313 lines
46 KiB
XML
313 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document id="37E7EB574453EB7B43E1F3350A695F42" ID-CLB-Dataset="22331" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ddb62273-2007-405c-968b-ebd41b334d22" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814013" ID-ZooBank="FA9664B5-0439-44E0-BDFA-485CF1C2CCEF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588834819207" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="James, Helen F." docDate="2020" docId="03B6CA67FFFCFFE9FF3FF9CB7E10FECA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4772.1.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4772 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Corvidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="124" masterDocId="FF8FB21FFFF7FFE7FFA8FF967F47FFEA" masterDocTitle="The Irvingtonian Avifauna of Cumberland Bone Cave, Maryland" masterLastPageNumber="131" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="122" updateTime="1698838858463" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="98D7514518153DF9DE93D86802E78D2E">The Irvingtonian Avifauna of Cumberland Bone Cave, Maryland</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FEDD4A8996976A33967D0993935776B7">James, Helen F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="36A992E8611BD69E6564E1A1D74CA0F3">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03B6CA67FFFCFFE9FF3FF9CB7E10FECA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3815454" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163975514" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3815454" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B6CA67FFFCFFE9FF3FF9CB7E10FECA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B6CA67FFFCFFE9FF3FF9CB7E10FECA" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
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<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFFCFFECFF3FF9CB7D11F99D" box="[151,598,1629,1655]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFCFFECFF3FF9CB7D11F99D" blockId="11.[151,598,1629,1655]" box="[151,598,1629,1655]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
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<heading id="D0E8CC1DFFFCFFECFF3FF9CB7D11F99D" bold="true" box="[151,598,1629,1655]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFCFFECFF3FF9CB7D11F99D" bold="true" box="[151,598,1629,1655]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFCFFECFF3FF9CB7E4BF99D" ID-CoL="8L6" box="[151,268,1629,1655]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Corvidae</taxonomicName>
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, aff.
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFCFFECFEE2F9CB7D11F99D" bold="true" box="[330,598,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFCFFECFEE2F9CB7E8CF99D" authorityName="Strickland" authorityYear="1845" box="[330,459,1629,1655]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Cyanocitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cyanocitta</taxonomicName>
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||
/
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFCFFECFE7FF9CB7D11F99D" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[471,598,1629,1655]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Perisoreus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFFCFFECFF3FF9327B2DF87D" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFCFFECFF3FF9327C2FF909" blockId="11.[151,1437,1700,2015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFCFFECFF3FF9327E41F955" bold="true" box="[151,262,1700,1727]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Material.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFFCFFECFEA5F9337E7EF955" box="[269,313,1701,1727]" country="China" name="Chongqing Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">CM</collectionCode>
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24274,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFCFFECFE3AF9337D17F955" box="[402,592,1701,1727]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="tarsometatarsus">r tarsometatarsus</taxonomicName>
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with damage to the hypotarsus and repair to the shaft (
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<figureCitation id="132467F4FFFCFFECFB19F9337A4DF955" box="[1201,1290,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Fossils from Cumberland Bone Cave compared with modern taxa.A) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641969, caudal aspect; B) left humerus of Meleagris gallopavo, USNM BIRDS 556334 f, caudal aspect; C) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641067, caudal aspect; D) fossil right femur of Coragyps atratus, USNM PAL 641790, cranial aspect; E) right femur of C. atratus, USNM BIRDS 647499 m, cranial aspect; F) fossil proximal right carpometacarpus of fossil Branta dickeyi, USNM PAL 641972, ventral aspect; G) proximal right carpometacarpus of B. canadensis, USNM BIRDS 488182 m, ventral aspect; H) left tarsometatarsus of Falcipennis canadensis, USNM BIRDS 557527 f, plantar aspect; I) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Bonasa umbellus, USNM PAL 641979, plantar aspect; J) left tarsometatarsus of B. umbellus, USNM BIRDS 600360 f imm., plantar aspect; K) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Ectopistes migratorius, USNM PAL 769090, plantar aspect; L) tarsometatarsus of E. migratorius, USNM BIRDS 292904 (captive), plantar aspect; M) fossil left femur of Megascops guildayi, USNM PAL 769089, caudal aspect; N) left femur of Megascops asio, USNM 623630 f, caudal aspect; O) fossil right ulna of M. guildayi, USNM PAL 641984, ventral aspect; P) right ulna of M. asio, USNM BIRDS 623630 f, ventral aspect; Q) right tarsometatarsus of Perisoreus canadensis, USNM BIRDS 639077 f, dorsal aspect; R) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Perisoreus/Cyanocitta), CM 24274, dorsal aspect; S) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Cyanocitta/Perisoreus), USNM PAL 641989, dorsal aspect; T) right tarsometatarsus of Cyanocitta cyanea, USNM BIRDS 499504 f, dorsal aspect. Scale bar 1, for images A–G, = 2 cm. Scale bar 2, for images H–N, = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814015/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Fig. 1Q</figureCitation>
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). Referred to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFCFFECFF3FF95C7ED5F909" box="[151,402,1737,1763]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFCFFECFF3FF95C7ED5F909" box="[151,402,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Perisoreus canadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFFCFFECFE15F95F7C23F909" author="Brodkorb, P. & Mourer-Chauvire, C." box="[445,868,1737,1763]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" pagination="39 - 43" refId="ref12403" refString="Brodkorb, P. & Mourer-Chauvire, C. (1984) Pleistocene Birds from Cumberland Cave, Maryland. In: Genoways, H. H. & Dawson, M. R. (Eds.), Contributions in Quaternary Vertebrate Paleontology: A Volume in Memorial to John E. Guilday. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Special Publication No. 8, pp. 39 - 43." type="book chapter" year="1984">Brodkorb & Mourer-Chauviré (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFCFFECFF6FF97B7FA2F8C1" blockId="11.[151,1437,1700,2015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFFCFFECFF6FF97B7E5FF8ED" box="[199,280,1773,1799]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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PAL 641989,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFCFFECFE14F97B7DC7F8ED" box="[444,640,1773,1799]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="tarsometatarsus">r tarsometatarsus</taxonomicName>
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||
: entire, collected in the 1990s (
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<figureCitation id="132467F4FFFCFFECFC49F97B7B6EF8ED" box="[993,1065,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Fossils from Cumberland Bone Cave compared with modern taxa.A) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641969, caudal aspect; B) left humerus of Meleagris gallopavo, USNM BIRDS 556334 f, caudal aspect; C) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641067, caudal aspect; D) fossil right femur of Coragyps atratus, USNM PAL 641790, cranial aspect; E) right femur of C. atratus, USNM BIRDS 647499 m, cranial aspect; F) fossil proximal right carpometacarpus of fossil Branta dickeyi, USNM PAL 641972, ventral aspect; G) proximal right carpometacarpus of B. canadensis, USNM BIRDS 488182 m, ventral aspect; H) left tarsometatarsus of Falcipennis canadensis, USNM BIRDS 557527 f, plantar aspect; I) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Bonasa umbellus, USNM PAL 641979, plantar aspect; J) left tarsometatarsus of B. umbellus, USNM BIRDS 600360 f imm., plantar aspect; K) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Ectopistes migratorius, USNM PAL 769090, plantar aspect; L) tarsometatarsus of E. migratorius, USNM BIRDS 292904 (captive), plantar aspect; M) fossil left femur of Megascops guildayi, USNM PAL 769089, caudal aspect; N) left femur of Megascops asio, USNM 623630 f, caudal aspect; O) fossil right ulna of M. guildayi, USNM PAL 641984, ventral aspect; P) right ulna of M. asio, USNM BIRDS 623630 f, ventral aspect; Q) right tarsometatarsus of Perisoreus canadensis, USNM BIRDS 639077 f, dorsal aspect; R) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Perisoreus/Cyanocitta), CM 24274, dorsal aspect; S) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Cyanocitta/Perisoreus), USNM PAL 641989, dorsal aspect; T) right tarsometatarsus of Cyanocitta cyanea, USNM BIRDS 499504 f, dorsal aspect. Scale bar 1, for images A–G, = 2 cm. Scale bar 2, for images H–N, = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814015/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Fig 1s</figureCitation>
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). A break mid-shaft has been repaired.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFCFFECFF6FF8A37B0EF8A5" blockId="11.[151,1437,1700,2015]" box="[199,1097,1845,1871]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B77712CFFFCFFECFF6FF8A37B02F8A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610671306" box="[199,1093,1845,1871]" collectingDate="2002-07" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="PAL 641990" specimenCount="1">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFFCFFECFF6FF8A37E5FF8A5" box="[199,280,1845,1871]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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||
<specimenCode id="DBB9D30AFFFCFFECFEB7F8A37EE9F8A5" box="[287,430,1845,1871]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="Museum">PAL 641990</specimenCode>
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, l tarsometatarsus: distal three-fourths, collected
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<date id="FFA15DB1FFFCFFECFC7CF8A37B02F8A5" box="[980,1093,1845,1871]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" value="2002-07">
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||
<collectingDate id="EFE5A459FFFCFFECFC7CF8A37B02F8A5" box="[980,1093,1845,1871]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" value="2002-07">July 2002</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFCFFECFF6FF8CF7CA7F899" blockId="11.[151,1437,1700,2015]" box="[199,992,1881,1907]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
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<materialsCitation id="3B77712CFFFCFFECFF6FF8CF7C9CF899" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610671301" box="[199,987,1881,1907]" collectingDate="1994-09-22" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="PAL 641991" specimenCount="1">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFFCFFECFF6FF8CF7E5FF899" box="[199,280,1881,1907]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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||
<specimenCode id="DBB9D30AFFFCFFECFEB7F8CF7EE9F899" box="[287,430,1881,1907]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="Museum">PAL 641991</specimenCode>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFCFFECFE11F8CF7D04F899" box="[441,579,1881,1907]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="tibiotarsus">r tibiotarsus</taxonomicName>
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||
: distal half, collected
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<date id="FFA15DB1FFFCFFECFC9EF8CF7C9CF899" box="[822,987,1881,1907]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" value="1994-09-22">
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||
<collectingDate id="EFE5A459FFFCFFECFC9EF8CF7C9CF899" box="[822,987,1881,1907]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" value="1994-09-22">Sept. 22, 1994</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFCFFECFF6FF8EB7B2DF87D" blockId="11.[151,1437,1700,2015]" box="[199,1130,1917,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B77712CFFFCFFECFF6FF8EB7B20F87D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610671302" box="[199,1127,1917,1943]" collectingDate="2002-07" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="PAL 641994" specimenCount="1">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFFCFFECFF6FF8EB7E5FF87D" box="[199,280,1917,1943]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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||
<specimenCode id="DBB9D30AFFFCFFECFEB7F8EB7EE9F87D" box="[287,430,1917,1943]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="Museum">PAL 641994</specimenCode>
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||
, l carpometacarpus lacking proximal end, collected
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||
<date id="FFA15DB1FFFCFFECFC5DF8EB7B20F87D" box="[1013,1127,1917,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" value="2002-07">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFE5A459FFFCFFECFC5DF8EB7B20F87D" box="[1013,1127,1917,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" value="2002-07">July 2002</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFFCFFEAFF6FF8367BDAFF11" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFCFFEBFF6FF8367C51FEA9" blockId="11.[151,1437,1700,2015]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,153,683]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">
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||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFCFFECFF6FF8367E1EF851" bold="true" box="[199,345,1952,1979]" pageId="11" pageNumber="122">Description.</emphasis>
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These five passerine bones are recognizable as New World jays, family
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFCFFECFB27F8377BBEF851" box="[1167,1273,1953,1979]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Corvidae</taxonomicName>
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, based on size and morphological agreement. They represent either a single species or multiple species of similar size. They cannot be assigned to any of several fossil species of North American jays of late Blancan and Irvingtonian ages (
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFA84FF0C7E3EFF3D" authority="Brodkorb 1957" authorityName="Brodkorb" authorityYear="1957" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Protocitta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dixi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFA84FF0C7F86FF3D" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Protocitta dixi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFFBFFEBFF62FF2B7E3EFF3D" author="Brodkorb, P." box="[202,377,188,215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="129 - 138" refId="ref12303" refString="Brodkorb, P. (1957) New passerine birds from the Pleistocene of Reddick, Florida. Journal of Paleontology, 31 (1), 129 - 138." type="journal article" year="1957">Brodkorb 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFE2DFF287DA1FF3D" authority="Brodkorb 1972" authorityName="Brodkorb" authorityYear="1972" box="[389,742,189,215]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Protocitta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ajax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFE2DFF287D69FF3D" box="[389,558,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Protocitta ajax</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFFBFFEBFD9FFF2B7DA1FF3D" author="Brodkorb, P." box="[567,742,189,215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="347" refId="ref12368" refString="Brodkorb, P. (1972) Neogene fossil jays from the Great Plains. The Condor, 74 (3), 347. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1366596" type="journal article" year="1972">Brodkorb 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFD5BFF287BC7FF3D" authority="Holman 1959" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1959" box="[755,1152,188,215]" class="Aves" genus="Henocitta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brodkorbi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFD5BFF287C9EFF3D" box="[755,985,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Henocitta brodkorbi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFFBFFEBFC4AFF2B7BC7FF3D" author="Holman, J. A." box="[994,1152,188,215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref13445" refString="Holman, J. A. (1959) Birds and mammals from the Pleistocene of Williston, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 5 (1), 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1959">Holman 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which are considerably larger in body size. One of the fossil tarsometatarsi (CM 24274) has a particularly narrow shaft distally, and the tibiotarsus also has a narrow distal shaft in relationship to condyle breadth. These traits are not diagnostic to species according to the morphometric analysis described below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFBFFEBFF6FFED87DA0FE8D" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,683]" box="[199,743,333,359]" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFF6FFED87E2EFE8D" box="[199,361,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
. See Appendix 1 and
|
||
<figureCitation id="132467F4FFFBFFEBFDF7FEDB7DA5FE8D" box="[607,738,333,359]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="12.[151,250,1224,1249]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,250,1092,1117]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,250,1748,1773]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1433,709,1195]" captionTargetBox-1="[181,1293,285,1051]" captionTargetBox-2="[157,1432,1179,1721]" captionTargetId-0="figure@12.[151,1436,705,1199]" captionTargetId-1="figure@13.[151,1436,273,1067]" captionTargetId-2="figure@13.[152,1436,1175,1722]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Box and whisker plots summarizing long bone lengths in North American jays. A) Carpometacarpus, length of major metacarpal (mm); B) tarsometatarsus length (mm). Data from Appendix 1." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Box and whisker plot summarizing the ratio of shaft width to distal condylar width in North American jays. Data from Appendix 1." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Plot of the first two principal components for tarsometatarsus dimensions in North American jays. Data from Appendix 1." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814017" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814019" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814021" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3814017/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3814019/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3814021/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Figures 2-4</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFBFFEBFF6FFEE77B7DFD41" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,683]" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFF6FFEE77E97FE61" box="[199,464,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Morphometric Analysis</emphasis>
|
||
. I used a morphometric approach to compare the fossils with modern species of jays from continental North America north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3083BE1FFFBFFEBFDDAFE037D8FFE45" box="[626,712,405,431]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3083BE1FFFBFFEBFD70FE037C69FE45" box="[728,814,405,431]" name="Canada" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
Jay
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFCCDFE007B35FE45" authority=", Blue Jay" authorityName="Blue Jay" box="[869,1138,405,431]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFCCDFE007CB8FE45" box="[869,1023,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">P. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
, Blue Jay
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFBD3FE037A12FE45" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1147,1365,405,431]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Cyanocitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFBD3FE037A12FE45" box="[1147,1365,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Cyanocitta cristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, three species of scrub jays,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFE3EFE2F7DFAFE39" baseAuthorityName="Bosc" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[406,701,441,467]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Aphelocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coerulescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFE3EFE2F7DFAFE39" box="[406,701,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Aphelocoma coerulescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFD65FE2F7C1CFE39" box="[717,859,441,467]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Aphelocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woodhouseii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFD65FE2F7C1CFE39" box="[717,859,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">woodhouseii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFC35FE2F7B5FFE39" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[925,1048,441,467]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Aphelocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFC35FE2F7B5FFE39" box="[925,1048,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the larger Steller’s Jay
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFACEFE2F7E7EFE1D" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Cyanocitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stelleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFACEFE2F7E7EFE1D" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Cyanocitta stelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Bone lengths could only be taken from the fossil carpometacarpus and the two tarsometatarsi. Boxplots for these measurements illustrate differences in intermembral proportions among the taxa, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFAB8FD977ADBFDF1" authorityName="Cabanis" authorityYear="1851" box="[1296,1436,513,539]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Aphelocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFAB8FD977ADBFDF1" box="[1296,1436,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Aphelocoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
having a long tarsometatarsus relative to carpometacarpus, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFCC6FDB07CA1FDD5" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[878,998,550,575]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFCC6FDB07CA1FDD5" box="[878,998,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Perisoreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and even more so
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFB6BFDB37ADAFDD5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1219,1437,549,575]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Cyanocitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFB6BFDB37ADAFDD5" box="[1219,1437,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Cyanocitta cristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
having a short tarsometatarsus relative to carpometacarpus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132467F4FFFBFFEBFC9AFDDF7C30FD89" box="[818,887,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1224,1249]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,709,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,705,1199]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Box and whisker plots summarizing long bone lengths in North American jays. A) Carpometacarpus, length of major metacarpal (mm); B) tarsometatarsus length (mm). Data from Appendix 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814017/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). For the fossils, even with the small sample size, it can be seen that if only one species of jay is present, its body proportions are not consistent with assignment to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFF3FFD077E64FD41" authorityName="Cabanis" authorityYear="1851" box="[151,291,657,683]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Aphelocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFF3FFD077E64FD41" box="[151,291,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Aphelocoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The fossil tarsometatarsi are also distinctly smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFC6DFD077B74FD41" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[965,1075,657,683]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Cyanocitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stelleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFC6DFD077B74FD41" box="[965,1075,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">C. stelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF602BF9FFFBFFEBFF3FFB5E7C8CFAEF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814017" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814017/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" startId="12.[151,250,1224,1249]" targetBox="[157,1433,709,1195]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFBFFEBFF3FFB5E7C8CFAEF" blockId="12.[151,1436,1224,1285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFF3FFB5E7E52FB0B" bold="true" box="[151,277,1224,1249]" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Box and whisker plots summarizing long bone lengths in North American jays. A) Carpometacarpus, length of major metacarpal (mm); B) tarsometatarsus length (mm). Data from Appendix 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFBFFEBFF6FFAA27B54FA7C" blockId="12.[151,1437,1331,2042]" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">
|
||
To evaluate the fossil tibiotarsus, width of the distal shaft and width across the distal condyles were taken. The ratio of these measurements shows that the fossil tibiotarsus has an unusually slender shaft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132467F4FFFBFFEBFB0FFAC17BABFA9B" box="[1191,1260,1367,1393]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1092,1117]" captionTargetBox="[181,1293,285,1051]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,273,1067]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Box and whisker plot summarizing the ratio of shaft width to distal condylar width in North American jays. Data from Appendix 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814019/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). It agrees with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFF3FFAEA7E68FA7F" box="[151,303,1403,1429]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFF3FFAEA7E68FA7F" box="[151,303,1403,1429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">P. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this trait although it is also within the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFCF7FAEA7B4BFA7F" box="[863,1036,1403,1430]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Aphelocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woodhouseii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFCF7FAEA7B4BFA7F" box="[863,1036,1403,1430]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">A. woodhouseii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFBFFEAFF6FFA097BDAFF11" blockId="12.[151,1437,1331,2042]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,153,252]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFFBFFEBFF6FFA097D32FA53" author="Brodkorb, P. & Mourer-Chauvire, C." box="[199,629,1439,1465]" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="39 - 43" refId="ref12403" refString="Brodkorb, P. & Mourer-Chauvire, C. (1984) Pleistocene Birds from Cumberland Cave, Maryland. In: Genoways, H. H. & Dawson, M. R. (Eds.), Contributions in Quaternary Vertebrate Paleontology: A Volume in Memorial to John E. Guilday. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Special Publication No. 8, pp. 39 - 43." type="book chapter" year="1984">Brodkorb & Mourer-Chauviré (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred the tarsometatarsus CM 24274 to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFBC4FA367A40FA53" box="[1132,1287,1439,1465]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFBC4FA367A40FA53" box="[1132,1287,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">P. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on its slender shaft. To evaluate the intramembral proportions of the two fossil tarsometatarsi, I measured tarsometatarsus length and four width measurements covering proximal and distal articular and shaft widths (Appendix 1). I performed a principal components analysis using four variables: 1) length from intercotylar area to the trochlea of the third metatarsal, 2) proximal width across articular facets, 3) proximal shaft width at level of proximal vascular foramina, 4) distal shaft width at level of distal vascular foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132467F4FFFBFFEBFCDFF9C57CFBF987" box="[887,956,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1748,1773]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,1179,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[152,1436,1175,1722]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Plot of the first two principal components for tarsometatarsus dimensions in North American jays. Data from Appendix 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814021/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). I also ran this analysis with five variables (distal width across trochleae included), with very similar results (not shown). In the four-variable analysis, for the first principal component, the variables’ loadings had the same sign and a moderate range of values (variable 1 = -0.52, variable 2 = -0.55, variable 3 = -0.49, variable 4 = -0.44). This component, weighted most heavily on length and the proximal widths, reflects size and also some shape variance, as clearly shown by the reversal of the positions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFF5AF89E7E2FF8CB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[242,360,1800,1826]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Cyanocitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFF5AF89E7E2FF8CB" box="[242,360,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">C. cristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFE35F89E7D73F8CB" box="[413,564,1799,1825]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFE35F89E7D73F8CB" box="[413,564,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">P. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
relative to their tarsometatarsus lengths (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="132467F4FFFBFFEBFBC1F8917B85F8CB" box="[1129,1218,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1224,1249]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,709,1195]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,705,1199]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Box and whisker plots summarizing long bone lengths in North American jays. A) Carpometacarpus, length of major metacarpal (mm); B) tarsometatarsus length (mm). Data from Appendix 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814017/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Figs. 2b</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="132467F4FFFBFFEBFB50F8917A4EF8CB" box="[1272,1289,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1748,1773]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,1179,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[152,1436,1175,1722]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Plot of the first two principal components for tarsometatarsus dimensions in North American jays. Data from Appendix 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814021/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The second principal component contrasted tarsometatarsus distal shaft width (component loading -0.80) with proximal shaft width (loading +0.48) and total length (loading +0.33). This component tended to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFB66F8C67A2CF883" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1230,1387,1871,1898]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Aphelocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFB66F8C67A2CF883" box="[1230,1387,1871,1898]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">A. californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFF3FF8E27E01F867" box="[151,326,1907,1934]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Aphelocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woodhouseii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFF3FF8E27E01F867" box="[151,326,1907,1934]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">A. woodhouseii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the other taxa but otherwise was ineffective at separating the species. The two Cumberland Bone Cave fossils are centrally placed in the principal components biplot (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132467F4FFFBFFEBFC77F8017B62F85B" box="[991,1061,1943,1969]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1748,1773]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,1179,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[152,1436,1175,1722]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Plot of the first two principal components for tarsometatarsus dimensions in North American jays. Data from Appendix 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814021/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). CM 24274 falls just outside the probability ellipse for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFE27F82A7D61F83F" box="[399,550,1979,2005]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFE27F82A7D61F83F" box="[399,550,1979,2005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">P. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which supports Brodkorb & Mourer-Chauviré’s opinion of the bone; however, it also falls within the probability ellipse for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFBFFEBFD24F8767C44F813" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[652,771,2016,2042]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Cyanocitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEBFD24F8767C44F813" box="[652,771,2016,2042]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">C. cristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and just outside the ellipses of the three species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFBFFEAFAECF8497F93FF59" italics="true" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="12" pageNumber="123">Aphelo- coma</emphasis>
|
||
. USNM PAL 641989 falls near the center of the plot, within the ellipses for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFAFFEAFB9EFF0F7BEAFF59" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1078,1197,153,179]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Cyanocitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFAFFEAFB9EFF0F7BEAFF59" box="[1078,1197,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">C. cristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFAFFEAFB4DFF0F7AD1FF59" baseAuthorityName="Bosc" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[1253,1430,153,179]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Aphelocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coerulescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFAFFEAFB4DFF0F7AD1FF59" box="[1253,1430,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">A. coerulescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Considering that these are merely 68% probability ellipses, representing one standard deviation, I conclude that the tarsometatarsus data are indecisive with regard to the genus or species of jay(s) represented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF602BF9FFFAFFEAFF3FFBD27E0DFB6B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814019" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814019/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" startId="13.[151,250,1092,1117]" targetBox="[181,1293,285,1051]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFAFFEAFF3FFBD27E0DFB6B" blockId="13.[151,1436,1092,1153]" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFAFFEAFF3FFBD27E54FBB7" bold="true" box="[151,275,1092,1117]" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Box and whisker plot summarizing the ratio of shaft width to distal condylar width in North American jays. Data from Appendix 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF602BF9FFFAFFEAFF3FF9427FB2F8FA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814021" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814021/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" startId="13.[151,250,1748,1773]" targetBox="[157,1432,1179,1721]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFAFFEAFF3FF9427FB2F8FA" blockId="13.[151,1436,1748,1809]" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFAFFEAFF3FF9427E54F907" bold="true" box="[151,275,1748,1773]" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Plot of the first two principal components for tarsometatarsus dimensions in North American jays. Data from Appendix 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFFAFFE9FF6FF8A97E10FECA" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFFAFFE9FF6FF8A97E10FECA" blockId="13.[151,1437,1855,2025]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,153,288]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFAFFEAFF6FF8A97E7CF8B3" bold="true" box="[199,315,1855,1881]" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The fossil jays received extra scrutiny because Brodkorb & Mourer-Chauviré cited their identification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFAFFEAFF43F8F57EC4F897" box="[235,387,1891,1917]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFAFFEAFF43F8F57EC4F897" box="[235,387,1891,1917]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">P. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as evidence that the Cumberland Bone Cave assemblage accumulated during a cold climate phase. Although the osteometric analysis eliminated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFAFFEAFD49F8117C08F84B" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[737,847,1927,1953]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Cyanocitta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stelleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFAFFEAFD49F8117C08F84B" box="[737,847,1927,1953]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">C. stelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on size and provisionally eliminated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFAFFEAFB46F8117A3DF84B" authorityName="Cabanis" authorityYear="1851" box="[1262,1402,1927,1953]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Aphelocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFAFFEAFB46F8117A3DF84B" box="[1262,1402,1927,1953]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">Aphelocoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on body proportions (assuming only one species is represented by the fossils), it was otherwise indecisive as to the genus and species represented.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFFAFFEAFE73F8597D90F803" box="[475,727,1999,2025]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFFAFFEAFE73F8597D90F803" box="[475,727,1999,2025]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="124">Perisoreus canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been reported as a fossil in another southerly location, Cheek Bend Cave in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBB593FFF9FFE9FE21FF0F7EBBFF59" box="[393,508,153,179]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="14" pageNumber="125">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF9FFE9FDA3FF0F7C74FF59" author="Parmalee, P. W. & Klippel, W. E." box="[523,819,153,179]" pageId="14" pageNumber="125" pagination="365 - 368" refId="ref13861" refString="Parmalee, P. W. & Klippel, W. E. (1982) Evidence of a boreal avifauna in middle Tennessee during the late Pleistocene. The Auk, 99 (2), 365 - 368." type="journal article" year="1982">Parmalee & Klippel 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The bird and mammal assemblage from Cheek Bend Cave includes a number of boreal species and was interpreted as dating to the Last Glacial Maximum. In the case of Cumberland Bone Cave,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF9FFE9FE67FF747D00FF11" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[463,583,226,251]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Perisoreus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF9FFE9FE67FF747D00FF11" box="[463,583,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="125">Perisoreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, if present, would be the only purely boreal element in the avian assemblage (see Discussion).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |