plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/B2/EA/03B2EA640A34464E2CFCFF17FA57D366.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

370 lines
48 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="1CE11FA2D5BB2FCF3C77D0B97EC93064" ID-CLB-Dataset="22494" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4765.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8af5a092-f062-48c7-8d7c-f96ae6282bfa" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3774174" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C442D94C-0EB4-4509-B762-913707214819" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588094957734" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Hodgson, Chris" docDate="2020" docId="03B2EA640A34464E2CFCFF17FA57D366" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4765.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4765 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="XENOCOCCIDAE Tang 1992" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="FF8B921C0A2F46522C6BFF8EFFCBD747" masterDocTitle="A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males" masterLastPageNumber="264" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1698837970293" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="59694DD97B58E524AD0959184EA891A6" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="43A39E5DDB4D019A403F4739B757593A">
<mods:title id="C0F782479F314D5C745A84BF0B341978">A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="3B1502D30B76CAEEC1DFA32499F6F7EC" type="personal">
<mods:role id="31A65B9D225DC848DCDCC079B27CFA61">
<mods:roleTerm id="498A58D3FAE320068E3C0BE04A78EDB6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="AC82B66D0663036E3C7C3E2CBFD6D824">Hodgson, Chris</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="429BD7B11EC051FEA8CD411B026263AC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="5FED06AACA5FB5624AC95BD1FB86C3BB" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="7A8F0B4EDE45F2F002519F9439183734">
<mods:title id="5DDC52728A0E26098C2CFBF0B7926E78">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="195C0CDEE4A1E10D437B55BB2731CB19">
<mods:date id="9AEDA70E43D384B83F3538A72ECEA549">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="7D09BA730458780EC8203F56FE798142" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="13442148EAB44D3C79021A29FB196522">2020-04-16</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="2856264CF1174A0D180C31266BA94E0D" type="volume">
<mods:number id="324CE1F329443CCA5DAE39CBD7CE1986">4765</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="FAC4B6E354FB00C46A5ABD9536D6164C" type="issue">
<mods:number id="DA3D87C6FA8597C6A1E07A93256ED638">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="AEE7B0CB064E482D006FBB61178FC8E4" unit="page">
<mods:start id="A87F076F7DBEC17BC2664045E3779D11">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="DC17234662B3E386657B175911B1651A">264</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="53E3FAF6AA4766B19EE8CDFE157400F3">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="F86870A114CE4DBDDF9CBA09EFF15E75" type="CLB-Dataset">22494</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="41A3C157C83EBC2A64ADB54AC840B6EE" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4765.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1802EB5EC956863A9F858A7DB1180F53" type="GBIF-Dataset">8af5a092-f062-48c7-8d7c-f96ae6282bfa</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="AE49076CD34391FEF6777EC02C79E675" type="ISSN">1175-5334</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="66C4411598A4EB117BCBD701FCF22B17" type="Zenodo-Dep">3774174</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="075793122C153CDD3E6BF5297B2E49CC" type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C442D94C-0EB4-4509-B762-913707214819</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03B2EA640A34464E2CFCFF17FA57D366" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3796752" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3796752" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B2EA640A34464E2CFCFF17FA57D366" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2EA640A34464E2CFCFF17FA57D366" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A3446492CFCFF17FDD8D7F4" box="[151,531,153,180]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3446492CFCFF17FDD8D7F4" blockId="27.[151,531,153,180]" box="[151,531,153,180]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492CFCFF17FDD8D7F4" box="[151,531,153,180]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492CFCFF17FDD8D7F4" bold="true" box="[151,531,153,180]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
XENOCOCCIDAE
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492DF9FF14FDD8D7F4" author="Tang" box="[402,531,153,180]" firstAuthor="Tang" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref211899" refString="Tang, F. T. (1992) [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu, Shanxi, 768 pp." type="book" year="1992">Tang 1992</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A3446492CFCFF53FCB0D653" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3446492CFCFF53FE0ED7B1" blockId="27.[151,891,221,277]" box="[151,453,221,246]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0B7C5C0A3446492CFCFF53FE0ED7B1" box="[151,453,221,246]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630A3446492CFCFF53FE0BD7B1" box="[151,448,221,246]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Xenococcinae
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492D46FF50FE51D7B1" author="Tang" box="[301,410,222,246]" firstAuthor="Tang" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref211899" refString="Tang, F. T. (1992) [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu, Shanxi, 768 pp." type="book" year="1992">Tang 1992</bibRefCitation>
, 42
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3446492CFCFF72FCB0D653" blockId="27.[151,891,221,277]" box="[151,891,252,277]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0B7C5C0A3446492CFCFF72FCB0D653" box="[151,891,252,277]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Xenococcidae Tang;
<treatmentCitation id="0ABA7D630A3446492D07FF72FD13D652" box="[364,728,252,277]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492D07FF72FD13D652" author="Danzig, E. M. &amp; Gavrilov-Zimin, I. A." box="[364,728,252,277]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 678" refId="ref199862" refString="Danzig, E. M. &amp; Gavrilov-Zimin, I. A. (2014). Fauna of Russia and neighbouring countries. Palaearctic mealybugs (Homoptera, Coccinea, Pseudococcidae). Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, New Series, 148, 1 - 678." type="journal article" year="2014">Danzig &amp; Gavrilov-Zimin 2014, 45</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Revised status.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A3446492CFCFEB4FBC9D636" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3446492CFCFEB4FD94D615" blockId="27.[151,1026,313,369]" box="[151,607,313,338]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<typeStatus id="54A0E5D00A3446492CFCFEB4FF02D615" box="[151,201,314,338]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492D73FEB4FDECD615" ID-CoL="88Q4" authority="Silvestri 1924" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1924" box="[280,551,313,338]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Xenococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492D73FEB4FE5AD616" box="[280,401,314,337]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Xenococcus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492DF3FEB7FDECD615" author="Silvestri" box="[408,551,313,338]" firstAuthor="Silvestri" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="311 - 315" refId="ref211291" refString="Silvestri, F. (1924) A new myrmecophilous genus of Coccidae (Hemiptera) from India. Records of the Indian Museum, 26, 311 - 315." type="journal article" year="1924">Silvestri 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 312.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3446492CFCFED7FBC9D636" blockId="27.[151,1026,313,369]" box="[151,1026,344,369]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<typeStatus id="54A0E5D00A3446492CFCFED7FF02D636" box="[151,201,345,369]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492D4DFED7FDB9D636" ID-CoL="7FX7F" authority="Silvestri" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1924" box="[294,626,344,369]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Xenococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annandalei">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492D4DFED7FDD3D637" box="[294,536,344,368]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Xenococcus annandalei</emphasis>
Silvestri
</taxonomicName>
by monotypy and original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A3446492CFCFE13FC38D32A" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3446492CFCFE13FC38D32A" blockId="27.[151,1437,413,2039]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492CFCFE13FEE4D6FF" bold="true" box="[151,303,413,440]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Introduction</emphasis>
. The
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492D1BFE13FD55D6FF" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[368,670,413,440]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizoecinae">Rhizoecinae (Rhizoecidae)</taxonomicName>
was divided into two tribes by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A344649286BFE10FB42D6F0" author="Tang" box="[1024,1161,413,440]" firstAuthor="Tang" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref211899" refString="Tang, F. T. (1992) [The Pseudococcidae of China]. Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu, Shanxi, 768 pp." type="book" year="1992">Tang (1992)</bibRefCitation>
on the basis of the presence (Rhizoecini—here
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492DC7FE4EFDF3D69C" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[428,568,448,475]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae</taxonomicName>
) or absence (Xenococcini—here Xenococcidae) of ostioles on the adult females. However, it is known now that some adult females of
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492F05FE6DFC33D6BA" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[878,1016,483,509]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae</taxonomicName>
lack ostioles (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A34464928B1FE6DFAA2D6BA" authorityName="Hambleton" authorityYear="1977" box="[1242,1385,483,509]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Capitisetella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A34464928B1FE6DFAA2D6BA" box="[1242,1385,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Capitisetella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492CFCFD8BFE9FD558" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,340,517,543]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudorhizoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492CFCFD8BFE9FD558" box="[151,340,517,543]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pseudorhizoecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Nonetheless, in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492E2CFD8BFD1FD558" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[583,724,517,543]" class="Insecta" family="Rhizoecidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhizoecidae</taxonomicName>
, the third-instar female is a normal feeding instar whereas it has been shown (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492D40FDA6FE1AD505" author="Williams" box="[299,465,552,578]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref212959" refString="Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of Southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, Kuala Lumpur, The Natural History Museum, London &amp; Southdene SDN, BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp." type="book" year="2004">Williams 2004</bibRefCitation>
) that all three genera included in the Xenococcinae have a third-instar pupal (non-feeding) stage before the fourth-instar (adult) female stage, clearly separating the two subfamilies. In addition,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A344649295CFDC5FF29D5C0" author="Williams" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref212959" refString="Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of Southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, Kuala Lumpur, The Natural History Museum, London &amp; Southdene SDN, BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp." type="book" year="2004">Williams (2004)</bibRefCitation>
showed that, in those species where circuli were present, they are flat or bulbous distally in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492960FDE3FA53D5C0" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[1291,1432,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizoecinae">Rhizoecinae</taxonomicName>
, whereas in the Xenococcinae they are depressed or cup-shaped at the centre of the distal end. Adult female Xenococcinae also lack tubular ducts, pores and tubular cerores, all of which occur on most
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A344649280AFD3DFB24D58A" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[1121,1263,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizoecinae">Rhizoecinae</taxonomicName>
. More recently,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492CFCFD5BFDEAD5A8" author="Danzig and Gavrilov-Zimin" box="[151,545,725,751]" firstAuthor="Danzig" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 678" refId="ref199862" refString="Danzig, E. M. &amp; Gavrilov-Zimin, I. A. (2014). Fauna of Russia and neighbouring countries. Palaearctic mealybugs (Homoptera, Coccinea, Pseudococcidae). Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, New Series, 148, 1 - 678." type="journal article" year="2014">Danzig and Gavrilov-Zimin (2014)</bibRefCitation>
have reviewed the above classification and concluded that the myrmecophilous mealybugs are unrelated to the “true” mealybugs and are closer to the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492FC4FD76FB87D455" box="[943,1100,760,786]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492838FD76FBA6D455" box="[1107,1133,760,786]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">s.l</emphasis>
. due to the presence of the pupal stage in the female life cycle and the absence of tubular ducts, pores and tubular cerores. They therefore raised this group to family level, Xenococcidae Tang, suggesting that it had a common ancestor within the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A344649296BFCB3FA56D410" box="[1280,1437,829,855]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492CFCFCEEFF7AD43D" box="[151,177,864,890]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">s.l</emphasis>
., i.e., outside the neococcids, although this was not supported by phylogenetic evidence. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A344649297FFCEEFEFCD4DA" author="Downie and Gullan" firstAuthor="Downie" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="238 - 259" refId="ref200085" refString="Downie, D. A. &amp; Gullan, P. J. (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) based on DNA sequences from three nuclear genes, and a review of the higher classification. Systematic Entomology, 29 (2), 238 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0307 - 6970.2004.00241. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Downie and Gullan (2004)</bibRefCitation>
included
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492DC2FC0DFC94D4D9" authority="(Balachowsky)" baseAuthorityName="Balachowsky" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[425,863,899,926]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Neochavesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caldasiae">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492DC2FC0DFD67D4DA" box="[425,684,899,925]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neochavesia caldasiae</emphasis>
(Balachowsky)
</taxonomicName>
in their phylogenetic analysis based on molecular studies, and recovered it within the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492E41FC2BFD7CD4F8" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1969" box="[554,695,933,959]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizoecinae">Rhizoecinae</taxonomicName>
, sister to the remaining three hypogaeic species. It is here considered that the Xenococcidae are neococcids and that they probably arose from a common ancestor close to the true mealybugs. However, the final relationships of this family may only be discovered using a more comprehensive phylogenetic study using molecular data and a larger sample of taxa. Currently, the Xenococcidae contain 3 genera (
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492CCAFBBFFE35D30D" authority="Silvestri 1926" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1926" box="[161,510,1072,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492CCAFBBFFE91D30D" box="[161,346,1073,1098]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eumyrmococcus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492D0BFBBEFE35D30D" author="Silvestri, F." box="[352,510,1072,1098]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="271 - 275" refId="ref211322" refString="Silvestri, F. (1926) Descrizione di un novo genere di Coccidae (Hemiptera) mirmecofilo della cina. [Descriptions of a new myrmecophilous genus of Coccidae (Hemiptera) from China.] Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superior Agricoltura. Portici, 18, 271 - 275." type="journal article" year="1926">Silvestri 1926</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492E63FBBEFBFCD30D" authority="Williams &amp; Granara de Willink 1992" authorityName="Williams &amp; Granara de Willink" authorityYear="1992" box="[520,1079,1072,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Neochavesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492E63FBBEFD5CD30D" box="[520,663,1072,1098]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neochavesia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492EF6FBBEFBFCD30D" author="Williams &amp; Granara de Willink" box="[669,1079,1072,1098]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref213053" refString="Williams, D. J. &amp; Granara de Willink, M. C. (1992) Mealybugs of Central and South America. CAB International London, Wallingford, 635 pp." type="book" year="1992">Williams &amp; Granara de Willink 1992</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492807FBBFFA5FD30D" authority="Silvestri 1924" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1924" box="[1132,1428,1072,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Xenococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492807FBBFFB39D30D" box="[1132,1266,1073,1098]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Xenococcus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A344649289CFBBEFA5FD30D" author="Silvestri" box="[1271,1428,1072,1098]" firstAuthor="Silvestri" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="311 - 315" refId="ref211291" refString="Silvestri, F. (1924) A new myrmecophilous genus of Coccidae (Hemiptera) from India. Records of the Indian Museum, 26, 311 - 315." type="journal article" year="1924">Silvestri 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and 38 species, although it seems likely that the family is non-monophyletic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A3446492CACFBFBFB80D132" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3446492CACFBFBFB80D132" blockId="27.[151,1437,413,2039]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492CACFBFBFCD1D3D7" bold="true" box="[199,794,1141,1168]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Family diagnosis based on adult male morphology.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492F4BFBFBFC15D3C8" box="[800,990,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Entirely apterous</emphasis>
and therefore never with any sclerotised plates on mesothorax;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492DFAFB16FE07D3F5" bold="true" box="[401,460,1176,1202]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">body</emphasis>
generally showing some modification for transport by ants, either rather narrow or with an enlarged cephalothorax and narrow abdomen.
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492ED8FB35FD39D392" bold="true" box="[691,754,1211,1237]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Head</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492E93FB35FBBCD392" box="[760,1143,1211,1237]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">without both simple eyes and ocelli</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A34464928EEFB32FA5ED392" box="[1157,1429,1211,1237]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">antennae 1–5 segmented</emphasis>
; pedicel perhaps always absent; antennae with hs and bristles;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492F56FB53FB88D3B0" box="[829,1091,1245,1271]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">preocular ridges absent</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A344649283AFB53FA9CD3B0" box="[1105,1367,1245,1271]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">postocular ridge absent</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A344649290EFB50FE42D25D" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">postoccipital ridge absent</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492DF3FA8EFD3BD25D" box="[408,752,1280,1306]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">dorsal midcranial ridge absent</emphasis>
; ventral midcranial ridge poorly developed or absent; base of antennae may be either close together or far apart near anterior margin of head;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492875FAADFAFDD27A" box="[1054,1334,1315,1341]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">neck constriction absent.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492956FAADFA57D27A" bold="true" box="[1341,1436,1315,1341]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Thorax.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492CFCFACBFD8ED218" box="[151,581,1349,1376]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Barely differentiated from rest of body</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492E3FFACBFBF3D218" box="[596,1080,1349,1375]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">pronotal ridge and pronotal sclerite absent</emphasis>
; propleural ridge short, at most only extending anteriorly about half-way to head; loculate pores generally absent; legs generally short, often with some segments fused;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492DE4FA05FC43D2E2" box="[399,904,1419,1445]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">trochanter with 2 round sensoria on each side</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492FFDFA05FBF1D2E2" box="[918,1082,1419,1445]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">leg setae all hs</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A344649282CFA05FE69D280" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">trochanters without a strong Yshaped sclerotised ridge</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492DC4FA20FDBBD280" box="[431,624,1453,1480]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">tarsi 1 segmented</emphasis>
; tarsal digitules either undifferentiated or setose; claws without a denticle; claw digitules either absent or not capitate.
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492EEBFA41FD3FD2AD" bold="true" box="[640,756,1487,1514]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492F68FA5EFC65D2AD" box="[771,942,1488,1514]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ostioles absent</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492FD5FA5EFDA7D14A" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">abdominal segment VIII without glandular pouches and without a group of disc-pores</emphasis>
, although 1 or more long setae may be present in this position; abdominal segment IX not apparently differentiated; penial sheath significantly longer than broad;
<emphasis id="B96F87600A344649281BF99BFB45D115" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">penial sheath with a large, U-shaped, sclerotised structure extending within abdomen anteriorly from base of aedeagus</emphasis>
, this usually longer than length of penial sheath; aedeagus often longer than penial sheath and sharply pointed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A34464E2CACF9F3FC29D6B0" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3446492CACF9F3FB40D1B8" blockId="27.[151,1437,413,2039]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492CACF9F3FE8FD1DF" bold="true" box="[199,324,1661,1688]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Comment.</emphasis>
Illustrations of two myrmecophilous mealybugs are included, namely
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492839F9F3FB2AD1D0" authorityName="Williams &amp; Granara de Willink" authorityYear="1992" box="[1106,1249,1661,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Neochavesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492839F9F3FB2AD1D0" box="[1106,1249,1661,1687]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neochavesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nr.
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492961F9F3FA57D1D0" box="[1290,1436,1661,1687]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">trinidadensis</emphasis>
(Beardlsey) (
<figureCitation id="132047F70A3446492D41F92EFEBBD1FC" box="[298,368,1696,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1946,1971]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,183,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[163,1425,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 6. Neochavesia nr. trinadadensis (Beardsley). Apterous adult male. (Xenococcidae). H=apex on antenna, K=tibia and tarsus of metathoracic leg, and N=ventral view of penial sheath. For abbreviations, see p. 8." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774186/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492DDCF92FFCE2D1FD" authority="Williams" authorityName="Williams. Apterous" authorityYear="1998" box="[439,809,1696,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Xenococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acropygae">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492DDCF92FFD71D1FD" box="[439,698,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Xenococcus acropygae</emphasis>
Williams
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132047F70A3446492F52F92EFCB5D1FC" box="[825,894,1696,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1945,1970]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,182,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[156,1432,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xenococcus acropygae Williams. Apterous adult male. (Xenococcidae). Where A=minute setae, K=apex of limbs, M=lobes of abdominal segment VIII and Q=antenna. For abbreviations, see p. 8. (Modified after Williams 1998)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774188/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Further descriptions and figures of adult male Xenococcidae can be found in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492D92F94DFD61D19A" author="Williams" box="[505,682,1731,1757]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref212849" refString="Williams, D. J. (1998) Mealybugs of the genera Eumyrmococcus Silvestri and Xenococcus Silvestri associated with the ant genus Acropyga Roger and a review of the subfamily Rhizoecinae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Entomology Series, London, 67, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1998">Williams (1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492ED3F94DFD3ED19A" author="Williams" box="[696,757,1731,1757]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref212959" refString="Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of Southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, Kuala Lumpur, The Natural History Museum, London &amp; Southdene SDN, BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp." type="book" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492F61F94DFBB2D19A" author="Kishimoto-Yamada" box="[778,1145,1730,1757]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kishimoto-Yamada" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="3501 - 3524" refId="ref205495" refString="Kishimoto-Yamada, K., Itioka, T. &amp; Kawai, S. (2005) Biological characterization of the obligate symbiosis between Acropyga sauteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae: Rhizoecinae) on Okinawa Island, southern Japan. Journal of Natural History, 39 (40), 3501 - 3524. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930500393145" type="journal article" year="2005">
Kishimoto-Yamada
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492F87F94AFBD4D19A" box="[1004,1055,1731,1757]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A34464928D8F94DFAA0D19A" author="Hodgson" box="[1203,1387,1731,1757]" firstAuthor="Hodgson" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref203656" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (2012) Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams. Zootaxa, 3291 (1), 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3291.1.1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hodgson (2012)</bibRefCitation>
and keys to separate the known adult males of the Xenococcidae are given in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492FA6F96BFB4CD1B8" author="Hodgson" box="[973,1159,1765,1791]" firstAuthor="Hodgson" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref203656" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (2012) Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams. Zootaxa, 3291 (1), 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3291.1.1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hodgson (2012)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A3446492CACF889FD64D0CC" blockId="27.[151,1437,413,2039]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492CACF889FE8ED065" bold="true" box="[199,325,1799,1826]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Discussion</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492D3EF886FD6FD065" author="Schneider and LaPolla" box="[341,676,1800,1826]" firstAuthor="Schneider" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref210872" refString="Schneider, S. A. &amp; LaPolla, J. S. (2011) Systematics of the mealybug tribe Xenococcini (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), with a discussion of trophobiotic associations with Acropyga Roger ants. Systematic Entomology, 36, 57 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2010.00546. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Schneider and LaPolla (2011)</bibRefCitation>
showed that all Xenococcidae are obligate trophobionts with
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492935F886FED2D002" authority="Roger" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A3446492935F886FF06D002" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Acropyga</emphasis>
Roger
</taxonomicName>
ants. These ants are considered to feed primarily on the honeydew produced by the xenococcine scale insects and the alate ant queen is known to carry one of the xenococcines in its mandibles during her maiden flight, so that the colony she founds has a food source.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A34464E2CACF81AFC29D6B0" blockId="27.[151,1437,413,2039]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1437,153,503]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
The most recent key to the adult females in this (sub)family is in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492FC5F81AFAC9D0E9" author="Schneider and LaPolla" box="[942,1282,1940,1966]" firstAuthor="Schneider" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref210872" refString="Schneider, S. A. &amp; LaPolla, J. S. (2011) Systematics of the mealybug tribe Xenococcini (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), with a discussion of trophobiotic associations with Acropyga Roger ants. Systematic Entomology, 36, 57 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2010.00546. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Schneider and LaPolla (2011)</bibRefCitation>
. In their phylogenetic study of the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A3446492DBBF836FD95D095" box="[464,606,1976,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xenococcini">Xenococcini</taxonomicName>
based on adult female morphology and using both Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A3446492DD9F852FCCED0B1" author="Schneider and LaPolla" box="[434,773,2012,2038]" firstAuthor="Schneider" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref210872" refString="Schneider, S. A. &amp; LaPolla, J. S. (2011) Systematics of the mealybug tribe Xenococcini (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), with a discussion of trophobiotic associations with Acropyga Roger ants. Systematic Entomology, 36, 57 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2010.00546. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Schneider and LaPolla (2011)</bibRefCitation>
obtained a polytomy with four clades and one ungrouped species, with one clade equating to
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E2E4FFF17FD78D7F4" authorityName="Williams &amp; Granara de Willink" authorityYear="1992" box="[548,691,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Neochavesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2E4FFF17FD78D7F4" box="[548,691,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neochavesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one to
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E2F66FF14FC58D7F4" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1924" box="[781,915,154,179]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Xenococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2F66FF14FC58D7F4" box="[781,915,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Xenococcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and three to
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E284EFF14FB15D7F4" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1926" box="[1061,1246,154,179]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E284EFF14FB15D7F4" box="[1061,1246,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Eumyrmococcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which therefore may not be monophyletic. These clades were found to be related to their geographical distributions, with
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E294EFF33FF73D7BC" authorityName="Williams &amp; Granara de Willink" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Neochavesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E294EFF33FF73D7BC" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neochavesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
restricted to the Neotropics,
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E2E62FF6CFD44D7BC" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1924" box="[521,655,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Xenococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2E62FF6CFD44D7BC" box="[521,655,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Xenococcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the Indo-Australian Region, the
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2840FF6FFB7ED7BC" box="[1067,1205,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">scorpioides-</emphasis>
clade (three species, including the ungrouped
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E2DC6FE88FCB9D667" authority="Kozar &amp; Konczne Benedicty" authorityName="Kozar &amp; Konczne Benedicty" box="[429,882,261,288]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williams">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2DC6FE88FDE1D658" box="[429,554,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. williams</emphasis>
Kozár &amp; Konczné Benedicty
</taxonomicName>
) of
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E2FF6FE88FB9DD658" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1926" box="[925,1110,262,287]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2FF6FE88FB9DD658" box="[925,1110,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Eumyrmococcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to Africa and the Palaearctic, and the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E2C9FFEA7FE8BD604" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1926" box="[244,320,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithii">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2C9FFEA7FE8BD604" box="[244,320,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">smithii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-clade to Asia, the Pacific and
<collectingCountry id="F30C1BE20A33464E2EC9FEA7FCC7D604" box="[674,780,297,323]" name="Australia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Australia</collectingCountry>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A26830A33464E2FE4FEA7FB28D604" author="Schneider and LaPolla" box="[911,1251,297,323]" firstAuthor="Schneider" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref210872" refString="Schneider, S. A. &amp; LaPolla, J. S. (2011) Systematics of the mealybug tribe Xenococcini (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), with a discussion of trophobiotic associations with Acropyga Roger ants. Systematic Entomology, 36, 57 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2010.00546. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Schneider and LaPolla (2011)</bibRefCitation>
only used three representative species of pseudococcine and rhizoecine genera (
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E2F05FEC3FC22D620" box="[878,1001,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Geococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2F05FEC3FC22D620" box="[878,1001,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Geococcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E2F93FEC3FBA1D620" box="[1016,1130,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Rhizoecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2F93FEC3FBA1D620" box="[1016,1130,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Rhizoecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E28C8FEC3FAFCD620" box="[1187,1335,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Phenacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E28C8FEC3FAFCD620" box="[1187,1335,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Phenacoccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as their outgroups. There was support for three of the clades with Bayesian posterior probability scores of 100, although Bootstrap values in the Maximum Parsimony tree were all low (≤76) and there was no support for
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E297FFE18FA56D6E8" box="[1300,1437,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williamsi">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E297FFE18FA56D6E8" box="[1300,1437,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. williamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grouping with the other two species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E2E11FE34FCD1D694" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1993" box="[634,794,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scorpioides">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2E11FE34FCD1D694" box="[634,794,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. scorpioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group. All known adult male Xenococcinae are apterous but the adult males of the three genera are rather different morphologically.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A33464E2CFCFDC7FC09D524" box="[151,962,585,611]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A33464E2CFCFDC7FC09D524" blockId="28.[151,962,585,611]" box="[151,962,585,611]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2CFCFDC7FC09D524" bold="true" box="[151,962,585,611]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Key to genera of Xenococcidae based on adult male morphology:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30108F90A33464E2CFCFD00FA57D366" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="key">
<key id="FF8A0C430A33464E2CFCFD00FA57D366" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<keyStep id="30EF43D70A33464E2CFCFD00FA57D472" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A33464E2CFCFD00FA57D599" blockId="28.[151,1437,654,822]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A33464E2CFCFD00FA57D599" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
1. Antennae 1 segmented. Legs reduced, each with a spine-like pointed claw and two spine-like digitules. Lobes on abdominal segment VIII small, each with a few short setae + 3 longer setae. Head, thorax and 1st-abdominal segments all showing some strong sclerotisation...................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E287EFD47FA85D599" ID-CoL="7FWVF" authority="Williams" authorityName="Williams. Apterous" authorityYear="1998" box="[1045,1358,712,734]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Xenococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acropygae">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E287EFD47FB3AD599" box="[1045,1265,713,734]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Xenococcus acropygae</emphasis>
Williams
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132047F70A33464E2930FD46FA5ED599" box="[1371,1429,712,734]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1945,1970]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,182,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[156,1432,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xenococcus acropygae Williams. Apterous adult male. (Xenococcidae). Where A=minute setae, K=apex of limbs, M=lobes of abdominal segment VIII and Q=antenna. For abbreviations, see p. 8. (Modified after Williams 1998)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774188" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774188/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A33464E2CF6FD68FA57D472" blockId="28.[151,1437,654,822]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A33464E2CF6FD68FA57D472" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
- Antennae 2 or 5 segmented. Legs generally well developed but occasionally reduced, but claw digitules (when present) setose and structure of claw variable but not spine-like. Lobes on abdominal segment VIII either absent or well developed, without the above combination of setae. Without any strong sclerotisation on head, thorax or 1
<superScript id="7C6EF63A0A33464E2F91FC91FBC2D471" attach="none" box="[1018,1033,799,822]" fontSize="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">st-</superScript>
abdominal segment................ 2
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30EF43D70A33464E2CFCFCD5FA57D366" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A33464E2CFCFCD5FA57D4EC" blockId="28.[151,1437,859,1057]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A33464E2CFCFCD5FA57D4EC" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
2. Abdominal segment VIII with well-developed lateral finger-like processes on either side of ventral opening of penial sheath, each lobe with many setae of moderate-length. Abdomen with a strong constriction between segments II and III. Claw digitules present, setose..............................................
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E2FCBFC18FA85D4EB" ID-CoL="5YZJ" authority="Williams &amp; Granara de Willink" authorityName="Williams &amp; Granara de Willink" authorityYear="1992" box="[928,1358,918,940]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Neochavesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E2FCBFC18FBD0D4EC" box="[928,1051,918,939]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neochavesia</emphasis>
Williams &amp; Granara de Willink
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132047F70A33464E2930FC18FA5ED4EC" box="[1371,1429,917,940]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1946,1971]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,183,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[163,1425,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 6. Neochavesia nr. trinadadensis (Beardsley). Apterous adult male. (Xenococcidae). H=apex on antenna, K=tibia and tarsus of metathoracic leg, and N=ventral view of penial sheath. For abbreviations, see p. 8." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3774186/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA45B720A33464E2CF6FC3DFA57D366" blockId="28.[151,1437,859,1057]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<keyLead id="30EAF8470A33464E2CF6FC3DFA57D366" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
- Abdominal segment VIII without lateral finger-like processes on either side of ventral opening of penial sheath. Setae on abdominal segment VIII either very few and extremely minute or with at least a few setae longer than penial sheath. Abdomen more or less tapering posteriorly, without a strong constriction between segments II &amp; III. Claw digitules absent.........................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C1B20F10A33464E28C3FB82FA57D366" ID-CoL="62TGK" authority="Silvestri" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1926" box="[1192,1436,1035,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Eumyrmococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96F87600A33464E28C3FB82FA8CD366" box="[1192,1351,1036,1057]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Eumyrmococcus</emphasis>
Silvestri
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink