4A067AFE23" box="[987,1072,422,441]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.201</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFE4A06EFFE23" box="[1123,1189,422,441]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.027</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFE2D06EFFE4E" box="[128,1189,449,468]" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFE2D03E3FE4E" box="[128,425,449,468]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ln-Zygomatic breadth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FE2D0077FE4E" box="[507,573,449,468]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.301</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FE2D00FAFE4E" box="[623,688,449,468]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.135</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFE2D016EFE4E" box="[738,804,449,468]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.093</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFE2D01E8FE4E" box="[865,930,449,468]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.794</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FE2D067AFE4E" box="[987,1072,449,468]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.289</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFE2D06EFFE4E" box="[1123,1189,449,468]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.122</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFE3706EFFE75" box="[128,1189,475,495]" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFE3703E3FE75" box="[128,425,475,495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ln-Rostral length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FE370077FE75" box="[507,573,475,495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.466</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FE3700FAFE75" box="[623,688,475,495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.175</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFE37016EFE75" box="[738,804,475,495]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.066</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFE3701E8FE75" box="[865,930,475,495]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.906</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FE37067AFE75" box="[987,1072,475,495]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.277</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFE3706EFFE75" box="[1123,1189,475,495]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.057</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFE1A06EFFD93" box="[128,1189,502,521]" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFE1A03E3FD93" box="[128,425,502,521]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ln-Nasal length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FE1A0077FD93" box="[507,573,502,521]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.469</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FE1A00FAFD93" box="[623,688,502,521]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.095</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFE1A016EFD93" box="[738,804,502,521]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.187</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFE1A01E8FD93" box="[865,930,502,521]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.902</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FE1A067AFD93" box="[987,1072,502,521]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.146</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFE1A06EFFD93" box="[1123,1189,502,521]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.171</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFDFD06EFFDBE" box="[128,1189,529,548]" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFDFD03E3FDBE" box="[128,425,529,548]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ln-Least interorbital constriction</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FDFD0077FDBE" box="[507,573,529,548]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.215</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FDFD00FAFDBE" box="[623,688,529,548]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.209</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFDFD016EFDBE" box="[738,804,529,548]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.652</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFDFD01E8FDBE" box="[865,930,529,548]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.440</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FDFD067AFDBE" box="[987,1072,529,548]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.339</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFDFD06EFFDBE" box="[1123,1189,529,548]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.654</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFDC706EFFDA4" box="[128,1189,555,574]" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFDC703E3FDA4" box="[128,425,555,574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ln-Squamosal breadth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FDC70077FDA4" box="[507,573,555,574]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.187</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FDC700FAFDA4" box="[623,688,555,574]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.047</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFDC7016EFDA4" box="[738,804,555,574]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.046</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFDC701E8FDA4" box="[865,930,555,574]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.755</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FDC7067AFDA4" box="[987,1072,555,574]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.151</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFDC706EFFDA4" box="[1123,1189,555,574]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.095</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFDAA06EFFDC3" box="[128,1189,582,601]" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFDAA03E3FDC3" box="[128,425,582,601]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ln-Maxillary toothrow length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FDAA0077FDC3" box="[507,573,582,601]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.268</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FDAA00FAFDC3" box="[623,688,582,601]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.112</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFDAA016EFDC3" box="[738,804,582,601]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.108</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFDAA01E8FDC3" box="[865,930,582,601]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.669</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FDAA067AFDC3" box="[987,1072,582,601]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.229</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFDAA06EFFDC3" box="[1123,1189,582,601]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.138</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFD8C06EFFDE9" box="[128,1189,608,627]" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFD8C03E3FDE9" box="[128,425,608,627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ln-Interparietal width</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FD8C0077FDE9" box="[507,573,608,627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.303</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FD8C00FAFDE9" box="[623,688,608,627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.007</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFD8C016EFDE9" box="[738,804,608,627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.638</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFD8C01E8FDE9" box="[865,930,608,627]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.564</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FD8C067AFDE9" box="[987,1072,608,627]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.009</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFD8C06EFFDE9" box="[1123,1189,608,627]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.583</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFD9706EFFD14" box="[128,1189,635,654]" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFD9703E3FD14" box="[128,425,635,654]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ln-Interparietal length</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FD970077FD14" box="[507,573,635,654]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.215</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FD9700FAFD14" box="[623,688,635,654]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.919</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFD97016EFD14" box="[738,804,635,654]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.179</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFD9701E8FD14" box="[865,930,635,654]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.288</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FD97067AFD14" box="[987,1072,635,654]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.934</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFD9706EFFD14" box="[1123,1189,635,654]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.118</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFD7906EFFD32" box="[128,1189,661,680]" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFD7903E3FD32" box="[128,425,661,680]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ln-Parietal breadth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FD790077FD32" box="[507,573,661,680]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.097</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FD7900FAFD32" box="[623,688,661,680]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.144</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFD79016EFD32" box="[738,804,661,680]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.270</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFD7901E8FD32" box="[865,930,661,680]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.343</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FD79067AFD32" box="[987,1072,661,680]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.401</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFD7906EFFD32" box="[1123,1189,661,680]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.464</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFD5C06EFFD59" box="[128,1189,688,707]" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFD5C03E3FD59" box="[128,425,688,707]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ln-Skull depth</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FD5C0077FD59" box="[507,573,688,707]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.198</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FD5C00FAFD59" box="[623,688,688,707]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.090</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFD5C016EFD59" box="[738,804,688,707]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.015</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC9CFD5C01E8FD59" box="[865,930,688,707]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">20.772</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FC26FD5C067AFD59" box="[987,1072,688,707]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.283</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FB9EFD5C06EFFD59" box="[1123,1189,688,707]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.027</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFD3406EFFD71" box="[128,1189,728,747]" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFD3403E3FD71" box="[128,425,728,747]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Eigenvalue (× 100)</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FD340077FD71" box="[507,573,728,747]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">1.393</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FD3400FAFD71" box="[623,688,728,747]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.885</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFD34016EFD71" box="[738,804,728,747]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">0.339</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334E9FF97DA87FF7DFD1E06EFFC9F" box="[128,1189,754,773]" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="76925D95FF97DA87FF7DFD1E03E3FC9F" box="[128,425,754,773]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">% variation explained</th>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FE06FD1E0077FC9F" box="[507,573,754,773]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">42.9</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD92FD1E00FAFC9F" box="[623,688,754,773]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">27.2</td>
<td id="76925D95FF97DA87FD1FFD1E016EFC9F" box="[738,804,754,773]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">10.5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF97256CFF68FCF402E0FCE4" blockId="20.[128,1228,792,894]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<tableNote id="76953725FF97256CFF68FCF402E0FCE4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[128,1189,335,773]" targetPageId="20">
<superScript id="7C069BE3FF97256CFF68FCF402D7FCBE" attach="right" box="[149,157,792,804]" fontSize="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">a</superScript>
Elements of the unit eigenvector and loadings are presented for the first three principal components. Cranial measurements were transformed to their natural logarithms (ln) before components were extracted from the covariance matrix. Eigenvalues (multiplied by 100) and the percentage of the variation among specimens explained are given for each axis.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF97256CFF67FA550181FA98" blockId="20.[128,654,934,1754]" lastBlockId="20.[701,1228,934,1754]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFF67FA5503CCFA4B" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[154,390,1465,1489]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFF67FA5503CCFA4B" box="[154,390,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to have a moderate tolerance for human-altered habitats. In many years of trapping at Monteverde by R.M.T., this species was often captured in primary forests above ca. 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF97256CFE5CF9C3007CF9DD" box="[417,566,1583,1607]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.525" metricValueMax="1.55" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1525.0" valueMax="1550.0" valueMin="1500.0">1500–1550 m</quantity>
, as well as in secondary forests 20–35 years old at ca. 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF97256CFF7DF986035CF918" box="[128,278,1642,1666]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.55" metricValueMin="1.35" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1450.0" valueMax="1550.0" valueMin="1350.0">1350–1550 m</quantity>
. However, despite extensive trapping in highly disturbed habitats, R.M.T. never captured 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFF0EF94903DBF927" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[243,401,1701,1725]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFF0EF94903DBF927" box="[243,401,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in pastures, farmed areas, or other highly disturbed areas. Some of the secondary forests at Monteverde represent former pastures that were planted with native tree species through projects aimed at restoring wildlife habitat or conserving soil and water. Other pastures were simply abandoned and allowed to regenerate on their own. Although Timm (1994: 232) reported ‘‘tremendous population fluctuations of spiny pocket mice at Monteverde’’ (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF97256CFC29FB7D06C5FB33" author="Anderson, S. D." box="[980,1167,1169,1193]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref17502" refString="Anderson, S. D. 1982. Comparative population ecology of Peromyscus mexicanus in a Costa Rican wet forest. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles." type="book" year="1982">Anderson, 1982</bibRefCitation>
), the species is generally captured in higher numbers in secondary forests than in primary ones (R.M.T., personal obs.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF97256DFD25FAE40007FCE3" blockId="20.[701,1228,934,1754]" lastBlockId="21.[88,614,211,1753]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Several decades of theriological research in the Monteverde area allow for characterization of the communities of small, nonvolant mammals in which 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFC35FA8D0681FAE3" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[968,1227,1377,1401]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFC35FA8D0681FAE3" box="[968,1227,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs (Timm and LaVal, 2000a, 2000b; Woodman, 2000; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF97256CFC6BFA77068DFA29" author="Durden, L. A. &amp; R. M. Timm" box="[918,1223,1435,1459]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1409 - 1413" refId="ref18337" refString="Durden, L. A., and R. M. Timm. 2001. Hoplopleura janzeni n. sp. (Phthiraptera: Anoplura), a new sucking louse from a Central American swimming mouse. Journal of Parasitology 87: 1409 - 1413." type="journal article" year="2001">Durden and Timm, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; Timm and Vriesendorp, 2003). In cloud forest, lower montane wet forest, and lower montane rainforest at Monteverde (ca. 
<quantity id="4C8B9B4EFF97256CFBD3FA18068DF996" box="[1070,1223,1524,1548]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.675" metricValueMax="1.85" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1675.0" valueMax="1850.0" valueMin="1500.0">1500–1850 m</quantity>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF97256CFD40F9FD0113F9B3" author="Haber, W. A." box="[701,857,1553,1577]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="39 - 94" refId="ref18958" refString="Haber, W. A. 2000. Plants and vegetation. In N. M. Nadkarni and N. T. Wheelwright (editors), Monteverde: ecology and conservation of a tropical cloud forest: 39 - 94. New York: Oxford University Press." type="book chapter" year="2000">Haber, 2000</bibRefCitation>
; Nadkarni and Wheelwright, 2000a) in the general vicinity of where the 
<typeStatus id="54C88809FF97256CFD40F9A0016BF9FE" box="[701,801,1612,1636]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFCACF9A001A7F9FE" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[849,1005,1612,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFCACF9A001A7F9FE" box="[849,1005,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was obtained, the following small, nonvolant mammals occur: the marsupials 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFC96F96B061FF905" baseAuthorityName="Waterhouse" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[875,1109,1671,1695]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Caluromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="derbianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFC96F96B061FF905" box="[875,1109,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Caluromys derbianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFB9EF96B0171F927" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupialis">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFB9EF96B0171F927" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Didelphis marsupialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFC60F94906C0F927" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1897" box="[925,1162,1701,1725]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Marmosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicana">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFC60F94906C0F927" box="[925,1162,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Marmosa mexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the shrews 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFCE8F92E01B3F940" box="[789,1017,1730,1754]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Cryptotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFCE8F92E01B3F940" box="[789,1017,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Cryptotis nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF97256CFBC7F92E068EF940" authorityName="Choate" authorityYear="1970" box="[1082,1220,1730,1754]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Cryptotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="merriami">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF97256CFBC7F92E068EF940" box="[1082,1220,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. merriami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the squirrels 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFF08FF3F0385FF71" baseAuthorityName="J.A.Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[245,463,211,235]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Microsciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alfari">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFF08FF3F0385FF71" box="[245,463,211,235]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Microsciurus alfari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFDE9FF3F029FFE93" authorityName="Humboldt" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granatensis">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFDE9FF3F029FFE93" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sciurus granatensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the pocket gopher 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFE2CFF1D02E1FEBD" baseAuthorityName="J. A. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Mammalia" family="Geomyidae" genus="Orthogeomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cherriei">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFE2CFF1D02E1FEBD" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Orthogeomys cherriei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and the sigmodontine rodents 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFFA5FEC00318FEDE" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[88,338,300,324]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFFA5FEC00318FEDE" box="[88,338,300,324]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nyctomys sumichrasti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFE9AFEC00015FEDE" baseAuthorityName="Bangs" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[359,607,300,324]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oligoryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegetus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFE9AFEC00015FEDE" box="[359,607,300,324]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oligoryzomys vegetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFFA5FEA60378FEF8" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1902" box="[88,306,330,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="devius">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFFA5FEA60378FEF8" box="[88,306,330,354]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oryzomys devius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(5 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFE62FEA6001CFEF8" baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[415,598,330,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albigularis">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFE62FEA6001CFEF8" box="[415,598,330,354]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">O. albigularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFFA5FE840371FE1A" box="[88,315,360,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Peromyscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudipes">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFFA5FE840371FE1A" box="[88,315,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Peromyscus nudipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFEB2FE840015FE1A" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1902" box="[335,607,360,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Reithrodontomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creper">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFEB2FE840015FE1A" box="[335,607,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Reithrodontomys creper</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFFA5FE6A029CFE04" authorityName="J. A. Allen &amp; Chapman" authorityYear="1897" box="[88,214,390,414]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Reithrodontomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFFA5FE6A029CFE04" box="[88,214,390,414]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFF0FFE6A03ACFE07" box="[242,486,389,414]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Reithrodontomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFF0FFE6A03FAFE04" box="[242,432,390,414]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Reithrodontomys</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFDFDFE6A02D7FE21" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rheomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raptor">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFDFDFE6A02D7FE21" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rheomys raptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFF41FE4F03EFFE21" baseAuthorityName="Alston" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[188,421,419,443]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Scotinomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teguina">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFF41FE4F03EFFE21" box="[188,421,419,443]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Scotinomys teguina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFDFBFE4F02E6FE43" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Tylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watsoni">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFDFBFE4F02E6FE43" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Tylomys watsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additional species of mammals that occur sympatrically with 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFE67FE330076FE6D" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[410,572,479,503]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFE67FE330076FE6D" box="[410,572,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in other (generally lower) parts of the Monteverde/Peñas Blancas region include: the marsupials 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFEC4FDD40053FDCA" baseAuthorityName="J.A.Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[313,537,568,592]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Micoureus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFEC4FDD40053FDCA" box="[313,537,568,592]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Micoureus alstoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFFA5FDBA0365FDF4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[88,303,598,622]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFFA5FDBA0365FDF4" box="[88,303,598,622]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Philander opossum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the squirrel 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFE27FDBA028CFD16" authorityName="Ogilby" authorityYear="1839" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatoides">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFE27FDBA028CFD16" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sciurus variegatoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and the sigmodontine rodents 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFFA5FD7D0315FD33" baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[88,351,657,681]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Melanomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caliginosus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFFA5FD7D0315FD33" box="[88,351,657,681]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Melanomys caliginosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFE88FD7D02CDFD5D" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oligoryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulvescens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFE88FD7D02CDFD5D" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oligoryzomys fulvescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFF63FD430311FD5D" box="[158,347,687,711]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alfari">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFF63FD430311FD5D" box="[158,347,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oryzomys alfari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFE51FD43007CFD5D" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[428,566,687,711]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivaris">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFE51FD43007CFD5D" box="[428,566,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">O. bolivaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In R.M.T.’s trapping at Monteverde, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFE0DFD21002FFD7F" box="[496,613,717,741]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Peromyscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudipes">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFE0DFD21002FFD7F" box="[496,613,717,741]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. nudipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was usually the most common small rodent in habitats where 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFEDCFCE4038FFCBA" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[289,453,776,800]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFEDCFCE4038FFCBA" box="[289,453,776,800]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found; 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFFA5FCCA035EFCA4" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1902" box="[88,276,806,830]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="devius">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFFA5FCCA035EFCA4" box="[88,276,806,830]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oryzomys devius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFEADFCCA0063FCA4" baseAuthorityName="Alston" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[336,553,806,830]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Scotinomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teguina">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFEADFCCA0063FCA4" box="[336,553,806,830]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Scotinomys teguina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were typically collected along with this species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFFA5FC8E0298FCE0" authorityName="DESMARESTIANUS" authorityYear="1817" box="[88,210,866,890]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFFA5FC8E0298FCE0" box="[88,210,866,890]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Heteromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF96256DFE67FC8D000BFCE3" author="McCain, C. M." box="[410,577,865,889]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref20158" refString="McCain, C. M. 2004. The mid-domain effect applied to elevational gradients: species richness of small mammals in Costa Rica. Journal of Biogeography 31: 19 - 31." type="journal article" year="2004">McCain, 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF96256DFF8FFC6C0339F992" blockId="21.[88,614,211,1753]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
In contrast to the information available for the Cordillera de Tilarán, little has been published on the mammals of the Cordillera de Guanacaste and surrounding lowlands; hence, even basic natural history information is lacking for 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFEE9FBF90058FBB7" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[276,530,1045,1069]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFEE9FBF90058FBB7" box="[276,530,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there. Studies of communities of small nonvolant mammals have been conducted recently by Marion Klaus (Sheridan College, Sheridan, WY) at various localities in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (including Cerro Cacao and Volcán Rincón de la Vieja– Volcán Santa María). Similarly, Neal Woodman (Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF96256DFF3CFACC0323FAA2" box="[193,361,1312,1336]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">United States</collectingCountry>
Geological Survey) conducted a series of mammalian inventories in the region in 1987–1988. Voucher specimens from those projects were included in the present taxonomic study; future work by Klaus and Woodman may provide ecological and natural history information on 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFE11FA3F0280F993" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFE11FA3F0280F993" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF96256DFF8FF9E301E2FC98" blockId="21.[88,614,211,1753]" lastBlockId="21.[662,1188,211,1604]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
ECTOPARASITES AND OTHER ASSOCIATED INVERTEBRATES: Two species of ectoparasites have been collected on 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFE94F9A70014F9F9" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[361,606,1611,1635]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFE94F9A70014F9F9" box="[361,606,1611,1635]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both are ticks (Acarina: 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFE6AF984004AF91A" box="[407,512,1640,1664]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ixodidae</taxonomicName>
): 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFDE1F98402A3F904" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venezuelensis">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFDE1F98402A3F904" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ixodes venezuelensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from KU 158611) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFFA5F948035FF926" box="[88,277,1700,1724]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFFA5F94802A3F926" box="[88,233,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dermacentor</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(from KU 158610 and KU 159026). Notably, two species of amblyopinine beetles (
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFCCFFF3F01FFFF71" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[818,949,211,235]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFC38FF3F0628FF71" box="[965,1122,211,235]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Staphylinidae</taxonomicName>
) that are commensal with other small mammals (
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFD63FEE30129FEBD" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1902" box="[670,867,271,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="devius">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFD63FEE30129FEBD" box="[670,867,271,295]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oryzomys devius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFC86FEE3062BFEBD" box="[891,1121,271,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Peromyscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudipes">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFC86FEE3062BFEBD" box="[891,1121,271,295]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Peromyscus nudipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFD6BFEC001FDFEDE" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1902" box="[662,951,300,324]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Reithrodontomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creper">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFD6BFEC001FDFEDE" box="[662,951,300,324]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Reithrodontomys creper</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and rarely on 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFD6BFEA60110FEF8" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1899" box="[662,858,330,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Tylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watsoni">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFD6BFEA60110FEF8" box="[662,858,330,354]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Tylomys watsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) at Monteverde have not been found on 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFCBDFE84019CFE1A" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[832,982,360,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFCBDFE84019CFE1A" box="[832,982,360,384]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF96256DFC18FE840091FE07" author="Ashe, J. S. &amp; R. M. Timm" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="429 - 437" refId="ref17538" refString="Ashe, J. S., and R. M. Timm. 1987 a. Predation by and activity patterns of ' parasitic' beetles of the genus Amblyopinus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Journal of Zoology (London) 212: 429 - 437." type="journal article" year="1987">Ashe and Timm, 1987a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF96256DFD16FE690178FE07" author="Ashe, J. S. &amp; R. M. Timm" box="[747,818,389,413]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="177 - 181" refId="ref17586" refString="Ashe, J. S., and R. M. Timm. 1987 b. Probable mutualistic association between staphylinid beetles (Amblyopinus) and their rodent hosts. Journal of Tropical Ecology 3: 177 - 181." type="journal article" year="1987">1987b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF96256DFCBFFE690130FE07" author="Ashe, J. S. &amp; R. M. Timm" box="[834,890,389,413]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="373 - 399" refId="ref17627" refString="Ashe, J. S., and R. M. Timm. 1995. Systematics, distribution, and host specificity of Amblyopinus Solsky 1875 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Mexico and Central America. Tropical Zoology 8: 373 - 399." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
; Timm and Ashe, 1988). Similarly, a tineid moth, 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFC31FE4F0637FE21" authorityName="Davis" authorityYear="1986" box="[972,1149,419,443]" class="Insecta" family="Acrolophidae" genus="Amydria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="selvae">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFC31FE4F0637FE21" box="[972,1149,419,443]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Amydria selvae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is phoretic (a nonparasitic association where one organism attaches to the other for dispersal) on 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFD47FE1101CFFD8F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[698,901,509,533]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desmarestianus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFD47FE1101CFFD8F" box="[698,901,509,533]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. desmarestianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at La Selva (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF96256DFBE6FE100086FDA8" author="Davis, D. R. &amp; D. H. Clayton &amp; D. H. Janzen &amp; A. P. Brooke" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="98 - 109" refId="ref18216" refString="Davis, D. R., D. H. Clayton, D. H. Janzen, and A. P. Brooke. 1986. Neotropical Tineidae, II: Biological notes and descriptions of two new moths phoretic on spiny pocket mice in Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 88: 98 - 109." type="journal article" year="1986">Davis et al., 1986</bibRefCitation>
) but has not been found on 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFBD7FDF60142FDCA" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFBD7FDF60142FDCA" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Monteverde (R.M.T., personal obs.; Timm et al., 1989: 116). Finally, whereas pseudoscorpions of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFC13FD98062CFD16" authorityName="Muchmore" authorityYear="1982" box="[1006,1126,628,652]" class="Arachnida" family="Chernetidae" genus="Epichernes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFC13FD98062CFD16" box="[1006,1126,628,652]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Epichernes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been reported as phoretic on 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFC12FD7D0625FD33" authorityName="J. A. Allen &amp; Chapman" authorityYear="1897" box="[1007,1135,657,681]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaumeri">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFC12FD7D0625FD33" box="[1007,1135,657,681]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. gaumeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFD6BFD43010BFD5D" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[662,833,687,711]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Liomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFD6BFD43010BFD5D" box="[662,833,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Liomys salvini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the latter in northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF96256DFD6BFD21015DFD7F" box="[662,791,717,741]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
; Muchmore, 1992), none has been found on 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFCF5FD0701EAFC99" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[776,928,747,771]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFCF5FD0701EAFC99" box="[776,928,747,771]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36ABFF96256EFD4DFCE50026FD33" blockId="21.[662,1188,211,1604]" lastBlockId="22.[128,654,211,681]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
CONSERVATION STATUS: Although we do not consider that 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFC8DFCCB0623FCA5" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[880,1129,807,831]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFC8DFCCB0623FCA5" box="[880,1129,807,831]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Heteromys nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
currently needs additional special protection, future studies of its distribution and population sizes will allow for evaluation based on 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF96256DFD6BFC710167FC2F" author="IUCN &amp; IUCN Red List" box="[662,813,925,949]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref19816" refString="IUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List categories and criteria, version 3.1. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Species Survival Commission." type="book" year="2001">IUCN (2001)</bibRefCitation>
criteria. 
<superScript id="7C069BE3FF96256DFC76FC7401DFFC32" attach="left" box="[907,917,920,936]" fontSize="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">6</superScript>
All data available from field collectors indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFBFFFC5006E9FC4E" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1026,1187,956,980]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFBFFFC5006E9FC4E" box="[1026,1187,956,980]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabits only closed-canopy forests (similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFD44FC1B010AFB95" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[697,832,1015,1039]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFD44FC1B010AFB95" box="[697,832,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFC7FFC1B01A0FB95" authorityName="R.P.Anderson &amp; Jarrin-Valladares" authorityYear="2002" box="[898,1002,1015,1039]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teleus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFC7FFC1B01A0FB95" box="[898,1002,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. teleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Anderson and Jarrín-V., 2002; Anderson and Martínez- Meyer, 2004), including both primary forests and secondary stands more than 20 years in age (see Natural History). Although middle- and high-elevation forests have been less affected by deforestation than lowland forests in 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF96256DFD45FB2B0174FB45" box="[696,830,1223,1247]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, high average annual rates of forest conversion continue in the country (Sader and Joyce, 1988; Sánchez-Azofeifa et al., 2001). Fortunately, many areas in the range of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF96256DFCEBFAD201F0FACC" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[790,954,1342,1366]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF96256DFCEBFAD201F0FACC" box="[790,954,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are protected by extensive private and governmental reserves. For purposes related to conservation, 
<collectingCountry id="F364763BFF96256DFB9CFA950081FA35" name="Costa Rica" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
is divided administratively into a series of official conservation areas that cut across provincial borders (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF96256DFC6DFA3F0679FA71" author="Janzen, D. H." box="[912,1075,1491,1515]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="7 - 20" refId="ref19963" refString="Janzen, D. H. 2000. Costa Rica's Area de Conservacion Guanacaste: a long march to survival through non-damaging biodevelopment. Biodiversity 1 (2): 7 - 20." type="journal article" year="2000">Janzen, 2000</bibRefCitation>
; Savage, 2002: 53; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF96256DFCDAFA1C06D2F992" author="Mata, A. &amp; J. Echeverria" box="[807,1176,1520,1544]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref20098" refString="Mata, A., and J. Echeverria. 2004. Introduction. In G. W. Frankie, A. Mata and S. B. Vinson (editors), Biodiversity conservation in Costa Rica: learning the lessons in a seasonal dry forest: 1 - 12. Berkeley: University of California Press." type="book chapter" year="2004">Mata and Echeverría, 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Within each conservation area, some regions correspond to national parks or other governmentally protected areas, but other land remains in private hands (including private conservation reserves). Known localities of 
<taxonomicName id="4C734D28FF95256EFD8DFEE302B8FEDE" baseAuthorityName="Rogers" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Heteromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicolens">
<emphasis id="B907EAB9FF95256EFD8DFEE302B8FEDE" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. nubicolens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fall in a complex of private reserves in the Monteverde region (in the Área de Conservación Arenal; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF95256EFE76FE840016FE1A" author="Burlingame, L. J." box="[395,604,360,384]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="351 - 388" refId="ref17856" refString="Burlingame, L. J. 2000. Conservation in the Monteverde zone: contributions of conservation organizations. In N. M. Nadkarni and N. T. Wheelwright (editors), Monteverde: ecology and conservation of a tropical cloud forest: 351 - 388. New York: Oxford University Press." type="book chapter" year="2000">Burlingame, 2000</bibRefCitation>
), as well as in the Parque Nacional 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF95256EFDF5FE6900C4FE07" box="[520,654,389,413]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
and Parque Nacional Rincón de la Vieja (in the Área de Conservación 
<collectingRegion id="49B7F849FF95256EFDFCFE2D00C0FE43" box="[513,650,449,473]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF95256EFF7DFE33036CFE6D" author="Janzen, D. H." box="[128,294,479,503]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="7 - 20" refId="ref19963" refString="Janzen, D. H. 2000. Costa Rica's Area de Conservacion Guanacaste: a long march to survival through non-damaging biodevelopment. Biodiversity 1 (2): 7 - 20." type="journal article" year="2000">Janzen, 2000</bibRefCitation>
; Savage, 2002; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B5AFF95256EFDF6FE33030CFD8E" author="Mata, A. &amp; J. Echeverria" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref20098" refString="Mata, A., and J. Echeverria. 2004. Introduction. In G. W. Frankie, A. Mata and S. B. Vinson (editors), Biodiversity conservation in Costa Rica: learning the lessons in a seasonal dry forest: 1 - 12. Berkeley: University of California Press." type="book chapter" year="2004">Mata and Echeverría, 2004</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, yet-undiscovered populations of the species likely exist (see Biogeography, below) in the Parque Nacional Volcán Arenal, Parque Nacional Volcán Tenorio, and other governmentally protected areas in the Área de Conservación Arenal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>