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<document id="B3C0C68A6D4041805EF23BD4BFD205E8" ID-CLB-Dataset="21576" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2020.616" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9f9fc94b-4863-4ab2-9628-e5d6d3a71fc5" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3926853" ID-ZooBank="144F0449-7736-44A0-8D75-FA5B95A04E23" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1593652508620" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mariaux, Jean &amp; Georgiev, Boyko B." docDate="2020" docId="E5778C6EFFFBD7529713FB9CFEB0801F" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-616_mariaux_georgiev.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 616" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Variolepis bilharzii" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="194EF416FFE1D74F9524FFDDFFF58156" masterDocTitle="Cestode parasites (Neodermata, Platyhelminthes) from Malaysian birds, with description of five new species" masterLastPageNumber="35" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1698842956691" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="5961A1C53AF4C81EFFFBA9FB634237AF" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="5921391533409683AC19C2D09DB85C26">Cestode parasites (Neodermata, Platyhelminthes) from Malaysian birds, with description of five new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="4A83762AF92CCF77980D16555781B18C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="78910B1ED2E849C19DA7D1F8055131E2">
<mods:roleTerm id="0249E85B47EBB2E39CABDDE4B1CAA5FA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="AFA9DE282E530B9B2988D83E5E04FB65">Mariaux, Jean</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A4902408F7B12D951A82745792A56462" type="LSID">B97E611D-EC33-4858-A81C-3E656D0DA1E2</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="557340A6BC7229EDFA40F238ED0D3298">Natural History Museum of Geneva, CP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="81D3C682D215C3901A6FE4F9DC4B8ED7" type="email">jean.mariaux@ville-ge.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0C67616557752735055D43B196A1AABA">Georgiev, Boyko B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8F869B3F4DA584DA06BA115A17636073" type="email">bbg@ecolab.bas.bg</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="215FBD52A8FD8E5E89DD846C96396DA9">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9356D17ADA393C9D4B68058355DE1DF3">
<mods:date id="2F3B30E6E352499239054683A2A0BAAA">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="DB3BA3731CB1F0BF15C62EE4B221D385" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="3AF7601D15736B6A60E94064F0EBF2EA">2020-03-16</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="87EFBA66696107C00AFB12A25D6B7A5E" type="volume">
<mods:number id="4A5A7A9A0D476EF9AF9F3598185B8110">616</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="5FD7173A0F162A5A5DF5BA892304CB13">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="27FA68C2F63EDD99D4FFA88D1BDDC17B" type="CLB-Dataset">21576</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="62B04DD54BD65FAEF4075C628DD6DBAE" type="DOI">10.5852/ejt.2020.616</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2A043F6DC3CA6B1541CCB4EF96AF9130" type="Zenodo-Dep">3926853</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E5778C6EFFFBD7529713FB9CFEB0801F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4332091" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164870394" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4332091" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E5778C6EFFFBD7529713FB9CFEB0801F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E5778C6EFFFBD7529713FB9CFEB0801F" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="25C46EF3FFFBD7559713FB9CFC09850B" box="[567,1020,1089,1117]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFBD7559713FB9CFC09850B" blockId="26.[567,1020,1089,1152]" box="[567,1020,1089,1117]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="36298A14FFFBD7559713FB9CFC09850B" box="[567,1020,1089,1117]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFBD7559713FB9CFC09850B" authority="(Krabbe, 1869)" baseAuthorityName="Krabbe" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[567,1020,1089,1117]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bilharzii">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFBD7559713FB9CFD45850A" bold="true" box="[567,688,1089,1116]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Variolepis</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFBD75597F9FB9CFCB7850A" bold="true" box="[733,834,1089,1116]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">bilharzii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFBD7559675FB9FFC01850B" author="Krabbe H." box="[849,1012,1090,1117]" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5. r ӕkke, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="251 - 389" part="8" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13596726" refId="ref17362" refString="Krabbe H. 1869. Bidrag til kundskab om fuglenes baendelorme. Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5. r ӕkke, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling 8: 251 - 389. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 13596726" title="Bidrag til kundskab om fuglenes baendelorme" type="journal article" year="1869">Krabbe, 1869</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="25C46EF3FFFBD7559782FBB8FC7B8529" box="[678,910,1125,1152]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFBD7559782FBB8FC7B8529" blockId="26.[567,1020,1089,1152]" box="[678,910,1125,1152]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<figureCitation id="F5E521FDFFFBD7559782FBB8FCD985D6" box="[678,812,1125,1152]" captionStart="Figs 31–35. — 31–32" captionStartId="25.[189,241,1862,1888]" captionTargetBox="[209,1398,316,1804]" captionTargetId="graphics@25.[209,1408,692,1809]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 31–35. — 31–32. Ophryocotlyoides dasi Tandan &amp; Singh, 1964. 31. Scolex with double crown of hooks, spinuous pseudoproboscis and armed suckers margins. 32. Mature proglottis, ventral view. — 33–35. Variolepis cf. bilharzii (Krabbe, 1869). 33. Scolex. 34. Rostellar hooks. 35. Mature proglottis. Scale bars: 31, 33 = 50 µm; 32 = 250 µm; 34 = 20 µm; 35 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3926867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3926867/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs 33–35</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="205C08C3FFFBD7559613FBB8FC7B8529" box="[823,910,1125,1151]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="28.[181,250,657,685]" captionTargetBox="[192,1918,796,1626]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Table 3. Variolepis Spasskii &amp; Spasskaya, 1954 of Passeriformes. Data from original descriptions except: * from Spasskaya (1966), ** from Skrjabin &amp; Matevosyan (1945), *** from Joyeux et al. (1928). Abbreviations: L = Length; W = Width; ø = Diameter." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/39A16DF0FFFDD7539591FD4CFA7A8386" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" tableUuid="39A16DF0FFFDD7539591FD4CFA7A8386">Table 3</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="25C46EF3FFFBD7559599FB7BFAB88445" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFBD7559599FB7BFE5F8596" blockId="26.[189,426,1190,1216]" box="[189,426,1190,1216]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="36298A14FFFBD7559599FB7BFE5F8596" bold="true" box="[189,426,1190,1216]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFBD7559599FB7BFE5F8596" bold="true" box="[189,426,1190,1216]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFBD7559599FB08FAB88445" blockId="26.[189,1398,1237,1299]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<materialsCitation id="DDB63725FFFBD7559599FB08FABC8445" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2802475310" collectingDate="2010-08-02" collectionCode="MN" country="Malaysia" elevation="315" latitude="3.32" location="University of Malaya's Gombak Field Station" longLatPrecision="784" longitude="101.77" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Selangor">
<collectingCountry id="15C97DE8FFFBD7559599FB08FEA185B9" box="[189,340,1237,1263]" name="Malaysia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">MALAYSIA</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="7BD8F6F1FFFBD7559455FB08FE3C85B9" box="[369,457,1237,1263]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="AF1AF39AFFFBD75594F3FB08FDB485B9" box="[471,577,1237,1263]" country="Malaysia" name="Selangor" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Selangor</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="68016BA3FFFBD7559774FB08FB8C85B9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E5778C6EFFFBD7529713FB9CFEB0801F:68016BA3FFFBD7559774FB08FB8C85B9" box="[592,1145,1237,1263]" country="Malaysia" latitude="3.32" longLatPrecision="784" longitude="101.77" name="University of Malaya's Gombak Field Station" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Selangor">University of Malaya’s Gombak Field Station</location>
;
<geoCoordinate id="08EA5BBFFFFBD75591A3FB08FB1D85B9" box="[1159,1256,1237,1263]" degrees="3.32" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="3.32">3.32° N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="08EA5BBFFFFBD75591D2FB08FA8485B9" box="[1270,1393,1237,1263]" degrees="101.77" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="101.77">101.77° E</geoCoordinate>
;
<elevation id="E6F3DA4BFFFBD7559599FB25FE778444" box="[189,386,1272,1299]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="315.0" valueMax="350.0" valueMin="280.0">
<quantity id="AA26909DFFFBD7559599FB25FEB78445" box="[189,322,1272,1299]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="315.0" valueMax="350.0" valueMin="280.0">280–350 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="19601BB8FFFBD75594ABFB25FDD68444" box="[399,547,1272,1298]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2010-08-02">
<collectingDate id="0924E250FFFBD75594ABFB25FDD68444" box="[399,547,1272,1298]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2010-08-02">2 Aug. 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
; partial COI sequence, Genbank
<accessionNumber id="728DA09BFFFBD7559682FB25FBC48445" box="[934,1073,1272,1299]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MN590293" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<collectionCode id="0BCFA5BDFFFBD7559682FB25FC228445" box="[934,983,1272,1299]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">MN</collectionCode>
590293
</accessionNumber>
; MHNG-PLAT-121153
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="25C46EF3FFFBD7559599FAE7FBF884D5" box="[189,1037,1338,1411]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFBD7559599FAE7FF0D8402" blockId="26.[189,248,1338,1364]" box="[189,248,1338,1364]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="36298A14FFFBD7559599FAE7FF0D8402" bold="true" box="[189,248,1338,1364]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFBD7559599FAE7FF0D8402" bold="true" box="[189,248,1338,1364]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Host</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFBD7559599FAB5FBF884D5" blockId="26.[189,1037,1384,1411]" box="[189,1037,1384,1411]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFBD7559599FAB5FD6184D5" authority="(Scopoli, 1786)" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[189,660,1384,1411]" class="Aves" family="Muscicapidae" genus="Copsychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFBD7559599FAB5FE2384D4" box="[189,470,1384,1410]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Copsychus malabaricus</emphasis>
(Scopoli, 1786)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFBD7559787FAB5FCB884D4" box="[675,845,1384,1410]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Passeriformes</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFBD755967CFAB5FBF484D5" box="[856,1025,1384,1411]" class="Aves" family="Muscicapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muscicapidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="25C46EF3FFFBD7549599FA74FB2B830E" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFBD7559599FA74FEBB8495" blockId="26.[189,334,1449,1475]" box="[189,334,1449,1475]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="36298A14FFFBD7559599FA74FEBB8495" bold="true" box="[189,334,1449,1475]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFBD7559599FA74FEBB8495" bold="true" box="[189,334,1449,1475]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFBD7559599FA04FCD48604" blockId="26.[189,1399,1496,1875]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Worm with body of medium size,
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long; maximum width 380 at level of last available pregravid proglottides. Strobila consisting of 73 proglottides. Proglottides craspedote, wider than long. Scolex poorly delineated from neck,
<quantity id="AA26909DFFFBD7559738F9C3FD92876E" box="[540,615,1566,1593]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="150.0">150 in</quantity>
diameter (
<figureCitation id="F5E521FDFFFBD75597C3F9C3FCB5876F" box="[743,832,1566,1593]" captionStart="Figs 31–35. — 31–32" captionStartId="25.[189,241,1862,1888]" captionTargetBox="[209,1398,316,1804]" captionTargetId="graphics@25.[209,1408,692,1809]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 31–35. — 31–32. Ophryocotlyoides dasi Tandan &amp; Singh, 1964. 31. Scolex with double crown of hooks, spinuous pseudoproboscis and armed suckers margins. 32. Mature proglottis, ventral view. — 33–35. Variolepis cf. bilharzii (Krabbe, 1869). 33. Scolex. 34. Rostellar hooks. 35. Mature proglottis. Scale bars: 31, 33 = 50 µm; 32 = 250 µm; 34 = 20 µm; 35 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3926867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3926867/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
). Suckers muscular, rounded, 75–88 (82, n = 4) in diameter; base covered with well developed microtriches. Rostellar sac 104 × 74, wide, mostly glandular. Rostellum well-developed, 66 × 45, muscular, armed with a single row of 10 small cricetoid hooks, about 15 long. Hooks with strong guard and thin, reduced handles (
<figureCitation id="F5E521FDFFFBD7559172F955FB4787F4" box="[1110,1202,1672,1698]" captionStart="Figs 31–35. — 31–32" captionStartId="25.[189,241,1862,1888]" captionTargetBox="[209,1398,316,1804]" captionTargetId="graphics@25.[209,1408,692,1809]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 31–35. — 31–32. Ophryocotlyoides dasi Tandan &amp; Singh, 1964. 31. Scolex with double crown of hooks, spinuous pseudoproboscis and armed suckers margins. 32. Mature proglottis, ventral view. — 33–35. Variolepis cf. bilharzii (Krabbe, 1869). 33. Scolex. 34. Rostellar hooks. 35. Mature proglottis. Scale bars: 31, 33 = 50 µm; 32 = 250 µm; 34 = 20 µm; 35 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3926867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3926867/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
). Neck not well marked,
<quantity id="AA26909DFFFBD755940DF976FE8D8793" box="[297,376,1707,1733]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.556" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="140.0">140 in</quantity>
diameter; proglottization distinct at about 280 behind posterior margin of suckers. Genital pores unilateral, dextral, situated at about 40% of lateral proglottis margin length. Ventral osmoregulatory canals 8–13 wide, connected posteriorly in each proglottis by transverse anastomosis. Dorsal osmoregulatory canals 4–5 wide. Genital ducts dorsal to osmoregulatory canals. Genital atrium narrow, 10–15 deep, infundibular, with wide orifice.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFBD7549599F8A7FE89801E" blockId="26.[189,1399,1913,2011]" lastBlockId="27.[189,1399,267,328]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Testes
<quantity id="AA26909DFFFBD755942BF8A7FEC886C5" box="[271,317,1913,1940]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
number; large, up to
<quantity id="AA26909DFFFBD7559766F8A7FD7B86C5" box="[578,654,1913,1940]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7686" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="109.0">109 in</quantity>
diameter, situated posteriorly and basically on transverse line, although one or another can be located anterior to the two others. Small external seminal vesicle present, just proximal to cirrus-sac. Cirrus-sac, elongate, 112–134 × 25–33 (124 × 29, n = 11), crossing osmoregulatory canals. Discrete internal seminal vesicle present, in proximal quarter of cirrus-sac. Cirrus unarmed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFAD7549599FEADFA9E80A2" blockId="27.[189,1399,368,500]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Vitellarium posterior to ovary, central, massive. Ovary antero-central, bi-winged with wings diverging posteriorly, compact but forming a few lobes in late development. Mehlis’ gland anterior to vitellarium. Vagina opened posteriorly to male pore and parallel, postero-ventrally to cirrus pouch. Seminal receptacle central and dorsal, between ovary wings, anterior to vitellarium, up to
<quantity id="AA26909DFFFAD75496D3FE07FBC680A5" box="[1015,1075,473,500]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8796" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="in" value="74.0">74 in</quantity>
largest diameter (
<figureCitation id="F5E521FDFFFAD7549021FE04FAA880A2" box="[1285,1373,473,500]" captionStart="Figs 31–35. — 31–32" captionStartId="25.[189,241,1862,1888]" captionTargetBox="[209,1398,316,1804]" captionTargetId="graphics@25.[209,1408,692,1809]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 31–35. — 31–32. Ophryocotlyoides dasi Tandan &amp; Singh, 1964. 31. Scolex with double crown of hooks, spinuous pseudoproboscis and armed suckers margins. 32. Mature proglottis, ventral view. — 33–35. Variolepis cf. bilharzii (Krabbe, 1869). 33. Scolex. 34. Rostellar hooks. 35. Mature proglottis. Scale bars: 31, 33 = 50 µm; 32 = 250 µm; 34 = 20 µm; 35 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3926867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3926867/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFAD7549599FDC1FB2B830E" blockId="27.[189,1398,539,601]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Uterus starts its development in late mature proglottides as an antero-central sac, developing into a horseshoe-shaped saccular structure. Completely developed uterus and eggs not observed.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="25C46EF3FFFAD7529599FD5DFEB0801F" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFAD7549599FD5DFEDA83CC" blockId="27.[189,303,640,666]" box="[189,303,640,666]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="36298A14FFFAD7549599FD5DFEDA83CC" bold="true" box="[189,303,640,666]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="3">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD7549599FD5DFEDA83CC" bold="true" box="[189,303,640,666]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFAD7549599FD73FDE08203" blockId="27.[189,1398,686,854]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Our material most closely matches the definition of
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD754963BFD73FB19839F" authority="Spasskii &amp; Spasskaya, 1954" authorityName="Spasskii &amp; Spasskaya" authorityYear="1954" box="[799,1260,686,713]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD754963BFD73FC63839E" box="[799,918,686,712]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Variolepis</emphasis>
Spasskii &amp; Spasskaya, 1954
</taxonomicName>
. This genus has been treated very differently by various authors. Notably it has recently been put in synonymy with
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD7549599FD28FE288259" authority="Mayhew, 1925" authorityName="Mayhew" authorityYear="1925" box="[189,477,756,783]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Wardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD7549599FD28FED38259" box="[189,294,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Wardium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD754940AFD29FE288259" author="Mayhew R. L." box="[302,477,756,783]" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 126" part="10" refId="ref18072" refString="Mayhew R. L. 1925. Studies on the avian species of the cestode family Hymenolepididae. Illinois Biological Monographs 10: 1 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50235" title="Studies on the avian species of the cestode family Hymenolepididae" type="journal article" year="1925">Mayhew, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by Czaplinski (in
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD754979CFD29FBF68259" author="Czaplinski B. &amp; Vaucher C." box="[696,1027,756,783]" editor="Khalil L. F. &amp; Jones A. &amp; Bray R. A." journalOrPublisher="CAB International, Wallingford, UK" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="595 - 663" refId="ref16312" refString="Czaplinski B. &amp; Vaucher C. 1994. Family Hymenolepididae Ariola, 1899. In: Khalil L. F., Jones A. &amp; Bray R. A. (eds) Keys to the Cestode Parasites of Vertebrates: 595 - 663. CAB International, Wallingford, UK." title="Family Hymenolepididae Ariola, 1899" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Keys to the Cestode Parasites of Vertebrates" year="1994">Czaplinski &amp; Vaucher 1994</bibRefCitation>
). This synonymy has, however, been widely considered as unjustified and
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD7549793FCC5FCDB8264" authorityName="Spasskii &amp; Spasskaya" authorityYear="1954" box="[695,814,792,818]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD7549793FCC5FCDB8264" box="[695,814,792,818]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Variolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is now recognised as being valid (
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD75491E8FCC5FF0E8203" author="Mariaux J. &amp; Tkach V. V. &amp; Vasileva G. P. &amp; Waeschenbach A. &amp; Beveridge I. &amp; Dimitrova Y. D. &amp; Haukisalmi V. &amp; Greiman S. E. &amp; Littlewood D. T. J. &amp; Makarikov A. A. &amp; Philips A. J. &amp; Razafiarisolo T. &amp; Widmer V. &amp; Georgiev B. B." editor="Caira J. N. &amp; Jensen K." journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas, Lawrence" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="77 - 148" refId="ref17875" refString="Mariaux J., Tkach V. V., Vasileva G. P., Waeschenbach A., Beveridge I., Dimitrova Y. D., Haukisalmi V., Greiman S. E., Littlewood D. T. J., Makarikov A. A., Philips A. J., Razafiarisolo T., Widmer V. &amp; Georgiev B. B. 2017. Cyclophyllidea van Beneden in Braun, 1900. In: Caira J. N. &amp; Jensen K. (eds) Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (2008 - 2017): Tapeworms from the Vertebrate Bowels of the Earth: 77 - 148. University of Kansas, Lawrence." title="Cyclophyllidea van Beneden in Braun, 1900" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (2008 - 2017): Tapeworms from the Vertebrate Bowels of the Earth" year="2017">
Mariaux
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD754901EFCC4FA9A8264" box="[1338,1391,792,818]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD7549423FCE6FDFC8203" author="Dimitrova Y. D. &amp; Mariaux J. &amp; Georgiev B. B. &amp; Vasileva G. P." box="[263,521,827,854]" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Parasitology" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="279 - 297" part="96" refId="ref16582" refString="Dimitrova Y. D., Mariaux J., Georgiev B. B. &amp; Vasileva G. P. 2019. Two new cestode species of the family Hymenolepididae Perrier, 1897 (Cyclophyllidea) from passerine birds in Ethiopia, with the erection of Citrilolepis n. g. Systematic Parasitology 96: 279 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 019 - 09846 - y" title="Two new cestode species of the family Hymenolepididae Perrier, 1897 (Cyclophyllidea) from passerine birds in Ethiopia, with the erection of Citrilolepis n. g." type="journal article" year="2019">
Dimitrova
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD75494A3FCE1FE4E8203" box="[391,443,827,853]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFAD7549599FCA1FA8485E6" blockId="27.[189,1399,892,1201]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
The most widespread species of
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD7549767FCA1FD4F82C0" authorityName="Spasskii &amp; Spasskaya" authorityYear="1954" box="[579,698,892,918]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD7549767FCA1FD4F82C0" box="[579,698,892,918]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Variolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the type-species,
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD754968AFCA0FAF882C1" authority="(Goeze, 1782)" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[942,1293,893,919]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="farciminosa">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD754968AFCA0FBAD82C1" box="[942,1112,893,919]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">V. farciminosa</emphasis>
(Goeze, 1782)
</taxonomicName>
, that has been found on several continents and in a wide diversity of passerine hosts. Most of these contributions report substantial variations in the observed characters (see, e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD75496C5FC1EFF0E8556" author="Illescas Gomez M. P. &amp; Gomez Garcia V." journalOrPublisher="Revista iberica de Parasitologia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="53 - 58" part="44" refId="ref17058" refString="Illescas Gomez M. P. &amp; Gomez Garcia V. 1984. Aportaciones al conocimiento de Variolepis farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) Spasskii y Spasskaya, 1954 (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae). Primera cita en Espana. Revista iberica de Parasitologia 44: 53 - 58." title="Aportaciones al conocimiento de Variolepis farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) Spasskii y Spasskaya, 1954 (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae). Primera cita en Espana" type="journal article" year="1984">Illescas Gómez &amp; Gómez García 1984</bibRefCitation>
), casting some doubts on their conspecificity and possibly being indicative of a complex of species. A common character of “
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD75494D4FBD7FD6F8575" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[496,666,1033,1059]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="farciminosa">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD75494D4FBD7FD6F8575" box="[496,666,1033,1059]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">V. farciminosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”
<taxonomicNameLabel id="44995C11FFFAD7549795FBD7FD068575" box="[689,755,1033,1060]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is nevertheless the presence of relatively long (20 or more) rostellar hooks, that unambiguously differentiate it from our material. Nine more species of the genus are known from
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD75494EBFB8DFD81853C" box="[463,628,1104,1130]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Passeriformes</taxonomicName>
worldwide (
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD754962DFB8DFC41853C" author="Schmidt G. D." box="[777,948,1103,1130]" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref18524" refString="Schmidt G. D. 1986. CRC Handbook of Tapeworm Identification. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida." title="CRC Handbook of Tapeworm Identification" type="book" year="1986">Schmidt 1986</bibRefCitation>
). We have summarized their available distinctive characters in
<tableCitation id="205C08C3FFFAD75494F1FBAEFDD885DB" box="[469,557,1139,1165]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="28.[181,250,657,685]" captionTargetBox="[192,1918,796,1626]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Table 3. Variolepis Spasskii &amp; Spasskaya, 1954 of Passeriformes. Data from original descriptions except: * from Spasskaya (1966), ** from Skrjabin &amp; Matevosyan (1945), *** from Joyeux et al. (1928). Abbreviations: L = Length; W = Width; ø = Diameter." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/39A16DF0FFFDD7539591FD4CFA7A8386" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="39A16DF0FFFDD7539591FD4CFA7A8386">Table 3</tableCitation>
. Most differ from our material by their larger rostellar hook size and only
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD7549599FB4AFDE185E7" authority="(Mayhew, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Mayhew" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[189,532,1174,1201]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="planestici">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD7549599FB4AFEB985E6" box="[189,332,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">V. planestici</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD754947FFB4BFDF985E7" author="Mayhew R. L." box="[347,524,1174,1201]" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 126" part="10" refId="ref18072" refString="Mayhew R. L. 1925. Studies on the avian species of the cestode family Hymenolepididae. Illinois Biological Monographs 10: 1 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50235" title="Studies on the avian species of the cestode family Hymenolepididae" type="journal article" year="1925">Mayhew, 1925</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD754976AFB4AFC7D85E7" authority="(Krabbe, 1869)" baseAuthorityName="Krabbe" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[590,904,1174,1201]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bilharzii">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD754976AFB4AFD3B85E6" box="[590,718,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">V. bilharzii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD75497F9FB4BFC7585E7" author="Krabbe H." box="[733,896,1174,1201]" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5. r ӕkke, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="251 - 389" part="8" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13596726" refId="ref17362" refString="Krabbe H. 1869. Bidrag til kundskab om fuglenes baendelorme. Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5. r ӕkke, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling 8: 251 - 389. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 13596726" title="Bidrag til kundskab om fuglenes baendelorme" type="journal article" year="1869">Krabbe, 1869</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
are comparable for that crucial character.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFAD7549599FB0AFB88846E" blockId="27.[189,1399,1239,1336]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD7549599FB0AFE5B85A7" baseAuthorityName="Mayhew" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[189,430,1239,1265]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="planestici">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD7549599FB0AFE5B85A7" box="[189,430,1239,1265]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Variolepis planestici</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from an American robin by
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD754968FFB0AFB9E85A4" author="Mayhew R. L." box="[939,1131,1239,1266]" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 126" part="10" refId="ref18072" refString="Mayhew R. L. 1925. Studies on the avian species of the cestode family Hymenolepididae. Illinois Biological Monographs 10: 1 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50235" title="Studies on the avian species of the cestode family Hymenolepididae" type="journal article" year="1925">Mayhew (1925)</bibRefCitation>
, unfortunately without some crucial details such as rostellar or cirrus-sac measurements. Despite its similar hooks, this species seem to differ from our material by having its testes clearly disposed in a triangle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFAD7549599FA82FED487C2" blockId="27.[189,1399,1375,1684]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
The original description of
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD754972EFABDFD78842F" baseAuthorityName="Krabbe" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[522,653,1375,1401]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bilharzii">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD754972EFABDFD78842F" box="[522,653,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">V. bilharzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is incomplete; however, Krabbe’s drawings show hooks with massive guards that are much longer than the blades (
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD754961CFA5FFC2D84CA" author="Krabbe H." box="[824,984,1410,1436]" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5. r ӕkke, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="251 - 389" part="8" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13596726" refId="ref17362" refString="Krabbe H. 1869. Bidrag til kundskab om fuglenes baendelorme. Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5. r ӕkke, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling 8: 251 - 389. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 13596726" title="Bidrag til kundskab om fuglenes baendelorme" type="journal article" year="1869">Krabbe 1869</bibRefCitation>
: figs 228–229.). A later description by Joyeux &amp; Baer (in
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD75494EBFA7BFD458496" author="Joyeux C. &amp; Gendre E. &amp; Baer J. G." box="[463,688,1446,1472]" journalOrPublisher="Collection de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique Monographie" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 120" part="II" refId="ref17245" refString="Joyeux C., Gendre E. &amp; Baer J. G. 1928. Recherches sur les helminthes de l'Afrique Occidentale Francaise. Collection de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique Monographie II: 1 - 120." title="Recherches sur les helminthes de l'Afrique Occidentale Francaise" type="journal article" year="1928">
Joyeux
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD7549708FA7AFD968496" box="[556,611,1446,1472]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. 1928
</bibRefCitation>
) from a West African drongo is the most complete to date but remains partial. The species was subsequently only found again by
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD7549106FA14FB4384B2" author="Johri L. N." box="[1058,1206,1481,1508]" journalOrPublisher="Parasitology" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="476 - 479" part="27" refId="ref17175" refString="Johri L. N. 1935. On Cestodes from Burma. Parasitology 27: 476 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0031182000015407" title="On Cestodes from Burma" type="journal article" year="1935">Johri (1935)</bibRefCitation>
in a crow from
<collectingCountry id="15C97DE8FFFAD7549599FA30FEC48751" box="[189,305,1517,1543]" name="Myanmar" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
. Interestingly, in his figure 4, Johri illustrates hooks of the same shape as shown by Krabbe. It is difficult to separate our material from
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD7549790F9CDFCC0877F" baseAuthorityName="Krabbe" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[692,821,1551,1577]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bilharzii">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD7549790F9CDFCC0877F" box="[692,821,1551,1577]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">V. bilharzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although our specimen has a smaller scolex and suckers and a somewhat larger cirrus-sac. Furthermore
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD754961AF9EEFC49871A" baseAuthorityName="Krabbe" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[830,956,1586,1612]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bilharzii">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD754961AF9EEFC49871A" box="[830,956,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">V. bilharzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is described with testes in a triangular arrangement, but testes are mostly in a row in our material (although some variation is possible, see
<figureCitation id="F5E521FDFFFAD7549599F9A4FEE187C2" box="[189,276,1657,1684]" captionStart="Figs 31–35. — 31–32" captionStartId="25.[189,241,1862,1888]" captionTargetBox="[209,1398,316,1804]" captionTargetId="graphics@25.[209,1408,692,1809]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figs 31–35. — 31–32. Ophryocotlyoides dasi Tandan &amp; Singh, 1964. 31. Scolex with double crown of hooks, spinuous pseudoproboscis and armed suckers margins. 32. Mature proglottis, ventral view. — 33–35. Variolepis cf. bilharzii (Krabbe, 1869). 33. Scolex. 34. Rostellar hooks. 35. Mature proglottis. Scale bars: 31, 33 = 50 µm; 32 = 250 µm; 34 = 20 µm; 35 = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3926867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3926867/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D613D78FFFAD7529599F967FEB0801F" blockId="27.[189,1399,1722,1995]" lastBlockId="29.[189,1399,267,329]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Globally, the characters available to differentiate our material and the two species discussed above are extremely limited and basically insufficient. Previously used arguments (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="094F4089FFFAD7549171F900FAE787AE" author="Mayhew R. L." box="[1109,1298,1757,1784]" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 126" part="10" refId="ref18072" refString="Mayhew R. L. 1925. Studies on the avian species of the cestode family Hymenolepididae. Illinois Biological Monographs 10: 1 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50235" title="Studies on the avian species of the cestode family Hymenolepididae" type="journal article" year="1925">Mayhew (1925)</bibRefCitation>
claimed a slight difference in hook shape for erecting
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD75497C0F8DFFC83864D" baseAuthorityName="Mayhew" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[740,886,1793,1819]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="planestici">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD75497C0F8DFFC83864D" box="[740,886,1793,1819]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">V. planestici</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) need to be critically evaluated with more material. As a consequence, it is very difficult to separate our material from both above-mentioned taxa, or indeed to separate them from each other. For now, we attribute our specimen to
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD75491A0F895FAF68637" baseAuthorityName="Krabbe" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1156,1283,1863,1889]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Variolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bilharzii">
<emphasis id="5FAAE16AFFFAD75491A0F895FAF68637" box="[1156,1283,1863,1889]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">V. bilharzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, given its species range and diversity of hosts, which include
<collectingCountry id="15C97DE8FFFAD754962AF8B6FC8F86D2" box="[782,890,1898,1925]" name="China" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">East Asia</collectingCountry>
and
<taxonomicName id="AADE46FBFFFAD7549694F8B7FBA286D2" box="[944,1111,1898,1924]" class="Aves" family="Muscicapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muscicapidae</taxonomicName>
. Due to priority, it is also the name that would apply to all these specimens in case they are eventually considered conspecific. A more definite conclusion would require additional specimens to assess their morphological variation and, in the case of the Malaysian material, fully gravid proglottides to observe the morphological characters of the eggs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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