212 lines
30 KiB
XML
212 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7988CDCB5A92DF95A0BC3BDAFB852597">Stygobiont polychaetes: notes on the morphology and the origins of groundwater Namanereis (Annelida: Nereididae: Namanereidinae), with a description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6ACEB42EE16D50048B5FEBCEA75EFEAF">Glasby, Christopher J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52693223A80178F300FFA1E6BFF82915">Fiege, Dieter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B5E38A9E213A206B24D986E941E60CC4">Damme, Kay Van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="152E05B6B26F35A912411DBCA3B74EE4">2014</mods:date>
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<heading id="D0C381B4197BFFA12663F9D8D70C731E" box="[302,600,1537,1558]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" reason="2">
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HABITATS BY
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<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197BFFA1268EF9DDD70C731E" ID-CoL="84QP7" authorityName="Glasby & Fiege & Damme" authorityYear="2014" box="[451,600,1537,1558]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B940EACA197BFFA1268EF9DDD70C731E" box="[451,600,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">NAMANEREIS</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C32E6553197BFFA627DDF9FBD19873BD" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8B36D8197BFFA127DDF9FBD004708F" blockId="11.[144,759,1575,1903]" lastBlockId="11.[806,1422,993,1902]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
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In general, the colonization of subterranean habitats by stygobitic taxa from marine or freshwater epigean ancestors can occur in different ways and often at different times. These often ancient (Gondwanan) colonizations and fragmentations in stygobitic taxa lead to a number of current biogeographical disjunctions (e.g. Tethyan distribution patterns) explained by vicariances (e.g. crustaceans;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197BFFA12610F921D4B07219" author="Stock JH" box="[349,484,1789,1811]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="807 - 819" refId="ref9974" refString="Stock JH. 1993. Some remarkable distribution patterns in stygobiont Amphipoda. Journal of Natural History 27: 807 - 819." type="journal article" year="1993">Stock, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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). In crustacean isopods,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197BFFA127DDF8C7D46D7238" author="Wagele J-W" box="[144,313,1819,1842]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="145 - 150" refId="ref10194" refString="Wagele J-W. 1990. Aspects of the evolution and biogeography of stygobiontic Isopoda (Crustacea: Peracarida). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 60: 145 - 150." type="journal article" year="1990">Wägele (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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reviewed two colonization pathways for stygobitic isopods, one from coastal groundwater and one from surface waters.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197BFFA126B5F885D7EF7265" author="Holsinger JJ" box="[504,699,1881,1903]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="131 - 145" refId="ref9624" refString="Holsinger JJ. 1994. Pattern and process in the biogeography of subterranean amphipods. Hydrobiologia 287: 131 - 145." type="journal article" year="1994">Holsinger (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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sug- gested three pathways for amphipods, one from epigean freshwater ancestors (limnostygobionts) and two possible scenarios for marine/brackish ancestors (thalassostygobionts) by marine regressions and land uplift or adaptive shifts during fluctuating sea levels. The latter scenario is linked with a Tethyan colonization (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197BFFA12433FB45D16C71A5" author="Holsinger JJ" box="[894,1080,1177,1199]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="131 - 145" refId="ref9624" refString="Holsinger JJ. 1994. Pattern and process in the biogeography of subterranean amphipods. Hydrobiologia 287: 131 - 145." type="journal article" year="1994">Holsinger, 1994</bibRefCitation>
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). In stygobitic copepods, also a group of marine origin, several lineages colonized groundwater independently as a result of multiple invasions; several went through an epigean freshwater phase before entering groundwater (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197BFFA123A4FACFD0D57023" author="Galassi MPG" box="[1257,1409,1299,1321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="227 - 253" refId="ref9288" refString="Galassi MPG. 2001. Groundwater copepods: diversity pattens over ecological and evolutionary scales. Hydrobiologia 453 / 454: 227 - 253." type="journal article" year="2001">Galassi, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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), but several colonized directly from the sea (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197BFFA12264FAEED683706C" author="Boxshall GA & Jaume D" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="61 - 79" refId="ref8738" refString="Boxshall GA, Jaume D. 2000. Making waves: the repeated colonization of fresh waters by copepod crustaceans. Advances in Ecological Research 31: 61 - 79." type="journal article" year="2000">Boxshall & Jaume, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197BFFA124AEFA8CD194706D" author="Galassi DMP & Huys R & Reid JW" box="[995,1216,1360,1383]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="691 - 708" refId="ref9260" refString="Galassi DMP, Huys R, Reid JW. 2009. Diversity, ecology and evolution of groundwater copepods. Freshwater Biology 54: 691 - 708." type="journal article" year="2009">
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Galassi
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<emphasis id="B940EACA197BFFA1230DFA8DD124706F" box="[1088,1136,1360,1382]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
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., 2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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). What is the scenario for this particular lineage of polychaetes?
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8B36D8197BFFA62472FA52D7E47023" blockId="11.[806,1422,993,1902]" lastBlockId="12.[164,779,198,1902]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
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Although some of the similarities amongst groundwater species may be attributable to convergence related to adaptation to a similar habitat, the major morphological difference (viz. bifid vs serrated jaws;
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<tableCitation id="C6B60363197BFFA1227FFA35D0D7730A" box="[1330,1411,1513,1536]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,653,674]" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of key characters and habitats of the groundwater Namanereis species. Note that N. araps and N. hummelincki (Augener, 1933) are almost identical based on these characters. Namanereis sp. nov. 1, 2 are currently being described (J. Núñez, C.J Glasby & M. Naranjo, unpubl. data) from Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria, respectively, Canary Islands, Spain" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Table 1</tableCitation>
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) between groundwater species might have an historical explanation. The Arabian region including
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(derived from the Afro-Arabian Plate) and the Caribbean have the highest diversity of groundwater namanereids in the world. The bifid-jawed species are found at disjunct localities, from
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197BFFA123EEF97DD01C73BD" box="[1187,1352,1697,1719]" name="Socotra Island" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Socotra Island</collectingCountry>
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westward to the Caribbean and Central America; by comparison, the serrated-jawed species are more widely distributed from the Caribbean (
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197BFFA123E6F921D0027219" box="[1195,1366,1789,1811]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Sint Eustatius</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197BFFA1246BF8C7D6D2723B" box="[806,902,1819,1841]" name="Jamaica" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
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) through
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197BFFA124B0F8C7D106723A" box="[1021,1106,1819,1840]" name="Yemen" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Socotra</collectingCountry>
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(Abd al Kuri) eastward to
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197BFFA1246BF8E6D619725A" box="[806,845,1850,1872]" name="Fiji" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Fiji</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197BFFA124CAF8E6D148725A" box="[903,1052,1850,1872]" name="New Zealand" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130F2A5D197BFFA12361F8E6D1397245" box="[1068,1133,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[144,223,882,901]" captionTargetBox="[148,1422,200,848]" captionTargetId="figure-458@11.[144,1425,197,852]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Global distribution of Namanereis species. Black flag, bifid-jawed stygobionts; black triangles, single terminal tooth-jawed stygobionts; grey triangles, single terminal tooth-jawed littoral species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5332721" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5332721/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6B60363197BFFA12337F8E6D19E725A" box="[1146,1226,1850,1872]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,653,674]" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of key characters and habitats of the groundwater Namanereis species. Note that N. araps and N. hummelincki (Augener, 1933) are almost identical based on these characters. Namanereis sp. nov. 1, 2 are currently being described (J. Núñez, C.J Glasby & M. Naranjo, unpubl. data) from Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria, respectively, Canary Islands, Spain" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). It seems therefore that the two differently jawed species living on the
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197CFFA62799FF1AD47E75D1" box="[212,298,198,219]" name="Yemen" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Socotra</collectingCountry>
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Archipelago may not be closely related: the serrated-jawed forms, with the exception of
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<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA627E9FED8D41C7412" authorityName="Glasby" authorityYear="1999" box="[164,328,259,281]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sublittoralis">
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<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA627E9FED8D41C7412" box="[164,328,259,281]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">N. sublittoralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, were all connected by a relatively short length of Tethyan coastline in the Late Jurassic just prior to the breakaway of Gondwana from Pangaea, so it is conceivable that a single colonization event occurred, followed by speciation as a result of the fragmentation of Gondwana. By comparison, the Afro- Caribbean distributed bifid-jawed species appear to be more recent, possibly Cretaceous. At this time the Proto- Caribbean Sea was still connected with the Tethys Sea, allowing for the possibility of a widespread marine ancestor – from north-east Africa to the western Caribbean – to invade the land in a second colonization event. Speciation may have occurred within the bifid-jawed group around the time of the closure of Tethys Sea with the collision of African and Arabian Plates with Eurasia during the Miocene about 20 Mya [e.g. Glasby, (2005)]. This also corresponded with the emergence of the Canary Islands. Cenozoic speciation of the bifid-jawed species would correspond to geological links in
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197CFFA626DBFC94D4A47657" box="[406,496,840,861]" name="Yemen" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Socotra</collectingCountry>
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– separation between
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<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA627E9FCB4D4637676" authority="Glasby & Fiege & Damme, 2014" authorityName="Glasby & Fiege & Damme" authorityYear="2014" box="[164,311,871,893]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="socotrensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA627E9FCB4D4637676" box="[164,311,871,893]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">N. socotrensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357B1197CFFA62673FCBBD4DB7676" box="[318,399,871,892]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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from the northern coast of
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197CFFA625F7FCBBD5B87691" name="Socotra Island" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Socotra Island</collectingCountry>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA6266BFC5AD4DC7691" authorityName="Glasby" authorityYear="1997" box="[294,392,902,923]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="araps">
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<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA6266BFC5AD4DC7691" box="[294,392,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">N. araps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197CFFA62681FC5AD7407691" box="[460,532,902,923]" name="Oman" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Oman</collectingCountry>
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, which seem to share a common ancestor, corresponds with the original limestone deposits in which these animals are found. Until the Miocene (
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<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA62676FC3ED41276FD" box="[315,326,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">c</emphasis>
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. 18 Mya),
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197CFFA626F6FC3DD75A76FC" box="[443,526,993,1014]" name="Yemen" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Socotra</collectingCountry>
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was not an island but geologically part of southern
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197CFFA626B6FBDCD715711F" box="[507,577,1024,1045]" name="Oman" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Oman</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="49F0F83A197CFFA6251EFBDCD7AB711C" box="[595,767,1024,1046]" country="Oman" name="Zufar" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Dhofar Region</collectingRegion>
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), and both regions have the same large Late Cretaceous/ Palaeocene/Eocene karstic limestone deposits until then and most areas were under shallow epicontinental seas until the end of the Eocene (see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197CFFA6255BFBA6D58D71A5" author="Cheung C & DeVantier L" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 408" refId="ref8839" refString="Cheung C, DeVantier L. 2006. Socotra: a natural history of the islands and their people. Van Damme K, ed. Hong Kong: Odyssey Books & Guides, Airphoto International Ltd., 1 - 408." type="book chapter" year="2006">Cheung & DeVantier, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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for overview and references). In fact, it is the same suite of tectonic events that caused the closure of the Tethys Sea, which separated the
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197CFFA6256BFB0AD72F71E1" box="[550,635,1238,1259]" name="Yemen" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Socotra</collectingCountry>
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Archipelago from the mainland and resulted in uplift of the northern and southern flanks of the Gulf of
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<collectingRegion id="49F0F83A197CFFA62523FACFD7F97023" box="[622,685,1299,1321]" country="Yemen" name="'Adan" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Aden</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8B36D8197CFFA627F1FAEED6F47707" blockId="12.[164,779,198,1902]" lastBlockId="12.[826,1441,197,1719]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
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The Gondwanan group includes the new species from Pilbara, north-west
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<collectingCountry id="F3237648197CFFA626C7FA8CD4AD706C" box="[394,505,1360,1382]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The Pilbara is thought to be very old, having remained more or less emergent since the Proterozoic (> 545 Mya); it is home for several ancient (probably endemic) freshwater lineages of amphipods, isopods, copepods, and ostracods, which do not occur in the adjacent regions that were inundated by the sea in the Cretaceous and Eocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197CFFA627E1F9FAD7247336" author="Eberhard SM & Halse SA & Humphreys WF" box="[172,624,1574,1596]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="167 - 176" refId="ref9105" refString="Eberhard SM, Halse SA, Humphreys WF. 2005. Stygofauna in the Pilbara region, north-west Western Australia: a review. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88: 167 - 176." type="journal article" year="2005">Eberhard, Halse & Humphreys, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197CFFA625CCF9FAD5897351" author="Humphries WF" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="85 - 101" refId="ref9730" refString="Humphries WF. 2008. Rising from Down Under: developments in subterranean biodiversity in Australia from a groundwater fauna perspective. Invertebrate Systematics 22: 85 - 101." type="journal article" year="2008">Humphries, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA6268BF99AD71F7351" authorityName="Glasby & Fiege & Damme" authorityYear="2014" box="[454,587,1606,1627]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA6268BF99AD71F7351" box="[454,587,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Namanereis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Pilbara is likely to belong to this same ancient assemblage. It is important to note that the step from marine to freshwater in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA62618F97ED4B773BD" authorityName="Glasby & Fiege & Damme" authorityYear="2014" box="[341,483,1698,1719]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA62618F97ED4B773BD" box="[341,483,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Namanereis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was taken through the subterraneous route by more than half of the species (12 out of 17), although not all. The diversity in ecology in non-groundwater species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197CFFA626B5F921D7DB7218" author="Glasby CJ" box="[504,655,1789,1811]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 129" refId="ref9400" refString="Glasby CJ. 1999. The Namanereidinae (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Part 1. Taxonomy and phylogeny. Records of the Australian Museum Supplement 25: 1 - 129." type="journal article" year="1999">Glasby, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197CFFA625D3F921D58A723B" author="Williams DD" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="401 - 408" refId="ref10224" refString="Williams DD. 2004. Review of the polychaete genus Namanereis (Nereididae) in the Caribbean region, with a record of N. hummelincki from deep freshwater wells in Barbados. Caribbean Journal of Science 40: 401 - 408." type="journal article" year="2004">Williams, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), ranging from the intertidal zone to leaf-litter, suggests that the colonization of land might not have been one simple event with subsequent radiation. We should note here that for such ancient (e.g. Mesozoic) groups, the distribution in terrestrial aquatic ecosystems may have been very different from today, as continental aquatic habitats were completely different (e.g. much more oligotrophic) and only became similar to those we know today near the end of the Palaeogene in the Cenozoic (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197CFFA6237AFEA1D0747499" author="Ponomarenko AG" box="[1079,1312,381,403]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="705 - 709" refId="ref9835" refString="Ponomarenko AG. 1996. Evolution of Continental Aquatic Ecosystems. Paleontological Journal 30: 705 - 709." type="journal article" year="1996">Ponomarenko, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It means that some species might have had wider distributions in epigean oligotrophic systems, and that the hyporheic or karstic fissures could also function as refuge habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36D8197CFFA6241EFDCAD19873BD" blockId="12.[826,1441,197,1719]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Perhaps a colonization history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA623A8FDCBD03A7726" authorityName="Glasby & Fiege & Damme" authorityYear="2014" box="[1253,1390,535,556]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA623A8FDCBD03A7726" box="[1253,1390,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Namanereis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distilled from the range of current habitats: from the littoral/intertidal zone, through entrapment into land-locked fluctuating brackish-water/freshwater systems (e.g. freshwater−brackish-water interface in coastal caves in karstic regions), in analogy with thalassostygobitic amphipods and copepods (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197CFFA62278FD12D626760B" author="Holsinger JJ" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="131 - 145" refId="ref9624" refString="Holsinger JJ. 1994. Pattern and process in the biogeography of subterranean amphipods. Hydrobiologia 287: 131 - 145." type="journal article" year="1994">Holsinger, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197CFFA62433FD30D1437608" author="Galassi MPG" box="[894,1047,748,770]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="227 - 253" refId="ref9288" refString="Galassi MPG. 2001. Groundwater copepods: diversity pattens over ecological and evolutionary scales. Hydrobiologia 453 / 454: 227 - 253." type="journal article" year="2001">Galassi, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Such a scenario could explain the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA6249DFCD7D10B762A" authorityName="Glasby & Fiege & Damme" authorityYear="2014" box="[976,1119,779,800]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA6249DFCD7D10B762A" box="[976,1119,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Namanereis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in caves at higher elevations, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA624A9FCF6D1167635" authorityName="Fiege & Van Damme" authorityYear="2002" box="[996,1090,810,831]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gesae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA624A9FCF6D1167635" box="[996,1090,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">N. gesae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a cave at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B3D197CFFA623ACFCF5D0737635" box="[1249,1319,809,831]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="700.0">700 m</quantity>
|
||
on Abd al Kuri, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA624EEFC95D1117657" baseAuthorityName="Solis-Weiss & Espinasa" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[931,1093,840,862]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cavernicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA624EEFC95D1117657" box="[931,1093,840,862]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">N. cavernicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3237648197CFFA6233FFC94D1917654" box="[1138,1221,840,862]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which were originally at sea level, yet uplifted later. This scenario is plausible for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA6249AFC5AD1EF7691" box="[983,1211,901,923]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA6249AFC5AD1347691" box="[983,1120,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Namanereis</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occupying orogenic (uplifted) terranes. The latter would imply a relatively ‘direct’ initial colonization, and then further colonization of other habitats by run-off. An alternative hypothesis, or possibly a second parallel scenario, would be, as in several stygobitic crustaceans, that these polychaetes entered the groundwater in two steps: from marine environments to epigean freshwater habitats from fluctuating brackish/freshwater coastal environments such as coastal lagoons or mangroves and later taking refuge in groundwater (hyporheic, caves) through run-off. The scenario is plausible for species occupying ancient cratons, like the two new species described here. Again, such scenarios are speculative and perhaps hard to build on biogeography, ecology, and morphology, yet the current lack of a molecular framework in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA624D7FAB3D177708E" authorityName="Glasby & Fiege & Damme" authorityYear="2014" box="[922,1059,1391,1412]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA624D7FAB3D177708E" box="[922,1059,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Namanereis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should not be an obstacle for exploring hypotheses on their colonization history and evolution. Whether the venture into freshwater and anchialine habitats by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C344D5B197CFFA62379FA17D1E370EA" authorityName="Glasby & Fiege & Damme" authorityYear="2014" box="[1076,1207,1483,1504]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Namanereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EACA197CFFA62379FA17D1E370EA" box="[1076,1207,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Namanereis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
happened in a single colonization event that pre-dates the break-up of Gondwana (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B29197CFFA6248CF9D4D1EE7314" author="Glasby CJ & Timm T" box="[961,1210,1544,1566]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="107 - 115" refId="ref9454" refString="Glasby CJ, Timm T. 2008. Global diversity of polychaetes (Polychaeta; Annelida) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595: 107 - 115." type="journal article" year="2008">Glasby & Timm, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or involved at least two independent events separated by millions of years (present study) remains unanswered. The two hypotheses present very different scenarios for evolution within the group, and could presumably be tested by application of molecular clock methods.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |