167 lines
26 KiB
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167 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4456648" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c2c78f5e-a257-4126-98ba-42e9d944da50" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159160782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4456648" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="1" checkinTime="1566227348899" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Carr, T. D." docDate="1999" docId="0F0287A7FFA9FFD87321F6D2F9BCFE59" docLanguage="en" docName="Carr1999TyrannosauridaeABBYY.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Albertosaurus libratus" docType="treatment" docVersion="29" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="499" masterDocId="F33BFFDFFFA8FFDA7662FFFEFFE7FFBA" masterDocTitle="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" masterLastPageNumber="520" masterPageNumber="497" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" updateTime="1645525939667" updateUser="jeremy">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Carr, T. D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>1999</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>1999-09-30</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>19</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>497</mods:start>
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<mods:end>520</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1080/02724634.1999.10011161</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">c2c78f5e-a257-4126-98ba-42e9d944da50</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3372241</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4456648" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159160782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4456648" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0F0287A7FFA9FFD87321F6D2F9BCFE59" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F0287A7FFA9FFD87321F6D2F9BCFE59" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="1" pageNumber="498">
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<subSubSection box="[1347,2066,2348,2384]" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[1304,2359,2348,3106]" box="[1347,2066,2348,2384]" pageId="1" pageNumber="498">
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The holotype of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1644,1826,2348,2384]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
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(CMN 2120)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="498" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[1304,2359,2348,3106]" pageId="1" pageNumber="498">
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was first named
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<treatmentCitation box="[1306,1989,2390,2426]" pageId="1" pageNumber="498">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[1306,1666,2390,2426]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">Gorgosaurus libratus</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Lambe, L. M." box="[1743,1984,2390,2426]" journalOrPublisher="The Ottawa Naturalist" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" pagination="158 - 164" part="28" refId="ref18970" refString="Lambe, L. M. 1914. On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from the same horizon. The Ottawa Naturalist 28: 158 - 164." title="On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from the same horizon" type="journal article" year="1914">Lambe (1914)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitation>
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Its slender upper incisiform teeth distinguished it from the robust dentition of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Deinodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridus">Deinodon horridus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Leidy, J." box="[1582,1784,2475,2511]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" pagination="72 - 73" part="8" refId="ref19018" refString="Leidy, J. 1856. Notice of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the badlands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8: 72 - 73." title="Notice of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the badlands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory" type="journal article" year="1856">Leidy, 1856</bibRefCitation>
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from the equivalent Judith River Formation of Montana. Later,
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<bibRefCitation author="Matthew, W. D. & B. Brown" box="[1858,2355,2518,2554]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" pagination="367 - 385" part="46" refId="ref19205" refString="Matthew, W. D., and B. Brown. 1922. The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 46: 367 - 385." title="The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta" type="journal article" year="1922">Matthew and Brown (1922)</bibRefCitation>
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showed that the type teeth of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1803,1965,2560,2596]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Deinodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Deinodon</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[2051,2266,2560,2596]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
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were indistinguishable, and that the two taxa likely were congeneric. However, the authors retained generic distinction in the absence of diagnostic skeletal material for
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1876,2040,2688,2724]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Deinodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Deinodon</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Russell, D. A." box="[2061,2306,2688,2724]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref19547" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs From the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 30." title="Tyrannosaurs From the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
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, in agreement with
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<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[1580,1842,2730,2766]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" pagination="1 - 19" part="106" refId="ref18815" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1946. A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 106: 1 - 19." title="A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1946">Gilmore (1946)</bibRefCitation>
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, determined that the lectotype of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1352,1548,2773,2809]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Deinodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridus">D. horridus</taxonomicName>
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, comprising two incomplete incisiform teeth, is indistinguishable from the Dinosaur Park material, and D. horridus is therefore a nomen dubium (for an opposing view, see
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<bibRefCitation author="Sahni, A." box="[1305,1508,2900,2936]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" pagination="232 - 412" part="147" refId="ref19578" refString="Sahni, A. 1972. The vertebrate fauna of the Judith River Formation, Montana. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 147: 232 - 412." title="The vertebrate fauna of the Judith River Formation, Montana" type="journal article" year="1972">Sahni, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[1304,2359,2348,3106]" lastBlockId="2.[199,1257,2115,3109]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="1" pageNumber="498">
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<bibRefCitation author="Russell, D. A." box="[1345,1588,2942,2978]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref19547" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs From the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 30." title="Tyrannosaurs From the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
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concluded that
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[1864,2220,2942,2978]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">Gorgosaurus libratus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarcophagus">
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Albertosaurus sarcophagus
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<bibRefCitation author="Osborn, H. F." box="[1735,1957,2985,3021]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref19390" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn, 1905</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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were congeneric on the basis of overall similarity, a position that is upheld herein on a phylogenetic systematic basis (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Carr, T. D." bookContentInfo="358 pp." box="[1906,2090,3070,3106]" journalOrPublisher="University of Toronto" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" refId="ref18699" refString="Carr, T. D. 1996. Cranial osteology and craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Judith River Group, Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Alberta. M. Sc. thesis, University of Toronto, 358 pp." title="Cranial osteology and craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Judith River Group, Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Alberta" type="book" year="1996">Carr, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[2124,2356,3070,3106]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
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was rediagnosed and distinguished from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[934,1192,2115,2151]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Russell, D. A." box="[200,445,2156,2192]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref19547" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs From the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 30." title="Tyrannosaurs From the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3958103" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3958103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3958103/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" startId="2.[201,330,1833,1865]" targetBox="[198,1240,270,1810]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[201,1253,1833,1940]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">
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FIGURE 1. Relative completeness of the skull and jaws of
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396378323" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" specimenCode="FMNH PR308">FMNH PR308</materialsCitation>
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(
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<taxonomicName authority="(Russell, 1970)" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[322,671,1871,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">Daspletosaurus torosus</taxonomicName>
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) in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Skull length is 1,050 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[199,1257,2115,3109]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">
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I agree with
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<bibRefCitation author="Russell, D. A." box="[464,707,2198,2234]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref19547" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs From the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 30." title="Tyrannosaurs From the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
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that the types and referred material of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[346,525,2240,2276]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">G. libratus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[610,870,2240,2276]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarcophagus">A. sarcophagus</taxonomicName>
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appear to be identical, and are different from specimens referred to
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<taxonomicName authority="Maleev, 1955 b" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
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Tyrannosaurus bataar
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<bibRefCitation author="Maleev, E. A." box="[281,528,2323,2359]" journalOrPublisher="Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" pagination="634 - 637" part="104" refId="ref19145" refString="--------- 1955 b. [A giant meat-eating dinosaur from Mongolia.] Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 104: 634 - 637. [Russian.]" title="A giant meat-eating dinosaur from Mongolia." type="journal article" year="1955">Maleev, 1955b</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[616,955,2323,2359]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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T. rex
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<bibRefCitation author="Osborn, H. F." box="[725,955,2323,2359]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref19390" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn, 1905</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. I also agree with
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<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter, K." box="[200,473,2364,2400]" editor="N. Mateer & P. J. Chen" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" pagination="250 - 268" refId="ref18651" refString="Carpenter, K. 1992. Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America; pp. 250 - 268 in N. Mateer and P. J. Chen (eds.), Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology. China Ocean Press, Beijing" title="Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology" year="1992">Carpenter (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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that discrete differences exist between the tyrannosaurid skulls from the Dinosaur Park and Horseshoe Canyon formations.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[199,1257,2115,3109]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">
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Ontogenetic changes to discrete morphological characters are based on specimens referred to
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[739,917,2531,2567]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
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, with the exception of
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396378309" box="[251,500,2573,2609]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" specimenCode="PR308" specimenCount="1">
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<collectionCode box="[251,367,2573,2609]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">FMNH</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode box="[386,500,2573,2609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">PR308</specimenCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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. Morphologically, this specimen is identical to the morphotype represented by
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<taxonomicName authority="(Russell, 1970)" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[815,999,2615,2651]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">D. torosus</taxonomicName>
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. Although the skull is considered representative of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[814,990,2656,2692]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">A. libratus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Russell, D. A." box="[1017,1247,2656,2692]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref19547" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs From the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 30." title="Tyrannosaurs From the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<figureCitation box="[201,291,2698,2734]" captionStart="Russell, 1970: Figure 1" captionText="Russell, 1970: Figure 1 Albertosaurus libratus, reconstruction of the skull in lateral aspect, based primarily on a photograph of FMNH PR308 (negative number 39 11 5, courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History), with the palate restored after AMNH 5336. The skull of FMNH PR308 measures 1050 mm in length (Matthew and Brown 1923: 10)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040975/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" targetBox="[165,1845,184,1292]" targetPageId="14">fig. 1</figureCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Paul, G. S." bookContentInfo="464 pp" box="[317,573,2698,2734]" journalOrPublisher="Simon and Schuster, New York" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" refId="ref19442" refString="Paul, G. S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide. Simon and Schuster, New York, 464 pp" title="Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide." type="book" year="1988">Paul, 1988:335</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter, K." box="[598,869,2698,2734]" editor="N. Mateer & P. J. Chen" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" pagination="250 - 268" refId="ref18651" refString="Carpenter, K. 1992. Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America; pp. 250 - 268 in N. Mateer and P. J. Chen (eds.), Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology. China Ocean Press, Beijing" title="Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology" year="1992">Carpenter, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<figureCitation box="[874,989,2698,2734]" captionStart="Carpenter, 1992: Figure 1" captionStartId="14.[164,246,2518,2545]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Carpenter, 1992: Figure 1. The skull of Albertosaurus libratus with cranial terminology used in this paper." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2843429/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">figs. 1,</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation box="[1008,1055,2698,2734]" captionStart="Carpenter, 1992: Figure 2" captionStartId="15.[186,268,2285,2312]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Carpenter, 1992: Figure 2. Comparison of tyrannosaurid skulls: A- Tyrannosaurus rex AMNH 5027 (modified from Osborn, 1912); B - Tyrannosaurus bataar holotype PIN 551 - 1, with missing areas restored after PIN 551 - 3 and GI SPS 100 / 59 (from photographs, Maleev, 1974 and Barsbold, 1983); C- Maleevosaurus novojilovi holotype PIN 552 - 2 (modified from Maleev, 1974); D-Albertosaurus sarcophagus AMNH 5222, with lower jaws based on NMC 5600 and NMC 5601 (modified from photographs and Lambe, 1904); E - Albertosaurus libratus (modified from Russell, 1970); F-? Albertosaurus lancensis holotype CMNH 7541, composite of the left and right side (modified from photographs); G - Daspletosaurus torosus (modified from Russell, 1970 and photographs of NMC 8506). All drawn to scale; scale beneath Tyrannosaurus rex = 10 cm " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2843437/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">2E</figureCitation>
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), the specimen is less complete (
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<figureCitation box="[591,780,2739,2775]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[201,330,1833,1865]" captionTargetBox="[198,1240,270,1810]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Relative completeness of the skull and jaws of FMNH PR308 (Daspletosaurus torosus) in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Skull length is 1,050 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3958103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3958103/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
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) than usually shown. Also,
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396378345" box="[200,445,2781,2817]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" specimenCode="PR308" specimenCount="1">
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<collectionCode box="[200,316,2781,2817]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">FMNH</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode box="[335,445,2781,2817]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">PR308</specimenCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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has been focal in discussions of tyrannosaurid diversity, with specific reference to tooth size and number (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bakker, R. T. & M. Williams & P. J. Currie" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref18472" refString="Bakker, R. T., M. Williams, and P. J. Currie. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1: 1 - 30." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Paul, G. S." bookContentInfo="464 pp" box="[482,664,2865,2901]" journalOrPublisher="Simon and Schuster, New York" pageId="2" pageNumber="499" refId="ref19442" refString="Paul, G. S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide. Simon and Schuster, New York, 464 pp" title="Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide." type="book" year="1988">Paul, 1988</bibRefCitation>
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). In fact, every upper tooth and all but 13 dentary teeth are restored in plaster (pers. obs.), rendering the material basis of the former aspect moot.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[199,1257,2115,3109]" lastBlockId="2.[1303,2354,280,483]" pageId="2" pageNumber="499">The relationship between size and morphology has not been adequately studied in large theropods, and no attempt has been made to do so herein. This important question would best be answered by a quantitative and comparative study in the realms of biomechanics and functional morphology. The ontogenetic characters in this study were chosen cognizant of this issue. Thus, inclusive features of possible structural importance to the skull were avoided.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |