486 lines
56 KiB
XML
486 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="3A6F2253BE80A6A05B0A6F18E6133DBC" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.275324" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e8c288c3-9a66-4e08-ab02-a670d03ab45b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="275324" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461132487957" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Faccoli, Massimo, Frigimelica, Gabriella, Mori, Nicola, Toffolo, Edoardo Petrucco, Vettorazzo, Marco & Simonato, Mauro" docDate="2009" docId="039C87FEFFD1A23FFF39FA0744E1FB5C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02303p060.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2303" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Ambrosiodmus rubricollis Eichhoff 1875" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="59" masterDocId="FFA5FF86FFD1A23DFFAEFF8E4163FFB9" masterDocTitle="First record of Ambrosiodmus (Hopkins, 1915) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Europe" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="57" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1698598034322" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="938D2AD5986A4CFD60D76AF0796BA7AE">First record of Ambrosiodmus (Hopkins, 1915) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Europe</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6941155000EE5AA59AB7A8A2B56ED61B">Faccoli, Massimo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B8E06D39C44A726D5B9ADBBAF88FF98E">Frigimelica, Gabriella</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="50A65D2DCA86886F2F3CA5CBDB44ADA2">Mori, Nicola</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C051856D1484CA1809032044BD7ACE08">Toffolo, Edoardo Petrucco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="32119381D80323A4818F0C33682FA11D">Vettorazzo, Marco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="006F52DD20936687A13F0B04840EB37C">Simonato, Mauro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8937B67F759190E8B7BD60476509E48B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D391D992FF8D9C49B0D5E423FB3D7BA5">
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<mods:date id="5E328A05E46A52E0DBF72A6C63990D40">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="2B970C6BAE167E13F9094BC7A456C496" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BD655B940521B609C088BC6FAAF12414">2303</mods:number>
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<treatment id="039C87FEFFD1A23FFF39FA0744E1FB5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6227017" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119627231" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6227017" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039C87FEFFD1A23FFF39FA0744E1FB5C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039C87FEFFD1A23FFF39FA0744E1FB5C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">
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<subSubSection id="C32F6563FFD1A23DFF39FA074310FA18" box="[151,627,1417,1441]" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8A36E8FFD1A23DFF39FA074310FA18" blockId="0.[151,627,1417,1441]" box="[151,627,1417,1441]" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">
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<heading id="D0C28184FFD1A23DFF39FA074310FA18" bold="true" box="[151,627,1417,1441]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFF39FA074310FA18" ID-CoL="66B2M" authority="Eichhoff, 1875" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,627,1417,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
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<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFF39FA074310FA18" bold="true" box="[151,627,1417,1441]" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFF39FA0740D6FA18" bold="true" box="[151,437,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Ambrosiodmus rubricollis</emphasis>
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(Eichhoff, 1875)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F6563FFD1A23DFF39FA404368F961" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B8A36E8FFD1A23DFF39FA404368F961" blockId="0.[151,1437,1486,2030]" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFF39FA40406FFA5F" bold="true" box="[151,268,1486,1510]" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFEBDFA404349FA5C" box="[275,554,1486,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
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<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFEBDFA404349FA5C" box="[275,554,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Ambrosiodmus rubricollis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the only
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<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFD07FA40422BFA5C" box="[681,840,1486,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFD07FA40422BFA5C" box="[681,840,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Ambrosiodmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species known to Europe, and it is easily distinguished from other European species of the tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFDE3FA7F43A2F9B1" box="[589,705,1521,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xyleborini">Xyleborini</taxonomicName>
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by the asperities covering the entire surface of the pronotum, where extend from anterior to base, including most of discal area (
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<figureCitation id="130E2A6DFFD1A23DFCBCF99A423AF992" box="[786,857,1556,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1089,1113]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,319,1075]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[222,1380,319,1080]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875): a, female, dorsal habitus; b, female pronotum, dorsal view; c, male, dorsal habitus; d, female pronotum, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275325/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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a, b) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD1A23DFC36F99A457BF992" author="Wood" box="[920,1048,1556,1579]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Wood, S. L. (1986) A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 10, 126 pp." type="book" year="1986">Wood 1986</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD1A23DFB8DF99A4590F992" author="Maiti" box="[1059,1267,1556,1579]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Maiti, P. K. & Saha, N. (2004) Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Scolytidae: Coleoptera (Bark- and Ambrosiabeetles), Vol. 1 (Part 1). Introduction and Tribe Xyleborini. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 268 pp." type="book" year="2004">Maiti & Saha 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). Other features concern the antennal club, which has the first segment rounded on both faces (
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<figureCitation id="130E2A6DFFD1A23DFC4CF9B84549F9F4" box="[994,1066,1590,1613]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1089,1113]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,319,1075]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[222,1380,319,1080]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875): a, female, dorsal habitus; b, female pronotum, dorsal view; c, male, dorsal habitus; d, female pronotum, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275325/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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d, 2a), extending to subapical area of posterior face, and the second segment conspicuous on anterior face (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD1A23DFC3BF9D74511F9C9" author="Rabaglia" box="[917,1138,1625,1648]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Rabaglia, R. J., Dole, S. A. & Cognato, A. I. (2006) Review of American Xyleborina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) occurring north of Mexico, with an illustrated key. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99, 1034 - 1056." type="journal article" year="2006">
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||
Rabaglia
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<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFC52F9D74549F9C9" box="[1020,1066,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2006
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The anterior margin of the pronotum is never armed by a definite row of serrations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130E2A6DFFD1A23DFCA1F9F2423AF92A" box="[783,857,1660,1683]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1089,1113]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,319,1075]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[222,1380,319,1080]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875): a, female, dorsal habitus; b, female pronotum, dorsal view; c, male, dorsal habitus; d, female pronotum, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275325/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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a, b, d), whereas the lateral margins of protibiae and metatibiae are armed by
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<date id="FF8B1028FFD1A23DFE32F9104349F90C" box="[412,554,1694,1717]" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" value="1911-07-08" valueMax="1911-07-08" valueMin="1911-07-08">7–8 and 8–11</date>
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denticles, respectively (
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<figureCitation id="130E2A6DFFD1A23DFC85F910420FF90C" box="[811,876,1694,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1666,1690]" captionTargetBox="[221,1378,1189,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[221,1379,1189,1654]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2. Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875): a, antenna, showing anterior face of club; b, protibia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275326/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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b). Females (
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||
<quantity id="4CCD9B0DFFD1A23DFC5DF910451AF90C" box="[1011,1145,1694,1717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="2.55" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="2.4">2.4–2.7 mm</quantity>
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) (
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||
<figureCitation id="130E2A6DFFD1A23DFB20F91045AAF90C" box="[1166,1225,1694,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1089,1113]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,319,1075]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[222,1380,319,1080]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875): a, female, dorsal habitus; b, female pronotum, dorsal view; c, male, dorsal habitus; d, female pronotum, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275325/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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a) are always larger than males (
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<quantity id="4CCD9B0DFFD1A23DFEB6F94F40F8F961" box="[280,411,1729,1752]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="1.7" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.6">1.6–1.8 mm</quantity>
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) (
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<figureCitation id="130E2A6DFFD1A23DFE1FF94F408DF961" box="[433,494,1729,1752]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1089,1113]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,319,1075]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[222,1380,319,1080]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875): a, female, dorsal habitus; b, female pronotum, dorsal view; c, male, dorsal habitus; d, female pronotum, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275325/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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c).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C32F6563FFD1A23CFF68F96D4029FEAE" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B8A36E8FFD1A23DFF68F96D44F1F8DA" blockId="0.[151,1437,1486,2030]" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFF68F96D403BF942" bold="true" box="[198,344,1763,1787]" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Distribution.</emphasis>
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The species is widespread in Asia (
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<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD1A23DFD79F96A4278F942" box="[727,795,1764,1787]" name="China" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">China</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD1A23DFC8BF96A423DF942" box="[805,862,1764,1787]" name="India" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">India</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD1A23DFCC7F96A42CBF942" box="[873,936,1764,1787]" name="Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Japan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD1A23DFC1DF96A4294F942" box="[947,1015,1764,1787]" name="South Korea" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Korea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD1A23DFBACF96A4505F942" box="[1026,1126,1764,1787]" name="Malaysia" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD1A23DFBDFF96A45A1F942" box="[1137,1218,1764,1787]" name="Taiwan" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD1A23DFB62F96A444EF942" box="[1228,1325,1764,1787]" name="Thailand" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD1A23DFA97F96A44F6F942" box="[1337,1429,1764,1787]" name="Vietnam" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD1A23DFF30F88840EFF8A4" author="Wood" box="[158,396,1798,1821]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Wood, S. L. & Bright, D. E. (1992) A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic index, volumes A and B. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 13, 1553 pp." type="book" year="1992">Wood & Bright 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It was then introduced in
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<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD1A23DFD16F888427FF8A4" box="[696,796,1798,1821]" name="Australia" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD1A23DFC84F8884575F8A4" author="Wood" box="[810,1046,1798,1821]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Wood, S. L. & Bright, D. E. (1992) A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic index, volumes A and B. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 13, 1553 pp." type="book" year="1992">Wood & Bright 1992</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and North
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<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD1A23DFB34F888459BF8A4" box="[1178,1272,1798,1821]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">America</collectingCountry>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD1A23DFAA9F88844F3F8A4" author="Bright" box="[1287,1424,1798,1821]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Bright, D. E (1968) Review of the tribe Xyleborini in America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 100, 1288 - 1323." type="journal article" year="1968">Bright 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where now it is commonly found in 11 mid-Atlantic and south-eastern states (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD1A23DFC73F8A745D8F8F9" author="Rabaglia" box="[989,1211,1833,1856]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Rabaglia, R. J., Dole, S. A. & Cognato, A. I. (2006) Review of American Xyleborina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) occurring north of Mexico, with an illustrated key. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99, 1034 - 1056." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Rabaglia
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFBEAF8A74518F8F9" box="[1092,1147,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), indicating its quick spread into new regions, probably aided by its inbreeding mating system and its polyphagy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD1A23DFBC1F8C244E5F8DA" author="Kirkendall" box="[1135,1414,1868,1891]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Kirkendall, L. R. & Jordal, B. H. (2006) The bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of Cocos Island, Costa Rica and the role of mating systems in island zoogeography. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 729 - 743." type="journal article" year="2006">Kirkendall & Jordal 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36E8FFD1A23CFF68F8E04029FEAE" blockId="0.[151,1437,1486,2030]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1436,152,279]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFF68F8E0406EF83F" bold="true" box="[198,269,1902,1926]" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Hosts.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD1A23DFEBDF8E04052F83C" box="[275,305,1902,1925]" name="American Samoa" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
for all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFED3F8E04090F83C" box="[381,499,1902,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xyleborini">Xyleborini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFE53F8E143FFF83F" box="[509,668,1903,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFE53F8E143FFF83F" box="[509,668,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Ambrosiodmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are ambrosia beetles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD1A23DFC72F8E0453FF83C" author="Wood" box="[988,1116,1902,1925]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Wood, S. L. (1986) A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 10, 126 pp." type="book" year="1986">Wood 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFBC0F8E144E7F83F" box="[1134,1412,1903,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFBC0F8E144E7F83F" box="[1134,1412,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Ambrosiodmus rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is extremely polyphagous on broadleaved trees and shrubs, and is occasionally reported also from conifers. The recorded host trees, arranged in alphabetical order, include:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFD79F83A4237F872" box="[727,852,1972,1995]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fabri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFD79F83A4237F872" box="[727,852,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Abies fabri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFCCAF83A42D1F872" box="[868,946,1972,1995]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFCCAF83A42D1F872" box="[868,946,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Acacia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFC47F83A45E4F872" box="[1001,1159,1972,1995]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sibirica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFC47F83A45E4F872" box="[1001,1159,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Alnus sibirica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFB38F83A4424F872" box="[1174,1351,1972,1995]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Biota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFB38F83A4424F872" box="[1174,1351,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Biota orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFAF9F83A4197F857" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Carya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glabrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFAF9F83A4197F857" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Carya glabrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFEACF8594026F857" box="[258,325,2007,2030]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Carya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFEACF8594026F857" box="[258,325,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Carya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFED4F8594083F857" box="[378,480,2007,2030]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFED4F8594083F857" box="[378,480,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFDBAF85943C8F857" box="[532,683,2007,2030]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Cinnamomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFDBAF85943C8F857" box="[532,683,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Cinnamomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFD71F859424DF857" box="[735,814,2007,2030]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Cornus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFD71F859424DF857" box="[735,814,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Cornus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFCCDF859451FF857" box="[867,1148,2007,2030]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Cunninghamia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFCCDF859451FF857" box="[867,1148,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Cunninghamia lanceolata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23DFB24F859444EF857" box="[1162,1325,2007,2030]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ebenaceae" genus="Diospyros" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23DFB24F859444EF857" box="[1162,1325,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Diospyros kaki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD1A23CFA95F8594199FF16" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" kingdom="Plantae" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="58" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD1A23CFA95F8594199FF16" italics="true" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="0" pageNumber="57">Fraxinus chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFEA6FF16402DFF16" box="[264,334,152,175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Hovea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFEA6FF16402DFF16" box="[264,334,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Hovea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFE2EFF1640CBFF16" box="[384,424,152,175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aquifoliaceae" genus="Ilex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Aquifoliales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFE2EFF1640CBFF16" box="[384,424,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Ilex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFE72FF16430CFF16" box="[476,623,152,175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Juglans" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFE72FF16430CFF16" box="[476,623,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Juglans nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFDD3FF16422BFF16" box="[637,840,152,175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Ligustrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lucidum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFDD3FF16422BFF16" box="[637,840,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Ligustrum lucidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFCFBFF1642DBFF16" box="[853,952,152,175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFCFBFF1642DBFF16" box="[853,952,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Machilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFC42FF164504FF16" box="[1004,1127,152,175]" class="Aves" family="Sulidae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suliformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFC42FF164504FF16" box="[1004,1127,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Morus alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFBDBFF1645A1FF16" box="[1141,1218,152,175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Myrica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFBDBFF1645A1FF16" box="[1141,1218,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Myrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFB5BFF1644F6FF16" box="[1269,1429,152,175]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="merkusii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFB5BFF1644F6FF16" box="[1269,1429,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Pinus merkusii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFF39FF344190FF68" box="[151,243,186,209]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFF39FF344190FF68" box="[151,243,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Populus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFE84FF344018FF68" box="[298,379,186,209]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFE84FF344018FF68" box="[298,379,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Prunus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFE1CFF344373FF68" box="[434,528,186,209]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFE1CFF344373FF68" box="[434,528,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFDE9FF34431CFF68" box="[583,639,186,209]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFDE9FF34431CFF68" box="[583,639,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Rhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFD18FF344209FF68" box="[694,874,186,209]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Schima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="superba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFD18FF344209FF68" box="[694,874,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Schima superba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFCD7FF344521FF68" box="[889,1090,186,209]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Sophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFCD7FF344521FF68" box="[889,1090,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Sophora japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFBFFFF344436FF68" box="[1105,1365,186,209]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myriocarpa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFBFFFF344436FF68" box="[1105,1365,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Terminalia myriocarpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFACAFF344190FF4D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Vitex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="negundo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFACAFF344190FF4D" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Vitex negundo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD0A23CFEAEFF53401CFF4D" author="Wood" box="[256,383,221,244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" refString="Wood, S. L. (1986) A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 10, 126 pp." type="book" year="1986">Wood 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD0A23CFE24FF53430DFF4D" author="Wood" box="[394,622,221,244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" refString="Wood, S. L. & Bright, D. E. (1992) A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic index, volumes A and B. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 13, 1553 pp." type="book" year="1992">Wood & Bright 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD0A23CFDD7FF5342E5FF4D" author="Bright" box="[633,902,221,244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" refString="Bright, D. E. & Skidmore, R. E. (1997) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Supplement 1 (1990 - 1994). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 368 pp." type="book chapter" year="1997">Bright & Skidmore 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Italian records add horse chestnut (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFA93FF534059FEAE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hippocastanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFA93FF534059FEAE" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Aesculus hippocastanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF4A6660FFD0A23CFF39FBCF43BEFBC2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275325/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[222,1380,319,1075]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36E8FFD0A23CFF39FBCF43BEFBC2" blockId="1.[151,1436,1089,1147]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFF39FBCF4079FBE0" bold="true" box="[151,282,1089,1113]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFE8CFBCC439AFBE0" authority="Eichhoff, 1875" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1875" box="[290,761,1090,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFE8CFBCC4359FBE0" box="[290,570,1090,1113]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Ambrosiodmus rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
(Eichhoff, 1875)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a, female, dorsal habitus; b, female pronotum, dorsal view; c, male, dorsal habitus; d, female pronotum, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4A6660FFD0A23CFF39F90C4452F920" box="[151,1329,1666,1690]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275326/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[221,1378,1189,1653]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36E8FFD0A23CFF39F90C4452F920" blockId="1.[151,1329,1666,1690]" box="[151,1329,1666,1690]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFF39F90C407AF923" bold="true" box="[151,281,1666,1690]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFE8EF90C4392F920" authority="Eichhoff, 1875" authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1875" box="[288,753,1666,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFE8EF90C4356F920" box="[288,565,1666,1689]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Ambrosiodmus rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
(Eichhoff, 1875)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a, antenna, showing anterior face of club; b, protibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32F6563FFD0A23FFF68F9494557FD96" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36E8FFD0A23CFF68F9494026F816" blockId="1.[151,1436,1735,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFF68F94940E6F966" bold="true" box="[198,389,1735,1759]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Genetic analysis.</emphasis>
|
||
Some individuals freshly collected from infested trees of Padova and Verona were singly stored in 70% ethanol until DNA extraction. Nucleic acid extraction was performed on single specimens following a salting out protocol (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD0A23CFEAFF88340BCF89D" author="Patwary" box="[257,479,1805,1828]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" refString="Patwary, M. U., Kenchington, E. L., Bird, C. J. & Zouros, E. (1994) The use of random amplyfied polymorphic DNA markers in genetic studies of the sea scallop Plactopecten magellanicus (Gmellin, 1791). Journal of Shellfish Research, 13, 547 - 553." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Patwary
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFECAF88340FEF89D" box="[356,413,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A segment of the mitochondrial COI gene was amplified using the universal primers HCO1490 and LCO2198 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD0A23CFE1CF8BE431DF8FE" author="Folmer" box="[434,638,1840,1863]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" refString="Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoen, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse metozoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294 - 299." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Folmer
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFDA6F8BE435DF8FE" box="[520,574,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The purified fragment was sent to sequencing with the HCO1490 primer at BMR Genomics, University of Padova. Finally, the sequence was submitted to GenBank with the accession number
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9466AB0BFFD0A23CFF39F8FB4072F835" box="[151,273,1909,1932]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/GQ331107" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">GQ331107</accessionNumber>
|
||
. The insects collected from the two localities belong to the same species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFB99F8FB45ABF835" box="[1079,1224,1909,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFB99F8FB45ABF835" box="[1079,1224,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">A. rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they share the same haplotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36E8FFD0A23FFF68F8344557FD96" blockId="1.[151,1436,1735,2036]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,1253]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD0A23CFF68F8344187F868" box="[198,228,1978,2001]" name="American Samoa" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD0A23CFEFFF8344082F868" box="[337,481,1978,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD0A23CFEFFF8344082F868" box="[337,481,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">A. rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found in three different localities separated by more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CCD9B0DFFD0A23CFB3EF8344586F868" box="[1168,1253,1978,2001]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
, and because the infested tree found in the botanic garden of Padova in spring 2009 was hosting overwintering adults, it is clear that the species is now established in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD3A23FFE5BFF16434DFF16" box="[501,558,152,175]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This conclusion arises from the high number (thousand of individuals) of overwintering and breeding adults found in the infested trees in different localities. The first infested tree found (from Padova) was attacked in summer 2008 whereas the insect finding occurred in spring 2009, indicating the possibility for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFF39FE8E404AFEAE" box="[151,297,256,279]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFF39FE8E404AFEAE" box="[151,297,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">A. rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to survive to the Italian winter. However, it is impossible to determine from where the species began to spread and how it reached Europe. The botanic garden of Padova has hundreds of woody plants from each continent, including species coming from the native regions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFD60FECB42C9FEE5" authority="(Asia)" baseAuthorityName="Asia" box="[718,938,325,348]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFD60FECB423DFEE5" box="[718,862,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">A. rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
(Asia)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or from territories where the insects has been introduced (North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD3A23FFEF1FEE640A3FEC6" box="[351,448,360,383]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Nevertheless, it is more likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFCE4FEE642BAFEC6" box="[842,985,360,383]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFCE4FEE642BAFEC6" box="[842,985,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">A. rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
came to Europe with dead wood or wood packing material, rather that by purchase/exchange of exotic plants performed by the botanic garden, or by international trades of tree species. In this respect, the species was found very close to the international airport of Verona and in the international harbour of Venice. In both cases, the amount of exotic wood passing every year through these ports is very huge. An interesting question arises whether the species has been directly imported from the Orient, or secondarily from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD3A23FFF10FD964194FD96" box="[190,247,536,559]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Future DNA analyses performed on different populations might sort this out.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32F6563FFD3A23FFF68FDB544E1FB5C" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36E8FFD3A23FFF68FDB54462FBAC" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1253]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFF68FDB540BCFDEB" ID-CoL="66B2M" box="[198,479,571,594]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFF68FDB540BCFDEB" box="[198,479,571,594]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Ambrosiodmus rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
joins eight other exotic ambrosia beetles established in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD3A23FFB90FDB5450CFDEB" box="[1086,1135,571,594]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFB2EFDB54415FDEB" ID-CoL="5CMJN" box="[1152,1398,571,594]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="germanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFB2EFDB54415FDEB" box="[1152,1398,571,594]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Xylosandrus germanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFA2AFDB54044FDCC" ID-CoL="5CMJB" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFA2AFDB54044FDCC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">X. crassiusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFE9DFDD040A2FDCC" box="[307,449,606,629]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morigenus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFE9DFDD040A2FDCC" box="[307,449,606,629]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">X. morigenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFE63FDD043E8FDCC" ID-CoL="442HV" box="[461,651,606,629]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Monarthrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFE63FDD043E8FDCC" box="[461,651,606,629]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Monarthrum mali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFD39FDD04237FDCC" ID-CoL="5CHHG" box="[663,852,606,629]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFD39FDD04237FDCC" box="[663,852,606,629]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Xyleborus atratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFCCCFDD0454AFDCC" box="[866,1065,606,629]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFCCCFDD042A6FDCC" ID-CoL="7FWYG" box="[866,965,606,629]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">X. affinis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFC60FDD0454AFDCC" box="[974,1065,606,629]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pfeilii">X. pfeilii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFBF2FDD0441BFDCC" ID-CoL="3GM33" box="[1116,1400,606,629]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gnathotrichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="materiarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFBF2FDD0441BFDCC" box="[1116,1400,606,629]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Gnathotrichus materiarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the last decades (Kirkendall & Faccoli, submitted). Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFC81FD0F42DDFD21" ID-CoL="66B2M" box="[815,958,641,664]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFC81FD0F42DDFD21" box="[815,958,641,664]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">A. rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be considered an aggressive species, because it develops only in dead wood, it can be regarded as an invasive species with a very high expansion rate, spreading in 11
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD3A23FFEEAFD484005FD64" box="[324,358,710,733]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
states in less than 40 years. In this respect, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD3A23FFCCBFD484296FD64" box="[869,1013,710,733]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
National Plant Protection Organisation reports
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFF46FD67401BFCB9" ID-CoL="66B2M" box="[232,376,745,768]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFF46FD67401BFCB9" box="[232,376,745,768]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">A. rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among the species submitted to measures to prevent their entry and establishment. Such measures include visual inspection of produces and associated packaging, and treat, reship or destroy of the consignments in case of interception (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD3A23FFEEDFCA040BBFCFC" author="Herrera" box="[323,472,814,837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="60" refString="Herrera, V. (2005) Import Health Standard Commodity Sub-class: Fresh Fruit / Vegetables Cherries, Prunus avium from the United States of America - States of Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Issued pursuant to Section 22 of the Biosecurity Act 1993. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 0 4 July 2005, 22 pp. (www. biosecurity. govt. nz / imports / plants / index. htm)." type="book" year="2005">Herrera 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A successful colonisation of new territories has also been correlated with polyphagy, as recorded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFEB2FCDF40D2FCD1" ID-CoL="66B2M" box="[284,433,849,872]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFEB2FCDF40D2FCD1" box="[284,433,849,872]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">A. rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in many other wood-boring insects moving among continents (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD3A23FFB0EFCDE442FFCDE" author="Ric" box="[1184,1356,848,872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="60" refString="Ric, J., De Groot, P., Gasman, B., Orr, M., Doyle, J., Smith, M. T., Dumouchel, L., Scarr, T. & Turgeon, J. J. (2007) Detecting Signs and Symptoms of Asian Longhorned Beetle Injury: A Training Guide. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Her Majesty in Right of Canada, Ontario, 131 pp." type="book" year="2007">
|
||
Ric
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFB7EFCDF446BFCD1" box="[1232,1288,849,872]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, reporting the first finding of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFE7BFCFD43FAFC33" ID-CoL="442HV" box="[469,665,883,906]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Monarthrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFE7BFCFD43FAFC33" box="[469,665,883,906]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Monarthrum mali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD3A23FFCB4FCFD457CFC33" box="[794,1055,883,906]" pageId="2" pageNumber="60" refString="Kirkendall, L. R., Dal Cortivo, M. & Gatti, E. (2008) First record of the ambrosia beetle, Monarthrum mali (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Europe. Journal of Pest Science, 80, 123 - 126." type="journal article">
|
||
Kirkendall
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFC38FCFD42ADFC33" box="[918,974,883,906]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attributed the success of ambrosia beetles as alien species to their lack of host specialization. In addition, as for all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFBB4FC1845F7FC14" box="[1050,1172,918,941]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xyleborini">Xyleborini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFB0EFC184427FC14" ID-CoL="8HCJ7" box="[1184,1348,918,941]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFB0EFC184427FC14" box="[1184,1348,918,941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Ambrosiodmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species inbreed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD3A23FFF58FC364019FC76" author="Wood" box="[246,378,952,975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="60" refString="Wood, S. L. (1986) A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 10, 126 pp." type="book" year="1986">Wood 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD3A23FFE28FC3643C3FC76" author="Kirkendall" box="[390,672,952,975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="60" refString="Kirkendall, L. R. & Jordal, B. H. (2006) The bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of Cocos Island, Costa Rica and the role of mating systems in island zoogeography. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 729 - 743." type="journal article" year="2006">Kirkendall & Jordal 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); newly matured females mate with siblings before emerging from the host (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD3A23FFF7FFC5540E7FC4B" author="Kirkendall" box="[209,388,987,1010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="60" refString="Kirkendall, L. R. (1983) The evolution of mating systems in bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 77, 293 - 352." type="journal article" year="1983">Kirkendall 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the establishment of new populations can occur also from very few individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD3A23FFAB3FC5541B3FBAC" author="Jordal" pageId="2" pageNumber="60" refString="Jordal, B. H., Beaver, R. A. & Kirkendall, L. R. (2001) Breaking taboos in the tropics: incest promotes colonization by wood-boring beetles. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10, 345 - 357." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Jordal
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFAC8FC5544FFFC4B" box="[1382,1436,987,1010]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The high proportion of females emerging from the infested wood reflects this reproductive system.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36E8FFD3A23FFF68FBAE44E1FB5C" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1253]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Nothing is known about how widespread the Italian population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFC1AFBAF4525FB81" ID-CoL="66B2M" box="[948,1094,1057,1080]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFC1AFBAF4525FB81" box="[948,1094,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">A. rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs, nevertheless we know nothing that could hinder the species spreading throughout
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227678FFD3A23FFCA5FBCD425FFBE3" box="[779,828,1091,1114]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
and eventually Europe. Scolytids considered as harmless in their native countries occasionally can become aggressive pests into new territories (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD3A23FFBF4FBE84422FBC4" author="Atkinson" box="[1114,1345,1126,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="60" refString="Atkinson, T. H., Rabaglia, R. J. & Bright, D. E. (1990) Newly detected exotic species of Xyleborus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with a revised key to species in eastern North America. The Canadian Entomologist, 122, 93 - 104." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Atkinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFB66FBE84463FBC4" box="[1224,1280,1126,1149]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B19FFD3A23FFAE3FBE841B1FB26" author="Knizek" pageId="2" pageNumber="60" refString="Knizek, M. (2007) Bark and ambrosia beetle species in worldwide trade. In: Evans, H. & Oszako, T. (Eds), Alien Invasive Species and International Trade. Forest Research Institute, Warsaw, 101 - 104." type="book chapter" year="2007">Knizek 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The strong infestation recorded in the peach orchard close to Verona could be a first indicator of the potential harmfulness of this exotic species acclimatised in a new continent. A specific monitoring program would be necessary to establish the real distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D6BFFD3A23FFE41FB40431EFB5C" ID-CoL="66B2M" box="[495,637,1230,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ambrosiodmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAFAFFD3A23FFE41FB40431EFB5C" box="[495,637,1230,1253]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">A. rubricollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the occurrence of other exotic bark and ambrosia beetles in Europe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |