342 lines
38 KiB
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342 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22" ID-GBIF-Dataset="99b2432e-c149-4b82-a584-4b33d116d198" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4447648" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:07001ACA-EBDE-4256-BCB9-55E3159F81DC" checkinTime="1610990288905" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lapparent, France de, Bailon, Salvador, Augé, Marc Louis & Rage, Jean-Claude" docDate="2020" docId="CB2D87E12E35FFC7FEDA44B3FC0AF98A" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.42.22.409-426.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 42 (22)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.3:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Ranidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="412" masterDocId="3714FF992E31FFC3FFC24100FFFBFFC6" masterDocTitle="Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan" masterLastPageNumber="426" masterPageNumber="409" pageNumber="411" updateTime="1661832981842" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene of Afghanistan</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lapparent, France de</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bailon, Salvador</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Augé, Marc Louis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rage, Jean-Claude</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2020-09-17</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>42</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>22</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>409</mods:start>
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<mods:end>426</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a22</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">99b2432e-c149-4b82-a584-4b33d116d198</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4447648</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:07001ACA-EBDE-4256-BCB9-55E3159F81DC</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4488512" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177202477" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4488512" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CB2D87E12E35FFC7FEDA44B3FC0AF98A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB2D87E12E35FFC7FEDA44B3FC0AF98A" lastPageNumber="412" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
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<subSubSection box="[280,627,1459,1485]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[280,627,1459,1485]" box="[280,627,1459,1485]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
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<heading box="[280,627,1459,1485]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" reason="7">
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Family “
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<taxonomicName authority="Batsch, 1796" box="[371,468,1459,1485]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">RANIDAE</taxonomicName>
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” Batsch, 1796
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="411" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[352,555,1523,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
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Gen. et sp. indet. (
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<figureCitation box="[361,425,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,915,932]" captionTargetBox="[379,1204,220,874]" captionTargetId="figure-91@6.[378,1209,198,878]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Anura. Sherullah, late Miocene, photos, A-D: A,? Discoglossinae (? Alytidae), right humerus AFG 1650, ventral view; B-D, “Ranidae”, B, right humerus AFG 1653, ventral view; C, right coracoid AFG 1652, inner face; D, right ilium AFG 1655, lateral view; Hadji Rona, early Pliocene; E, Anura indet. sp. C, sacral vertebra AFG 1680, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447650/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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B-D; 2C-E)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[131,775,1611,1662]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
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LOCALITY AND AGE. — Sherullah 9, Khordkabul basin,
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<collectingCountry box="[653,771,1611,1635]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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, late Miocene, Late Vallesian-basal Turolian transition, MN10/11.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="411" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[132,774,1685,1736]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
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MATERIAL EXAMINED. —
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3028142311" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">One coracoid (AFG 1652), 3 humeri (AFG 1653, 1654), 1 ilium (AFG 1655).</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="411" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[131,777,1778,2028]" box="[132,277,1778,1804]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[131,777,1778,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
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The coracoid is represented by its ventro-medial part (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">pars epicoracoidalis</emphasis>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="SPINAR Z. V." box="[292,429,1842,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" refId="ref17557" refString="SPINAR Z. V. 1972. - Tertiary Frogs from Central Europe. Academia, Prague, 286 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 010 - 2932 - 2" type="book" year="1972">Špinar, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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) and its “neck” (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">corpus coracoidalis</emphasis>
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); the lateral extremity (
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<emphasis box="[404,662,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">intumescencia glenoidalis</emphasis>
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) is broken off (
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<figureCitation box="[176,261,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,915,932]" captionTargetBox="[379,1204,220,874]" captionTargetId="figure-91@6.[378,1209,198,878]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Anura. Sherullah, late Miocene, photos, A-D: A,? Discoglossinae (? Alytidae), right humerus AFG 1650, ventral view; B-D, “Ranidae”, B, right humerus AFG 1653, ventral view; C, right coracoid AFG 1652, inner face; D, right ilium AFG 1655, lateral view; Hadji Rona, early Pliocene; E, Anura indet. sp. C, sacral vertebra AFG 1680, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447650/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Figs 1C</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation box="[271,305,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1818,1835]" captionTargetBox="[390,1198,1016,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-177@6.[378,1210,1011,1783]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anura. Sherullah, late Miocene, drawings, A-F: A, B,? Discoglossinae (? Alytidae); A, right humerus AFG 1650, ventral view; B, presacral vertebra AFG 1651, dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views; C-E, “Ranidae”; C, right humerus AFG 1653, ventral view; D, right ilium AFG 1655, lateral view; E, right coracoid AFG 1652, inner face. Hadji Rona, early Pliocene, F, Anura indet. sp. C, sacral vertebra AFG 1680, ventral view. Scale bars: 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447652/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">2E</figureCitation>
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). The ventro-medial part expands as a broad plate (wider than in
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<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1825" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[366,618,1937,1964]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae Gray, 1825</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[632,724,1937,1963]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Alytidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authority="Hoffman, 1932" authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1932" box="[134,479,1969,1995]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhacophoridae Hoffman, 1932</taxonomicName>
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); unfortunately, its anterior and posterior extremities are lacking. The neck is cylindrical.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[810,1457,215,720]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
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The diaphysis of the humeri is straight. The condyle is spherical, relatively small, and located in the prolongation of the diapophysial axis (in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1111,1203,279,305]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Alytidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[1214,1325,279,305]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1932" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhacophoridae</taxonomicName>
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, the condyle is radially shifted). The cubital fossa is small, crescentic, and well-limited laterally.The epicondyles are dissymmetrical, the radial one being reduced. A small radial crest is present. The ulnar crest extends laterally in two humeri (
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<figureCitation box="[822,904,438,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,915,932]" captionTargetBox="[379,1204,220,874]" captionTargetId="figure-91@6.[378,1209,198,878]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Anura. Sherullah, late Miocene, photos, A-D: A,? Discoglossinae (? Alytidae), right humerus AFG 1650, ventral view; B-D, “Ranidae”, B, right humerus AFG 1653, ventral view; C, right coracoid AFG 1652, inner face; D, right ilium AFG 1655, lateral view; Hadji Rona, early Pliocene; E, Anura indet. sp. C, sacral vertebra AFG 1680, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447650/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation box="[915,949,439,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1818,1835]" captionTargetBox="[390,1198,1016,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-177@6.[378,1210,1011,1783]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anura. Sherullah, late Miocene, drawings, A-F: A, B,? Discoglossinae (? Alytidae); A, right humerus AFG 1650, ventral view; B, presacral vertebra AFG 1651, dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views; C-E, “Ranidae”; C, right humerus AFG 1653, ventral view; D, right ilium AFG 1655, lateral view; E, right coracoid AFG 1652, inner face. Hadji Rona, early Pliocene, F, Anura indet. sp. C, sacral vertebra AFG 1680, ventral view. Scale bars: 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447652/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">2C</figureCitation>
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) which probably represent male individuals; in the third one, the crest is small (female individual).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[810,1457,215,720]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
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The ilium is incomplete, most of the acetabular area is broken away. A high dorsal crest is present on the ilial shaft (higher than in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[901,1059,566,592]" class="Amphibia" family="Discoglossidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Discoglossinae">Discoglossinae</taxonomicName>
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and in most of the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1932" box="[1282,1448,566,593]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhacophoridae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<figureCitation box="[822,911,598,624]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,915,932]" captionTargetBox="[379,1204,220,874]" captionTargetId="figure-91@6.[378,1209,198,878]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Anura. Sherullah, late Miocene, photos, A-D: A,? Discoglossinae (? Alytidae), right humerus AFG 1650, ventral view; B-D, “Ranidae”, B, right humerus AFG 1653, ventral view; C, right coracoid AFG 1652, inner face; D, right ilium AFG 1655, lateral view; Hadji Rona, early Pliocene; E, Anura indet. sp. C, sacral vertebra AFG 1680, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447650/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation box="[924,962,598,624]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1818,1835]" captionTargetBox="[390,1198,1016,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-177@6.[378,1210,1011,1783]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Anura. Sherullah, late Miocene, drawings, A-F: A, B,? Discoglossinae (? Alytidae); A, right humerus AFG 1650, ventral view; B, presacral vertebra AFG 1651, dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views; C-E, “Ranidae”; C, right humerus AFG 1653, ventral view; D, right ilium AFG 1655, lateral view; E, right coracoid AFG 1652, inner face. Hadji Rona, early Pliocene, F, Anura indet. sp. C, sacral vertebra AFG 1680, ventral view. Scale bars: 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4447652/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">2D</figureCitation>
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). A thickening of the posterior border of the crest forms the
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<emphasis box="[983,1126,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">tuber superius</emphasis>
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. This
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<emphasis box="[1197,1251,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">tuber</emphasis>
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slopes steeply into the acetabular part (more steeply than in alytid
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[1301,1456,662,688]" class="Amphibia" family="Discoglossidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Discoglossinae">Discoglossinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1932" box="[858,1028,693,720]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhacophoridae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="411" type="discussion">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="411" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[811,1457,757,1613]" box="[813,941,757,783]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">COMMENTS</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[811,1457,757,1613]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
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The family “
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<taxonomicName box="[943,1034,789,815]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
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” is in quotes to indicate its non-monophyly, until a consensus on its definition is reached (i.e
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<bibRefCitation author="FROST D. R. & GRANT T. & FAIVOVICH J. & BAIN R. H. & HAAS A. & HADDAD C. F. B. & DE SA R. O. & CHANNING A. & WILKINSON M. & DONNELLAN S. C. & RAXWORTHY C. J. & CAMPBELL J. A. & BLOTTO B. L. & MOLER P. & DREWES R. C. & NUSSBAUM R. A. & LYNCH J. D. & GREEN D. M. & WHEELER W. C." pageId="4" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref14131" refString="FROST D. R., GRANT T., FAIVOVICH J., BAIN R. H., HAAS A., HADDAD C. F. B., DE SA R. O., CHANNING A., WILKINSON M., DONNELLAN S. C., RAXWORTHY C. J., CAMPBELL J. A., BLOTTO B. L., MOLER P., DREWES R. C., NUSSBAUM R. A., LYNCH J. D., GREEN D. M. & WHEELER W. C. 2006. - The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1 - 370. https: // doi. org / d 7 tmxr" type="journal article" year="2006">
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Frost
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<emphasis box="[813,861,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="CANNATELLA D. C." box="[934,1110,853,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" pagination="12 - 43" refId="ref13241" refString="CANNATELLA D. C. 2007. - An integrative phylogeny of Amphibia, in NARINS P. & POPPER A. (eds), Hearing and Sound Communication in Amphibians. Springer Verlag, New York: 12 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 47796 - 1 _ 2" type="book chapter" year="2007">Cannatella 2007</bibRefCitation>
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or
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<bibRefCitation author="CHE J. & PANG J. & ZHAO H. & WU G. & ZHAO E. & ZHANG Y." box="[1140,1300,853,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref13364" refString="CHE J., PANG J., ZHAO H., WU G., ZHAO E. & ZHANG Y. 2007. - Phylogeny of Raninar (Anura: Ranidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.11.032" type="journal article" year="2007">
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Che
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<emphasis box="[1192,1241,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
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2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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). In this work,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1932" box="[811,975,885,911]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhacophoridae</taxonomicName>
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is considered as a family of the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Batsch" authorityYear="1796" box="[1318,1423,885,911]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Ranoidea">Ranoidea</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[811,1457,757,1613]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
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The morphology of these bones argues for referral to the “
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<taxonomicName box="[824,918,949,975]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
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”. More specifically, the morphologies of the ventromedial part of the coracoid and that of the
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<emphasis box="[1250,1388,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">tuber superius</emphasis>
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of the ilium clearly point to this family. But, the poor preservation of the specimens prevents identification within the family.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[811,1457,757,1613]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
|
|
Today, the “
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[969,1063,1076,1102]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
” are cosmopolitan; they are absent only in South America and most of
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1231,1334,1108,1134]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
|
. The earliest representatives of the family were recovered from the late Eocene in Europe (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="RAGE J. - C." box="[1085,1207,1172,1198]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" pagination="281 - 288" refId="ref16550" refString="RAGE J. - C. 1984. - Are the Ranidae (Anura, Amphibia) known prior to the Oligocene? Amphibia-Reptilia 5: 281 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853884 X- 005 - 03 - 09" type="journal article" year="1984">Rage 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In Asia, the earliest ranids were briefly reported from the middle Oligocene of
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[845,972,1236,1262]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
|
(Čkhikvadze 1985), but without a description or figure it is not possible to evaluate the reliability of this identification. In Asia, “
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1128,1222,1299,1325]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
” have been found in the Early Eocene of the Vastan Lignite Mine (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="FOLIE A. & RANA R. S. & ROSE K. D. & SAHNI A. & KUMAR K. & SINGH L. & SMITH T." pageId="4" pageNumber="411" pagination="511 - 524" refId="ref14061" refString="FOLIE A., RANA R. S., ROSE K. D., SAHNI A., KUMAR K., SINGH L. & SMITH T. 2013. - Early Eocene frogs from Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, India. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (3): 511 - 524. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2011.0063" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
|
Folie
|
|
<emphasis box="[1401,1456,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2013
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), in the Miocene of
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1105,1202,1363,1389]" name="Turkey" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1215,1287,1363,1389]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">China</collectingCountry>
|
|
, and
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1350,1451,1363,1389]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
|
, and in the Pliocene of
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1064,1161,1395,1421]" name="Turkey" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
|
|
, Azerbaydzhan,
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1342,1403,1395,1421]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">India</collectingCountry>
|
|
, and
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[812,882,1427,1453]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">China</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="ROCEK Z. & RAGE J. - C." box="[902,1138,1427,1454]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" pagination="1332 - 1387" refId="ref17101" refString="ROCEK Z. & RAGE J. - C. 2000. - Tertiary Anura of Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and Australia, in HEATWOLE H. & CARROLL R. L. (eds), Amphibian Biology. Vol. 4. Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton: 1332 - 1387." type="book chapter" year="2000">Roček & Rage 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="RAGE J. C. & GUPTA S. S. & PRASAD G. V. R." box="[1156,1345,1427,1454]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" pagination="197 - 205" refId="ref16860" refString="RAGE J. C., GUPTA S. S. & PRASAD G. V. R. 2001. - Amphibians and Squamates from the Neogene Siwalik beds of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 75 (2): 197 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02988013" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
|
Rage
|
|
<emphasis box="[1221,1277,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2001
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Finally,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="SYROMYATNIKOVA E. V." box="[815,1072,1459,1485]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" pagination="145 - 157" refId="ref17596" refString="SYROMYATNIKOVA E. V. 2016. - Anurans of the Tagay Locality (Baikal Lak, Russia; Miocene): Bombinatoridae, Hylidae, and Ranidae. Russian Journal of Herpetology 23 (2): 145 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.30906 / 1026 - 2296 - 2016 - 23 - 2 - 145 - 157" type="journal article" year="2016">Syromyatnikova (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
mentioned in the late earliest-early middle Miocene (MN5) of Tagay, the earliest record of the lineages of green and brown frogs (respectively
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Fitzinger, 1843" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1343,1456,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Pelophylax</emphasis>
|
|
Fitzinger, 1843
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[996,1109,1554,1580]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[996,1109,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Pelophylax</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp., and
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1211,1451,1554,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1211,1267,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Rana</emphasis>
|
|
Linnaeus, 1758
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[813,869,1587,1612]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[813,869,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Rana</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp.) in Asia.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection box="[1020,1247,1682,1709]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" type="nomenclature">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[1020,1247,1682,1709]" box="[1020,1247,1682,1709]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer von Waldheim" authorityYear="1813" box="[1020,1116,1682,1708]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="411" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">ANURA</taxonomicName>
|
|
indet. sp. A
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="411" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[811,1455,1741,1792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
|
|
LOCALITY AND AGE. — Sherullah 9, Khordkabul basin,
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1333,1451,1741,1765]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
|
, late Miocene, late Vallesian-basal Turolian transition, MN10/11.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="411" type="materials_examined">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="4.[811,1457,1817,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">
|
|
MATERIAL EXAMINED. —
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3028142302" pageId="4" pageNumber="411">Five fragments of toothed maxillae (AFG 1656), 1 fragment of angulosplenial (AFG 1657), 1 fragment of atlas (AFG 1658), 5 amphicoelous presacral vertebrae (AFG 1659), 7 non-amphicoelous presacral vertebrae (AFG 1660), 5 opisthocoelous sacral vertebrae (AFG 1661), 2 procoelous sacral vertebrae (AFG 1662), 5 fragments of urostyles (AFG 1663), 34 ilia (AFG 1664), 3 fragmentary humeri (AFG 1665), 3 fragments of radioulna (AFG 1666), 1 fragment of femur (AFG 1667).</materialsCitation>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="412" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[130,778,216,1613]" box="[132,459,216,242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="412">DESCRIPTION AND COMMENTS</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[130,778,216,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="412">
|
|
Only the maxillae, vertebrae and ilia deserve comments. The other remains provide no information. The presence of teeth on the maxillae allows to rule out
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[516,632,311,337]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, where these bones are toothless. The vertebrae are only represented by their centra. Five centra of presacral vertebrae are amphicoelous, deeply biconcave, whereas seven are non-amphicoelous (it is not possible to determine their condition, procoelous or opisthocoelous). Vertebrae of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[446,535,470,496]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Alytidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
are opisthocoelous. In “
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[140,232,502,528]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
”, the last presacral vertebra is amphicoelous whereas the seven others are procoelous. Consequently, within the set of presacral vertebrae from Sherullah 9, the ratio amphicoelous/ non-amphicoelous vertebrae is somewhat surprising. In a few anuran groups, all presacral vertebrae are amphicoelous: in the living
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Mivart, 1869" authorityName="Mivart" authorityYear="1869" box="[243,559,662,688]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiopelmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leiopelmatidae Mivart, 1869</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[573,722,662,689]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="412">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Fejervary, 1923" authorityName="Fejervary" authorityYear="1923" box="[132,416,693,720]" class="Amphibia" family="Ascaphidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ascaphidae Fejérváry, 1923</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Western North America) the centra are clearly amphicoelous; in the
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Bonaparte, 1850" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1850" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megophryidae Bonaparte, 1850</taxonomicName>
|
|
(southern Asia) and various
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Schlegel, 1850" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1850" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Myobatrachidae Schlegel, 1850</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[204,303,789,816]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="412">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
|
) the intervertebral cartilages remain free in adults, therefore the vertebrae are amphicoelous but they are not deeply biconcave. Among extinct forms,
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Reig, 1956" authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1956" class="Amphibia" family="Ascaphidae" genus="Notobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[627,776,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="412">Notobatrachus</emphasis>
|
|
Reig, 1956
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and likely
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Reig, 1961" authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1961" box="[380,600,885,911]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiopelmatidae" genus="Vieraella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[380,472,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="412">Vieraella</emphasis>
|
|
Reig, 1961
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(both from the Jurassic of South America), as well as the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rocek & Nessov" authorityYear="1993" box="[580,699,917,943]" class="Amphibia" family="Gobiatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gobiatidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[130,778,216,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="412">
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="ROCEK Z. & NESSOV L. A." box="[155,408,949,975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref17075" refString="ROCEK Z. & NESSOV L. A. 1993. - Cretaceous anurans from Central Asia. Palaeontographica A 226: 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1993">Roček & Nessov 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|
(Cretaceous of Central Asia) are amphicoelous (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="BAEZ A. M. & BASSO N. G." box="[285,477,980,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" pagination="131 - 158" refId="ref12752" refString="BAEZ A. M. & BASSO N. G. 1996. - The earliest known frogs of the Jurassic of South America: Review and cladistic appraisal of their relationships. Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A 30: 131 - 158." type="journal article" year="1996">Báez &Basso 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="ROCEK Z. & NESSOV L. A." box="[488,711,980,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref17075" refString="ROCEK Z. & NESSOV L. A. 1993. - Cretaceous anurans from Central Asia. Palaeontographica A 226: 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1993">Roček & Nessov1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).But, comparisons between “amphicoelous taxa” and amphicoelous vertebrae from Sherullah 9 cannot be made because the latter specimens are known only by their centra.Based on the available specimens from Sherullah 9 a family assignment is not possible.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="412" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[130,778,216,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="412">
|
|
Sacral vertebrae, as presacral ones, are represented by centra. The posterior face of all centra is bicondylar. But, in five sacral vertebrae the anterior face is convex (opisthocoelous) while it is concave (procoelous) in two specimens. The opisthocoelous sacral vertebrae may belong to
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[534,623,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Alytidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
or “
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[668,763,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
”. But procoelous sacral vertebrae represent another family that cannot be identified.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[130,778,216,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="412">
|
|
All ilia have a dorsal crest. This morphological feature is present in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[255,417,1395,1421]" class="Amphibia" family="Discoglossidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Discoglossinae">Discoglossinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[433,531,1395,1422]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Alytidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
),
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1825" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[552,772,1395,1422]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pipidae Gray, 1825</taxonomicName>
|
|
, “
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[143,232,1427,1453]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
”,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1932" box="[249,405,1427,1453]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhacophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and various
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Werner, 1896" authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1896" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptodactylidae Werner, 1896</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Rafinesque, 1815" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[237,517,1459,1486]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylidae Rafinesque, 1815</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The morphology of the
|
|
<emphasis box="[131,275,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="412">tuber superius</emphasis>
|
|
and dorsal crest of the fossil leads to rule out
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[133,216,1523,1549]" class="Amphibia" family="Pipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pipidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1932" box="[230,397,1523,1549]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhacophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Werner" authorityYear="1896" box="[409,580,1523,1549]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[638,726,1523,1549]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but the poor preservation of these bones does not permit to refer them to either the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[333,491,1586,1612]" class="Amphibia" family="Discoglossidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Discoglossinae">Discoglossinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[505,598,1586,1613]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Alytidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) or “
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[652,747,1586,1612]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
”.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |