660 lines
82 KiB
XML
660 lines
82 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1144.67747" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1144-95" ID-Pensoft-UUID="B6F2937E68D25907B4BD505201896471" ID-ZooBank="36EAB28465F740B3B41DBEA1D2E803DC" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1144-95" checkinTime="1675346935312" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Selz, Oliver M. & Seehausen, Ole" docDate="2023" docId="042C18DBD9965D1682E19B24F429D354" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1144: 95-169" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1144" docPubDate="2023-02-02" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1144.67747" docTitle="Coregonus suspensus Selz & Seehausen 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="6063EEA5-E663-484D-A61F-6B349E18F81F" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" id="B6F2937E68D25907B4BD505201896471" lastPageNumber="95" masterDocId="B6F2937E68D25907B4BD505201896471" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of ten whitefish species from the lakes Lucerne, Sarnen, Sempach and Zug, Switzerland, with descriptions of seven new species (Teleostei, Coregonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="169" masterPageNumber="95" pageNumber="95" updateTime="1675347241867" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of ten whitefish species from the lakes Lucerne, Sarnen, Sempach and Zug, Switzerland, with descriptions of seven new species (Teleostei, Coregonidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Selz, Oliver M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2210-5909</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry (CEEB), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland & Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland & Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Aquatic Restoration and Fisheries Section, 3011 Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">oliver.selz@bafu.admin.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Seehausen, Ole</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry (CEEB), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland & Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-02-02</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1144</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>95</mods:start>
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<mods:end>169</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1144.67747</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1144.67747</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1144-95</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">36EAB28465F740B3B41DBEA1D2E803DC</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">B6F2937E68D25907B4BD505201896471</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6063EEA5-E663-484D-A61F-6B349E18F81F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/042C18DBD9965D1682E19B24F429D354" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/6063EEA5-E663-484D-A61F-6B349E18F81F" authority="Selz & Seehausen, 2023" authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus" status="sp. nov.">Coregonus suspensus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="95">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Coregonus suspensus, Lake Lucerne, Switzerland A holotype, NMBE- 1078100, 258 mm SL, male, freshly caught specimen, (right side, reversed) B, C holotype, NMBE- 1078100, preserved specimen D non-type, Eawag- 124305, Lake Lucerne, 300 mm SL, male. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1144.67747.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/804000" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Illustrations of specimens of each species of Coregonus from Lake Lucerne and Sarnen. Illustrations of Lake Lucerne species are based on several individuals. Illustration of C. sarnensis is based on NMBE- 1078159, 230 mm, male. Scale bar for C. sarnensis: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1144.67747.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/804009" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">, 14</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<taxonomicName authority="Selz & Seehausen, 2023" authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
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sp. 'pelagic
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<normalizedToken originalValue="intermediate’">intermediate'</normalizedToken>
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:
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B35" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10 (3): 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">Hudson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<taxonomicName authority="Selz & Seehausen, 2023" authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Schwebbalchen’">'Schwebbalchen'</normalizedToken>
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:
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10824" author="Vonlanthen, P" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="357 - 363" refId="B69" refString="Vonlanthen, P, Bittner, D, Hudson, A, Young, KA, Mueller, R, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Roy, D, Di Piazza, S, Largiader, CR, Seehausen, O, 2012. Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations. Nature 482 (7385): 357 - 363, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10824" title="Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10824" volume="482" year="2012">Vonlanthen et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Alexander, TJ" journalOrPublisher="Projet Lac, Eawag, Kastanienbaum. Schlussbericht" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" publicationUrl="https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A14994" refId="B2" refString="Alexander, TJ, Vonlanthen, P, Periat, G, Seehausen, O, 2017a. Artenvielfalt und Zusammensetzung der Fischpopulation im Vierwaldstaettersee. Projet Lac, Eawag, Kastanienbaum. Schlussbericht, https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A14994" title="Artenvielfalt und Zusammensetzung der Fischpopulation im Vierwaldstaettersee." url="https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A14994" year="2017 a">Alexander et al. 2017a</bibRefCitation>
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(see also synonymy of
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<taxonomicName authority="Selz & Seehausen, 2023" authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. intermundia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="intermundia" status="sp. nov.">C. intermundia</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="Switzerland" location="Lake" municipality="Contemporary" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Lucerne" typeStatus="Holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingMunicipality>Contemporary</collectingMunicipality>
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specimen (year: 2007): NMBE-
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<quantity metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0781002585000001" unit="mm" value="1.0781002585E9">1078100, 258.5 mm</quantity>
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SL, male;
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<collectingCountry name="Switzerland">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:042C18DBD9965D1682E19B24F429D354:1666E0B04A453A0B172F119D67F70AEE" country="Switzerland" municipality="Contemporary" name="Lake" stateProvince="Lucerne">Lake</location>
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<collectingRegion country="Switzerland" name="Luzern">Lucerne</collectingRegion>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" country="Switzerland" county="All" location="Contemporary" municipality="Lake" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Lucerne" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<typeStatus>Paratypes</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCounty>All</collectingCounty>
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from
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<collectingCountry name="Switzerland">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality>Lake</collectingMunicipality>
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<collectingRegion country="Switzerland" name="Luzern">Lucerne</collectingRegion>
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:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:042C18DBD9965D1682E19B24F429D354:A9975970B62BB687EA56CE3377F2764E" country="Switzerland" county="All" municipality="Lake" name="Contemporary" stateProvince="Lucerne">Contemporary</location>
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specimens (years: 2007): NMBE-1078081, NMBE-1078082, NMBE-1078099, NMBE-1078101,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">N</emphasis>
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= 4, 255-
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0149999999999997" unit="mm" value="301.5">301.5 mm</quantity>
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SL
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1144.67747.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/804000" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Figure 5.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Lake
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<collectingRegion country="Switzerland" name="Luzern">Lucerne</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="Switzerland">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">A</emphasis>
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<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
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, NMBE-
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<quantity metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0781002579999999" unit="mm" value="1.078100258E9">1078100, 258 mm</quantity>
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SL, male, freshly caught specimen, (right side, reversed)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">B, C</emphasis>
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<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
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, NMBE-1078100, preserved specimen
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">D</emphasis>
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non-type, Eawag-124305, Lake
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<collectingRegion country="Switzerland" name="Luzern">Lucerne</collectingRegion>
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,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 mm</quantity>
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SL, male. Scale bars:
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a medium-sized whitefish (standard length at 3 years of age: range = 266-315 mm, mean = 289 mm) with weak pigmentation of the pectoral fin and moderate pigmentation of all other fins and body; greenish blue colour on the flanks above the lateral line; none to a few pigmented small dots on the scales on the flanks; tip of the snout pointy; triangular eye socket; many and moderately long gill rakers (longest gill raker: 13.2-16.4% HL; total gill rakers number = 33-37).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Shape</emphasis>
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: Only slightly deep bodied with greatest body depth anterior of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile from the tip of snout to anterior origin of dorsal fin and ventral profile from interorbital area to pelvic fin origin is straight and only rarely is dorsal profile from tip of snout to interorbital area slightly convex. Head moderately short. Mouth moderately long and subtly sub-terminal. Lower jaw moderately wide. Rostral plate equally wide as deep, not strongly pronounced with tip of snout often more pointed than blunt. Eye-socket moderately thick and sickle cell-shaped. Pectoral fin moderately tapered and moderately short. Dorsal fin rather short with anterior unbranched ray of erected dorsal fin mostly 60-70° angle to body axis and slightly bent posteriorly. Dorsal fin longest anteriorly and progressively shortening posteriorly with outer margin of dorsal fin mostly concave and rarely straight. Caudal peduncle moderately stout with caudal fin moderately forked. Unbranched rays of anal fin moderately bent posteriorly. Anal fin is longest anteriorly and progressively shortening posteriorly with outer margin of anal fin mostly concave and only rarely straight.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Meristics</emphasis>
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: Many and long gill rakers.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Colour</emphasis>
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: Pigmentation of fins and body overall moderately strong in live specimens. Pectoral fin slightly pigmented at distal parts of fin. Pelvic fin moderately pigmented at median to distal parts of fin. All other fins strongly pigmented. Silvery appearance along flanks with few pigmented small dots (aggregation of melanophores) on scales along flank and dorsum. Distribution of dots bound to scale patterning such that dots are found at edge of scales or at boundary point of two scales. Dorsally above the lateral line silvery appearance changes to a pale greenish or dark greenish blue colour. Dorsal part of head and snout around nostrils moderately pigmented. Pre-operculum and operculum are silvery with one black spot on lower margin of pre-operculum. Preserved specimens pale in colouration with similar pigmentation as described for live specimens. Silvery, translucent, not coloured or unpigmented parts of the body brown-yellowish, whereas pigmented parts conserved and coloured parts (dorsally above lateral line) brownish.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
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The differential diagnoses against
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. litoralis" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="litoralis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. litoralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. intermundia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="intermundia">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. intermundia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. sarnensis" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="sarnensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. sarnensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are given under those
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<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
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accounts.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shows genetic ancestry contributions from whitefish of Lake Constance, besides its Lake Lucerne ancestry (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" author="Douglas, MR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" refId="B18" refString="Douglas, MR, Brunner, PC, 2002. Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): Impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12(1): 154-172. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" title="Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): Impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12 (1): 154 - 172." url="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" year="2002">Douglas and Brunner 2002</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundsgaard-Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Samara Publishing Limited, Cardigan, UK" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" refId="B43" refString="Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, 2009. Assessing differentiation of whitefish species along an environmental gradient. Masters thesis, University of Bern, Switzerland." title="Assessing differentiation of whitefish species along an environmental gradient. Masters thesis, University of Bern, Switzerland." year="2009">Lundsgaard-Hansen 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B35" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10 (3): 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">Hudson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32181-8" author="De-Kayne, R" journalOrPublisher="Nature Communications" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination=": 4479" refId="B16" refString="De-Kayne, R, Selz, OM, Marques, DA, Frei, D, Seehausen, O, Feulner, PGD, 2022. Genomic architecture of adaptive radiation and hybridization in Alpine whitefish. Nature Communications 13 (1): 4479, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32181-8" title="Genomic architecture of adaptive radiation and hybridization in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32181-8" volume="13" year="2022">De-Kayne et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study). These seem to derive from historically documented introductions of fry of whitefish species from Lake Constance into Lake Lucerne (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502295" author="Svarvar, P-O" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="295 - 314" refId="B66" refString="Svarvar, P-O, Mueller, R, 1982. Die Felchen des Alpnachersees. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie 44 (2): 295 - 314, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502295" title="Die Felchen des Alpnachersees." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502295" volume="44" year="1982">
|
||
Svarvar and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
1982
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Due to the uncertainty of the species origin of the translocated fry and the possibility that there may have been more historically undocumented introductions of other whitefish from Lake Constance we compare the characters of this species with those of all whitefish species from Lake Constance and all other whitefish species in Lake Lucerne.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haack" authorityYear="1882" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus nobilis" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. nobilis" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having an anteriorly longer depressed dorsal fin (18.2-19.8% SL, mean = 19.1 vs. 16.7-18.8% SL, mean = 17.8), a shallower head (63.6-70.8% HL, mean = 67.5 vs. 65.9-77.8% HL, mean = 71.2) and snout (6.5-9.9% HL, mean = 8.1 vs. 7.9-12.4% HL, mean = 10.5) (Tables
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus suspensus from Lake Lucerne, NMBE- 1078100, holotype contemporary specimen; paratypes of contemporary specimens N = 4. For males and both sexes the holotype is included in the range and mean." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593">4</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="T5" captionText="Table 5. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus nobilis from Lake Lucerne, MHNG- 656.056 neotype, historical specimen; syntypes of historical specimens N = 2, non-types of contemporary specimens N = 21. The neotype is included in the range and mean of the historical specimens." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0BD4818370B8C602D1318E3C6A98B4EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="0BD4818370B8C602D1318E3C6A98B4EB">5</tableCitation>
|
||
). Based on ratios
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haack" authorityYear="1882" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus nobilis" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a smaller 'pectoral fin base / caudal peduncle
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="depth’">depth'</normalizedToken>
|
||
ratio (PecFB/CD: 0.41-0.43 vs. 0.45-0.52) (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 10" captionStartId="T10" captionText="Table 10. The first- and second-best ratios retrieved from the LDA ratio extractor of pair-wise comparisons of all or a subset of head and body characters of the contemporary specimens from the species of lakes Lucerne and Sarnen. For some comparisons only a subset of characters could be used (a-j); the respective characters that were included are listed at the end of the table. δ is a measure of how good shape discriminates in comparison to size (i. e., the smaller the less allometry). Ratios marked with an asterisk * have very little (not more than one specimen of one species overlaps with the other species) or no overlap and were thus eligible for use in the species key and the diagnoses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6C52FF35428C82948A621B04C79CFAD6" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="6C52FF35428C82948A621B04C79CFAD6">10</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus muelleri" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="muelleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus muelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. muelleri" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="muelleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. muelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having strong pigmentation of all fins vs. none or very little pigmentation of the pectoral, anal, caudal and dorsal fin in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. muelleri" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="muelleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. muelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a deeper caudal peduncle (7.1-7.5% SL, mean = 7.3 vs. 6.3-7.4% SL, mean = 6.9), a shorter head (dorsal head length: 12.8-14.5% SL, mean = 13.8 vs. 14.4-17% SL, mean = 15.7; head length: 18.7-20.4% SL, mean = 19.6 vs. 20.3-23.5% SL, mean = 22), smaller eye (eye diameter: 21.2-22.3% HL, mean = 21.8 vs. 22.2-26% HL, mean = 24.1; eye cavity: 25.1-26.4% HL, mean = 25.6 vs. 26.4-31.1% HL, mean = 27.7; eye height: 20.8-23.3% HL, mean = 22.2 vs. 22.3-26.2% HL, mean = 24.3), differently shaped eye socket (sickle cell-shaped vs. roundish), a longer postorbital length (52.1-54.2% HL, mean = 53 vs. 48.8-52.6% HL, mean = 50.6), a shorter lower jaw (37.1-41.6% HL, mean = 40.1 vs. 40.3-45.8% HL, mean 42.7), a wider head (45.5-50% HL, mean = 48 vs. 37.2-48.7% HL, mean = 43.8) and a wider internarial width (12.1-13.6% HL, mean = 12.9 vs. 9.6-12.3% HL, mean = 11) (Tables
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus suspensus from Lake Lucerne, NMBE- 1078100, holotype contemporary specimen; paratypes of contemporary specimens N = 4. For males and both sexes the holotype is included in the range and mean." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593">4</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus muelleri from Lake Lucerne, NMBE- 1078123 holotype, contemporary specimen; paratypes of contemporary specimens N = 29 and paratype material of historical specimens N = 8. For males and both sexes the holotype is included in the range and mean of the contemporary specimens." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/67474AB40404D8EB54B16C77D96A3610" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="67474AB40404D8EB54B16C77D96A3610">6</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. muelleri" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="muelleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. muelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a larger 'predorsal length / eye
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="diameter’">diameter'</normalizedToken>
|
||
ratio (PreD/ED: 10.73-11.4 vs. 8.17-9.63) and a larger 'body depth / lower
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="jaw’">jaw'</normalizedToken>
|
||
ratio (BD/LJ: 2.71-3.33 vs. 2.01-2.63) (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 10" captionStartId="T10" captionText="Table 10. The first- and second-best ratios retrieved from the LDA ratio extractor of pair-wise comparisons of all or a subset of head and body characters of the contemporary specimens from the species of lakes Lucerne and Sarnen. For some comparisons only a subset of characters could be used (a-j); the respective characters that were included are listed at the end of the table. δ is a measure of how good shape discriminates in comparison to size (i. e., the smaller the less allometry). Ratios marked with an asterisk * have very little (not more than one specimen of one species overlaps with the other species) or no overlap and were thus eligible for use in the species key and the diagnoses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6C52FF35428C82948A621B04C79CFAD6" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="6C52FF35428C82948A621B04C79CFAD6">10</tableCitation>
|
||
). Also, the average standard length at 3 years of age differentiates
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(range = 266-315 mm, mean = 289) from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. muelleri" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="muelleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. muelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(160-232 mm, 194 mm) (Suppl. material 1: table S3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Lake Constance comparison</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- all four Lake Constance species
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
The shorter dorsal head length of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(12.8-14.5% SL, mean = 13.8) differentiates it from all species of Lake Constance,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. wartmanni" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(14.5% SL),
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. macrophthalmus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(14.4-16.5% SL, mean = 15.7),
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. gutturosus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="gutturosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. gutturosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(15.4-18.1% SL, mean = 16.8) and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. arenicolus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="arenicolus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. arenicolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(14.8-15.3% SL, mean = 15.1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1784" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus wartmanni" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus wartmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. wartmanni" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a longer adipose fin base (4.2-5.5% SL, mean = 5 vs. 4% SL), a larger eye (eye diameter: 21.2-22.3% HL, mean = 21.8 vs. 18.9% HL; eye cavity: 25.1-26.4% HL, mean = 25.6 vs. 23.9% HL; eye height: 20.8-23.3% HL, mean = 22.2 vs. 19% HL), a shorter lower jaw (37.1-41.6% HL, mean = 40.1 vs. 43.5% HL), a shorter maxilla (18.3-21% HL, mean 19.9 vs. 22% HL), longer gill rakers (middle gill raker: 11.5-14.3% HL, mean = 13.1 vs. 10.8% HL; longest gill raker: 13.2-16.4% HL, mean = 14.7 vs. 11.3% HL) and fewer branched pelvic fin rays (10-11, mode = 10 vs. 12) (Tables
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus suspensus from Lake Lucerne, NMBE- 1078100, holotype contemporary specimen; paratypes of contemporary specimens N = 4. For males and both sexes the holotype is included in the range and mean." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593">4</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="T9" captionText="Table 9. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus gutturosus, C. arenicolus, C. macrophthalmus and C. wartmanni from Lake Constance. Coregonus gutturosus, non-types N = 10. Coregonus arenicolus, holotype, NMBE- 1076223 (Eawag- 239 - 1), sex unknown; paratypes N = 3. Coregonus macrophthalmus, syntypes N = 7. C. wartmanni, non-type, NMBE- 1076206, female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/90AB9AFC1AF16123C49B7B12EF4BF811" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="90AB9AFC1AF16123C49B7B12EF4BF811">9</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 14" captionStartId="T14" captionText="Table 14. Frequency of occurrence of the number of branched rays of the pelvic, pectoral, dorsal and anal fin (mode in bold) in the 13 whitefish species from lakes Lucerne (C. litoralis, C. intermundia, C. suspensus, C. nobilis, C. muelleri), Sarnen (C. sarnensis), Sempach (C. suidteri), Zug (C. zugensis, C. obliterus, C. supersum), and Constance (C. gutturosus, C. arenicolus, C. macrophthalmus, C. wartmanni)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/64A040868D282E635F5AB86C5275B2A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="64A040868D282E635F5AB86C5275B2A1">14</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nuesslin" authorityYear="1882" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus macrophthalmus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus macrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. macrophthalmus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a smaller eye (eye diameter: 21.2-22.3% HL, mean = 21.8 vs. 21.3-26.1% HL, mean = 24.1; eye cavity: 25.1-26.4% HL, mean = 25.6 vs. 25.4-30.8% HL, mean = 28.9), a shorter lower jaw (37.1-41.6% HL, mean = 40.1 vs. 40-44.4% HL, mean = 42.2), a shorter maxilla (18.3-21% HL, mean 19.9 vs. 20.1-24.7% HL, mean = 23.1), a wider head (45.5-50% HL, men = 48 vs. 39.3-43.3% HL, mean = 41.6) and more lateral line scales (80-91 vs. 73-80, mode = 80) (Tables
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus suspensus from Lake Lucerne, NMBE- 1078100, holotype contemporary specimen; paratypes of contemporary specimens N = 4. For males and both sexes the holotype is included in the range and mean." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593">4</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="T9" captionText="Table 9. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus gutturosus, C. arenicolus, C. macrophthalmus and C. wartmanni from Lake Constance. Coregonus gutturosus, non-types N = 10. Coregonus arenicolus, holotype, NMBE- 1076223 (Eawag- 239 - 1), sex unknown; paratypes N = 3. Coregonus macrophthalmus, syntypes N = 7. C. wartmanni, non-type, NMBE- 1076206, female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/90AB9AFC1AF16123C49B7B12EF4BF811" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="90AB9AFC1AF16123C49B7B12EF4BF811">9</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 12" captionStartId="T12" captionText="Table 12. Frequency of occurrence of lateral line, predorsal and transverse dorsal, anal and pelvic scales (mode in bold) in the 13 whitefish species from lakes Lucerne (C. litoralis, C. intermundia, C. suspensus, C. nobilis, C. muelleri,), Sarnen (C. sarnensis), Sempach (C. suidteri), Zug (C. zugensis, C. obliterus, C. supersum), and Constance (C. gutturosus, C. arenicolus, C. macrophthalmus, C. wartmanni)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CFC1AD78BA2E7CC7711B7E72E65D04CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="CFC1AD78BA2E7CC7711B7E72E65D04CC">12</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1818" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus gutturosus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus gutturosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. gutturosus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="gutturosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. gutturosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a longer pelvic fin base (3.3-3.8% SL, mean = 3.7 vs. 3.7-4.4% SL, mean = 4.1), a shorter pelvic fin (15-16.1% SL, mean = 15.3 vs. 15.4-19.1% SL, mean = 17.1), a shorter pectoral fin (PecF2: 15.3-17.2% SL, mean = 16.4 vs. 16.8-20.3% SL, mean = 18.2), an anteriorly shorter erected dorsal fin (16.9-17.8% SL, mean = 17.6 vs. 17.6-21.6% SL, mean = 19.3), a shorter prepelvic length (47.9-51% SL, mean = 49.2 vs. 50.4-54.1% SL, mean = 52.7), a shallower head (63.6-70.8% HL, mean = 67.5 vs. 69.9-80.6% SL, mean = 74.2), a longer lower jaw (37.1-41.6% HL, mean = 40.1 vs. 34.3-39.1% HL, mean = 36.6), a shallower snout (6.5-9.9% HL, mean = 8.1 vs. 9.3-11.9% HL, mean = 10.2), longer gill rakers (middle gill raker: 11.5-14.3% HL, mean = 13.1 vs. 4.1-8.7% HL, mean = 6.9; longest gill raker: 13.2-16.4% HL, mean = 14.7 vs. 6.7-10.6% HL, mean = 8.2) and fewer gill rakers (33-37 vs. 16-21, mode = 17, 18, 19) (Tables
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus suspensus from Lake Lucerne, NMBE- 1078100, holotype contemporary specimen; paratypes of contemporary specimens N = 4. For males and both sexes the holotype is included in the range and mean." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593">4</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="T9" captionText="Table 9. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus gutturosus, C. arenicolus, C. macrophthalmus and C. wartmanni from Lake Constance. Coregonus gutturosus, non-types N = 10. Coregonus arenicolus, holotype, NMBE- 1076223 (Eawag- 239 - 1), sex unknown; paratypes N = 3. Coregonus macrophthalmus, syntypes N = 7. C. wartmanni, non-type, NMBE- 1076206, female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/90AB9AFC1AF16123C49B7B12EF4BF811" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="90AB9AFC1AF16123C49B7B12EF4BF811">9</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 13" captionStartId="T13" captionText="Table 13. Frequency of occurrence of the total number of gill rakers (mode in bold) in the 13 whitefish species from lakes Lucerne (C. litoralis, C. intermundia, C. suspensus, C. nobilis, C. muelleri,), Sarnen (C. sarnensis), Sempach (C. suidteri), Zug (C. zugensis, C. obliterus, C. supersum), and Constance (C. gutturosus, C. arenicolus, C. macrophthalmus, C. wartmanni)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/BD7DCAF63D7A6855AC00538AD84D8588" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="BD7DCAF63D7A6855AC00538AD84D8588">13</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kottelat" authorityYear="1997" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus arenicolus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenicolus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus arenicolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. arenicolus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="arenicolus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. arenicolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a shorter pelvic fin base (3.3-3.8% SL, mean = 3.7 vs. 3.9-4.6% SL, mean = 4.4), a shorter pelvic fin (15-16.1% SL, mean = 15.3 vs. 16.8-18.1% SL, mean = 17.3), a shorter pectoral fin base (3-3.2% SL, mean = 3.1 vs. 3.2-3.5% SL, mean = 3.4), an anteriorly shorter erected and depressed dorsal fin (erected dorsal fin: 16.9-17.8% SL, mean = 17.6 vs. 18-20.3% SL, mean = 19.2; depressed dorsal fin: 18.2-19.8% SL, mean = 19.1 vs. 19.3-21.9% SL, mean 20.5), an anteriorly shorter anal fin (11.6-12.4% SL, mean = 11.9 vs. 12.9-13.8% SL, mean = 13.3), a shallower caudal peduncle (7.1-7.5% SL, mean = 7.3 vs. 7.7-8.2% SL, mean = 8.1), a shorter dorsal head length (12.8-14.5% SL, mean = 13.8 vs. 14.8-15.3% SL, mean = 15.1), being shallower bodied (21.5-25.1% SL, mean = 23.6 vs. 24.4-27.1% SL, mean 26.2), a larger eye (eye diameter: 21.2-22.3% HL, mean = 21.8 vs. 17.3-19.6% HL, mean = 17.7; eye height: 20.8-23.3% HL, mean = 22.2 vs. 18.8-20.8% SL, mean = 19.6), a shorter mouth width (8.9-9.7% HL, mean = 9.2 vs. 10-11% HL, mean = 10.5), a shallower snout (6.5-9.9% HL, mean = 8.1 vs. 9.7-12.3% HL, mean = 10.9), a less wide head (45.5-50% HL, mean = 48 vs. 50.5-51.8% HL, mean = 50.8), a less wide interorbital width (26.5-28.6% HL, mean = 27.5 vs. 28.8-30.8% HL, mean = 29.7), a less wide lower jaw (22.1-24.5% HL, mean = 23.1 vs. 24.9-27.2% HL, mean = 26.4), longer gill rakers (middle gill raker: 11.5-14.3% HL, mean =13.1 vs. 9.8-10.6% HL, mean = 10.2; longest gill raker: 13.2-16.4% HL, mean = 14.7 vs. 10.9-12% HL, mean = 11.5), fewer predorsal scales (31-34, mode = 32 vs. 36-44) and more gill rakers (33-37 vs. 22-31) (Tables
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus suspensus from Lake Lucerne, NMBE- 1078100, holotype contemporary specimen; paratypes of contemporary specimens N = 4. For males and both sexes the holotype is included in the range and mean." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="15DCF62275EB64C3AABECE90DCD89593">4</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="T9" captionText="Table 9. Morphological and meristic data of Coregonus gutturosus, C. arenicolus, C. macrophthalmus and C. wartmanni from Lake Constance. Coregonus gutturosus, non-types N = 10. Coregonus arenicolus, holotype, NMBE- 1076223 (Eawag- 239 - 1), sex unknown; paratypes N = 3. Coregonus macrophthalmus, syntypes N = 7. C. wartmanni, non-type, NMBE- 1076206, female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/90AB9AFC1AF16123C49B7B12EF4BF811" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="90AB9AFC1AF16123C49B7B12EF4BF811">9</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 12" captionStartId="T12" captionText="Table 12. Frequency of occurrence of lateral line, predorsal and transverse dorsal, anal and pelvic scales (mode in bold) in the 13 whitefish species from lakes Lucerne (C. litoralis, C. intermundia, C. suspensus, C. nobilis, C. muelleri,), Sarnen (C. sarnensis), Sempach (C. suidteri), Zug (C. zugensis, C. obliterus, C. supersum), and Constance (C. gutturosus, C. arenicolus, C. macrophthalmus, C. wartmanni)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CFC1AD78BA2E7CC7711B7E72E65D04CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="CFC1AD78BA2E7CC7711B7E72E65D04CC">12</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 13" captionStartId="T13" captionText="Table 13. Frequency of occurrence of the total number of gill rakers (mode in bold) in the 13 whitefish species from lakes Lucerne (C. litoralis, C. intermundia, C. suspensus, C. nobilis, C. muelleri,), Sarnen (C. sarnensis), Sempach (C. suidteri), Zug (C. zugensis, C. obliterus, C. supersum), and Constance (C. gutturosus, C. arenicolus, C. macrophthalmus, C. wartmanni)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/BD7DCAF63D7A6855AC00538AD84D8588" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="BD7DCAF63D7A6855AC00538AD84D8588">13</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Distribution and notes on biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in all basins of Lake Lucerne (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Map of Switzerland with the lakes studied; 1. Lake Constance, 2. Lake Sempach, 3. Lake Zug, 4. Lake Lucerne, 5. Lake Sarnen. On the right is a bathymetric map of Lake Lucerne with the German names of each basin (modified from Alexander et al. 2017 a)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1144.67747.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/803997" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">2</figureCitation>
|
||
) except possibly in Lake Alpnach. It has been caught during the spawning season in all basins except for Lake Alpnach, where no nets were set by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B35" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10 (3): 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">Hudson et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. There is no isotopic or stomach content data available for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to infer the prey spectrum of this species.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a medium-sized whitefish species and the size (i.e., standard length) at 3 years of age of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. litoralis" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="litoralis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. litoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, considerably larger than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. muelleri" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="muelleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. muelleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and almost equal to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. intermundia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="intermundia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. intermundia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Suppl. material 1: table S3). We cannot compare its size to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. nobilis" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since only older individuals of the latter species have been caught (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B35" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10 (3): 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">Hudson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows genetic ancestry contributions from whitefish of Lake Constance, besides its Lake Lucerne ancestry (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="58 - 66" refId="B33" refString="Hudson, AG, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2011. Rapid parallel adaptive radiation from a single hybridogenic ancestral population. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278 (1702): 58 - 66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" title="Rapid parallel adaptive radiation from a single hybridogenic ancestral population." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" volume="278" year="2011">Hudson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B35" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10 (3): 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We therefore also compared it to the four described species from Lake Constance, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. wartmanni" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bloch, 1784,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. macrophthalmus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nüsslin">Nuesslin</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1882,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. arenicolus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="arenicolus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. arenicolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kottelat, 1997, and the extinct
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. gutturosus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="gutturosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. gutturosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gmelin, 1818. Early indications that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be of partially allochthonous origin, closely related to the radiation of Lake Constance with genetic contributions from Lake Lucerne, were seen in work by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" author="Douglas, MR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" refId="B18" refString="Douglas, MR, Brunner, PC, 2002. Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): Impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12(1): 154-172. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" title="Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): Impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12 (1): 154 - 172." url="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" year="2002">Douglas and Brunner (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. They named a population from Lake Lucerne simply as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Blaufelchen’">'Blaufelchen'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(i.e., the local name for the species
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. wartmanni" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Lake Constance), which grouped in their study closest to Lake Constance taxa and another species of partially allochthonous origin from Lake Thun,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. More recent work confirmed these findings, showing that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a genetic affinity (based on pairwise DAPC, neighbour-joining tree and private allele analyses) with
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. wartmanni" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Lake Constance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B35" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10 (3): 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">Hudson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Suppl. material 1: fig. S3). Interestingly,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may not just share a genetic affinity with
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. wartmanni" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but also a phenotypic affinity. During the spawning season sexually mature individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were caught exclusively in the open water, which may suggest that they also spawn in the open water. This unique spawning behaviour has so far only been documented for individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. wartmanni" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Lake Constance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brehm, A" journalOrPublisher="Berlin, Deutschland" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" refId="B14" refString="Brehm, A, 1884. Brehms Thierleben. Allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs, Achter Band, Dritte Abtheilung: Kriechthiere, Lurche und Fische, Zweiter Band: Fische. Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig, 238-241." title="Brehms Thierleben. Allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs, Achter Band, Dritte Abtheilung: Kriechthiere, Lurche und Fische, Zweiter Band: Fische. Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig, 238 - 241." year="1884">Brehm 1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fatio, V" journalOrPublisher=") Histoire naturelle des Poison, 2 e partie. Genf und Basel" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" refId="B22" refString="Fatio, V, 1890. Faune des Vertebres de la Suisse, Vol. V. In: Georg H (Ed.) Histoire naturelle des Poison, 2e partie. Genf und Basel" title="Faune des Vertebres de la Suisse, Vol. V. In: Georg H (Ed." year="1890">Fatio 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" author="Steinmann, P" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="340 - 491" refId="B63" refString="Steinmann, P, 1950. Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil. Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie 12: 340 - 491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" title="Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" volume="12" year="1950">Steinmann 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further research is needed to resolve if the same spawning behaviour is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It cannot be inferred solely based on the catch locality, although all ripe individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were caught with pelagic nets in the pelagic habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B35" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10 (3): 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">Hudson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is not unique to this species though, as also
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. litoralis" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="litoralis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. litoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. intermundia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="intermundia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. intermundia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be caught during the spawning season in the pelagic waters. However, in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they seem to move from the pelagic into the benthic habitat at the time around sunset and are thus caught in the benthic habitat during spawning (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B35" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10 (3): 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">Hudson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has most likely a short spawning season in winter around the month of December. The spawning season lasts for approx. two weeks. Since the 1940s whitefish fry have been stocked from Lake Constance (among other lakes, see discussion) into Lake Lucerne, specifically in Lake Alpnach (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502295" author="Svarvar, P-O" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="295 - 314" refId="B66" refString="Svarvar, P-O, Mueller, R, 1982. Die Felchen des Alpnachersees. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie 44 (2): 295 - 314, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502295" title="Die Felchen des Alpnachersees." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502295" volume="44" year="1982">
|
||
Svarvar and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
1982
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; E. Odermatt and J. Muggli, pers. comm.). Nothing is written about the time span of these introductions nor which quantity of fry from Lake Constance were introduced into Lake Lucerne.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" author="Steinmann, P" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="340 - 491" refId="B63" refString="Steinmann, P, 1950. Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil. Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie 12: 340 - 491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" title="Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" volume="12" year="1950">Steinmann (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported individuals not corresponding to any of the known Lake Lucerne whitefish species and questioned if additional unknown species were residing in Lake Lucerne. Specifically,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" author="Steinmann, P" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="340 - 491" refId="B63" refString="Steinmann, P, 1950. Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil. Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie 12: 340 - 491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" title="Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" volume="12" year="1950">Steinmann (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentions an increase of whitefish individuals in 1949-1950 that have been caught mostly in the basins
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Gersauerbecken’">'Gersauerbecken'</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Urnerbecken’">'Urnerbecken'</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Lake Alpnach (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Map of Switzerland with the lakes studied; 1. Lake Constance, 2. Lake Sempach, 3. Lake Zug, 4. Lake Lucerne, 5. Lake Sarnen. On the right is a bathymetric map of Lake Lucerne with the German names of each basin (modified from Alexander et al. 2017 a)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1144.67747.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/803997" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">2</figureCitation>
|
||
), which resemble in gill raker number individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. nobilis" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but which spawn in December in the upper water column (i.e., in German
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘oberflächlich’">'oberflaechlich'</normalizedToken>
|
||
). These individuals have been named by the commercial fishermen after the colouration of their dorsum, which was blueish, as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Blaufelchen’">'Blaufelchen'</normalizedToken>
|
||
and were even noted in the commercial fisheries statistics of Lake Lucerne for a certain time period (J. Muggli, pers. comm.). This is the same local name that is given to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. wartmanni" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Lake Constance. This could possibly be the first mention of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the scientific literature. However, already in the year 1661 Cysat described three forms of large-type whitefish in Lake Lucerne, the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Krautbalchen’">'Krautbalchen'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Schwembalchen’">'Schwembalchen'</normalizedToken>
|
||
and the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Steinbalchen’">'Steinbalchen'</normalizedToken>
|
||
and a local fisherman, J.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blättler">Blaettler</normalizedToken>
|
||
, mentioned in 1908 that he was able to distinguish between three forms of large-type whitefish in the lake (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Muggli, J" journalOrPublisher="Fischereikommission Vierwaldstaettersee, Luzern" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" refId="B46" refString="Muggli, J, 2015. Fische kennen keine Grenzen. Fischereikommission Vierwaldstaettersee, Luzern" title="Fische kennen keine Grenzen." year="2015">Muggli 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is thus unclear, if
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
derived from recent allochthonous stocking and/or if one of these three forms may partially be what we know today as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. suspensus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="suspensus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C. suspensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
The specific name suspensus in Latin means being
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘suspended’">'suspended'</normalizedToken>
|
||
or
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘levitating’">'levitating'</normalizedToken>
|
||
. The name refers to the fact that this species has only been caught during the spawning season in the pelagic water column. An adjective.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="common names">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Common names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
|
||
This species was not recognised by the local fisheries, fisheries authorities, researchers, or the public before the work by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundsgaard-Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Samara Publishing Limited, Cardigan, UK" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" refId="B43" refString="Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, 2009. Assessing differentiation of whitefish species along an environmental gradient. Masters thesis, University of Bern, Switzerland." title="Assessing differentiation of whitefish species along an environmental gradient. Masters thesis, University of Bern, Switzerland." year="2009">Lundsgaard-Hansen (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B35" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10 (3): 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">Hudson et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundsgaard-Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Samara Publishing Limited, Cardigan, UK" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" refId="B43" refString="Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, 2009. Assessing differentiation of whitefish species along an environmental gradient. Masters thesis, University of Bern, Switzerland." title="Assessing differentiation of whitefish species along an environmental gradient. Masters thesis, University of Bern, Switzerland." year="2009">Lundsgaard-Hansen (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B35" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10 (3): 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: Fine-scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">Hudson et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
named the species as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz & Seehausen" authorityYear="2023" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Coregonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. '
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">pelagic-intermediate</emphasis>
|
||
', in German 'pelagischer
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schwebbalchen’">Schwebbalchen'</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |