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<document id="497C11D183C38FCF6E535C05F199F29D" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-CLB-Dataset="52661" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2cc6a882-3bfb-4232-a6c8-c46d4f1cf25f" ModsDocID="z01213p001" checkinTime="1247155641890" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Wilson J. E. M. Costa" docDate="2006" docId="0C990B01745CC94738296810B91945AA" docLanguage="en" docName="2006_Costa_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1213" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3415A121-707B-4676-9259-4FD5CE1C3323" docTitle="Austrolebias Costa" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="7116976AA5DF5C9AF7BCD64CDBAACDB0" masterDocTitle="The South American annual killifish genus Austrolebias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): phylogenetic relationships, descriptive morphology and taxonomic revision." masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1694017982350" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="B31B49D2F5B295BC439BE8D71505346B">The South American annual killifish genus Austrolebias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): phylogenetic relationships, descriptive morphology and taxonomic revision.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BD4A8E6BB8FB4906FE50EA3356DA01E6">Wilson J. E. M. Costa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="8BC3890B03DEDD45CBD5EED8C68D6099">2006</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0C990B01745CC94738296810B91945AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6263684" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100119060" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6263684" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0C990B01745CC94738296810B91945AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0C990B01745CC94738296810B91945AA" lastPageNumber="9" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection id="D5497C76B349D698E628CBCBC756F8FC" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2F17C27A1B75E96F47F7D66DEABDA36D" pageNumber="6">
[[ Genus
<taxonomicName id="75D799A65A59D9BCDD9058EA5CBCC250" ID-CoL="36CL" ID-ENA="308056" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias Costa</taxonomicName>
]]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="287742DAFB03D62404757E24710073D9" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="011107A7E4A1AA082B48ABAC25994CA0" pageNumber="6">
The Neotropical aplocheiloid genus
<taxonomicName id="723DEFA0CE8DDEBA4F1A4BE0552BC8BF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
Costa (including
<taxonomicName id="62ACA78C12E2C8CBBB8EA2711427899B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:88823811-072D-4E95-AB68-11E30A796DE0" family="Rivulidae" genus="Megalebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Megalebias Costa 1998:76" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Megalebias</taxonomicName>
Costa as herein proposed) comprises a diversified clade of annual killifishes, inhabiting seasonal pools formed during rainy seasons in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern and northeastern Argentina (Costa, 1998a, 2002a). In contrast to other aplocheiloids that are geographically restricted to warm tropical areas of the world, most species of
<taxonomicName id="4002DB7D888CD28946B00C4D01FCD14E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
are endemic to temperate areas of South America, where rainy seasons are concentrated in winter months. Consequently, they are found in cold waters, sometimes near the freezing point.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C1FA84CB4DE99499819D4BEA9755ECB2" pageNumber="6">
Because of the bright blue colors of some species and their resistance to low temperatures, some species of
<taxonomicName id="F6C7ECF3ACDF8DB496E5C2F9BA597D17" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
have become popular aquarium fishes in Europe since the early 20th century (e. g., Myers, 1952). Some species are also interesting because of their possession of morphological features uncommon, or absent from, other aplocheiloids, such as a membranous attachment between male urogenital papilla and anal fin, medial fusion of pelvic fins, presence of prominent contact organs on scales and unpaired fins, and loss of scales on head and trunk (e. g., Amato, 1986; Costa, 2002a). More remarkable is the large size and development of the jaws in some species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="71C0665C81838A91CFBBBA7B21EFD295" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megalebias">Megalebias</taxonomicName>
, making them voracious predators of closely related species, an uncommon feature among aplocheiloids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B548FBF9CC3A0EE6F8DE1A365104C80B" pageNumber="6">
All species of
<taxonomicName id="310598DB5868509C204F309B32D8D1B8" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
are annual fishes, living in temporary pools and swamps formed during the rainy season. In the Pampas region, including Uruguay, Buenos Aires and Entre
<normalizedToken id="6D4D6899A099961764C76BFDA14C2F81" originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
provinces of Argentina and southern Brazil, pools are usually formed during the winter months (June -July), whereas in the Chaco region of northern Argentina and Paraguay, pools are mainly formed during the summer months (December -January). Individuals become adults about two months after formation of the pools, and die when the pools dry, usually during late spring in the Pampas and during the winter in the Chaco. Chorion-thickened eggs survive during the dry season and hatch just after beginning the rainy season.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3CE571AA593408B0CFF2263C5E3673D4" pageNumber="6">
All species were formerly placed in
<taxonomicName id="0DFAAA974AB24C4A746AE3CC48BCD036" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4ECB6721-F186-470F-BF8F-5495ADE351AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias Steindachner 1876:172" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cynolebias</taxonomicName>
prior to descriptions of the genera
<taxonomicName id="B3630B1764566D11487FA725D7AAD86B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="3F255A0F306AF45676B9399021D4AD4F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:88823811-072D-4E95-AB68-11E30A796DE0" family="Rivulidae" genus="Megalebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Megalebias Costa 1998:76" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Megalebias</taxonomicName>
by Costa (1998a). As a result of their early popularization as aquarium fish, several nominal species were erected during the 20th century that were poorly described in the aquarium literature, with the most important diagnostic features completely omitted (see History below). Because of these poor descriptions and usually inaccessible study material, the taxonomy of
<taxonomicName id="C73CB976130135961D278A5DFD7BC047" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
is probably the most problematic of all Neotropical annual fishes. In addition, aquarium papers based on recent explorations of annual fish habitats suggest the existence of numerous undescribed species (e. g., Reichert, 1994a; Reichert et al., 1997). The objectives of the present study are: to provide a description of morphological traits in
<taxonomicName id="2DA6311AFC4024A2B469857EFFB3A05C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
; to test previous phylogenetic hypotheses on the basis of reexamination of morphological characters; and to provide a taxonomic revision of the genus based on large recent collections.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="44B6B94B772145E89784028364CF81FD" pageNumber="7">
<pageStartToken id="E8A8866D3DC789E7657BACFB2AD0725A" pageNumber="7">Taxonomic</pageStartToken>
history
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7779668BC4A24C335A70739E6D96770" pageNumber="7">
In contrast to all other South American areas, from where most annual fish species were discovered and described after 1940, annual fish habitats in Buenos Aires province (Argentina) were frequently sampled during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Steindachner (1881) first described species today placed in
<taxonomicName id="CFFDC0FF2B12B2F8D7D6E87C1EA69DB2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="0151CC0E29AC3C3C992F177F2F0AF453" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DF1B6681-413B-43A2-A381-E8059101F4D3" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias elongatus Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">Cynolebias elongatus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="936E44A6032AE57C46D5E268086B393F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:687B5DAC-F827-470A-9B56-DAC69A15C76F" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias bellottii Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">C. bellottii</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="F2181E12050363016756D51C4A4795AB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BEB90A8A-BF79-406C-B0F7-70568D18B580" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias maculatus Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">C. maculatus</taxonomicName>
, all from Buenos Aires province.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="430E57BE917C7BB6E3D8EEFA86BD8C50" pageNumber="7">
Subsequently,
<normalizedToken id="F0752AFFD68C2E999A09F8F9B7173A4D" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
(1883) described
<taxonomicName id="F08E81C7524F4B458FD8DD242A5ACBA5" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1BDADAC0-1CAB-4E30-BEE9-3601AF4C6FEB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias robustus Günther 1883:140" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">C. robustus</taxonomicName>
, also from Buenos Aires province. This species was compared with
<taxonomicName id="A3B2B7338DF58EAAC1F2208676D85466" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:128E017A-3034-4E1C-B270-E1A34D0CB6E4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias porosus Steindachner 1876:173 [125]" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porosus">C. porosus</taxonomicName>
, described by Steindachner (1876), but no mention was made of other species from the same area, described by the same author two years before.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="618BE309B83594E4C5FAE06F37CC7F76" pageNumber="7">
Garman’s (1895) revision of cyprinodontiform fishes was not relevant to taxonomic knowledge of the cynolebiatins. By contrast, Garman equivocally placed
<taxonomicName id="0E943109084D3138B992F41F9FF0C3FC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DF1B6681-413B-43A2-A381-E8059101F4D3" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias elongatus Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">C. elongatus</taxonomicName>
in the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="52E205361279FD31371D13DD2A201275" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:128E017A-3034-4E1C-B270-E1A34D0CB6E4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias porosus Steindachner 1876:173 [125]" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porosus">C. porosus</taxonomicName>
Steindachner (a species endemic to northeastern Brazil), and placed
<taxonomicName id="4B27EDF276FB2FE7494E2668F0FD2A6A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1BDADAC0-1CAB-4E30-BEE9-3601AF4C6FEB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias robustus Günther 1883:140" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">C. robustus</taxonomicName>
in the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="CD03A50B94980E68967115D0769409CB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BEB90A8A-BF79-406C-B0F7-70568D18B580" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias maculatus Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">C. maculatus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9792A0A027AC86403C84CCB5E50A26EB" pageNumber="7">
Berg (1897), in a broad systematic account on South American fishes, was the first to report the extreme sexual dimorphism characteristic of cynolebiatins. He then noted that
<taxonomicName id="0942F4F4FEAEC32C17063CE5114C6621" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BEB90A8A-BF79-406C-B0F7-70568D18B580" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias maculatus Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">C. maculatus</taxonomicName>
, based on females, was in fact a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="33E988212D47D0EF67999066C8C0FC13" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:687B5DAC-F827-470A-9B56-DAC69A15C76F" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias bellottii Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">C. bellottii</taxonomicName>
, which was based on males. In the same paper, two other species from Buenos Aires province,
<taxonomicName id="6827D8AC66E79A451A5CE5DA3302AD9C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D6D04DFB-9B5E-4BCA-B662-6153D5CA9BA7" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias gibberosus Berg 1897:294" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibberosus">C. gibberosus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9101D80469DDD6071F0F394F50981E59" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:90012835-81E8-4E47-9949-A67E153C8E6C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias holmbergi Berg 1897:296" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holmbergi">C. holmbergi</taxonomicName>
, were described. Berg followed Garman (1895) in considering
<taxonomicName id="F8C699DEA3F6B3638FFB5A6FDFB91EE1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1BDADAC0-1CAB-4E30-BEE9-3601AF4C6FEB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias robustus Günther 1883:140" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">C. robustus</taxonomicName>
a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="503DD97B799E56459F971115300B2B94" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:687B5DAC-F827-470A-9B56-DAC69A15C76F" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias bellottii Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">C. bellottii</taxonomicName>
, but recognized
<taxonomicName id="110995CCD88474DF85FFD148AE6F8D1A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DF1B6681-413B-43A2-A381-E8059101F4D3" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias elongatus Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">C. elongatus</taxonomicName>
as a valid species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9464457DFEC8A751E71F9F9431C8CB7E" pageNumber="7">
Regan (1912) revised the Neotropical killifishes today placed in the Rivulidae. New data were provided for some known Argentinean taxa, and a new species,
<taxonomicName id="770963EA9FA23A7E6AAE06D051CE64F3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AD4D2E07-4CF6-48F4-852D-D8D810BE53C1" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias nigripinnis Regan 1912:508" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripinnis">C. nigripinnis</taxonomicName>
, from Buenos Aires province was described. All nominal species except
<taxonomicName id="237457E8CE9A96FE7EE8403E50E2F936" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BEB90A8A-BF79-406C-B0F7-70568D18B580" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias maculatus Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">C. maculatus</taxonomicName>
were considered valid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9B5AF5855A398D357F09EF1961E15A9F" pageNumber="7">
During the 1920’s, Alfred Adloff explored annual fish habitats in southern Brazil, around the city of Porto Alegre, where he discovered two species, which were sent to Germany and described by Ahl (1922, 1924) as
<taxonomicName id="D96F1BA07F471790B695107E530435C5" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EA309FB2-0933-42C5-BECC-FFDC05109935" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias adloffi Ahl 1922:224 [4]" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adloffi">C. adloffi</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="64632E661D8263E6FA5B00C0E6C040D9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:26EE2CCC-A3C5-4048-A1F0-D52A06D9272C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias wolterstorffi Ahl 1924:359" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wolterstorffi">C. wolterstorffi</taxonomicName>
. Material from southern Brazil and Argentina comprised the basis for Ahl’s revisionary studies on
<taxonomicName id="EC326FB7D6E734FBD040B71A63A5239A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4ECB6721-F186-470F-BF8F-5495ADE351AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias Steindachner 1876:172" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cynolebias</taxonomicName>
(Ahl, 1922, 1934). However, these studies were based on limited morphological data, making it difficult to recognize species, and the validity of most taxa was dubious. Ahl (1934) also described another species from the Buenos Aires area,
<taxonomicName id="0AAC766EC272ED275ECF98CD244988E9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1246E6AC-29B0-4119-B783-743C5D70D4F2" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias spinifer Ahl 1934:310" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinifer">C. spinifer</taxonomicName>
, and a species with possibly equivocal type locality,
<taxonomicName id="804545899B6BD3259D8A849730340B11" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:860AFC56-E9C5-45FB-B197-815B03807CA8" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias schreitmuelleri Ahl 1934:308" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schreitmuelleri">C. schreitmuelleri</taxonomicName>
, supposedly from Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Ahl (1938) described
<taxonomicName id="862FC43D962F62017F01F79926CEEBA0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:388EB875-2A94-48C1-9A13-BE43B65ABF38" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias irregularis Ahl 1938:57" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irregularis">C. irregularis</taxonomicName>
from material probably collected in Argentina, further increasing taxonomic problems in the group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0EAC97E34389B52B0DAE6C970551C7F4" lastPageNumber="8" pageNumber="7">
During the 1940’s, the known geographic range of the group was significantly increased with the discovery of
<taxonomicName id="0CAFA0D42B8161B2B49056A990C6BB5F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:367FDD10-C332-43CA-93E4-D5013365114B" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias carvalhoi Myers 1947:19" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carvalhoi">C. carvalhoi</taxonomicName>
in the highlands of the rio
<normalizedToken id="1BBB9B2208B74D9F2C92583F6CFB9FFB" originalValue="Iguaçu">Iguacu</normalizedToken>
valley, at about 800m altitude, in southern Brazil, by George Myers and Antenor de Carvalho (Myers, 1952). Unfortunately, this species was obscurely described, having become available only by its brief mention in a paper on Amazonian fishes published in an
<pageStartToken id="2106A435CD435672C7AE979729845F17" pageNumber="8">aquarium</pageStartToken>
magazine (Myers, 1947).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BEE6A653DA15D7CC12D95194CDC18251" pageNumber="8">
During the 1960’s and 1970’s, several species were reported from Uruguay and Argentina, including some interesting new species, beginning an important productive period for the taxonomic knowledge on the group.
<normalizedToken id="B377EB0311DA633107B30BF1ACE2764C" originalValue="Raúl">Raul</normalizedToken>
Vaz-Ferreira and collaborators provided some noteworthy taxonomic contributions, including the descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="7B94555BB06439F946F707E38AF73013" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FB7B05D7-D199-417F-A22E-3B58D1163F59" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias viarius Vaz-Ferreira, Sierra de Soriano &amp; Scaglia de Paulete 1964:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viarius">C. viarius</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D303052A0F9E5A5D14B2D61A5BFA2616" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2D9C2BED-CC90-4229-8C42-2D068F0C5F43" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias cheradophilus Vaz-Ferreira, Sierra de Soriano &amp; Scaglia de Paulete 1964:14" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cheradophilus">C. cheradophilus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EAF26414C2F630AA0F3F2D2125E8CDD3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4BE41F36-2A99-407D-A715-6E98C75F1BA2" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias luteoflammulatus Vaz-Ferreira, Sierra de Soriano &amp; Scaglia de Paulete 1964:25" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteoflammulatus">C. luteoflammulatus</taxonomicName>
from the coastal plains of eastern Uruguay (Vaz-Ferreira et al., 1964), and several new records for Uruguay (Vaz-Ferreira and Sierra, 1971). Vaz-Ferreira and Sierra (1973) considered
<taxonomicName id="6FB6DD7DB2563D9EDA06632DCED40F22" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:90012835-81E8-4E47-9949-A67E153C8E6C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias holmbergi Berg 1897:296" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holmbergi">C. holmbergi</taxonomicName>
to be a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="B6C5C2711D9F42E134FB2C48E0055E1D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DF1B6681-413B-43A2-A381-E8059101F4D3" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias elongatus Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">C. elongatus</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="ADFF1A58B1A3C6A139E97DE187166CB8" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D6D04DFB-9B5E-4BCA-B662-6153D5CA9BA7" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias gibberosus Berg 1897:294" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibberosus">C. gibberosus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="653761A017AAFF60B878B8C15E19A4F4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:388EB875-2A94-48C1-9A13-BE43B65ABF38" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias irregularis Ahl 1938:57" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irregularis">C. irregularis</taxonomicName>
as synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="4AFE7742A87578D1EA017A67C3BDDCB9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:687B5DAC-F827-470A-9B56-DAC69A15C76F" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias bellottii Steindachner 1881:98" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">C. bellottii</taxonomicName>
. Ringuelet et al. (1967) recorded cynolebiatins from several Argentine localities, including northern regions in the Chaco. Taberner et al. (1974) described
<taxonomicName id="75B23A2B2BC802EEF61BB6C1CC7CF456" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:041E39E7-7CB5-4E86-AF23-8B00F37B461A" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias nonoiuliensis Taberner, Fernández Santos &amp; Castelli 1974:187" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nonoiuliensis">C. nonoiuliensis</taxonomicName>
, and Castello and Lopez (1974) described
<taxonomicName id="91D69790CD7BBC1F00F6FB5015C850A2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1C07D16A-1395-4841-87BC-0DB36254E7E7" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias alexandri Castello &amp; López 1974:35" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alexandri">C. alexandri</taxonomicName>
, both from northeastern Argentina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4EA90B1CB1044795BC73FCAB044261C1" pageNumber="8">
After 1980, South American annual fish habitats were intensively sampled, making available new data for several taxonomic publications. Ten new species were described from Uruguay by Amato (1986) (
<taxonomicName id="6202D208CC9780C0B503CF6B35EDA78F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:80409CA2-A75F-4517-B01C-904BB03A57A2" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias gymnoventris Amato 1986:2" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gymnoventris">C. gymnoventris</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="7C71521BF4B53CE8D34A6D753170E4B0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA900D37-86FB-4FF1-873E-F378D5965457" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias melanoorus Amato 1986:4" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanoorus">C. melanoorus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C6A375814150EBF3CB8568AB9B4D713D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:438F58CE-3736-41A6-9373-65ED3A20333E" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias affinis Amato 1986:6" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">C. affinis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C10DFC94356C294273B7EC067A2CDE20" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1A64E3CA-7866-4A03-937B-769B4D5AF2FA" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias prognathus Amato 1986:7" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prognathus">C. prognathus</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="9ED5068452438DBF39936C0853205A0A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BEBA4655-C2D3-42C3-B948-311DA2E01B58" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias cinereus Amato 1986:9" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">C. cinereus</taxonomicName>
), Berkenkamp et al. (1994, 1997) (
<taxonomicName id="750651DAFEED54073132A79D26F18912" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8AFAAAB2-45BC-4361-A388-35CE27B9C272" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias vazferreirai Berkenkamp, Etzel, Reichert &amp; Salvia 1994:11" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vazferreirai">C. vazferreirai</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D701F5F1ED949FB9758ADA5C996EBFF9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:01C9A620-0B71-4E72-BA06-36BD254B035F" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias nioni Berkenkamp, Reichert &amp; Prieto 1997:30" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nioni">C. nioni</taxonomicName>
), Loureiro &amp;
<normalizedToken id="B9389643671C78EAD3A4412CCBBFD40C" originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
(2004) (
<taxonomicName id="B32B50A12663CCC1F9A2524DB2BDF0B3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1B6051CD-1527-4B60-85A1-B19EA9DB9867" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias reicherti Loureiro &amp; García 2005" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reicherti">C. reicherti</taxonomicName>
), Loureiro et al. (2004) (
<taxonomicName id="F9A7E74FABF0042DA27949C4F24D239C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E7E7172F-5FD8-4443-AB99-59CE5DCB21D2" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias arachan Loureiro, Azpelicueta &amp; García 2004:23" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arachan">A. arachan</taxonomicName>
) and Perujo et al. (2005) (
<taxonomicName id="AA4BE804333B01CA7780EB2B86C2908C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F118FDF8-1316-46D9-ACD2-33B3102C0B98" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias luzardoi Perujo, Calviño, Salvia &amp; Prieto 2005" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luzardoi">A. luzardoi</taxonomicName>
). Three were described from Paraguay by Huber (1995) (
<taxonomicName id="4150D0C9B26597E2A0B399EAC53D7DD8" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4EB4A02A-33C8-4D01-BABB-C1DA0B362D30" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias patriciae Huber 1995:6" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patriciae">C. patriciae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="529773C78D86C7973CC728CF7C17AA7D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:45A73F01-A5D0-4863-B29E-9E062E13179C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias vandenbergi Huber 1995:7" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vandenbergi">C. vandenbergi</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="DEFA1AE9E66F5A2E39FA02073C4C9EE2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CE9A6BD5-CAD4-47DB-BB83-63ED338C431C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias monstrosus Huber 1995:9" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monstrosus">C. monstrosus</taxonomicName>
); and eight were described from southern Brazil by Amato (1987) (
<taxonomicName id="DEDD2C75B1FEA57F48AB888414EAE932" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:83AE416F-7CC6-43BC-A5F9-A41F6DC0C06F" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias cyaneus Amato 1987:2" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyaneus">C. cyaneus</taxonomicName>
), Costa, (1999a, b) (
<taxonomicName id="DB0A5175FBEB8C8BE0B3D3BF4985766A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C49FBB3F-1FD2-4723-922E-9210D874727C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias ibicuiensis Costa 1999:93" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ibicuiensis">C. ibicuiensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="ACCD5F17021F0D30928326E2CCAF78FF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D5C549D0-E7B3-4523-9366-16438C83600A" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias periodicus Costa 1999:299" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="periodicus">C. periodicus</taxonomicName>
), Costa and Cheffe (2001, 2002) (
<taxonomicName id="BE5483E31090EC091D0AC45787738E2E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:68A990E3-DEDD-45B8-A243-9ADA95AB49A1" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias charrua Costa &amp; Cheffe 2001:182" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="charrua">A. charrua</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="645379DA469A4F6E0159FEB6B6D412ED" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:030CB3A0-6C77-45BE-AD07-AADBEE8B0E5C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias minuano Costa &amp; Cheffe 2001:185" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minuano">A. minuano</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="29EDBE7DAEE55A948D0DA81AE852D980" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:62B217B7-3D1F-459D-89A1-8242813EBC4E" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias nigrofasciatus Costa &amp; Cheffe 2001:187" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrofasciatus">A. nigrofasciatus</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="27E111AE52C619D9947F40DE5E71B0B6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:129F5902-2C71-4C93-B999-FA124A15950C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias jaegari Costa &amp; Cheffe 2002:84" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jaegari">A. jaegari</taxonomicName>
); and Costa et al. (2004) (
<taxonomicName id="BFFCBC80322D512F55B686B6E6436DC3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CC046AF7-14F6-448A-82E8-F3978CFBCB36" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias varzeae Costa, Reis &amp; Behr 2004:14" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varzea">A. varzea</taxonomicName>
). Some species were also redescribed after new collections (Costa, 1998b, 2002b; Costa and Cheffe, 2001, 2002). However, recent advances do not include clarification of older taxonomic problems. Validity of old names, such as
<taxonomicName id="55C960E64911FDAB3D1E453166FB69C7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1BDADAC0-1CAB-4E30-BEE9-3601AF4C6FEB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias robustus Günther 1883:140" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">C. robustus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DD8E53420B5F9B3C850288A0B47CA3F0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:90012835-81E8-4E47-9949-A67E153C8E6C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias holmbergi Berg 1897:296" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holmbergi">C. holmbergi</taxonomicName>
, has been the focus of some debate in the aquarium literature (e. g., Lazara, 1981; Wildekamp, 1995); this has sometimes been based on equivocal assumptions, which have further confused certain taxonomic issues (see remarks under descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="5A88BEE000757F7EE8CB945C6DF5F946" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">A. robustus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A568164F6715DABBE5023D77F17A2318" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nonoiuliensis">A. nonoiuliensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="141C90A20AE7300A3D168AC8ADA56D0F" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wolterstorffi">A. wolterstorffi</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="DBD5B490B47C558FBFEBBB655A3653E4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">A. elongatus</taxonomicName>
below). In addition, a series of aquarium papers based on intensive collections directed to annual fish habitat in Uruguay reports great color pattern variability among different populations, which suggests the existence of several undescribed species (Reichert, 1994a, b; Reichert et al., 1997).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4655327EDCCD4DE984201478E0C17DBA" pageNumber="8">
Species now placed in
<taxonomicName id="137E8E688D4A8BBB152B1781FE52BD1A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
have been divided into different subgroups. The larger species have usually been considered a distinct subgroup (e. g.,
<taxonomicName id="A0285AB39568705A4A2801F0E7250F9A" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">elongatus</taxonomicName>
group in Amato, 1986), more closely related to species of
<taxonomicName id="AB3804DC7EAF16A8BF79B7317550C91D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4ECB6721-F186-470F-BF8F-5495ADE351AB" family="Rivulidae" genus="Cynolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cynolebias Steindachner 1876:172" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cynolebias</taxonomicName>
than to the smaller
<taxonomicName id="D1FE7512E851BB022C217611AB845CC1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
species (e. g., Vaz-Ferreira et al., 1964; Amato, 1986; Costa, 1995, 1998a; Wildekamp, 1995). Among the smaller species, Amato (1986) recognized two species groups (the
<taxonomicName id="1CD601AF334451660BE7FA8C94C1746E" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adloffi">adloffi</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName id="350B779AA7E11AAD5741ED00CA1A4803" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteoflammulatus">luteoflammulatus</taxonomicName>
groups), defined by a combination of characters of body depth, number of dorsal and anal-fin rays, and presence of contact organs, and a third group (not named) with intermediate features.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1CFE38887E0149EF41F6BFBE27776531" pageNumber="9">
<pageStartToken id="8399B02170A90B1039965C06785D58F4" pageNumber="9">Recent</pageStartToken>
phylogenetic analyses at the species level, based on morphological characters (Costa, 2002a) and mitochondrial genes (
<normalizedToken id="0BF7A111C62E7B669CA53F6525B9EBAD" originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al., 2000, 2002) corroborate the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="22610AF0F5E4658EE396EA722DB0E0EC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
as herein proposed. However, species clades proposed in each paper are highly conflicting in most aspects (see discussion below for a comparison among hypotheses).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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