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<mods:title id="E59122B89A6C7919859DCAC7FD406474">Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="13E4E353E41BC7D4A24676F4204D848F">Mabuchi, Kohji</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1B6FF0AA633621216C3F8C2E6F7F6594">Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5 - 1 - 5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277 - 8564, Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F9A1313DEA6706FFC953736925624598">Fraser, Thomas H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FA0FC5F5C0C4EF4ADFEB1231A6B1336B">Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Dickinson Hall, Museum Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, Florida 34236, United States. E-mail: cardinalfish @ comcast. net University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903 - 0213, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1B6633B1F006E4EBE1AA5FB0A6B6C50D">Song, Hayeun</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9ABD3BF1C3A7CE9886E3C04DD6972985">Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5 - 1 - 5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277 - 8564, Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="09AA5656473C42EB0BB51184D6D2345E">Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5 - 1 - 5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277 - 8564, Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="6EDD0F49865471880E20B9D56F36238D">Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5 - 1 - 5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277 - 8564, Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="CA3F4E7D813C0B36FF78C3C9FE0AD78E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5116929" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183718594" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5116929" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CA3F4E7D813C0B36FF78C3C9FE0AD78E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CA3F4E7D813C0B36FF78C3C9FE0AD78E" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<subSubSection id="0A8CACE0813C0B37FF78C3C9FD70D3C0" box="[151,709,1441,1467]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4229FF6B813C0B37FF78C3C9FD70D3C0" blockId="36.[151,709,1441,1467]" box="[151,709,1441,1467]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis id="70E22379813C0B37FF78C3C9FF6ED3C0" bold="true" box="[151,219,1441,1467]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Tribe</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="859684E8813C0B37FF0DC3C9FD82D3C0" authorityName="Fraser &amp; Mabuchi" authorityYear="2014" box="[226,567,1441,1467]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" subFamily="Fraser" tribe="Zoramiini">
<emphasis id="70E22379813C0B37FF0DC3C9FE52D3C0" bold="true" box="[226,487,1441,1467]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Zoramiini new name</emphasis>
Fraser
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&amp; Mabuchi
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<subSubSection id="0A8CACE0813C0B37FF78C380FE5ED385" box="[151,491,1512,1534]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="4229FF6B813C0B37FF78C380FE5ED385" blockId="36.[151,491,1512,1534]" box="[151,491,1512,1534]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<typeStatus id="9D2D41C9813C0B37FF78C380FF7FD386" box="[151,202,1512,1533]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Type</typeStatus>
genus
<taxonomicName id="859684E8813C0B37FEFEC381FE5ED385" ID-CoL="8B6X" authority="Jordan 1917" authorityName="Jordan" authorityYear="1917" box="[273,491,1512,1534]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Zoramia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E22379813C0B37FEFEC381FEDDD385" box="[273,360,1513,1534]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Zoramia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2607829A813C0B37FE81C380FE5ED385" author="Jordan, D. S." box="[366,491,1512,1534]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" pagination="46 - 47" refId="ref33855" refString="Jordan, D. S. (1917) Notes on Glossamia and related genera of cardinal fishes. Copeia, 44, 46 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1436776" type="journal article" year="1917">Jordan 1917</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0A8CACE0813C0B37FF78C042FE9AD188" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="4229FF6B813C0B37FF78C042FBB0D0D4" blockId="36.[151,1437,1578,2035]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis id="70E22379813C0B37FF78C042FEA4D038" bold="true" box="[151,273,1578,1603]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" reason="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Members of the
<taxonomicName id="859684E8813C0B37FE32C042FDDFD038" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1859" box="[477,618,1578,1603]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apogoninae">Apogoninae</taxonomicName>
: dorsal fin VII,9; anal fin II,89; head and body with ctenoid scales; pored lateral-line scales 24; preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate; three supraneurals; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present; anterior pair of uroneurals; three epurals; five free hypurals; parhypural separate; two autogenous haemal spines; one supernumerary dorsal spine; caudal fin forked.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4229FF6B813C0B37FF28C0D2FE9AD188" blockId="36.[151,1437,1578,2035]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis id="70E22379813C0B37FF28C0D2FE79D0A8" bold="true" box="[199,460,1722,1747]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" reason="1">Other characteristics.</emphasis>
first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; second dorsal spine longest, very long and filamentous in some species of both genera; ctenoid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; ctenoid scales on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; cycloid or ctenoid predorsal scales13; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore above and one below midline; pectoral-fin rays 1317; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; developed gill rakers 738; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 78 epipleurals; teeth in one, two or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform; six infraorbitals, bony shelf absent or on third infraorbital; stomach and intestine black with silvery peritoneum; low crest on PU2.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0A8CACE0813D0B36FF28C6FFFDEED73B" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4229FF6B813D0B36FF28C6FFFDEED73B" blockId="37.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">
<emphasis id="70E22379813D0B36FF28C6FFFED5D6CB" bold="true" box="[199,352,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" reason="1">Distribution.</emphasis>
Species of
<taxonomicName id="859684E8813D0B36FE18C6F0FDEDD6D4" authorityName="Jordan" authorityYear="1917" box="[503,600,152,175]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Zoramia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E22379813D0B36FE18C6F0FDEDD6D4" box="[503,600,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Zoramia</emphasis>
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are known from East Africa, Red Sea, islands in the Indian Ocean, throughout the West Pacific to
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FE18C6D4FD8FD6A8" box="[503,570,188,211]" name="Japan" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Japan</collectingCountry>
, onto the Pacific Plate to
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FCB0C6D4FBA9D6AE" box="[863,1052,188,213]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FBC7C6D4FBC2D6AE" box="[1064,1143,188,213]" name="Samoa" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Samoa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FB6BC6D4FB78D6AF" box="[1156,1229,188,212]" name="Tonga" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Tonga</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FB36C6D4FA2DD6AE" box="[1241,1432,188,213]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FF78C688FEF0D683" box="[151,325,223,248]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FE94C6B7FE50D683" box="[379,485,223,248]" name="Australia" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Australia</collectingCountry>
. Species of
<taxonomicName id="859684E8813D0B36FD85C6B7FD61D683" authorityName="Mabuchi &amp; Fraser &amp; Song &amp; Azuma &amp; Nishida" authorityYear="2014" box="[618,724,223,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Fibramia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E22379813D0B36FD85C6B7FD61D683" box="[618,724,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Fibramia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known from East Africa, some islands in the Indian Ocean,
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FF78C76CFEBFD766" box="[151,266,260,285]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
, throughout the West Pacific to
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FD90C76CFCB5D766" box="[639,768,260,285]" name="Philippines" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Philippines</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FCE1C76CFC7BD766" box="[782,974,260,285]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
, Santa Cruz Islands,
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FB2CC76CFB58D766" box="[1219,1261,260,285]" name="Fiji" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Fiji</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FB14C76CFAEFD760" box="[1275,1370,260,283]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FA88C76CFEB9D73B" name="New Caledonia" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FEF9C74FFECAD73B" box="[278,383,295,320]" name="Australia" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FE64C74FFE62D73B" box="[395,471,295,320]" name="Samoa" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Samoa</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="3A81BFFB813D0B36FDE1C740FDEDD73B" box="[526,600,296,320]" name="Tonga" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Tonga</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0A8CACE0813D0B36FF28C724FE0AD78E" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4229FF6B813D0B36FF28C724FE0AD78E" blockId="37.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">
<emphasis id="70E22379813D0B36FF28C724FE8ED71E" bold="true" box="[199,315,332,357]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
This tribe contains two genera, a new genus
<taxonomicName id="859684E8813D0B36FCDEC724FC2ED71E" authorityName="Mabuchi &amp; Fraser &amp; Song &amp; Azuma &amp; Nishida" authorityYear="2014" box="[817,923,332,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Fibramia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E22379813D0B36FCDEC724FC2ED71E" box="[817,923,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Fibramia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described below and
<taxonomicName id="859684E8813D0B36FB62C725FB5BD71F" authorityName="Jordan" authorityYear="1917" box="[1165,1262,333,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Zoramia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E22379813D0B36FB62C725FB5BD71F" box="[1165,1262,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Zoramia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, corresponding to the clade VIII in the molecular trees (
<figureCitation id="DAADE3EE813D0B36FDB4C707FD72D7F3" box="[603,711,367,392]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStart-4="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="15.[151,250,1809,1831]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1890,1912]" captionStartId-2="17.[151,250,1870,1892]" captionStartId-3="18.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionStartId-4="19.[151,250,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox-0="[292,1276,196,1779]" captionTargetBox-1="[251,1313,199,1857]" captionTargetBox-2="[375,1230,199,1845]" captionTargetBox-3="[375,1230,199,1856]" captionTargetBox-4="[268,1294,202,1802]" captionTargetId-0="figure-147@15.[292,1289,193,1783]" captionTargetId-1="figure-109@16.[251,1343,193,1865]" captionTargetId-2="figure-115@17.[344,1242,193,1849]" captionTargetId-3="figure-103@18.[344,1242,193,1860]" captionTargetId-4="figure-152@19.[258,1313,195,1812]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="18" captionTargetPageId-4="19" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree from the partitioned maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis. Numbers besides internal branches indicate bootstrap probabilities (BPs) from 1000 replicates (only those of&gt; 50% shown). Species names of recent Ostorhinchus [we included here Apogonichthyoides melas as a possible Ostorhinchus, following Mabuchi et al. (2006)] were blue, those of Apogon sensu lato [genus Apogon in Fraser (1972)] excepting the Ostorhinchus red, and those of genus Rhabdamia in Fraser (1972) green. The names of the twelve major clades (clades I to XII) within the Apogoninae were indicated on the left of the corresponding clades. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML, Bayesian (BA: Fig. 3), and most parsimonious (MP: Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree (50% majority-rule consensus tree) from the partitioned Bayesian (BA) analysis. Numbers besides internal branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities (PPs: shown as percentages, only those of&gt; 50% shown). Species names were colored as in Figure 2. The names of the twelve major clades were indicated as in Figure 2. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML (Fig. 2), BA (Fig. 3), and most parsimonious (MP: Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Strict consensus tree of two of the five most parsimonious (MP) trees (MP tree-A). Numbers besides internal branches indicate bootstrap probabilities (BPs) from 1000 replicates (only those of&gt; 50% shown). Topological incongruity between the two MP trees denoted by an arrowhead. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML (Fig. 2), BA (Fig. 3), and MP (Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks. Species names were colored as in Figure 2. The names of the twelve clades were indicated as in Figure 2." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Strict consensus tree of the remaining three of the five most parsimonious (MP) trees (MP tree-B). Topological incongruities between the three MP trees denoted by arrowheads. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML (Fig. 2), BA (Fig. 3), and MP (Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks. This tree was largely different from the MP tree-A (Fig. 4) in the positions of Pterapogon kauderni and Vincentia novaehollandiae." captionText-4="FIGURE 6. Strict consensus tree of the ML, BA and MP trees shown in Figures 2-5. Species names were colored as in Figures 25. The names of the twelve major clades (clades I to XII) within the Apogoninae were indicated besides the corresponding clades, while the names of the thirteen tribes (defined based on morphological characters) on the right of corresponding major and minor clades. The tribe Lepidamiini is not in the tree. Tribes with solid bars include species of Apogon sensu lato, and those with open bars do not include it. Geographic ranges were indicated on the right of the clades only for the species of clade II (Apogonini), all the other apogonids occurring on Indo-Pacific Basin. For the revised genus names of some species, see Appendix A." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928551" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928553" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928559" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928561" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928563" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4928551/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4928553/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4928559/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4928561/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4928563/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Figs. 26</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="0F14CAD0813D0B36FD3CC707FC9CD7F3" box="[723,809,367,392]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="13.[147,237,496,519]" captionTargetId="graphics-79@13.[131,1887,567,1140]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 4. Major clades reproduced in ML, BA and MP analyses with its support values [bootstrap probabilities (BPs) for ML and MP analyses, Bayesian posterior probabilities (PPs) for BA analysis], genera included, and correspondence to the tribes that were morphologically defined in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/16E9AFE381150B1EFF7CC798F981D45D" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" tableUuid="16E9AFE381150B1EFF7CC798F981D45D">Table 4</tableCitation>
). Both genera have species with elongate second dorsal spine, a single supernumerary dorsal spine, and can be found in tidal fresh and brackish water, near shore waters and in lagoons.
<taxonomicName id="859684E8813D0B36FEA7C7DFFE07D7AB" authorityName="Mabuchi &amp; Fraser &amp; Song &amp; Azuma &amp; Nishida" authorityYear="2014" box="[328,434,439,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Fibramia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E22379813D0B36FEA7C7DFFE07D7AB" box="[328,434,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Fibramia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
corresponds to the clade of
<taxonomicName id="859684E8813D0B36FD03C7DFFC37D7AB" box="[748,898,439,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Ostorhinchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E22379813D0B36FD03C7DFFC37D7AB" box="[748,898,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Ostorhinchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<quantity id="856E528E813D0B36FC64C7DFFC02D7AB" box="[907,951,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
the present study, and that of
<taxonomicName id="859684E8813D0B36FAEAC7DFFA2ED7AB" box="[1285,1435,439,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Ostorhinchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="70E22379813D0B36FAEAC7DFFA2ED7AB" box="[1285,1435,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">Ostorhinchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
I in
<bibRefCitation id="2607829A813D0B36FF2BC7B4FE0ED78E" author="Mabuchi, K. &amp; Okuda, N. &amp; Nishida, M." box="[196,443,476,501]" pageId="37" pageNumber="188" pagination="90 - 99" refId="ref34639" refString="Mabuchi, K., Okuda, N. &amp; Nishida, M. (2006) Molecular phylogeny and stripe pattern evolution in the cardinalfish genus Apogon. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38, 90 - 99. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.05.003" type="journal article" year="2006">
Mabuchi
<emphasis id="70E22379813D0B36FEC1C7B5FED2D78E" box="[302,359,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="188">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>