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<document id="D346E1BE36ECEC4E8141B9EBF1E3C3E0" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090.451.1.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5415316" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630358031801" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Velazco, Paúl M., Voss, Robert S., Fleck, David W. &amp; Simmons, Nancy B." docDate="2021" docId="BD5D87A25607FFB4D239F9BFFE396613" docLanguage="en" docName="B451.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (451)" docSource="https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-451/issue-1/0003-0090.451.1.1/Mammalian-Diversity-and-Matses-Ethnomammalogy-in-Amazonian-Peru-Part-4/10.1206/0003-0090.451.1.1.full" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.9:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Noctilionidae Gray 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="4164FFDA561CFFA9D13BFFE2FFB7657F" masterDocTitle="Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 4: Bats" masterLastPageNumber="201" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1699246440714" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="11D3DE9EA913E568ECDB92A59522D844">Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 4: Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3E3A06F95C9F6A5FFAE87E9076803495">Velazco, Paúl M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0221E3A5965EAA5CCB5364AC25BDC0AA">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5E7FAE1E04954037F064C8E46D0B6CF5">Fleck, David W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1B1996DE8F519162146BDE089485560B">Simmons, Nancy B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1F0A40BAB9BDE9D918591CC7469B752E">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="EF746599BEB550E8AE6B3E4AF8228690">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A808F5F240C933A55BC78405A1C9883B">451</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="901C5C66195FAD9BD6C941E406791101">https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-451/issue-1/0003-0090.451.1.1/Mammalian-Diversity-and-Matses-Ethnomammalogy-in-Amazonian-Peru-Part-4/10.1206/0003-0090.451.1.1.full</mods:url>
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<treatment id="BD5D87A25607FFB4D239F9BFFE396613" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD5D87A25607FFB4D239F9BFFE396613" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD5D87A25607FFB4D239F9BFFE396613" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="7DEE653F5607FFB4D239F9BFFE396613" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="354B36B45607FFB2D239F9BFFBD26309" blockId="27.[770,1125,1629,1654]" box="[770,1125,1629,1654]" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="6E0381D85607FFB2D239F9BFFBD26309" box="[770,1125,1629,1654]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" reason="2">
Family
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375607FFB2D26FF9BFFBD26309" ID-CoL="DD7" authority="Gray, 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[852,1125,1629,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Noctilionidae Gray, 1821</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="354B36B45607FFB2D3F7F96DFB0B63B7" blockId="27.[684,1212,1679,1736]" pageId="27" pageNumber="27">
The Neotropical family
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375607FFB2D2E2F96DFBC763D8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[985,1136,1679,1703]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Noctilionidae</taxonomicName>
(commonly known as bulldog bats) includes the sin-
</paragraph>
<subSection id="5C7B2F5F5600FFB5D360FF00FD7B6585" box="[603,716,226,250]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="354B36B45600FFB5D360FF00FD7B6585" blockId="28.[603,716,226,250]" box="[603,716,226,250]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="6E0381D85600FFB5D360FF00FD7B6585" box="[603,716,226,250]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" reason="4">TABLE 12</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="5C7B2F5F5600FFB5D1E4FEF3FBFE6458" box="[223,1097,273,295]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="354B36B45600FFB5D1E4FEF3FBFE6458" blockId="28.[223,1097,273,324]" box="[223,1097,273,295]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="6E0381D85600FFB5D1E4FEF3FBFE6458" box="[223,1097,273,295]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" reason="2">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D1E4FEF3FBFE6458" bold="true" box="[223,1097,273,295]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
External and Craniodental Measurements (mm) and Weights (g) of
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375600FFB5D2B7FEF3FBFE6458" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1818" box="[908,1097,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventris">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D2B7FEF3FBFE6458" bold="true" box="[908,1097,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Noctilio albiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="5C7B2F5F5600FFB5D0D3FECCFB0B63B9" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="354B36B45600FFB5D0D3FECCFCF6643B" blockId="28.[223,1097,273,324]" box="[488,833,302,324]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="6E0381D85600FFB5D0D3FECCFCF6643B" bold="true" box="[488,833,302,324]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" reason="5">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D0D3FECCFCF6643B" bold="true" box="[488,833,302,324]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">from the Yavarí-Ucayali Interfluve</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="354B36B45600FFB5D052FE84FB886670" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<table id="47F4C41456000056D19EFE87FBC16670" box="[165,1142,357,783]" gridcols="5" gridrows="12" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFE87FBC16405" box="[165,1142,357,378]" gridrow="0" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D002FE87FE646405" box="[313,467,357,378]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Malesa</th>
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D304FE87FD796405" box="[575,718,357,378]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">FMNH 89013 ♀</th>
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D223FE87FC1E6405" box="[792,937,357,378]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">MUSM 15241 ♀</th>
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFE87FBC16405" box="[997,1142,357,378]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">MUSM 15243 ♀</th>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFE6EFBC164E0" box="[165,1142,396,415]" gridrow="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D19EFE6EFF6464E0" box="[165,211,396,415]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">W</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D002FE6EFE6464E0" box="[313,467,396,415]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">40.9 (39.0–42.3) 4</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D304FE6EFD7964E0" box="[575,718,396,415]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">—</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D223FE6EFC1E64E0" box="[792,937,396,415]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">39.9</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFE6EFBC164E0" box="[997,1142,396,415]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">39.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFE52FBC164BB" box="[165,1142,432,452]" gridrow="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D19EFE52FF6464BB" box="[165,211,432,452]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">ToL</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D002FE52FE6464BB" box="[313,467,432,452]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">102.8 (95–111) 6</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D304FE52FD7964BB" box="[575,718,432,452]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">94</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D223FE52FC1E64BB" box="[792,937,432,452]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">104</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFE52FBC164BB" box="[997,1142,432,452]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">99</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFE37FBC16496" box="[165,1142,469,489]" gridrow="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D19EFE37FF646496" box="[165,211,469,489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">LT</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D002FE37FE646496" box="[313,467,469,489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">20.2 (18–23) 6</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D304FE37FD796496" box="[575,718,469,489]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">14</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D223FE37FC1E6496" box="[792,937,469,489]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">20</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFE37FBC16496" box="[997,1142,469,489]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">21</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFE18FBC16772" box="[165,1142,506,525]" gridrow="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D19EFE18FF646772" box="[165,211,506,525]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">HF</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D002FE18FE646772" box="[313,467,506,525]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">18.2 (17–19) 6</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D304FE18FD796772" box="[575,718,506,525]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">19</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D223FE18FC1E6772" box="[792,937,506,525]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">18</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFE18FBC16772" box="[997,1142,506,525]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">17</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFDFDFBC1674D" box="[165,1142,543,562]" gridrow="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D19EFDFDFF64674D" box="[165,211,543,562]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">E</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D002FDFDFE64674D" box="[313,467,543,562]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">25.3 (24–27) 6</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D304FDFDFD79674D" box="[575,718,543,562]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">24</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D223FDFDFC1E674D" box="[792,937,543,562]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">25</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFDFDFBC1674D" box="[997,1142,543,562]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">26</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFDA6FBC16728" box="[165,1142,580,599]" gridrow="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D19EFDA6FF646728" box="[165,211,580,599]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">F</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D002FDA6FE646728" box="[313,467,580,599]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">70.0 (68.0–71.0) 6</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D304FDA6FD796728" box="[575,718,580,599]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">68.0</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D223FDA6FC1E6728" box="[792,937,580,599]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">68.0</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFDA6FBC16728" box="[997,1142,580,599]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">70.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFD8AFBC16703" box="[165,1142,616,636]" gridrow="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D19EFD8AFF646703" box="[165,211,616,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">GLS</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D002FD8AFE646703" box="[313,467,616,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">22.4 (22.1–23.1) 5</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D304FD8AFD796703" box="[575,718,616,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">21.1</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D223FD8AFC1E6703" box="[792,937,616,636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">20.8</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFD8AFBC16703" box="[997,1142,616,636]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">21.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFD6FFBC167DF" box="[165,1142,653,672]" gridrow="8" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D19EFD6FFF6467DF" box="[165,211,653,672]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">CIL</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D002FD6FFE6467DF" box="[313,467,653,672]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">21.0 (20.5–21.6) 5</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D304FD6FFD7967DF" box="[575,718,653,672]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">19.6</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D223FD6FFC1E67DF" box="[792,937,653,672]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">19.8</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFD6FFBC167DF" box="[997,1142,653,672]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">20.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFD50FBC167B9" box="[165,1142,690,710]" gridrow="9" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D19EFD50FF6467B9" box="[165,211,690,710]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">ZB</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D002FD50FE6467B9" box="[313,467,690,710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">17.2 (16.8–17.8) 4</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D304FD50FD7967B9" box="[575,718,690,710]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">15.8</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D223FD50FC1E67B9" box="[792,937,690,710]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">16.1</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFD50FBC167B9" box="[997,1142,690,710]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">16.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFD35FBC16795" box="[165,1142,727,746]" gridrow="10" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D19EFD35FF646795" box="[165,211,727,746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">MTL</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D002FD35FE646795" box="[313,467,727,746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">8.5 (8.3–8.8) 5</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D304FD35FD796795" box="[575,718,727,746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">7.9</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D223FD35FC1E6795" box="[792,937,727,746]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">8.1</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFD35FBC16795" box="[997,1142,727,746]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">8.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656000056D19EFD1EFBC16670" box="[165,1142,764,783]" gridrow="11" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<th id="C8155D8A56000056D19EFD1EFF646670" box="[165,211,764,783]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">BAM</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D002FD1EFE646670" box="[313,467,764,783]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">10.7 (10.5–10.8) 5</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D304FD1EFD796670" box="[575,718,764,783]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">10.0</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D223FD1EFC1E6670" box="[792,937,764,783]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">10.2</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56000056D2DEFD1EFBC16670" box="[997,1142,764,783]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">10.5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="354B36B45600FFB5D157FCC4FE68662A" blockId="28.[108,1166,806,853]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
<tableNote id="C812373A5600FFB5D157FCC4FE68662A" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[165,1142,357,783]" targetPageId="28">
<superScript id="C2819BFC5600FFB5D157FCC4FFC5664D" attach="left" box="[108,114,806,818]" fontSize="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">a</superScript>
Summary statistics (mean, observed range in parentheses, and sample size) for measurements of AMNH 273085, 273092; FMNH 89014, 89015; MUSM 5918, 15242.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="354B36B45600FFB5D157FC91FE5B60A0" blockId="28.[108,636,883,1734]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
gle genus
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375600FFB5D1DCFC91FE8A66F4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[231,317,883,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D1DCFC91FE8A66F4" box="[231,317,883,907]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Noctilio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Simmons, 2005; Gardner, 2008a; Simmons and Cirranello, 2020). Bulldog bats are characterized by a large number of distinctive traits including pointed and well-separated ears; a tragus with a bifurcated tip; nares that open anteriorly from a well-developed rhinarium that projects anteriorly beyond the lower lip; a chin with well-developed cross ridges of skin; buccal cheek pouches; an upper lip divided by two vertical grooves, one on each side of a prominent median ridge that extends from the rhinarium to the mouth; a tail that is approximately as long as the femur, with a terminal portion that projects above the much longer uropatagium; absence of incisive foramina; and a pair of large foramina in the posterior nasal region below the forehead (Simmons and Voss, 1998; Simmons and Conway, 2001; Gardner, 2008a; López-Baucells et al., 2018).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="354B36B45600FFB5D1B7FA0AFB0B63B9" blockId="28.[108,636,883,1734]" lastBlockId="28.[684,1213,883,1734]" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">
Two species of
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375600FFB5D006FA05FE256080" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[317,402,1511,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D006FA05FE256080" box="[317,402,1511,1535]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">Noctilio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are currently recognized, each containing several subspecies (Hood and Pitocchelli, 1983; Hood and Jones, 1984; Simmons, 2005; Gardner, 2008a). Molecular studies have confirmed monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375600FFB5D32FF98FFF2563DA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leporinus">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D32FF98FFF2563DA" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">N. leporinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the same studies have conclusively demonstrated that
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375600FFB5D027F94DFE0063B9" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1818" box="[284,439,1710,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventris">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D027F94DFE0063B9" box="[284,439,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">N. albiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as traditionally recognized) is paraphyletic (Lewis-Oritt et al., 2001; Pavan et al., 2013; Khan et al., 2014). Patterns of variation in mtDNA gene sequences (cyt
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D397FC34FD0E6691" box="[684,697,982,1006]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">b</emphasis>
and COI) indicate deep divergences among at least four lineages of
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375600FFB5D2A1FC1AFB9C6170" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1818" box="[922,1067,1015,1039]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventris">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D2A1FC1AFB9C6170" box="[922,1067,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">N. albiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lewis-Oritt et al., 2001; Pavan et al., 2013; Khan et al., 2014), but relationships among these groups remain ambiguous, and conflicting data from AFLP nuclear loci, zinc-finger Y, and zinc-finger X sequences have been interpreted as indicative of ongoing hybridization among lineages (Khan et al., 2014). Additional confusion has stemmed from an apparent genome-capture event involving the acquisition of an early-diverging
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375600FFB5D55CFAC0FD516025" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leporinus">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D55CFAC0FD516025" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">N. leporinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mtDNA genome by a lineage of
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375600FFB5D599FAA1FCAA6004" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventris">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D599FAA1FCAA6004" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">N. albiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Khan et al., 2014). Due to the complexity of interpreting conflicting results from different genes, samples, and analytic methods; evidence of ongoing gene flow among populations; lack of evidence of ecological differences among lineages; and lack of comprehensive morphological analyses, no taxonomic changes have been made to date. In the most recent review of the genus, Khan et al. (2014) chose to recognize the lineages traditionally referred to
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375600FFB5D57FF96CFD7863B9" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventris">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65600FFB5D57FF96CFD7863B9" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="28">N. albiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as subspecies, despite the fact that the species
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="5C7B2F5F5601FFB4D360FF00FD7B6585" box="[603,716,226,250]" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="354B36B45601FFB4D360FF00FD7B6585" blockId="29.[603,716,226,250]" box="[603,716,226,250]" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="6E0381D85601FFB4D360FF00FD7B6585" box="[603,716,226,250]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" reason="4">TABLE 13</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="5C7B2F5F5601FFB4D04AFEF3FE396613" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="354B36B45601FFB4D04AFEF3FC006458" blockId="29.[369,951,273,295]" box="[369,951,273,295]" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="6E0381D85601FFB4D04AFEF3FC006458" box="[369,951,273,295]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" reason="2">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65601FFB4D04AFEF3FC006458" bold="true" box="[369,951,273,295]" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
Subspecific and Clade Composition of
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375601FFB4D3C1FEF3FC006458" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1818" box="[762,951,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventris">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65601FFB4D3C1FEF3FC006458" bold="true" box="[762,951,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Noctilio albiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="354B36B45601FFB4D039FEABFC676490" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<table id="47F4C41456010056D039FEABFC446490" box="[258,1011,329,495]" gridcols="4" gridrows="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<tr id="8BC434F656010056D039FEABFC446423" box="[258,1011,329,348]" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<th id="C8155D8A56010056D039FEABFED16423" box="[258,358,329,348]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Davis, 1976</th>
<th id="C8155D8A56010056D085FEABFDF56423" box="[446,578,329,348]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Gardner, 2008a</th>
<th id="C8155D8A56010056D340FEABFC976423" box="[635,800,329,348]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Pavan et al., 2013</th>
<th id="C8155D8A56010056D25AFEABFC446423" box="[865,1011,329,348]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Khan et al., 2014</th>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656010056D039FE8FFC4464FE" box="[258,1011,365,385]" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<th id="C8155D8A56010056D039FE8FFED164FE" box="[258,358,365,385]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65601FFB4D039FE8CFE8264FE" box="[258,309,366,385]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">affinis</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56010056D085FE8FFDF564FE" box="[446,578,365,385]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375601FFB4D085FE8FFDA264FF" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1818" box="[446,533,365,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventris">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65601FFB4D085FE8FFDA264FF" box="[446,533,365,384]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">albiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a
</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56010056D340FE8FFC9764FE" box="[635,800,365,385]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Amazon (AMZ)</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56010056D25AFE8FFC4464FE" box="[865,1011,365,385]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Albiventris 1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656010056D039FE70FC4464DA" box="[258,1011,402,421]" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="C8155D8A56010056D039FE70FED164DA" box="[258,358,402,421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375601FFB4D039FE70FEEE64DA" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1818" box="[258,345,402,421]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventris">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65601FFB4D039FE70FEEE64DA" box="[258,345,402,421]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">albiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56010056D340FE70FC9764DA" box="[635,800,402,421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Widespread (WSP)</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56010056D25AFE70FC4464DA" box="[865,1011,402,421]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Albiventris 2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656010056D039FE55FC4464B5" box="[258,1011,439,458]" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<th id="C8155D8A56010056D039FE55FED164B5" box="[258,358,439,458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65601FFB4D039FE55FEF264B5" box="[258,325,439,458]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">cabrerai</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56010056D085FE55FDF564B5" box="[446,578,439,458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65601FFB4D085FE55FDB664B5" box="[446,513,439,458]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">cabrerai</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56010056D340FE55FC9764B5" box="[635,800,439,458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Pantanal (PAN)</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56010056D25AFE55FC4464B5" box="[865,1011,439,458]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Albiventris 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BC434F656010056D039FE3EFC446490" box="[258,1011,476,495]" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<th id="C8155D8A56010056D039FE3EFED16490" box="[258,358,476,495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375601FFB4D039FE3FFE826490" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1910" box="[258,309,477,495]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65601FFB4D039FE3FFE826490" box="[258,309,477,495]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="C8155D8A56010056D085FE3EFDF56490" box="[446,578,476,495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375601FFB4D085FE3FFE466490" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1910" box="[446,497,477,495]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65601FFB4D085FE3FFE466490" box="[446,497,477,495]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56010056D340FE3EFC976490" box="[635,800,476,495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">not evaluated</td>
<td id="C8155D8A56010056D25AFE3EFC446490" box="[865,1011,476,495]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">Albiventris 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="354B36B45601FFB4D157FDE5FE036764" blockId="29.[108,436,519,539]" box="[108,436,519,539]" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
<tableNote id="C812373A5601FFB4D157FDE5FE036764" box="[108,436,519,539]" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[258,1011,329,495]" targetPageId="29">
<superScript id="C2819BFC5601FFB4D157FDE5FFC5676C" attach="left" box="[108,114,519,531]" fontSize="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">a</superScript>
Includes
<emphasis id="0780EAA65601FFB4D1FDFDE5FF4E6765" box="[198,249,519,538]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">affinis</emphasis>
as a junior synonym.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="354B36B45601FFB4D157FDA9FE396613" blockId="29.[108,636,587,876]" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">
thus composed is not monophyletic. Although we generally agree with Khan et al. (2014), our review of specimens of the
<taxonomicName id="F2F44D375601FFB4D09EFD6CFD8D67DA" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1818" box="[421,570,653,677]" class="Mammalia" family="Noctilionidae" genus="Noctilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventris">
<emphasis id="0780EAA65601FFB4D09EFD6CFD8D67DA" box="[421,570,653,677]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="29">N. albiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex suggests that a revised subspecific classification is required, but to reassess and delimit the ranges of the subspecies will requiere a comprehensive revision including a denser geographic sampling and data from additional mitochondrial and nuclear markers.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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