365 lines
44 KiB
XML
365 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document id="FF4C415EAB9564064B594DC5CE7F5C99" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.2590.1.1" ID-ISSN="11755334" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629694286941" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Calder, Dale R." docDate="2010" docId="03E27F25FFF1FFDFDCFFFE7C720F4CA7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02590p091.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2590 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2590.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Turritopsis nutricula McCrady 1857" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FFDB075DFFFEFFCFDC68FFAB70124F23" masterDocTitle="Some anthoathecate hydroids and limnopolyps (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Hawaiian archipelago 2590" masterLastPageNumber="91" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1699097160624" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="D0757B019AEF19BD2BB818BC5C732983">Some anthoathecate hydroids and limnopolyps (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Hawaiian archipelago 2590</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="775480F1A34FB33B45D3F037C1FE72C7" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="596978121648C402ED07661940BB42D8">Calder, Dale R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F15822F3216A7497A00FEFE66153493F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5A3A356AC6A874085E2256670D31BDE8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="B1ED04C24B3A087ACF1718AE3B141941">
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<mods:date id="4B6F43B3F871363315018D9429FBB8CA">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="04B9C21C2C1B0A64EDCB9189874F7FC9">2010-08-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E8492BA3A09095C5EE0074352F13433F">2590</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="4B336D614D27F3DFACB3D6D368B7D4C3">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="44CD18A8826764707FEF37F88EA2DA91">91</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="57F96D643106165799A27FA9849F792C">https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2590.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="6BD62EC3CD6DCD69A8885D247DCE3735">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6273D19FA8DC3A2069BD2DE56DD4EA26" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.2590.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="088927AA4481E71434D291B16000FD37" type="ISSN">11755334</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03E27F25FFF1FFDFDCFFFE7C720F4CA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E27F25FFF1FFDFDCFFFE7C720F4CA7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27F25FFF1FFDFDCFFFE7C720F4CA7" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="C3519DB8FFF1FFC0DCFFFE7C70C94D37" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF1FFC0DCFFFE7C726D4ED2" blockId="15.[151,639,471,532]" box="[151,639,471,497]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="D0BC795FFFF1FFC0DCFFFE7C726D4ED2" bold="true" box="[151,639,471,497]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0DCFFFE7C726D4ED2" ID-CoL="59R4R" authority="McCrady, 1857" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,639,471,497]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
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<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DCFFFE7C726D4ED2" bold="true" box="[151,639,471,497]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DCFFFE7C71094ED2" bold="true" box="[151,283,471,497]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turritopsis</emphasis>
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||
cf.
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||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DD20FE7C71AA4ED2" bold="true" box="[328,440,471,497]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">nutricula</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0DDA8FE7C726D4ED2" author="McCrady, J." box="[448,639,471,497]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="55 - 90" refId="ref60049" refString="McCrady, J. (1857) Description of Oceania (Turritopsis) nutricula nov. spec. and the embryological history of a singular medusan larva, found in the cavity of its bell. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 55 - 90." type="journal article" year="1857">McCrady, 1857</bibRefCitation>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF1FFC0DCFFFE5170C94D37" blockId="15.[151,639,471,532]" box="[151,219,506,532]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3519DB8FFF1FFC0DCFFFDE1741E4DA2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF1FFC0DCFFFDE175084D42" blockId="15.[151,1306,586,641]" box="[151,1306,586,609]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5BE91DFFF1FFC0DCFFFDE175084D42" box="[151,1306,586,609]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AEAE822FFF1FFC0DCFFFDE172AC4D42" author="McCrady, J." box="[151,702,586,609]" page="56" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1857">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0DCFFFDE172AC4D42" authority="McCrady, 1857: 56" authorityName="McCrady" authorityPageNumber="56" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,702,586,609]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Oceania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula" subGenus="Turritopsis">
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||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DCFFFDE170E34D42" box="[151,241,586,609]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oceania</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DD69FDE171644D42" box="[257,374,586,609]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turritopsis</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DDEDFDE171F54D42" box="[389,487,586,609]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">nutricula</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0DD85FDE172AC4D42" author="McCrady, J." box="[493,702,586,609]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="55 - 90" refId="ref60049" refString="McCrady, J. (1857) Description of Oceania (Turritopsis) nutricula nov. spec. and the embryological history of a singular medusan larva, found in the cavity of its bell. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 55 - 90." type="journal article" year="1857">McCrady, 1857: 56</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 4, figs. 1–10, 12–15, 28a; pl. 5, figs. 11, 16–18, 28b.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF1FFC0DCFFFDC1741E4DA2" blockId="15.[151,1306,586,641]" box="[151,1036,618,641]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5BE91DFFF1FFC0DCFFFDC1741E4DA2" box="[151,1036,618,641]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0DCFFFDC171664DA2" ID-CoL="59R4R" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,372,618,641]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
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||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DCFFFDC171664DA2" box="[151,372,618,641]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turritopsis nutricula</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.–
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<treatmentCitation id="0AEAE822FFF1FFC0DDEEFDC172294DA2" author="Cooke, W. J." box="[390,571,618,641]" page="82" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1977">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0DDEEFDC172294DA2" author="Cooke, W. J." box="[390,571,618,641]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="71 - 104" refId="ref54242" refString="Cooke, W. J. (1977) Order Hydroida. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication, 64 (1), 71 - 104." type="journal article" year="1977">Cooke, 1977: 82</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 10.–
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AEAE822FFF1FFC0DEF4FDC174154DA2" author="Grovhoug, J. G. & Rastetter, E. B." box="[668,1031,618,641]" page="252" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" year="1980">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0DEF4FDC174154DA2" author="Grovhoug, J. G. & Rastetter, E. B." box="[668,1031,618,641]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="249 - 266" refId="ref57220" refString="Grovhoug, J. G. & Rastetter, E. B. (1980) Marine fouling dynamics in Hawaiian nearshore ecosystems: a suggested technique for comparison and evaluation. Fifth International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, pp. 249 - 266." type="book chapter" year="1980">Grovhoug & Rastetter, 1980: 252</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3519DB8FFF1FFC0DCFFFD1972DC4C9F" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF1FFC0DCFFFD1972DC4C9F" blockId="15.[151,1437,690,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DCFFFD19719E4DEF" bold="true" box="[151,396,690,716]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Material examined.</emphasis>
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B23C46EFFF1FFC0DDF5FD19759A4DD7" collectingDate="1972-10" collectionCode="BPBM" collectorName="W. J. Cooke" location="Oahu" municipality="Kaneohe Bay" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="D456" specimenCount="1">
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||
<location id="8E9498E8FFF1FFC0DDF5FD1971F34DEF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E27F25FFF1FFDFDCFFFE7C720F4CA7:8E9498E8FFF1FFC0DDF5FD1971F34DEF" box="[413,481,690,716]" municipality="Kaneohe Bay" name="Oahu" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oahu</location>
|
||
:
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||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B905449FFF1FFC0DD86FD19729C4DEF" box="[494,654,690,716]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kaneohe Bay</collectingMunicipality>
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||
, shallow water,
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||
<date id="FFF5E8F3FFF1FFC0DF27FD1973B14DEF" box="[847,931,690,716]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1972-10">
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||
<collectingDate id="EFB1111BFFF1FFC0DF27FD1973B14DEF" box="[847,931,690,716]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1972-10">x.1972</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
, six colony fragments, now in poor condition, up to 1.6 cm high, with medusa buds (and medusae in second vial), coll.
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||
<collectorName id="26BEABE5FFF1FFC0D827FD7174C94DD7" box="[1103,1243,730,756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">W.J. Cooke</collectorName>
|
||
,
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||
<collectionCode id="ED5A56F6FFF1FFC0D881FD7175284DD7" box="[1257,1338,730,756]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBED6648FFF1FFC0D92DFD71759A4DD7" box="[1349,1416,730,756]" collectionCode="BPBM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">D456</specimenCode>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.–
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B23C46EFFF1FFC0DCFFFCA973074C67" collectingDate="1999-11-05" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="R. DeFelice & S. Coles" county="Stn." location="Oahu" municipality="Kaneohe Yacht Club" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="B3298" specimenCount="1">
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||
<location id="8E9498E8FFF1FFC0DCFFFCA970C94C3F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E27F25FFF1FFDFDCFFFE7C720F4CA7:8E9498E8FFF1FFC0DCFFFCA970C94C3F" box="[151,219,770,796]" county="Stn." municipality="Kaneohe Yacht Club" name="Oahu" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oahu</location>
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||
:
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||
<location id="8E9498E8FFF1FFC0DC8FFCA9719A4C3F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E27F25FFF1FFDFDCFFFE7C720F4CA7:8E9498E8FFF1FFC0DC8FFCA9719A4C3F" box="[231,392,770,796]" county="Stn." municipality="Kaneohe Yacht Club" name="Kaneohe Bay" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kaneohe Bay</location>
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||
,
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||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B905449FFF1FFC0DDFEFCA9729D4C3F" box="[406,655,770,796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kaneohe Yacht Club</collectingMunicipality>
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||
, dock (
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||
<collectingCounty id="6295B6BFFFF1FFC0DE8FFCA973074C3F" box="[743,789,770,796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Stn.</collectingCounty>
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||
20);
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||
<date id="FFF5E8F3FFF1FFC0DF3FFCA973D54C3F" box="[855,967,770,796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1999-11-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFB1111BFFF1FFC0DF3FFCA973D54C3F" box="[855,967,770,796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1999-11-05">5.xi.1999</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
, one colony, 1.9 cm high, with medusa buds, coll.
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||
<collectorName id="26BEABE5FFF1FFC0DD74FC8171BB4C67" box="[284,425,810,836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R. DeFelice</collectorName>
|
||
and
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||
<collectorName id="26BEABE5FFF1FFC0DD8FFC81725D4C67" box="[487,591,810,836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. Coles</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5A56F6FFF1FFC0DE34FC8172A84C67" box="[604,698,810,836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBED6648FFF1FFC0DEACFC8173074C67" box="[708,789,810,836]" collectionCode="ROMIZ" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B3298</specimenCode>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B23C46EFFF1FFC0DF40FC8170F54CB7" collectingDate="1999-11-08" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="R. DeFelice & S. Coles" county="Coconut Island" location="Oahu" municipality="Kaneohe Bay" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="B3300" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="8E9498E8FFF1FFC0DF40FC81737E4C67" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E27F25FFF1FFDFDCFFFE7C720F4CA7:8E9498E8FFF1FFC0DF40FC81737E4C67" box="[808,876,810,836]" county="Coconut Island" municipality="Kaneohe Bay" name="Oahu" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oahu</location>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B905449FFF1FFC0DF12FC8174094C67" box="[890,1051,810,836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kaneohe Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="6295B6BFFFF1FFC0D841FC8174CF4C67" box="[1065,1245,810,836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Coconut Island</collectingCounty>
|
||
reef,
|
||
<date id="FFF5E8F3FFF1FFC0D94DFC8175854C67" box="[1317,1431,810,836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1999-11-08">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFB1111BFFF1FFC0D94DFC8175854C67" box="[1317,1431,810,836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1999-11-08">8.xi.1999</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
, two fragmentary colonies, 0.8 and 0.6 cm high, with medusa buds, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="26BEABE5FFF1FFC0DF96FCF974994C4F" box="[1022,1163,850,876]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R. DeFelice</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="26BEABE5FFF1FFC0D8A1FCF975224C4F" box="[1225,1328,850,876]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. Coles</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5A56F6FFF1FFC0D955FCF975894C4F" box="[1341,1435,850,876]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBED6648FFF1FFC0DCFFFCD170F54CB7" box="[151,231,890,916]" collectionCode="ROMIZ" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B3300</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B23C46EFFF1FFC0DC93FCD172D84C9F" collectingDate="2009-07-24" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="D. R. Calder" county="Coconut Island" location="Oahu" municipality="Kaneohe Bay" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="B3820" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="8E9498E8FFF1FFC0DC93FCD1712D4CB7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E27F25FFF1FFDFDCFFFE7C720F4CA7:8E9498E8FFF1FFC0DC93FCD1712D4CB7" box="[251,319,890,916]" county="Coconut Island" municipality="Kaneohe Bay" name="Oahu" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oahu</location>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B905449FFF1FFC0DD26FCD171E24CB7" box="[334,496,890,916]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kaneohe Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="6295B6BFFFF1FFC0DE68FCD172AA4CB7" box="[512,696,890,916]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Coconut Island</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFF5E8F3FFF1FFC0DEA0FCD1735D4CB7" box="[712,847,890,916]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2009-07-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFB1111BFFF1FFC0DEA0FCD1735D4CB7" box="[712,847,890,916]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2009-07-24">24.vii.2009</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, on sponges, two colonies, to 1.9 cm high, with medusa buds, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="26BEABE5FFF1FFC0DD10FC0972154C9F" box="[376,519,930,956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D.R. Calder</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5A56F6FFF1FFC0DE7BFC0972634C9F" box="[531,625,930,956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBED6648FFF1FFC0DE10FC0972D84C9F" box="[632,714,930,956]" collectionCode="ROMIZ" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B3820</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3519DB8FFF1FFC0DCAEFC6173354ABF" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF1FFC0DCAEFC6174ED4BDF" blockId="15.[151,1437,690,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DCAEFC61714C4CC7" bold="true" box="[198,350,970,996]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Hydroid colonies erect, up to 1.9 cm high, arising from a creeping hydrorhiza. Hydrocaulus and main branches polysiphonic over most of length in larger colonies, smaller colonies less strongly so, becoming monosiphonic at distal extremities, irregularly branched; branches adnate basally, curving gradually to abruptly outwards and becoming free distally. Perisarc moderately thin, terminating at hydranth base below tentacles, never annulated, clear to yellowish, outer layer mostly smooth, inner layer with wrinkles and creases; pedicels of nearly equal diameter throughout. Hydranths clavate to nearly spindle-shaped, up to 1.4 mm long, 0.2 mm wide; tentacles filiform,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB363D6FFF1FFC0DEF5FB1173154BF7" box="[669,775,1210,1236]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.826" metricValueMax="6.096" metricValueMin="3.556" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="in" value="19.0" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="14.0">14–24 in</quantity>
|
||
number, scattered over distal three-quarters or more of hydranth, distal ones longer and thicker than those basally; hypostome conical to proboscis-like.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF1FFC0DCAEFAA173354ABF" blockId="15.[151,1437,690,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gonophores free medusae. Medusa buds globular, enveloped in filmy perisarc, attached by short pedicels to stem and branches, most frequent on ultimate branchlets below hydranths, often with as many as 7–8 buds in close proximity and at various stages of development surrounding a branchlet, manubrium short; radial canals four; tentacles retracted into subumbrellar cavity.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3519DB8FFF1FFDFDCAEFA01720F4CA7" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF1FFC0DCAEFA0172984947" blockId="15.[151,1437,690,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DCAEFA01712D4AE7" bold="true" box="[198,319,1450,1476]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The identity of this hydrozoan in Hawaiian waters, generally assigned in the past to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0D973FA0071D74ACF" authority="McCrady, 1857" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0D973FA0071104ACF" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turritopsis nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0DD63FA7971D74ACF" author="McCrady, J." box="[267,453,1490,1516]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="55 - 90" refId="ref60049" refString="McCrady, J. (1857) Description of Oceania (Turritopsis) nutricula nov. spec. and the embryological history of a singular medusan larva, found in the cavity of its bell. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 55 - 90." type="journal article" year="1857">McCrady, 1857</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, cannot be established with certainty on the basis of its hydroid trophosome alone. Knowledge about morphology and reproductive strategies of its virtually unstudied medusa stage is necessary, but such information is presently lacking. The prevailing identification is provisionally retained here until the taxonomy of the species is better resolved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF1FFDFDCAEF9D975584FF9" blockId="15.[151,1437,690,2036]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1436,152,900]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0DCAEF9D971D549AF" author="Miglietta, M. P. & Piraino, S. & Kubota, S. & Schuchert, P." box="[198,455,1650,1676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="11 - 19" refId="ref60947" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Piraino, S., Kubota, S. & Schuchert, P. (2007) Species in the genus Turritopsis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): a molecular evaluation. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 45, 11 - 19." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Miglietta
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DD50F9D8717849AF" box="[312,362,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0DE5AF9D972F449AF" author="Cooke, W. J." box="[562,742,1650,1676]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="71 - 104" refId="ref54242" refString="Cooke, W. J. (1977) Order Hydroida. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication, 64 (1), 71 - 104." type="journal article" year="1977">Cooke’s (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0DF31F9D8745E49AF" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[857,1100,1651,1676]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DF31F9D8745E49AF" box="[857,1100,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turritopsis nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Ala Wai Yacht Harbor, Oahu, to the offshore Hawaiian species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0DE1DF93073954997" authority="Nutting, 1905" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1905" box="[629,903,1690,1716]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DE1DF93072C84997" box="[629,730,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. minor</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0DE8AF93173954997" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[738,903,1690,1716]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="931 - 959" refId="ref62148" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1905) Hydroids of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the steamer Albatross in 1902. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission for 1903, pp. 931 - 959." type="journal article" year="1905">Nutting, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
solely on zoogeographic grounds. However, comparisons of shallow inshore and deeper water offshore populations of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0D8F4F96870C34827" authority="McCrady, 1857" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0D8F4F968750E49FF" box="[1180,1308,1731,1756]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Turritopsis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0D940F96970C34827" author="McCrady, J." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="55 - 90" refId="ref60049" refString="McCrady, J. (1857) Description of Oceania (Turritopsis) nutricula nov. spec. and the embryological history of a singular medusan larva, found in the cavity of its bell. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 55 - 90." type="journal article" year="1857">McCrady, 1857</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the region are needed before it can be determined whether or not they are conspecific. This hydrozoan also shares some characters with the widespread
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0DF7AF8B87474480F" authority="(Weismann, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Weismann" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[786,1126,1810,1836]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dohrnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DF7AF8B87396480F" box="[786,900,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. dohrnii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0DFFCF8B9744F480F" author="Weismann, A." box="[916,1117,1810,1836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref67077" refString="Weismann, A. (1883) Die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Baues und der Lebenserscheinungen dieser Gruppe. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 295 pp." type="book" year="1883">Weismann, 1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0D81AF8B870C94877" authority="(Keferstein, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Keferstein" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polycirrha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0D81AF8B8751B480F" box="[1138,1289,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. polycirrha</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0D970F8B970C14877" author="Keferstein, W." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 147" refId="ref58814" refString="Keferstein, W. (1862) Untersuchungen uber niedere Seethiere. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 12, 1 - 147." type="journal article" year="1862">Keferstein, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Europe, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0DDD5F89072FC4877" authority="(Farquhar, 1895)" baseAuthorityName="Farquhar" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[445,750,1850,1876]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DDD5F890720D4877" box="[445,543,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. rubra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0DE58F89172F44877" author="Farquhar, H." box="[560,742,1850,1876]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="208 - 209" refId="ref55457" refString="Farquhar, H. (1895) Descriptions of two new gymnoblastic hydroids. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 27, 208 - 209." type="journal article" year="1895">Farquhar, 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tasmania and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C8EA3FFF1FFC0DF8DF89174954877" box="[997,1159,1850,1876]" name="New Zealand" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0D97AF89075894877" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[1298,1435,1851,1876]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0D97AF89075894877" box="[1298,1435,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the east coast of the Americas. Differences among these species were summarized in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0D8A1F8C97585485F" author="Schuchert, P." box="[1225,1431,1890,1916]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="315 - 369" refId="ref64494" refString="Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111, 315 - 369." type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who discovered that European populations previously thought conspecific with the oviparous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0D978F82075894887" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[1296,1435,1931,1956]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0D978F82075894887" box="[1296,1435,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were referable instead to either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0DE6EF818726A48EF" baseAuthorityName="Weismann" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[518,632,1971,1996]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dohrnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DE6EF818726A48EF" box="[518,632,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. dohrnii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or especially to the larviparous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0DF84F818749648EF" baseAuthorityName="Keferstein" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1004,1156,1971,1996]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polycirrha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DF84F818749648EF" box="[1004,1156,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. polycirrha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Indeed,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF1FFC0D898F81970F648D7" author="Miglietta, M. P. & Piraino, S. & Kubota, S. & Schuchert, P." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="11 - 19" refId="ref60947" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Piraino, S., Kubota, S. & Schuchert, P. (2007) Species in the genus Turritopsis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): a molecular evaluation. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 45, 11 - 19." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Miglietta
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0D90AF818758748EF" box="[1378,1429,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested on the basis of molecular studies that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF1FFC0DF28F87073D948D7" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[832,971,2011,2036]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF1FFC0DF28F87073D948D7" box="[832,971,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was restricted to the western Atlantic Ocean. More evidence is needed to support that claim, but their results establish that other species have frequently been misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFEEFFDFDD9EFF6B726C4FFA" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[502,638,192,217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFDD9EFF6B726C4FFA" box="[502,638,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially in the Mediterranean Sea and in Japanese waters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFEEFFDFDCAEFF4373E24D9F" blockId="16.[151,1436,152,900]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Meanwhile,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFEEFFDFDD34FF4372B14E21" author="Carlton, J. T. & Eldredge, L. G." box="[348,675,232,258]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 202" refId="ref53435" refString="Carlton, J. T. & Eldredge, L. G. (2009) Marine bioinvasions of Hawai'i. The introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Cultural and Environmental Studies, 4, 1 - 202." type="journal article" year="2009">Carlton & Eldredge (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
believed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFEEFFDFDF74FF4373B54E22" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[796,935,232,257]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFDF74FF4373B54E22" box="[796,935,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been introduced to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498F00D1FFEEFFDFD8BBFF4375384E21" box="[1235,1322,232,258]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
, possibly from the North Atlantic and likely by shipping. Extensive naval and merchant ship activities have been carried out for decades between Honolulu and ports on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C8EA3FFEEFFDFD8EDFE9375354E71" box="[1157,1319,312,338]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFEEFFDFD9EEFE9371104E5A" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFD9EEFE9371104E5A" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is common (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFEEFFDFDDF3FECB72234E59" author="Calder, D. R." box="[411,561,352,378]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref52627" refString="Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special Papers in Marine Science, 1, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1971">Calder 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFEEFFDFDE55FECB73564E59" author="Calder, D. R. & Cairns, S. D." box="[573,836,352,378]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="381 - 394" refId="ref53042" refString="Calder, D. R. & Cairns, S. D. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico. Origin, waters, and biota. Volume 1, Biodiversity. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, pp. 381 - 394." type="book chapter" year="2009">Calder & Cairns 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, American oysters (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFEEFFDFD8D1FECB70A94E82" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1791" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="virginica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFD8D1FECB70A94E82" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Crassostrea virginica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a known substrate of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFEEFFDFDDB8FE2373264E81" authority="(Calder 1971: 31)" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityPageNumber="31" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[464,820,392,418]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFDDB8FE23724A4E82" box="[464,600,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFEEFFDFDE00FE2373394E81" author="Calder, D. R." box="[616,811,392,418]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref52627" refString="Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special Papers in Marine Science, 1, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1971">Calder 1971: 31</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were introduced to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498F00D1FFEEFFDFD84EFE2374684E81" box="[1062,1146,392,418]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
several times during the late 19
|
||
<superScript id="7C3E637BFFEEFFDFDC8EFE1B70E04E9D" attach="left" box="[230,242,432,446]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">th</superScript>
|
||
and early 20
|
||
<superScript id="7C3E637BFFEEFFDFDDE5FE1B718B4E9D" attach="left" box="[397,409,432,446]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">th</superScript>
|
||
centuries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFEEFFDFDE73FE19735F4EEF" author="Carlton, J. T. & Eldredge, L. G." box="[539,845,434,460]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 202" refId="ref53435" refString="Carlton, J. T. & Eldredge, L. G. (2009) Marine bioinvasions of Hawai'i. The introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Cultural and Environmental Studies, 4, 1 - 202." type="journal article" year="2009">Carlton & Eldredge 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Yet hydroids from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498F00D1FFEEFFDFD828FE1974874EEF" box="[1088,1173,434,460]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
appear to be unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFEEFFDFD9EEFE1871104ED7" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="1971" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFD9EEFE1871104ED7" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F07091FFEEFFDFDD1DFE7171B54ED7" box="[373,423,474,500]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of Charleston Harbor on the Atlantic coast of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C8EA3FFEEFFDFD83CFE7174E34ED7" box="[1108,1265,474,500]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
in having colonies of moderate size (often
|
||
<quantity id="4CB363D6FFEEFFDFDD9DFDA9725F4D3F" box="[501,589,514,540]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
|
||
or more in height) that are branched and polysiphonic rather than small (less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CB363D6FFEEFFDFDD78FD81715D4D67" box="[272,335,554,580]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
), sparingly branched or unbranched, and monosiphonic.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFEEFFDFDF99FD8074C24D67" baseAuthorityName="Weismann" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[1009,1232,555,580]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dohrnii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFDF99FD8074C24D67" box="[1009,1232,555,580]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Turritopsis dohrnii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also known to be invasive, having recently been reported from worldwide loactions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFEEFFDFDFB1FDF975024D4F" author="Miglietta, M. P. & Lessios, H. A." box="[985,1296,594,620]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="825 - 834" refId="ref60918" refString="Miglietta, M. P. & Lessios, H. A. (2009) A silent invasion. Biological Invasions, 11, 825 - 834." type="journal article" year="2009">Miglietta & Lessios 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As for the shallow-water species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFEEFFDFDDADFDD072544DB7" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[453,582,635,660]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFDDADFDD072544DB7" box="[453,582,635,660]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Turritopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498F00D1FFEEFFDFDEF9FDD172FA4DB7" box="[657,744,634,660]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
, research on the medusa stage and its modes of reproduction, molecular investigations, or both are needed to establish its identity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFEEFFDFDCAEFD6173B54C2F" blockId="16.[151,1436,152,900]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Material above catalogued as BPBM D456 contained two vials, one with hydroids and a second labelled “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFEEFFDFDCCCFD58713E4C2F" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[164,300,755,780]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFDCCCFD58713E4C2F" box="[164,300,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
medusae.” Medusae are no longer present in this vial.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFEEFFDFDCAEFCB1754F4C17" blockId="16.[151,1436,152,900]" box="[198,1373,794,820]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFDCAEFCB171CC4C17" bold="true" box="[198,478,794,820]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reported distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498F00D1FFEEFFDFDD85FCB172574C17" box="[493,581,794,820]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Oahu: Ala Wai Yacht Harbor, on stems of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFEEFFDFD828FCB075484C17" authority="(Cooke 1977)" baseAuthorityName="Cooke" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[1088,1370,794,820]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFD828FCB074BF4C17" box="[1088,1197,795,820]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pennaria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFEEFFDFD8D4FCB175434C17" author="Cooke, W. J." box="[1212,1361,794,820]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="71 - 104" refId="ref54242" refString="Cooke, W. J. (1977) Order Hydroida. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication, 64 (1), 71 - 104." type="journal article" year="1977">Cooke 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFEEFFDFDCFFFCE9720F4CA7" blockId="16.[151,1436,152,900]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Worldwide. Western Atlantic; reports from elsewhere including
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498F00D1FFEEFFDFDFCEFCE973E84C7F" box="[934,1018,834,860]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
need verification (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFEEFFDFD88CFCE970C74CA7" author="Miglietta, M. P. & Piraino, S. & Kubota, S. & Schuchert, P." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="11 - 19" refId="ref60947" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Piraino, S., Kubota, S. & Schuchert, P. (2007) Species in the genus Turritopsis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): a molecular evaluation. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 45, 11 - 19." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Miglietta
|
||
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFEEFFDFD935FCE875874C7F" box="[1373,1429,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFEEFFDFDC89FCC172034CA7" author="Miglietta, M. P. & Lessios, H. A." box="[225,529,874,900]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="825 - 834" refId="ref60918" refString="Miglietta, M. P. & Lessios, H. A. (2009) A silent invasion. Biological Invasions, 11, 825 - 834." type="journal article" year="2009">Miglietta & Lessios 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |