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<document id="DF57B59CCDBB7681B7804FFB18608178" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac084" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ac547677-072d-4a23-8192-553679287b31" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7924771" ID-ZooBank="17B5CEBF-CF15-4254-9725-1C55476A0147" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1683701716686" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jasinski, Steven E." docDate="2023" docId="039D879EF12CFF8DFC6DB23D47B3F8D9" docLanguage="en" docName="zlac084.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Chrysemys corniculata Jasinski 2023, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="166" masterDocId="FFA4FFE6F12FFF9FFFF1B7164676FF82" masterDocTitle="A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles" masterLastPageNumber="183" masterPageNumber="149" pageNumber="152" updateTime="1683809940700" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="05BFF63DCA1CF6F7C418FEF2B2DADDEC">A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="112F76292641D3969B500C4A70CE1DF3" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D028C787C71259A3697FE75E02BCA635">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4DEF0331A9B34E0E193113271668C166">Jasinski, Steven E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B00F53EC4FF215D1CA18B97A3E4DE849" type="email">sejasinski@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="0F443570A51BD3C96242AF44B0F3456D">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B72B1B9217A19B4799C68C9B6931FC7F">
<mods:date id="83A81A6474F7ECB4ECDE974DF5C8EF42">2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="E34796AE0AC43A11CA27FEEF447216E4" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="6B23CBA0D820E83EF4561EFD88C4A251">2022-11-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BDE9B34E56A84C01C73B0085414C909D">198</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="C011E6EAD85EFFD8264D0E82F02F92D2">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="D6BC28BDAA88113BCF32A9C80B4ACB18" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac084</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FC30673F4FF693D0D9A57A28D5A8E360" type="GBIF-Dataset">ac547677-072d-4a23-8192-553679287b31</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="78877BF101FF62EDDF319D860F64D982" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A4DB1095A8DE0E709F60509A0976B13C" type="Zenodo-Dep">7924771</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="AA50CFC3E6A5AA56B90F2AE08F4E054E" type="ZooBank">17B5CEBF-CF15-4254-9725-1C55476A0147</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039D879EF12CFF8DFC6DB23D47B3F8D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924775" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7924775" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039D879EF12CFF8DFC6DB23D47B3F8D9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D879EF12CFF8DFC6DB23D47B3F8D9" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">
<subSubSection id="C32E6503F12CFF9CFC6DB23D4337FAC1" box="[924,1345,1323,1347]" pageId="3" pageNumber="152" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12CFF9CFC6DB23D4337FAC1" blockId="3.[924,1345,1323,1347]" box="[924,1345,1323,1347]" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">
<heading id="D0C381E4F12CFF9CFC6DB23D4337FAC1" box="[924,1345,1323,1347]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="152" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12CFF9CFC6DB23D42AEFAC0" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[924,1240,1323,1347]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="3" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="SP. NOV.">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F12CFF9CFC6DB23D425DFAC1" baselines="1341,1341" box="[924,1067,1323,1347]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Chrysemys" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">CHRYSEMYS</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F12CFF9CFBC2B23942AEFAC0" baselines="1341" box="[1075,1240,1327,1346]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="corniculata" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">CORNICULATA</smallCapsWord>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F12CFF9CFB2EB2394337FAC1" box="[1247,1345,1323,1347]" pageId="3" pageNumber="152" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12CFF9CFB2EB2394374FAC1" bold="true" box="[1247,1282,1323,1347]" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F12CFF9CFB2EB239428AFAC0" baselines="1341" box="[1247,1276,1327,1346]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="sp" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">SP</smallCapsWord>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12CFF9CFAF8B2394337FAC1" bold="true" box="[1289,1345,1323,1347]" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F12CFF9CFAF8B239434CFAC0" baselines="1341" box="[1289,1338,1327,1346]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="nov" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">NOV</smallCapsWord>
.
</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E6503F12CFF9CFBE6B24443D7FA4C" pageId="3" pageNumber="152" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12CFF9CFBE6B24442B0FAE9" blockId="3.[1047,1222,1362,1387]" box="[1047,1222,1362,1387]" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">
(
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF12CFF9CFBEEB24442F0FAE9" box="[1055,1158,1362,1387]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="4.[146,225,868,890]" captionStartId-1="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox-0="[145,1425,198,836]" captionTargetBox-1="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId-0="figure-416@4.[142,1428,195,839]" captionTargetId-1="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="Figure 2. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view. A, line drawing of carapace in dorsal view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, carapace in dorsal view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines. Abbreviations: Bones: co, costal, number represents costal number with first and last labelled; ne, neural, number represents neural number with first and last labelled; nu, nuchal; per, peripheral, number represents peripheral number with first and last labelled; py, pygal; spa, anterior suprapygal; spp, posterior suprapygal. Scutes (scales): ce, cervical; ma, marginal, number represents marginal number with first and last labelled; pl, pleural, number represents pleural number with first and last labelled; v, vertebral, number represents vertebral number with first and last labelled. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-1="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924777" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7924777/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F12CFF9CFBEEB2444223FAE9" baselines="1381,1381" box="[1055,1109,1362,1387]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Figs" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">FIGS</smallCapsWord>
2–3
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF12CFF9CFB65B24442C8FAE9" box="[1172,1214,1362,1387]" captionStart-0="Figure 5" captionStart-1="Figure 6" captionStart-2="Figure 7" captionStartId-0="7.[165,246,1044,1066]" captionStartId-1="8.[148,226,1224,1246]" captionStartId-2="9.[166,245,1491,1513]" captionTargetBox-0="[166,1446,198,1011]" captionTargetBox-1="[148,1427,198,1187]" captionTargetBox-2="[166,1446,198,1459]" captionTargetId-0="figure-258@7.[163,1449,195,1014]" captionTargetId-1="figure-216@8.[145,1431,195,1194]" captionTargetId-2="figure-22@9.[163,1449,195,1462]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionText-0="Figure 5. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. plastron. A-C, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype plastron (ETMNH-12491) in ventral view: A, line drawing of plastron in ventral view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, plastron in ventral view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines, and arrow pointing to the concavity on the rim of the anterior plastral lobe with the anterior plastron projection anterior to this point. D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype plastron (ETMNH-20544) in anterior view highlighting the anterior plastral embayment. E-F, Chrysemys, anterior plastral lobe in dorsal (visceral) view highlighting gular overlap length differences: E, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype anterior plastron (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view; F, C. picta anterior plastron (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view.Abbreviations: Bones: ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; xi, xiphiplastron. Scutes (scales): ab, abdominal; an, anal; ax, axillary; fe, femoral; gu, gular; hu, humeral; in, inguinal; pe, pectoral. Features: guo, gular overlap. Scale bars: 5 cm for A-C, D-E and F." captionText-1="Figure 6. Chrysemys, skull material.A, I, L, C. picta (UF 30445) cranial material:A, left maxilla in lateral view; I, lower jaws in dorsal (= occlusal) view; L, left lower jaw in lateral view. B-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-20544, paratype) nearly complete left maxilla in lateral view (B), dorsal view (C) and ventral (= occlusal) view (D). E-H, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-3559, paratype) incomplete right quadrate in medial view (E), anterior (rostral) view (F), right lateral view (G) and ventral view (H). J-K, M, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-12491, holotype) nearly complete lower jaws in dorsal view (J), ventral view (K) and left lower jaws in lateral view (M). Abbreviations: cm, condylus mandibularis; ct, cavum tympani; fdm, foramen dentofaciale majus; fsm, foramen supramaxillare; lr, labial ridge; mr, median ridge; par, processus articularis; pme, posteromedial extension; tr, tomial ridge; ts, triturating surface. Scale bar: 1 cm." captionText-2="Figure 7. Chrysemys carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace in dorsal view: A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH–12491); B, C. corniculata sp. nov. paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I, C. picta anterior carapace morphology: E, female C. picta nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male C. picta nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male C. picta anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male C. picta anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female C. picta anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924785" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924787" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924789" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7924785/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7924787/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7924789/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">5–7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12CFF9CFCCAB28C43D7FA4C" blockId="3.[827,1444,1434,1486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12CFF9CFCCAB28C42FFFA32" box="[827,1161,1434,1456]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">Zoobank registration:</emphasis>
u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act:
<uuid id="FF920C5DF12CFF9CFC79B2AF43EBFA4C" box="[904,1437,1465,1486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">A1118AAC-7E71-4AD9-A130-23CB40A339B4</uuid>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E6503F12CFF9AFCCAB2EE4245FB28" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="3" pageNumber="152" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12CFF9CFCCAB2EE437DF966" blockId="3.[827,1443,1528,1764]" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">
<materialsCitation id="3B5C3CD5F12CFF9CFCCAB2EE437DF966" collectionCode="ETMNH" pageId="3" pageNumber="152" specimenCode="ETMNH-12491" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12CFF9CFCCAB2EE4360F98F" box="[827,1302,1528,1550]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">
<typeStatus id="548F882AF12CFF9CFCCAB2EE45D9F98C" box="[827,943,1528,1550]" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">Holotype</typeStatus>
specimen:
<specimenCode id="DB929EF3F12CFF9CFBBEB2EF4360F98F" box="[1103,1302,1528,1550]" collectionCode="ETMNH-" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">ETMNH-12491</specimenCode>
</emphasis>
, complete carapace and nearly complete plastron, missing only small portions near the left and right bridges and the posterior-most rim of the plastron; set of incomplete lower jaws including the left and right dentaries; proximal left coracoid fragment; humerus fragment; complete right fibula; and numerous other indeterminate shell and bone fragments.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12CFF9BFCCAB01842B1FAAB" blockId="3.[827,1443,1805,1888]" lastBlockId="4.[809,1425,1145,1321]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">
<materialsCitation id="3B5C3CD5F12CFF9CFCCAB01842AFF8C0" collectionCode="ETMNH" pageId="3" pageNumber="152" specimenCode="ETMNH-503" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12CFF9CFCCAB01845C8F8A1" box="[827,958,1806,1827]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">
<typeStatus id="548F882AF12CFF9CFCCAB01845C1F8A1" box="[827,951,1806,1827]" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB929EF3F12CFF9CFC3DB01B4218F8A1" box="[972,1134,1805,1827]" collectionCode="ETMNH-" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">ETMNH-503</specimenCode>
, complete, but partially crushed, carapace and plastron
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B5C3CD5F12CFF9BFB1AB03A477BFA21" collectionCode="ETMNH" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="3" pageNumber="152" specimenCode="ETMNH-3559" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB929EF3F12CFF9CFB1AB03A43EBF8C0" box="[1259,1437,1836,1858]" collectionCode="ETMNH-" pageId="3" pageNumber="152">ETMNH-3559</specimenCode>
, nearly complete carapace (missing only portions of right peripherals 2–5 and 8), incomplete plastron including both epiplastra, entoplastron, fragment of right hyoplastron, nearly complete right xiphiplastron, and nearly complete hyo, hypo and xiphiplastra, nearly complete left and right quadrates, complete right radius, two carpals, three complete to nearly complete manual phalanges, three manual unguals, a proximal left femur fragment, and numerous other indeterminate and unidentified shell and bone fragments
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B5C3CD5F12BFF9BFEEBB29B44F7F99C" collectionCode="ETMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="153" specimenCode="ETMNH-3561" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB929EF3F12BFF9BFEEBB29B47B4FA21" box="[282,450,1421,1443]" collectionCode="ETMNH-" pageId="4" pageNumber="153">ETMNH-3561</specimenCode>
, incomplete carapace and nearly complete plastron, with the latter missing portions of the right hyoplastron and both bridges, humerus fragment, and numerous other indeterminate and unidentified shell and bone fragments
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B5C3CD5F12BFF9BFD7CB11F4767F8B0" collectionCode="ETMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="153" specimenCode="ETMNH-20544" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB929EF3F12BFF9BFD7CB11F46AEF9BF" collectionCode="ETMNH-" pageId="4" pageNumber="153">ETMNH-20544</specimenCode>
, nearly complete carapace and plastron missing only a few small fragments including those from right peripheral 2, left costal 3 and the left hyoplastron near the bridge, nearly complete left maxilla, nearly complete cervical vertebra 7, incomplete right and fragmentary left humeri; complete? manual ungual, fragmentary right ischium, and numerous other indeterminate and unidentified shell and bone fragments
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B5C3CD5F12BFF9BFED1B00A42B5FAAB" collectionCode="ETMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="153" specimenCode="ETMNH-20609" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB929EF3F12BFF9BFED1B00A47ABF8B0" box="[288,477,1820,1842]" collectionCode="ETMNH-" pageId="4" pageNumber="153">ETMNH-20609</specimenCode>
, nearly complete shell (ontogenetically younger individual) missing portions of neural 1, left costals 1–2 and 4–5, right costals 1 and 5, all of left peripheral 8, and portions of the left hyoand right xiphiplastron, there are other places on the shell where small fragments are missing as the shell was pieced back together, and it includes numerous other indeterminate shell fragments not attached to the major preserved portion of shell
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4B6600F12BFF9BFF63B4724562FBCA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924777" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7924777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924777/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="153" startId="4.[146,225,868,890]" targetBox="[145,1425,198,836]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12BFF9BFF63B4724562FBCA" blockId="4.[145,1425,868,1096]" pageId="4" pageNumber="153">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12BFF9BFF63B472468DFCFB" bold="true" box="[146,251,868,890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="153">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12BFF9BFEF4B4734780FCF9" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[261,502,869,891]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12BFF9BFEF4B4734780FCF9" box="[261,502,869,891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="153">Chrysemys corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F12BFF9BFE0CB473443AFCF9" box="[509,588,869,891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="153" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype carapace
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12BFF9BFCEAB47345BAFCF9" box="[795,972,869,891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="153">(ETMNH-12491)</emphasis>
in dorsal view. A, line drawing of carapace in dorsal view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, carapace in dorsal view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines. Abbreviations: Bones: co, costal, number represents costal number with first and last labelled; ne, neural, number represents neural number with first and last labelled; nu, nuchal; per, peripheral, number represents peripheral number with first and last labelled; py, pygal; spa, anterior suprapygal; spp, posterior suprapygal. Scutes (scales): ce, cervical; ma, marginal, number represents marginal number with first and last labelled; pl, pleural, number represents pleural number with first and last labelled; v, vertebral, number represents vertebral number with first and last labelled. Scale bar: 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12BFF9AFCD8B2474743F916" blockId="4.[809,1425,1361,1905]" lastBlockId="5.[163,779,1111,1685]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="4" pageNumber="153">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12BFF9BFCD8B2474269FAE5" box="[809,1055,1361,1383]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="153">Referred specimens:</emphasis>
ETMNH-4, right peripheral? 9 fragment; ETMNH-293, nearly complete right hyoplastron; ETMNH-297, nearly complete nuchal; ETMNH-301, left peripherals 7–8; ETMNH-3467, complete left epi- and hyoplastron; ETMNH-3527, left costal 6; ETMNH-3535, left peripheral 3; ETMNH-3544, nearly complete left epiplastron; ETMNH-3553, right peripheral 10; ETMNH-3567, incomplete left hypoplastron; ETMNH-3780, complete right xiphiplastron; ETMNH-7624, left peripheral 7; ETMNH-7631, nearly complete right costal 1 and indeterminate fragments; ETMNH-7632, articulated and nearly complete right hypoplastron and complete right xiphiplastron; ETMNH-7635, nearly complete right hypoplastron; ETMNH-7640, right peripheral 10; ETMNH-7651, nearly complete left and right hyoplastra; ETMNH-7652, complete right costal 3; ETMNH-7670, left peripheral 10 and indeterminate limb bone fragment; ETMNH-7671, neural 2; ETMNH-7673, left costal 6; ETMNH-7677, complete left epiplastron; ETMNH-7678, right costal 1 and right peripherals 8–9; ETMNH-11744, left peripherals 9–10 and complete phalanx; ETMNH-12846, right peripheral 3; ETMNH-12978, portions or right costals 2–5; ETMNH-12989, complete right costal 3; ETMNH-12990, right peripheral 5; ETMNH-12992, right peripheral 7; ETMNH-13271, right peripheral 7; ETMNH-13281, left peripheral 5; ETMNH-13282, incomplete pygal; ETMNH-13283, left peripheral 10; ETMNH-14165, incomplete peripheral 10; ETMNH-14399, costal fragment; ETMNH-14556, nearly complete right costal 4; ETMNH-15948, nearly complete right hyoplastron; ETMNH-15949, right peripheral 8; ETMNH-17273, left peripheral 8; ETMNH-17274, costal fragment; ETMNH-17257, incomplete right costal 6; ETMNH-17349, right peripheral 9.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4B6600F12AFF9AFF52B4544530FBA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" startId="5.[163,242,834,856]" targetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12AFF9AFF52B4544530FBA7" blockId="5.[163,1443,834,1061]" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFF52B454477BFCD5" bold="true" box="[163,269,834,856]" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFEE6B4544471FCDA" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[279,519,834,856]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFEE6B4544471FCDA" box="[279,519,834,856]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">Chrysemys corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F12AFF9AFDFEB454442AFCDA" box="[527,604,834,856]" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
carapace and
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFD05B4544510FCDA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[756,870,834,856]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFD05B4544510FCDA" box="[756,870,834,856]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
carapacial texture. A,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFBA7B454429FFCDA" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1110,1257,834,856]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFBA7B454429FFCDA" box="[1110,1257,834,856]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F12AFF9AFB01B4544349FCDA" box="[1264,1343,834,856]" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype carapace
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFEF7B44947C3FCF7" box="[262,437,863,885]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">(ETMNH 12491)</emphasis>
in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFD93B46B44A5FC11" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[610,723,893,915]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFD93B46B44A5FC11" box="[610,723,893,915]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
carapacial texture comparison. C-D,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFBA7B46B4291FC11" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1110,1255,893,915]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFBA7B46B4291FC11" box="[1110,1255,893,915]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F12AFF9AFB1FB46B434AFC11" box="[1262,1340,893,915]" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFBAEB4A142D8FC4F" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1119,1198,951,973]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFBAEB4A142D8FC4F" box="[1119,1198,951,973]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFF20B3194714FBA7" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[209,354,1039,1061]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFF20B3194714FBA7" box="[209,354,1039,1061]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12AFF9AFF52B1A847CEF973" blockId="5.[163,778,1726,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFF52B1A84736F951" box="[163,320,1726,1747]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">Type locality:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B5C3CD5F12AFF9AFEBCB1A847C4F973" country="United States of America" location="Washington" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Washington">
Gray Fossil Site,
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF12AFF9AFDEDB1A844DFF956" box="[540,681,1726,1748]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">Washington</collectingRegion>
County, Tennessee,
<collectingCountry id="F3237618F12AFF9AFED5B1CA472FF973" box="[292,345,1756,1777]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF12AFF9AFE98B1CA47DEF973" box="[361,424,1756,1778]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[163,244,1133,1155]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,195,1096]" captionTargetId="figure-351@1.[161,1441,195,1096]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. North American map showing modern distribution of C. picta, separated out by different subspecies, and highlighting the fossil localities of several Chrysemys species. A, current distribution of C. p. bellii; B, current distribution of C. p. marginata; C, current distribution of C. p. picta; D, current distribution of C. p. dorsalis; E, intergradation zone of C. p. bellii and C. p. marginata; F, intergradation zone of C. p. marginata and C. p. picta; G, intergradation zone of C. p. dorsalis and C. p. picta. Abbreviations: Ca, type locality of C. antiqua; Cc, type locality of Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov.; Ct, type locality of C. timida; Cw, type locality of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924773" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924773/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12AFF9AFF52B00A4245FB28" blockId="5.[163,780,1819,1902]" lastBlockId="5.[827,1442,1111,1194]" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFF52B00A47E9F8B3" box="[163,415,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">Type horizon and age:</emphasis>
Latest Miocene-Early Pliocene (latest Hemphillian-Early Blancan NALMA). This estimate means the fossil locality, and
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFD95B04F4573F8EF" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[612,773,1880,1902]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFD95B04F4573F8EF" box="[612,773,1880,1902]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lies somewhere between Hh3 and Hh4, with recent age estimates based on biostratigraphy placing the site between 4.9–4.5 Mya.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E6503F12AFF9AFCCAB3C54596FA00" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12AFF9AFCCAB3C54596FA00" blockId="5.[827,1443,1235,1410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFCCAB3C545CDFB6A" box="[827,955,1235,1256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">Etymology:</emphasis>
From the Latin
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFB7DB3C54366FB6A" box="[1164,1296,1235,1256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">corniculum</emphasis>
, deminutive of
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFCA4B3E445E3FA85" box="[853,917,1266,1287]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">cornu</emphasis>
, horn, for example, with small horns, referring to the anterior projections of the carapace, specifically on the nuchal, and sometimes referred to as the nuchal horns. The common name of this species is: horned painted turtle.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E6503F12AFF98FCCAB2BD442EFA7A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F12AFF98FCCAB2BD442EFA7A" blockId="5.[827,1443,1451,1902]" lastBlockId="7.[163,778,1414,1528]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFCCAB2BD428DFA42" box="[827,1275,1451,1472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">
Diagnosis:
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFC20B2BD428DFA42" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[977,1275,1451,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">Chrysemys corniculata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFCCAB2DF45C4FA5D" authorityName="BELL" authorityYear="1825" box="[827,946,1481,1503]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Emydidae</taxonomicName>
due to the absence of musk ducts (would be notches on peripherals 3 and 4 if present), inframarginals reduced to two, normal hexagonal neurals 2–8 (also occurs in a few geoemydids; e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFCCAB153424AF9D8" authority="Gray, 1869" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1869" box="[827,1084,1604,1626]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Mauremys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFCCAB15345C0F9D8" box="[827,950,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">Mauremys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F12AFF9AFC4FB152424AF9D8" author="Gray JE" box="[958,1084,1604,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" pagination="499 - 500" refId="ref24270" refString="Gray JE. 1869. Description of Mauremys laniaria, a new freshwater tortoise. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1869: 499 - 500." type="journal article" year="1869">Gray, 1869</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), and costal-inguinal buttress confined to costal 5. It is placed in the
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFB06B17543D5F9FB" authorityName="AGASSIZ" authorityYear="1857" box="[1271,1443,1635,1657]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Deirochelyinae">Deirochelyinae</taxonomicName>
due to the lack of pectoral overlap of the entoplastron and lack of a hingeable plastral lobe with a ligamentous bridge connection (also present in some emydines). Diagnosed as a member of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF12AFF9AFB0FB1CB4308F970" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1278,1406,1757,1778]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF12AFF9AFB0FB1CB4308F970" box="[1278,1406,1757,1778]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="154">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of a low domed shell; anal notch absent or very weak; notching between posterior peripherals and marginals absent; dorsal carapacial keel absent; vertebral 1 with relatively slight nuchal overlap and with anterolateral flaring/projections. Distinguished from all other
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF129FF99FEA8B1344795F9B5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[345,483,1570,1591]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF129FF99FEA8B1344795F9B5" box="[345,483,1570,1591]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="155">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by extreme anterior projections of nuchal under marginals 1; anterior-most point of nuchal in middle of anterolateral projections (or anterolateral nuchal horns); concavity of the posterior edge of the cervical scute on the visceral surface; posterior inflation of vertebral 1; shorter and posteriorly shifted bridge with the axillary buttress barely contacting the posterior of peripheral 3 and the inguinal buttress contacting the posterior of peripheral 7; relatively shorter femoral scute along the sagittal midline; thick overlap of plastral scutes (i.e. where the scute wraps onto the visceral surface of the plastron), particularly of the humeral and femoral scutes; anterior projection of the epiplastron beneath the gular resulting in a mid-length indent along the anterior plastral lobe rim; strongly scooped, or ventrally dipping medial portion of the epiplastra; inflation of posterior plastral lobe under femoral scutes; indent at lateral plastral edge of femoral scute-anal scute sulcus contact; flattened posterior edge of xiphiplastra; shortened fossa orbitalis; anteroposteriorly shortened and curved cavum tympani; pronounced depression immediately dorsal to processus articularis; wider angled lower jaws (86° in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF128FF98FE2FB29144F1FA19" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[478,647,1414,1436]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FE2FB2914786FA1E" box="[478,496,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FDF1B29044F1FA19" box="[512,647,1414,1435]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs. 74–78° in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF128FF98FEC0B2B347CEFA38" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[305,440,1445,1466]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FEC0B2B347CEFA38" box="[305,440,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); more pronounced sulcus cartilaginis meckelii; and more pronounced median ridge of the lower triturating surfaces.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF4B6600F129FF99FF60B29A4269FA3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924783" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7924783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924783/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="155" startId="6.[145,223,1420,1442]" targetBox="[145,1425,195,1390]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F129FF99FF60B29A4269FA3D" blockId="6.[145,1425,1420,1471]" pageId="6" pageNumber="155">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF129FF99FF60B29A468FFA23" bold="true" box="[145,249,1420,1442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="155">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF129FF99FEF5B29A47C6FA20" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[260,432,1420,1442]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF129FF99FEF5B29A47C6FA20" box="[260,432,1420,1442]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="155">Chrysemys picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ETVP 9683) shell, male. A, carapace in dorsal view. B, plastron in ventral view. C, carapace in anterior view. Anterior of the shell is to the top of the page for A and B. Scale bar: 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4B6600F128FF98FF54B30244C4FAB0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924785" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7924785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924785/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" startId="7.[165,246,1044,1066]" targetBox="[166,1446,198,1011]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F128FF98FF54B30244C4FAB0" blockId="7.[165,1448,1044,1330]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FF54B3024767FBAB" bold="true" box="[165,273,1044,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF128FF98FEEFB3024460FBA8" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[286,534,1044,1066]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FEEFB3024460FBA8" box="[286,534,1044,1066]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">Chrysemys corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F128FF98FDECB302441BFBA8" box="[541,621,1044,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
plastron. A-C,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF128FF98FCE0B30245DFFBA8" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[785,937,1044,1066]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FCE0B30245DFFBA8" box="[785,937,1044,1066]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F128FF98FC41B3024275FBA8" box="[944,1027,1044,1066]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype plastron
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FB25B30243FCFBA8" box="[1236,1418,1044,1066]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">(ETMNH-12491)</emphasis>
in ventral view: A, line drawing of plastron in ventral view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, plastron in ventral view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines, and arrow pointing to the concavity on the rim of the anterior plastral lobe with the anterior plastron projection anterior to this point. D,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF128FF98FA60B37A476AFB22" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FA60B37A476AFB22" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F128FF98FED3B39C4719FB22" box="[290,367,1162,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype plastron (ETMNH-20544) in anterior view highlighting the anterior plastral embayment. E-F,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF128FF98FF57B3B1476EFB3F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[166,280,1191,1213]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FF57B3B1476EFB3F" box="[166,280,1191,1213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, anterior plastral lobe in dorsal (visceral) view highlighting gular overlap length differences: E,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF128FF98FAE2B3B143D3FB3F" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1299,1445,1191,1213]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FAE2B3B143D3FB3F" box="[1299,1445,1191,1213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F128FF98FF57B3D24681FB58" box="[166,247,1220,1242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype anterior plastron
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FDD2B3D244A0FB58" box="[547,726,1220,1242]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">(ETMNH-12491)</emphasis>
in dorsal view; F,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF128FF98FC6DB3D24599FB58" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[924,1007,1220,1242]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FC6DB3D245DAFB58" box="[924,940,1220,1242]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FC4BB3D24599FB58" box="[954,1007,1220,1242]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
anterior plastron (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view. Abbreviations: Bones: ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; xi, xiphiplastron. Scutes (scales): ab, abdominal; an, anal; ax, axillary; fe, femoral; gu, gular; hu, humeral; in, inguinal; pe, pectoral. Features: guo, gular overlap. Scale bars: 5 cm for A-C, D-E and F.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32E6503F128FF90FF52B1274765F9FC" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F128FF98FF52B1274759F9CA" blockId="7.[163,303,1585,1608]" box="[163,303,1585,1608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FF52B1274759F9CA" box="[163,303,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F128FF97FF52B14F4434F995" blockId="7.[163,779,1625,1892]" lastBlockId="8.[145,760,1507,1559]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FF52B14F4778F9EC" box="[163,270,1625,1646]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">Methods:</emphasis>
Terminology used throughout this study follows several well-known previous studies, including
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FF52B180472FF92E" author="Thomson JS" box="[163,345,1686,1708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" pagination="359 - 462" refId="ref29273" refString="Thomson JS. 1932. Anatomy of the tortoise. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society 20: 359 - 462." type="journal article" year="1932">Thomson (1932)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FE94B180447DF92E" author="Zangerl R" box="[357,523,1686,1708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" pagination="311 - 339" refId="ref30688" refString="Zangerl R. 1969. The turtle shell. In: Gans C, Pritchard TS, eds. Biology of the Reptilia, I. New York: Academic Press, 311 - 339." type="book chapter" year="1969">Zangerl (1969)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FDE7B18044C8F92E" author="Gaffney ES" box="[534,702,1686,1708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref23828" refString="Gaffney ES. 1972. An illustrated glossary of turtle skull nomenclature. American Museum NoVitates 2486: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1972">Gaffney (1972)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FD3BB1814705F948" author="Ernst CH &amp; Barbour RW" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" refId="ref23476" refString="Ernst CH, Barbour RW. 1989. Turtles of the aeorld. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press." type="book" year="1989">Ernst &amp; Barbour (1989)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FE73B1A0441CF948" author="Joyce WG &amp; Bell CJ" box="[386,618,1717,1739]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" pagination="53 - 109" refId="ref26061" refString="Joyce WG, Bell CJ. 2004. A review of the comparative morphology of extant testudinoid turtles (Reptilia: Testudines). Asiatic Herpetological Research 10: 53 - 109." type="journal article" year="2004">Joyce &amp; Bell (2004)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FD89B1A0457DF948" author="Joyce WG" box="[632,779,1717,1739]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" pagination="3 - 102" refId="ref26036" refString="Joyce WG. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships of Mesozoic turtles. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 48: 3 - 102." type="journal article" year="2007">Joyce (2007)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FF24B1C247E7F96B" author="Jasinski SE" box="[213,401,1748,1770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
. Although some previous studies have termed the keratinous, soft-tissue covering of the turtle shell as scales (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FE3DB00744DDF8A4" author="Gaffney ES &amp; Kool L &amp; Brinkman DB &amp; Rich TH &amp; Vickers-Rich P" box="[460,683,1809,1831]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref23850" refString="Gaffney ES, Kool L, Brinkman DB, Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P. 1998. Otaeayemys, a new cryptodiran turtle from the Early Cretaceous of Australia. American Museum NoVitates 3233: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1998">
Gaffney
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FDDFB0044411F8A4" box="[558,615,1809,1831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
, 1998
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FD48B007476DF8C7" author="Gilbert SF &amp; Loredo GA &amp; Brukman A &amp; Burke AC" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" pagination="47 - 58" refId="ref23976" refString="Gilbert SF, Loredo GA, Brukman A, Burke AC. 2001. Morphogenesis of the turtle shell: the development of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution. EVolution &amp; DeVelopment 3: 47 - 58." type="journal article" year="2001">
Gilbert
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FF52B02646AFF8C7" box="[163,217,1840,1861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
), we now know that the shell is covered with modified scales called scutes (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FDD7B05845EDFA1E" author="Moustakas-Verho JE &amp; Zimm R &amp; Cebra-Thomas J &amp; Lempiainen NK &amp; Kallonen A &amp; Mitchell KL &amp; Hamalainen K &amp; Salazar-Ciudad I &amp; Jernvall J &amp; Gilbert SF" box="[550,923,1414,1892]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" pagination="3033 - 3039" refId="ref27388" refString="Moustakas-Verho JE, Zimm R, Cebra-Thomas J, Lempiainen NK, Kallonen A, Mitchell KL, Hamalainen K, Salazar-Ciudad I, Jernvall J, Gilbert SF. 2014. The origin and loss of periodic patterning of the turtle shell. DeVelopment 141: 3033 - 3039." type="journal article" year="2014">
Moustakas-Verho
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF128FF98FD06B059452EFA19" box="[759,856,1414,1892]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FC56B29145A8FA1E" author="Moustakas-Verho JE &amp; Cebra-Thomas J &amp; Gilbert SF" box="[935,990,1415,1436]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" pagination="124 - 131" refId="ref27322" refString="Moustakas-Verho JE, Cebra-Thomas J, Gilbert SF. 2017. Patterning of the turtle shell. Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; DeVelopment 45: 124 - 131." type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F128FF98FC1BB29043EDFA1E" author="Moustakas-Verho JE &amp; Cherepanov GO" box="[1002,1435,1414,1436]" pageId="7" pageNumber="156" pagination="221 - 229" refId="ref27351" refString="Moustakas-Verho JE, Cherepanov GO. 2015. The integumental appendages of the turtle shell: an evo-devo perspective. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and DeVelopmental EVolution) 324 B: 221 - 229." type="journal article" year="2015">Moustakas-Verho &amp; Cherepanov, 2015</bibRefCitation>
) and therefore this latter term is used in the present study. Measurements are all maximum lengths and/ or widths unless otherwise stated. Orientations are in proper anatomical position unless otherwise stated. The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) will represent a published work according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix http://zoobank.org/.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4B6600F127FF97FF65B3DE4279FA2E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924787" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7924787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924787/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" startId="8.[148,226,1224,1246]" targetBox="[148,1427,198,1187]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F127FF97FF65B3DE4279FA2E" blockId="8.[148,1429,1224,1452]" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FF65B3DE468DFB5F" bold="true" box="[148,251,1224,1246]" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF127FF97FEF4B3DE4700FB5C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[261,374,1224,1246]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FEF4B3DE4700FB5C" box="[261,374,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, skull material.A, I, L,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF127FF97FD92B3DE44C7FB5C" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[611,689,1224,1246]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FD92B3DE44C7FB5C" box="[611,689,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UF 30445) cranial material: A, left maxilla in lateral view; I, lower jaws in dorsal (= occlusal) view; L, left lower jaw in lateral view. B-D,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF127FF97FCC5B3F04254FB7E" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[820,1058,1254,1276]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FCC5B3F04254FB7E" box="[820,1058,1254,1276]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">Chrysemys corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F127FF97FBD8B3F04203FB7E" box="[1065,1141,1254,1276]" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(ETMNH-20544, paratype) nearly complete left maxilla in lateral view (B), dorsal view (C) and ventral (= occlusal) view (D). E-H,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF127FF97FB45B2154332FA9B" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1204,1348,1283,1305]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FB45B2154332FA9B" box="[1204,1348,1283,1305]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F127FF97FABBB21543E3FA9B" box="[1354,1429,1283,1305]" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(ETMNH-3559, paratype) incomplete right quadrate in medial view (E), anterior (rostral) view (F), right lateral view (G) and ventral view (H). J-K, M,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF127FF97FE3EB2284414FAD6" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[463,610,1342,1364]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FE3EB2284414FAD6" box="[463,610,1342,1364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F127FF97FD98B22844C0FAD6" box="[617,694,1342,1364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FD32B2284510FAD6" box="[707,870,1342,1364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">ETMNH-12491</emphasis>
, holotype) nearly complete lower jaws in dorsal view (J), ventral view (K) and left lower jaws in lateral view (M). Abbreviations: cm, condylus mandibularis; ct, cavum tympani; fdm, foramen dentofaciale majus; fsm, foramen supramaxillare; lr, labial ridge; mr, median ridge; par, processus articularis; pme, posteromedial extension; tr, tomial ridge; ts, triturating surface. Scale bar: 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F127FF97FF60B156427FF932" blockId="8.[145,761,1600,1898]" lastBlockId="8.[809,1425,1507,1712]" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FF60B15644C3F9D7" box="[145,693,1600,1622]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">
Shell (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF127FF97FF14B1574739F9D7" box="[229,335,1600,1622]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="4.[146,225,868,890]" captionStartId-1="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox-0="[145,1425,198,836]" captionTargetBox-1="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId-0="figure-416@4.[142,1428,195,839]" captionTargetId-1="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="Figure 2. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view. A, line drawing of carapace in dorsal view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, carapace in dorsal view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines. Abbreviations: Bones: co, costal, number represents costal number with first and last labelled; ne, neural, number represents neural number with first and last labelled; nu, nuchal; per, peripheral, number represents peripheral number with first and last labelled; py, pygal; spa, anterior suprapygal; spp, posterior suprapygal. Scutes (scales): ce, cervical; ma, marginal, number represents marginal number with first and last labelled; pl, pleural, number represents pleural number with first and last labelled; v, vertebral, number represents vertebral number with first and last labelled. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-1="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924777" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7924777/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">Figs 2–3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF127FF97FE90B1564719F9D7" box="[353,367,1600,1621]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[165,246,1044,1066]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-258@7.[163,1449,195,1014]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. plastron. A-C, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype plastron (ETMNH-12491) in ventral view: A, line drawing of plastron in ventral view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, plastron in ventral view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines, and arrow pointing to the concavity on the rim of the anterior plastral lobe with the anterior plastron projection anterior to this point. D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype plastron (ETMNH-20544) in anterior view highlighting the anterior plastral embayment. E-F, Chrysemys, anterior plastral lobe in dorsal (visceral) view highlighting gular overlap length differences: E, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype anterior plastron (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view; F, C. picta anterior plastron (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view.Abbreviations: Bones: ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; xi, xiphiplastron. Scutes (scales): ab, abdominal; an, anal; ax, axillary; fe, femoral; gu, gular; hu, humeral; in, inguinal; pe, pectoral. Features: guo, gular overlap. Scale bars: 5 cm for A-C, D-E and F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924785/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">5</figureCitation>
):
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF127FF97FE69B15644C3F9D7" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[408,693,1600,1621]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">Chrysemys corniculata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
from the GFS is represented by multiple well preserved and mostly three-dimensional shells (including both carapaces and plastra). Although the specimens are sometimes somewhat crushed or ‘deformed’ while
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FF2BB1CC4750F96D" box="[218,294,1754,1775]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">in situ</emphasis>
, careful preparation often allows them to be re-assembled in their three-dimensional forms. The largest shells show maximum lengths (straight carapace length = SCL) of between 17.6 (ETMNH-12491) and 19.0 cm (ETMNH-20544), compared to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF127FF97FC30B2F5426AFA7A" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[961,1052,1507,1528]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FC30B2F545A5FA7A" box="[961,979,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FC13B2F5426AFA7A" box="[994,1052,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whose upper size (for females) is around 25.0 cm, although males achieve maximum size at around
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF127FF97FC2CB136424FF9B7" box="[989,1081,1568,1590]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" unit="cm" value="15.3">15.3 cm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F127FF97FBBDB136433AF9B7" author="Ernst CH &amp; Lovich JE" box="[1100,1356,1568,1590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" refId="ref23497" refString="Ernst CH, Lovich JE. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press." type="book" year="2009">Ernst &amp; Lovich, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The shell is more oval than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF127FF97FB44B1294347F9D6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1205,1329,1599,1620]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FB44B1294347F9D6" box="[1205,1329,1599,1620]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF127FF97FAB3B12943F4F9D6" box="[1346,1410,1599,1621]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,223,1420,1442]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-204@6.[145,1425,195,1390]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Chrysemys picta (ETVP 9683) shell, male. A, carapace in dorsal view. B, plastron in ventral view. C, carapace in anterior view. Anterior of the shell is to the top of the page for A and B. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924783/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), which can be more rounded, although some individuals can be more oval, particularly in older individuals of modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF127FF97FC77B18C4277F92D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[902,1025,1690,1711]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FC77B18C4277F92D" box="[902,1025,1690,1711]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F127FF95FCD8B1CC4486F983" blockId="8.[809,1426,1753,1898]" lastBlockId="10.[145,762,197,1538]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FCD8B1CC4240F96C" box="[809,1078,1753,1775]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">
Carapace (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF127FF97FC47B1CC4252F96C" box="[950,1060,1753,1775]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="4.[146,225,868,890]" captionStartId-1="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox-0="[145,1425,198,836]" captionTargetBox-1="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId-0="figure-416@4.[142,1428,195,839]" captionTargetId-1="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="Figure 2. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view. A, line drawing of carapace in dorsal view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, carapace in dorsal view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines. Abbreviations: Bones: co, costal, number represents costal number with first and last labelled; ne, neural, number represents neural number with first and last labelled; nu, nuchal; per, peripheral, number represents peripheral number with first and last labelled; py, pygal; spa, anterior suprapygal; spp, posterior suprapygal. Scutes (scales): ce, cervical; ma, marginal, number represents marginal number with first and last labelled; pl, pleural, number represents pleural number with first and last labelled; v, vertebral, number represents vertebral number with first and last labelled. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-1="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924777" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7924777/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">Figs 2–3</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
There are multiple wellpreserved carapaces, either partial or nearly complete. These give a good indication of the general size, shape and characteristics of
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF127FF97FBD1B02042B2F8C8" box="[1056,1220,1845,1867]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF127FF97FBD1B02042B6F8C8" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1056,1216,1845,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="8" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">C. corniculata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
ETMNH-12491 is a medium-sized individual, but one that has reached adulthood based on fusion of the shell (particularly carapacial) elements (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F125FF95FE3EB7F24415FF78" author="Legler JM" box="[463,611,228,250]" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" pagination="527 - 669" refId="ref26331" refString="Legler JM. 1960. Natural history of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata ornata Agassiz. UniVersity of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History 11: 527 - 669." type="journal article" year="1960">Legler, 1960</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F125FF95FD82B7F2449FFF7B" author="Zug GR" box="[627,745,228,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" pagination="28" refId="ref30774" refString="Zug GR. 1991. Age determination in turtles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 29: 28." type="journal article" year="1991">
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF125FF95FD82B7F244D4FF7B" box="[627,674,228,249]" country="Switzerland" name="Zug" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Zug</collectingRegion>
, 1991
</bibRefCitation>
), measuring
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF125FF95FEE7B6144707FE9A" box="[278,369,258,280]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.76" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" unit="cm" value="17.6">17.6 cm</quantity>
sagittally (SCL). ETMNH-20544 is the largest individual recovered, represented by a nearly complete shell with a few cranial and postcranial fragments, and measuring
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF125FF95FDC9B64944D2FEF6" box="[568,676,351,372]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.903" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" unit="cm" value="19.03">19.03 cm</quantity>
(SCL). ETMNH-20609 represents the smallest complete (to nearly complete) specimen, with a carapace length of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF125FF95FF5FB6AD4761FE52" box="[174,279,443,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.403" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" unit="cm" value="14.03">14.03 cm</quantity>
(SCL). The shell has fine, inconspicuous texturing, although this cannot be physically felt and can normally only been seen when held to low angles with light (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF125FF95FEE0B5004738FDAE" box="[273,334,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C-D). This inconspicuous texturing is present in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FE99B5234795FDC8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[360,483,565,586]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FE99B5234795FDC8" box="[360,483,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, albeit even more subtle (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF125FF95FF6BB54246AAFDEB" box="[154,220,596,618]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E-F), and is not present in some other fossil
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FF60B5644764FD05" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[145,274,626,647]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FF60B5644764FD05" box="[145,274,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa such as
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FE4CB56446BCFD24" authority="Clark, 1937" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FE4CB56444D2FD0A" box="[445,676,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys antiqua</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F125FF95FD5FB56446BCFD24" author="Clark J" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" pagination="261 - 350" refId="ref22961" refString="Clark J. 1937. The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Chadron Formation in the Big Badlands of South Dakota. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 25: 261 - 350." type="journal article" year="1937">Clark, 1937</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FEF8B5874413FD24" authority="Hay, 1908" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[265,613,657,679]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FEF8B5874792FD24" box="[265,484,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys timida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F125FF95FE1FB5844413FD24" author="Hay OP" box="[494,613,657,679]" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" refId="ref24361" refString="Hay OP. 1908. The fossil turtles of North America. Publication No. 75. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington." type="book" year="1908">Hay, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. No median dorsal carapacial keel is present, and the posterior of the shell tends to have a sharp, downturned bend to it, making the posterior portion of the carapace nearly vertical (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF125FF95FEB5B41A47E2FCA3" box="[324,404,780,802]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). This downturn can be present in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FEEDB43C47D7FCBD" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[284,417,810,831]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FEEDB43C47D7FCBD" box="[284,417,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although it is always at a shallower angle than in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FE50B45F4449FCDC" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[417,575,841,863]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FE50B45F47C5FCDC" box="[417,435,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FE4FB45F4449FCDC" box="[446,575,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As noted above, the carapace of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FEB2B47E4795FCFF" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[323,483,872,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FEB2B47E4723FCFF" box="[323,341,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FE93B47E4795FCFF" box="[354,483,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more oval (regardless of size) than modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FE76B49147A9FC1E" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[391,479,903,924]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FE76B49147EFFC1E" box="[391,409,903,924]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FE57B49147A9FC1E" box="[422,479,903,924]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which tend to exhibit a relatively rounded or circular carapace in dorsal view (length/width ratios of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF125FF95FE5CB4D24432FC58" box="[429,580,964,986]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6576" metricValueMax="3.7592" metricValueMin="3.5559999999999996" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" unit="in" value="1.44" valueMax="1.48" valueMin="1.4">1.40–1.48 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FDBCB4D2448FFC5B" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[589,761,964,985]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FDBCB4D24429FC5B" box="[589,607,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FD81B4D2448FFC5B" box="[624,761,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared to
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF125FF95FED6B4F447C0FC7A" box="[295,438,994,1016]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3655" metricValueMax="3.4544" metricValueMin="3.2766" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" unit="in" value="1.325" valueMax="1.36" valueMin="1.29">1.29–1.36 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FE4FB4F54461FC7A" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[446,535,995,1016]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FE4FB4F547A6FC7A" box="[446,464,995,1016]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FE2FB4F54461FC7A" box="[478,535,995,1016]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FDBEB4F54484FC75" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[591,754,994,1016]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FDBEB4F54417FC7A" box="[591,609,995,1016]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FD9EB4F44484FC75" box="[623,754,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the carapace also has a characteristic doming or raised portion at the anteromedial portion of the shell (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF125FF95FD3CB33646C6FBD1" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
), meaning the nuchal is noticeably higher than the surrounding elements, mainly the peripherals and corresponding marginals lateral to it. This is most easily seen in anterior view, where modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FD8CB38C448EFB2D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[637,760,1178,1199]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FD8CB38C448EFB2D" box="[637,760,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually gently rounded, while there is an open angle between the bridge and the sagittal anterior midline. Simply put, it is analogous to ‘circular vs. triangular’ in anterior view. Additionally, the entire bridge is shifted posteriorly in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FE0BB22244EAFACB" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[506,668,1332,1353]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FE0BB222447AFACB" box="[506,524,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FDE8B22244EAFACB" box="[537,668,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This is evidenced by the axillary buttress barely contacting the posterior of peripheral
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<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FE1EB26744FBFA04" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[495,653,1393,1414]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FE1EB2674477FA04" box="[495,513,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FDFDB26744FBFA04" box="[524,653,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF125FF95FD6AB267449DFA04" box="[667,747,1393,1415]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
), while contacting the anterior of peripheral
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF125FF95FD82B28644EBFA24" box="[627,669,1424,1446]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FF60B2B9469CFA46" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[145,234,1455,1476]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FF60B2B946D5FA46" box="[145,163,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FF40B2B9469CFA46" box="[177,234,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For the inguinal buttress, both taxa contact the posterior of peripheral 7, indicating the bridge is a bit longer, larger and more robust in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FD63B2FA449FF983" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[658,745,1516,1537]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FD63B2FA44D2F983" box="[658,676,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FD40B2FA449FF983" box="[689,745,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4B6600F126FF96FF57B2C547F8F970" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924789" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7924789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924789/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" startId="9.[166,245,1491,1513]" targetBox="[166,1446,198,1459]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F126FF96FF57B2C547F8F970" blockId="9.[166,1447,1491,1778]" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FF57B2C54778FA6B" bold="true" box="[166,270,1491,1513]" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FEEBB2C247FDFA68" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[282,395,1492,1514]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FEEBB2C247FDFA68" box="[282,395,1492,1514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FB46B2C243D3FA68" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1207,1445,1492,1514]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FB46B2C243D3FA68" box="[1207,1445,1492,1514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">Chrysemys corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F126FF96FF57B2E74682F985" box="[166,244,1521,1543]" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
carapace in dorsal view: A,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FDEEB2E744C2F985" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[543,692,1521,1543]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FDEEB2E744C2F985" box="[543,692,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F126FF96FD4AB2E7457DF985" box="[699,779,1521,1543]" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype carapace
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FC2CB2E742E2F985" box="[989,1172,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">(ETMNH–12491)</emphasis>
; B,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FB4CB2E74324F985" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1213,1362,1521,1543]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FB4CB2E74324F985" box="[1213,1362,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F126FF96FAA8B2E743D1F985" box="[1369,1447,1521,1543]" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FDA0B1184493F9A6" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[593,741,1550,1572]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FDA0B1184493F9A6" box="[593,741,1550,1572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F126FF96FD1DB118454AF9A6" box="[748,828,1550,1572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FB1FB11843F4F9A6" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1262,1410,1550,1572]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
C.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FAFBB11843F4F9A6" box="[1290,1410,1550,1572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F126FF96FA78B11846A5F9C0" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FEBEB15F47E9F9DD" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[335,415,1609,1631]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FEBEB15F4729F9DD" box="[335,351,1609,1631]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FE9AB15F47E9F9DD" box="[363,415,1609,1631]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
anterior carapace morphology: E, female
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FCBFB15F45EBF9DD" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[846,925,1609,1631]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FCBFB15F4528F9DD" box="[846,862,1609,1631]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FC98B15F45EBF9DD" box="[873,925,1609,1631]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FAA6B15F43D0F9DD" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1367,1446,1609,1631]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FAA6B15F4311F9DD" box="[1367,1383,1609,1631]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FA83B15F43D0F9DD" box="[1394,1446,1609,1631]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FD9FB17044C9F9FE" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[622,703,1638,1660]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FD9FB1704408F9FE" box="[622,638,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FD7AB17044C9F9FE" box="[651,703,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FF57B1B74680F935" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[166,246,1697,1719]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FF57B1B746C0F935" box="[166,182,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FF33B1B74680F935" box="[194,246,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF126FF96FDE1B1A84417F956" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[528,609,1726,1748]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="158" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FDE1B1A84456F956" box="[528,544,1726,1748]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF126FF96FDDCB1A84417F956" box="[557,609,1726,1748]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="158">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F125FF94FF60B13D44CDFDAE" blockId="10.[145,761,1578,1907]" lastBlockId="11.[163,780,197,556]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FF60B13D4440F9C2" box="[145,566,1578,1600]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">
Sutures of the carapace (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF125FF95FE3AB13D4452F9BD" box="[459,548,1578,1600]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[146,225,868,890]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,198,836]" captionTargetId="figure-416@4.[142,1428,195,839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view. A, line drawing of carapace in dorsal view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, carapace in dorsal view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines. Abbreviations: Bones: co, costal, number represents costal number with first and last labelled; ne, neural, number represents neural number with first and last labelled; nu, nuchal; per, peripheral, number represents peripheral number with first and last labelled; py, pygal; spa, anterior suprapygal; spp, posterior suprapygal. Scutes (scales): ce, cervical; ma, marginal, number represents marginal number with first and last labelled; pl, pleural, number represents pleural number with first and last labelled; v, vertebral, number represents vertebral number with first and last labelled. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924777/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
The nuchal of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FF60B15F4748F9DC" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[145,318,1609,1630]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FF60B15F4748F9DC" box="[145,318,1609,1630]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents a more pronounced and extreme morphology than that of modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FD87B17E4485F9FF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[630,755,1640,1661]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FD87B17E4485F9FF" box="[630,755,1640,1661]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It maintains the roughly hexagonal shape of most emydid nuchals. The nuchal is nearly equal in length and width, although it is slightly longer than wide in ETMNH-12491 (
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF125FF95FEA3B1F447CEF97A" box="[338,440,1762,1784]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.24" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" unit="mm" value="42.4">42.4 mm</quantity>
long vs.
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF125FF95FDEEB1F444F2F97A" box="[543,644,1762,1784]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9299999999999997" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" unit="mm" value="39.3">39.3 mm</quantity>
wide). Its anterior portion (anterior to the nuchal-peripheral 1-costal 1 intersection, 75% of nuchal length) is definitively longer than its posterior portion (25%). It is transversely constricted near the middle of the marginals 1, and flares anteriorly in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FB12B7D343FDFF58" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1251,1419,197,218]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FB12B7D34283FF58" box="[1251,1269,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FAF4B7D343FDFF58" box="[1285,1419,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, more so than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FBC8B7F242F8FF7B" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1081,1166,228,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FBC8B7F2423DFF7B" box="[1081,1099,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FBA7B7F242F8FF7B" box="[1110,1166,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The portion under the cervical scute does not reach as far anteriorly as that under the marginals 1, and these three projections are separated by two prevalent notches. The lateral edges of the anterolateral projections of the nuchal (nuchal horns) in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FC6DB66B4234FE10" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[924,1090,381,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FC6DB66B45D8FE10" box="[924,942,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FC4CB66B4234FE10" box="[957,1090,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are posterolaterally angled, making the anterior-most portion of the nuchal in the middle of these anterolateral projections, while there is no posterolateral-angling in other
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FAFEB6CF43FCFE6C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1295,1418,473,494]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FAFEB6CF43FCFE6C" box="[1295,1418,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FC52B6E143FCFD8F" authority="Weems &amp; George, 2013" authorityName="Weems &amp; George" authorityYear="2013" box="[931,1418,503,525]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isoni">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FC52B6E1421FFD8F" box="[931,1129,503,525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys isoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F125FF95FB80B6EE43FCFD8F" author="Weems RE &amp; George RA" box="[1137,1418,504,525]" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" pagination="570 - 588" refId="ref30374" refString="Weems RE, George RA. 2013. Amphibians and nonmarine turtles from the Miocene Calvert Formation of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (USA). Journal of Paleontology 87: 570 - 588." type="journal article" year="2013">Weems &amp; George, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. As stated above, the doming or raised region at the anteromedial portion of the shell means the nuchal is noticeably higher than the rest of the surrounding elements, mainly the marginals lateral to it (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF125FF95FA92B564453EFD24" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). This is most clearly seen in anterior view, where modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FC7BB5A64592FD47" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[906,996,688,709]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FC7BB5A645EAFD47" box="[906,924,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FC5BB5A64592FD47" box="[938,996,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tend to be gently rounded (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF125FF95FADFB5B943F7FD47" box="[1326,1409,687,709]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,223,1420,1442]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-204@6.[145,1425,195,1390]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Chrysemys picta (ETVP 9683) shell, male. A, carapace in dorsal view. B, plastron in ventral view. C, carapace in anterior view. Anterior of the shell is to the top of the page for A and B. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924783/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
), while the anterolateral edges of the carapace are angled dorsally to the nuchal (from the bridge). The majority of the eight neurals agree morphologically with those in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FBD5B43C42E9FCBD" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1060,1183,810,831]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FBD5B43C42E9FCBD" box="[1060,1183,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Neural 2 is squat in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FCD8B45F45BBFCDC" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[809,973,841,862]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FCD8B45F454DFCDC" box="[809,827,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FCB8B45F45BBFCDC" box="[841,973,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a significantly rounded posterior border, while the posterior border in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FAC6B47E43E6FCFF" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1335,1424,872,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FAC6B47E433FFCFF" box="[1335,1353,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FAA6B47E43E6FCFF" box="[1367,1424,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is straight. Neural 8 is more squared-off than modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FCD8B4B34509FC38" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[809,895,933,954]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FCD8B4B3454DFC38" box="[809,827,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FCB6B4B34509FC38" box="[839,895,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which tend to have a more ‘triangular’ neural 8, although the neurals in turtles tend to have minor quantitative variations (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F125FF95FB8DB4F4433BFC75" author="Cherepanov GO" box="[1148,1357,994,1016]" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" pagination="68 - 78" refId="ref22914" refString="Cherepanov GO. 1994. Anomalies of the bony shell of turtles. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 73: 68 - 78." type="journal article" year="1994">Cherepanov, 1994</bibRefCitation>
). The posterior suprapygal, immediately anterior to the pygal, is concave on its anterior border, with a wider than long hexagonal shape. The anterior border of the posterior suprapygal in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FB5BB34B4373FBF0" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1194,1285,1117,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FB5BB34B42CAFBF0" box="[1194,1212,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FB3AB34B4373FBF0" box="[1227,1285,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tends to be straight (mediolaterally or transversely oriented), but can be slightly concave, although not to the same extent as
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FCBBB3AF459BFB4C" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[842,1005,1209,1230]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FCBBB3AF452AFB4C" box="[842,860,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FC9BB3AF459BFB4C" box="[874,1005,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FB35B3AF436BFB4C" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1220,1309,1209,1230]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FB35B3AF42A0FB4C" box="[1220,1238,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FB15B3AF436BFB4C" box="[1252,1309,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the pygal routinely has parallel lateral edges, in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FB1FB3CE43E7FB6E" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1262,1425,1239,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FB1FB3CE4376FB6F" box="[1262,1280,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FAFFB3C143E7FB6E" box="[1294,1425,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is contracted posteriorly, being narrower posteriorly than anteriorly. The pygal also possesses a small but conspicuous notch posteromedially with sharp edges. While an inconspicuous notch can be found in some modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FC79B2674272FA04" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[904,1028,1393,1414]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FC79B2674272FA04" box="[904,1028,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the notch in the latter has gently sloping sides and is relatively smaller. The anterior edge of the pygal exhibits a gentle and inconspicuous concave curvature. The bridge peripherals of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FA86B2DB45DDF982" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FA86B2DB43FFFA60" box="[1399,1417,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FCD8B2FD45DDF982" box="[809,939,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are vertical, making them appear narrow when viewed dorsally. This mostly agrees with Recent
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FCD8B13F45DCF9BC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[809,938,1577,1598]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FCD8B13F45DCF9BC" box="[809,938,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although those in the modern taxa are not as extreme, and therefore not as inconspicuous when viewed dorsally. The other peripherals agree morphologically with other
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FB78B1934378F918" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1161,1294,1669,1690]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FB78B1934378F918" box="[1161,1294,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The edge of the carapace is smooth, with only inconspicuous notches between the posterior peripherals of some individuals (e.g. ETMNH-3561, -20609), not including those notches on and immediately around the nuchal. The outer rim is also relatively gracile, especially in comparison to the other deirochelyines known from the GFS (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF125FF95FC57B04D42DCF8F2" baseAuthorityName="Jasinski" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[934,1194,1883,1904]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haugrudi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF125FF95FC57B04D42DCF8F2" box="[934,1194,1883,1904]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="159">Trachemys haugrudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F125FF95FB4DB04D43F6F8F2" author="Jasinski SE" box="[1212,1408,1883,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="159" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski, 2018a</bibRefCitation>
). The axillary buttress barely contacts the posterior of marginal
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF124FF94FEE0B7F2474DFF78" box="[273,315,228,250]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FEB0B7F24796FF7B" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[321,480,228,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FEB0B7F24725FF7B" box="[321,339,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FEAEB7F24796FF7B" box="[351,480,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF124FF94FE1FB7F24448FF7B" box="[494,574,228,250]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
), while it contacts the anterior of peripheral
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF124FF94FE2DB615447CFE9A" box="[476,522,258,280]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FD84B61544B9FE9A" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[629,719,259,280]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FD84B61544F1FE9A" box="[629,647,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FD64B61544B9FE9A" box="[661,719,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The inguinal buttresses of both taxa usually contact the posterior of peripheral 7. This suggests a relatively shorter and potentially less robust bridge for
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FD00B649475CFE10" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FD00B6494575FEF6" box="[753,771,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FF52B66B475CFE10" box="[163,298,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As noted above, the bridge peripherals are oriented mainly dorsoventrally, making them more visible laterally and less significant when viewed dorsally or ventrally. This leads to the posterior portion of the carapace flaring out laterally beginning midway through peripheral 7, as in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FDC8B50044C2FDA9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[569,692,534,555]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FDC8B50044C2FDA9" box="[569,692,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F124FF94FF52B543436AFB95" blockId="11.[163,780,597,1907]" lastBlockId="11.[827,1444,197,1047]" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FF52B543479BFDE8" box="[163,493,597,619]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">
Sulci of the carapace (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF124FF94FE60B54047A8FDE8" box="[401,478,597,619]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[146,225,868,890]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,198,836]" captionTargetId="figure-416@4.[142,1428,195,839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view. A, line drawing of carapace in dorsal view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, carapace in dorsal view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines. Abbreviations: Bones: co, costal, number represents costal number with first and last labelled; ne, neural, number represents neural number with first and last labelled; nu, nuchal; per, peripheral, number represents peripheral number with first and last labelled; py, pygal; spa, anterior suprapygal; spp, posterior suprapygal. Scutes (scales): ce, cervical; ma, marginal, number represents marginal number with first and last labelled; pl, pleural, number represents pleural number with first and last labelled; v, vertebral, number represents vertebral number with first and last labelled. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924777/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
The bony shell of a turtle is covered by keratinous scales or plates called scutes. Scutes are modified scales and develop differently than reptilian scales, namely with the former developing from local epithelial thickenings called placodes through radial growth while scales (along with feathers, teeth and hair) develop as ectodermal appendages through epithelial-mesenchymal interaction (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F124FF94FE90B45C4446FCE2" author="Cherepanov GO" box="[353,560,842,864]" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" pagination="19 - 33" refId="ref22935" refString="Cherepanov GO. 2006. Ontogenesis and evolution of horny parts of the turtle shell. Russian Journal of Herpetology 13: 19 - 33." type="journal article" year="2006">Cherepanov, 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F124FF94FDCFB45C475EFCFC" author="Moustakas-Verho JE &amp; Zimm R &amp; Cebra-Thomas J &amp; Lempiainen NK &amp; Kallonen A &amp; Mitchell KL &amp; Hamalainen K &amp; Salazar-Ciudad I &amp; Jernvall J &amp; Gilbert SF" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" pagination="3033 - 3039" refId="ref27388" refString="Moustakas-Verho JE, Zimm R, Cebra-Thomas J, Lempiainen NK, Kallonen A, Mitchell KL, Hamalainen K, Salazar-Ciudad I, Jernvall J, Gilbert SF. 2014. The origin and loss of periodic patterning of the turtle shell. DeVelopment 141: 3033 - 3039." type="journal article" year="2014">
Moustakas-Verho
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FF52B47C46A9FCFC" box="[163,223,873,895]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F124FF94FEC6B47F4706FCFC" author="Moustakas-Verho JE &amp; Cebra-Thomas J &amp; Gilbert SF" box="[311,368,873,894]" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" pagination="124 - 131" refId="ref27322" refString="Moustakas-Verho JE, Cebra-Thomas J, Gilbert SF. 2017. Patterning of the turtle shell. Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; DeVelopment 45: 124 - 131." type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F124FF94FE71B47F46ACFC1C" author="Moustakas-Verho JE &amp; Cherepanov GO" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" pagination="221 - 229" refId="ref27351" refString="Moustakas-Verho JE, Cherepanov GO. 2015. The integumental appendages of the turtle shell: an evo-devo perspective. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and DeVelopmental EVolution) 324 B: 221 - 229." type="journal article" year="2015">Moustakas-Verho &amp; Cherepanov, 2015</bibRefCitation>
). These scutes are separated into various different sections by sulci (or seams), which can be seen on the surface of the bones and give an indication of their morphology and appearance even when they are not present or preserved, such as in fossils. The cervical scute is long and narrow, often coming to an anterior point sagittally (medioanteriorly). The cervical underlap is shorter than the overlap in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FD9AB349457DFBF1" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[619,779,1118,1140]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FD9AB349457DFBF1" box="[619,779,1118,1140]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(~74–85%), although less so than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FD40B36B457DFB11" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[689,779,1149,1171]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FD40B36B44B5FB10" box="[689,707,1149,1170]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FD20B368457DFB11" box="[721,779,1150,1171]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(~67–80%), but these values tend to vary, as seen by the range. The posterior width of the overlap of the cervical scute is narrower (compared to its length) in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FD02B3CF4752FA8F" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FD02B3CF4573FB6C" box="[755,773,1241,1262]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FF52B3EE4752FA8F" box="[163,292,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than either
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FE40B3EE4470FA8F" authorityName="Weems &amp; George" authorityYear="2013" box="[433,518,1272,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isoni">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FE40B3EE47B5FA8F" box="[433,451,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FE3EB3EE4470FA8F" box="[463,518,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">isoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FDDBB3EE44F7FA8F" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[554,641,1272,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FDDBB3EE444AFA8F" box="[554,572,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FDB8B3EE44F7FA8F" box="[585,641,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lateral edges of the cervical are parallel to slightly angled anteriorly as the cervical comes to an anterior point. As stated above, it is separated from marginals 1 by a pronounced lateral notch. The anterior-most point(s) of the carapace lie medially on the anterior projecting portion of marginals 1 (anterolateral projections of the nuchal under marginals 1). Although vertebrals 2–5 agree morphologically with those in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FD55B2FB4575F981" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[676,771,1517,1539]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FD55B2FB44C0F980" box="[676,694,1517,1538]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FD36B2F84575F981" box="[711,771,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, vertebral 1 is more morphologically unique (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF124FF94FD58B11A448DF9A3" box="[681,763,1548,1570]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FF33B13D4716F9BD" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[194,352,1578,1600]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FF33B13D46A2F9C2" box="[194,212,1579,1600]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FF2EB13C4716F9BD" box="[223,352,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, vertebral 1 is straight anteriorly and well-rounded (concave) posteriorly. There is lateral inflation posteriorly while it is constricted anteriorly. At its anterolateral edges vertebral 1 flares laterally and becomes significantly wider, giving it a slightly hourglass-like shape. However, in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FD72B1D244AFF95B" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[643,729,1732,1753]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FD72B1D244E3F95B" box="[643,661,1732,1753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FD50B1D244AFF95B" box="[673,729,1732,1753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the anterior and posterior borders of vertebral 1 tend to be relatively straight to slightly curved, while the anterior half is normally wider (the sides can also sometimes be approximately parallel) (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF124FF94FE1AB0284449F8D1" box="[491,575,1854,1876]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
). Regardless, the only unique curvature present is at the anterolateral points, which curve slightly laterally. Vertebral 4 also exhibits more curvature and has more sinusoidal sulci, although this is mainly visible posterolaterally where it contacts pleural 4. As in other
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FB00B637431AFEB4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1265,1388,289,310]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FB00B637431AFEB4" box="[1265,1388,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and emydids in general,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FBDFB65642A3FED6" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1070,1237,319,341]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FBDFB6564236FED7" box="[1070,1088,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FBBEB62942A3FED6" box="[1103,1237,319,340]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has four pairs of pleurals that mostly agree morphologically with those of modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FC45B66B4259FE10" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[948,1071,381,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FC45B66B4259FE10" box="[948,1071,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, as for the morphology of the vertebrals, the medial sulci of pleurals 1 and
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF124FF94FA89B68A43D5FE33" box="[1400,1443,411,433]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FCCAB6AD45AFFE4D" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[827,985,442,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FCCAB6AD453BFE52" box="[827,845,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FCA9B6AC45AFFE4D" box="[856,985,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are more sinuous and curved where they contact vertebrals 1 and 4, respectively. As noted above, marginal 1 has a pronounced medial projection, clearly distinguishing its anteromedial and anterolateral halves (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF124FF94FC6FB523459CFDC8" box="[926,1002,565,587]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[146,225,868,890]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,198,836]" captionTargetId="figure-416@4.[142,1428,195,839]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view. A, line drawing of carapace in dorsal view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, carapace in dorsal view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines. Abbreviations: Bones: co, costal, number represents costal number with first and last labelled; ne, neural, number represents neural number with first and last labelled; nu, nuchal; per, peripheral, number represents peripheral number with first and last labelled; py, pygal; spa, anterior suprapygal; spp, posterior suprapygal. Scutes (scales): ce, cervical; ma, marginal, number represents marginal number with first and last labelled; pl, pleural, number represents pleural number with first and last labelled; v, vertebral, number represents vertebral number with first and last labelled. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924777/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF124FF94FC0DB523427EFDC8" box="[1020,1032,565,586]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[166,245,1491,1513]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-22@9.[163,1449,195,1462]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Chrysemys carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace in dorsal view: A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH–12491); B, C. corniculata sp. nov. paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I, C. picta anterior carapace morphology: E, female C. picta nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male C. picta nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male C. picta anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male C. picta anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female C. picta anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924789/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">7</figureCitation>
A-D). The anterior extent of this projection tends to be pronounced, although it is less so in ETMNH-12491. This difference may be individual variation or sexually dimorphic, although it is present to at least some degree in all nuchal specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FA7BB5A645B4FD61" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FA7BB5A643EAFD47" box="[1418,1436,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FCCAB5D845B4FD61" box="[827,962,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There is a small, inconspicuous indent on marginal 4 at the anterior edge of the bridge. The carapace flares out laterally and become wider at the sulci between marginals 7 and 8, making this the widest part of the carapace. The rest of the marginals agree morphologically with those in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FB28B47E4346FCFF" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1241,1328,872,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FB28B47E429DFCFF" box="[1241,1259,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FB09B47E4346FCFF" box="[1272,1328,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although there can be inconspicuous notches at the rim of the posterior marginals of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FBB8B4B34299FC38" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1097,1263,933,954]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FBB8B4B3422DFC38" box="[1097,1115,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FB9BB4B34299FC38" box="[1130,1263,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The posterior-most marginals (=supracaudal scutes of some authors) possess a small, but noticeable, notch posteromedially and do not reach onto the last suprapygal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F124FF94FCCAB3294281F9A2" blockId="11.[827,1443,1087,1569]" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FCCAB3294270FBD7" box="[827,1030,1087,1109]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">
Plastron (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF124FF94FC43B3564580FBD7" box="[946,1014,1088,1109]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[165,246,1044,1066]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-258@7.[163,1449,195,1014]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. plastron. A-C, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype plastron (ETMNH-12491) in ventral view: A, line drawing of plastron in ventral view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, plastron in ventral view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines, and arrow pointing to the concavity on the rim of the anterior plastral lobe with the anterior plastron projection anterior to this point. D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype plastron (ETMNH-20544) in anterior view highlighting the anterior plastral embayment. E-F, Chrysemys, anterior plastral lobe in dorsal (visceral) view highlighting gular overlap length differences: E, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype anterior plastron (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view; F, C. picta anterior plastron (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view.Abbreviations: Bones: ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; xi, xiphiplastron. Scutes (scales): ab, abdominal; an, anal; ax, axillary; fe, femoral; gu, gular; hu, humeral; in, inguinal; pe, pectoral. Features: guo, gular overlap. Scale bars: 5 cm for A-C, D-E and F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924785/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
The plastron follows the general emydid shape and composition with two epiplastra, an entoplastron, two hyoplastra, two hypoplastra and two xiphiplastra. In ETMNH-20544, the complete plastron measures approximately
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF124FF94FB97B3AC42B8FB4D" box="[1126,1230,1210,1232]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.725" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" unit="cm" value="17.25">17.25 cm</quantity>
anteroposteriorly (straight plastron length, SPL). The smallest nearly complete shell specimen (ETMNH-20609), has a sagittal plastron length of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF124FF94FB71B2004298FAA9" box="[1152,1262,1302,1324]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.254" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" unit="cm" value="12.54">12.54 cm</quantity>
. A suture runs medially through the plastron separating the two sides and the elements of the plastron that are paired. However, it does not run through the entoplastron, as is the case with other emydids and turtles in general. Both plastral lobes are inflated (laterally), although the posterior plastral lobe is significantly more so. The anterior plastral lobe bends dorsally (viscerally) toward its anterior extremity (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF124FF94FB67B11D429EF9A2" box="[1174,1256,1547,1569]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F124FF93FCCAB15C472CFCDC" blockId="11.[827,1444,1610,1908]" lastBlockId="12.[145,762,197,862]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FCCAB15C42BBF9DD" box="[827,1229,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">
Sutures of the plastron (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF124FF94FB97B15D42CAF9DD" box="[1126,1212,1610,1632]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[165,246,1044,1066]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-258@7.[163,1449,195,1014]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. plastron. A-C, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype plastron (ETMNH-12491) in ventral view: A, line drawing of plastron in ventral view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, plastron in ventral view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines, and arrow pointing to the concavity on the rim of the anterior plastral lobe with the anterior plastron projection anterior to this point. D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype plastron (ETMNH-20544) in anterior view highlighting the anterior plastral embayment. E-F, Chrysemys, anterior plastral lobe in dorsal (visceral) view highlighting gular overlap length differences: E, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype anterior plastron (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view; F, C. picta anterior plastron (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view.Abbreviations: Bones: ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; xi, xiphiplastron. Scutes (scales): ab, abdominal; an, anal; ax, axillary; fe, femoral; gu, gular; hu, humeral; in, inguinal; pe, pectoral. Features: guo, gular overlap. Scale bars: 5 cm for A-C, D-E and F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924785/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
The epiplastron morphology agrees strongly with that in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FCCAB19145CCF91E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[827,954,1671,1692]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FCCAB19145CCF91E" box="[827,954,1671,1692]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FC3AB19E4250F91F" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[971,1062,1672,1693]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FC3AB19E45ABF91F" box="[971,989,1672,1693]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FC1DB19E4250F91F" box="[1004,1062,1672,1693]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its subspecies, including
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FA7BB19E45A7F939" authorityName="Bishop &amp; Schmidt" authorityYear="1931" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="picta" subSpecies="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FA7BB19E43EAF91F" box="[1418,1436,1672,1693]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FCCAB1B145A7F939" box="[827,977,1702,1724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">picta dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The epiplastra exhibit a gentle curvature making up the anterior portion of the anterior plastral lobe. They exhibit an anterior projection medial to the gular-humeral sulci, which is more conspicuous than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FC0BB037420EF8B4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1018,1144,1825,1846]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FC0BB037420EF8B4" box="[1018,1144,1825,1846]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The entoplastron agrees in general morphology with modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF124FF94FB1EB0294318F8D6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1263,1390,1855,1876]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="11" pageNumber="160" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF124FF94FB1EB0294318F8D6" box="[1263,1390,1855,1876]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="160">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other deirochelyines. However, individual morphology tends to be variable, with some relatively uniform with the anterior and posterior halves approximately equal in length (in relation to the point where the lateral projections lie; e.g. ETMNH-3561, -20544 and -20609), while others are longer than wide (ETMNH-12491) or wider than long (ETMNH-3559). The morphology of the entoplastron can also be variable in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FD6BB66B4484FE11" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[666,754,381,403]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FD6BB66B4484FE11" box="[666,754,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing similar shape and dimensional variation in the species. The posterior border of the entoplastron is gently rounded, while in other
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FE0AB6CF440FFE6C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[507,633,473,494]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FE0AB6CF440FFE6C" box="[507,633,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it tends to be straight (mediolateral or transverse) or angled. The suture between the epi- and hyoplastra nearly bisects the anterior lobe, with no indent or notch present at its lateral edge. The hyo-hypoplastral contact is nearly straight, running transversely and bisecting the bridge. The hypo-xiphiplastral sutural contacts exhibit a gentle convex (anterior) curvature, with the lateral edges curving posteriorly (caudally). Although this contact is usually relatively straight in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FF60B41A4779FCA3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[145,271,780,801]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FF60B41A4779FCA3" box="[145,271,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it can exhibit some curvature in some
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FD11B41A46BAFCC2" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FD11B41A4484FCA3" box="[736,754,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FF60B43D46BAFCC2" box="[145,204,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals (e.g. ETVP 9672,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FDC4B43C4738FCDC" authority="Gray, 1830" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1830" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="picta" subSpecies="bellii">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FDC4B43C46BDFCDC" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys picta bellii</emphasis>
Gray, 1830
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F123FF93FF60B49E476EFA0A" blockId="12.[145,762,904,1907]" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FF60B49E4473FC1F" box="[145,517,904,925]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">
Sulci of the plastron (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF123FF93FE6CB49E4782FC1F" box="[413,500,904,925]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[165,246,1044,1066]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-258@7.[163,1449,195,1014]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. plastron. A-C, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype plastron (ETMNH-12491) in ventral view: A, line drawing of plastron in ventral view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, plastron in ventral view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines, and arrow pointing to the concavity on the rim of the anterior plastral lobe with the anterior plastron projection anterior to this point. D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype plastron (ETMNH-20544) in anterior view highlighting the anterior plastral embayment. E-F, Chrysemys, anterior plastral lobe in dorsal (visceral) view highlighting gular overlap length differences: E, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype anterior plastron (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view; F, C. picta anterior plastron (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view.Abbreviations: Bones: ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; xi, xiphiplastron. Scutes (scales): ab, abdominal; an, anal; ax, axillary; fe, femoral; gu, gular; hu, humeral; in, inguinal; pe, pectoral. Features: guo, gular overlap. Scale bars: 5 cm for A-C, D-E and F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924785/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
The surface of the plastron is covered with a number of scutes (or scales), of which the sulci (or seams) left behind can give an indication of their morphology and appearance.
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FF60B31447EBFB95" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[145,413,1026,1047]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FF60B31447EBFB95" box="[145,413,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the same complement of scutes as other
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FECCB33747CEFBB4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[317,440,1057,1078]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FECCB33747CEFBB4" box="[317,440,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a pair of gular scutes, a pair of humeral scutes, a pair of pectoral scutes, a pair of abdominal scutes, a pair of femoral scutes and a pair of anal scutes. Anteroposterior lengths are measured sagittally for determining the plastral formulas. The overall plastral formula for
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FE37B3AD4415FB4D" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[454,611,1210,1232]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FE37B3AD47AEFB52" box="[454,472,1211,1232]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FE13B3AC4415FB4D" box="[482,611,1210,1231]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is abdominal&gt; anal&gt; gular&gt; pectoral&gt; humeral&gt; femoral. This is unique from modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FE59B3EE4475FA8F" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[424,515,1272,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FE59B3EE47CCFA8F" box="[424,442,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FE38B3EE4475FA8F" box="[457,515,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is abdominal&gt; anal&gt; gular&gt; pectoral&gt; femoral&gt; humeral. This is due to a relatively shorter femoral scute along the midline, rather than a relatively longer humeral, in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FD10B2424764FA05" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FD10B2424485FAEB" box="[737,755,1364,1385]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FF60B2644764FA05" box="[145,274,1394,1415]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F123FF93FF58B2874211FAA8" blockId="12.[145,762,904,1907]" lastBlockId="12.[809,1426,197,1323]" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">
The gular scutes reach approximately midway through the entoplastron, similar to those in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FF60B2D84779FA61" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[145,271,1486,1507]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FF60B2D84779FA61" box="[145,271,1486,1507]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, they extend farther anteriorly, creating a pronounced anterior projection beneath them. The anterior projection is confined to the epiplastron beneath the gulars. While
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FDA6B13D44C4F9C2" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[599,690,1579,1600]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FDA6B13D441FF9C2" box="[599,617,1579,1600]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FD89B13D44C4F9C2" box="[632,690,1579,1600]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a rounded anterior plastral lobe with a continuous curve, the anterior projection of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FE32B17E441EF9FF" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[451,616,1640,1661]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FE32B17E47A3F9FF" box="[451,469,1640,1661]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FE12B17E441EF9FF" box="[483,616,1640,1661]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
results in a discontinuous curvature, with the gulars projecting anteriorly and a concavity on the outer rim at the contact between the gulars and humerals (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF123FF93FD65B1D2449FF95B" box="[660,745,1731,1754]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[165,246,1044,1066]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-258@7.[163,1449,195,1014]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. plastron. A-C, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype plastron (ETMNH-12491) in ventral view: A, line drawing of plastron in ventral view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, plastron in ventral view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines, and arrow pointing to the concavity on the rim of the anterior plastral lobe with the anterior plastron projection anterior to this point. D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype plastron (ETMNH-20544) in anterior view highlighting the anterior plastral embayment. E-F, Chrysemys, anterior plastral lobe in dorsal (visceral) view highlighting gular overlap length differences: E, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype anterior plastron (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view; F, C. picta anterior plastron (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view.Abbreviations: Bones: ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; xi, xiphiplastron. Scutes (scales): ab, abdominal; an, anal; ax, axillary; fe, femoral; gu, gular; hu, humeral; in, inguinal; pe, pectoral. Features: guo, gular overlap. Scale bars: 5 cm for A-C, D-E and F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924785/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
). In addition, in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FECFB1F547A9F975" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[318,479,1762,1784]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FECFB1F54726F97A" box="[318,336,1763,1784]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FEACB1F447A9F975" box="[349,479,1762,1783]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the gular scute overlap is larger (10.1 to 12.6%) than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FD68B017448FF895" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[665,761,1793,1815]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FD68B01744DDF894" box="[665,683,1793,1814]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FD4DB014448FF895" box="[700,761,1794,1815]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(6.9 to 7.4%) (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF123FF93FEC8B036470AF8B7" box="[313,380,1823,1846]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[165,246,1044,1066]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-258@7.[163,1449,195,1014]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. plastron. A-C, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype plastron (ETMNH-12491) in ventral view: A, line drawing of plastron in ventral view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, plastron in ventral view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines, and arrow pointing to the concavity on the rim of the anterior plastral lobe with the anterior plastron projection anterior to this point. D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype plastron (ETMNH-20544) in anterior view highlighting the anterior plastral embayment. E-F, Chrysemys, anterior plastral lobe in dorsal (visceral) view highlighting gular overlap length differences: E, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype anterior plastron (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view; F, C. picta anterior plastron (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view.Abbreviations: Bones: ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; xi, xiphiplastron. Scutes (scales): ab, abdominal; an, anal; ax, axillary; fe, femoral; gu, gular; hu, humeral; in, inguinal; pe, pectoral. Features: guo, gular overlap. Scale bars: 5 cm for A-C, D-E and F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924785/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
E-F). The lateral gular anterior projections (or gular horns) are separated from the rest of the anterior edge of the plastron by a small notch. As mentioned above, the gulars project dorsally (or viscerally, when viewed anteriorly), creating an obvious embayment (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF123FF93FB96B61442B3FE9A" box="[1127,1221,258,280]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[165,246,1044,1066]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-258@7.[163,1449,195,1014]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. plastron. A-C, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype plastron (ETMNH-12491) in ventral view: A, line drawing of plastron in ventral view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, plastron in ventral view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines, and arrow pointing to the concavity on the rim of the anterior plastral lobe with the anterior plastron projection anterior to this point. D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype plastron (ETMNH-20544) in anterior view highlighting the anterior plastral embayment. E-F, Chrysemys, anterior plastral lobe in dorsal (visceral) view highlighting gular overlap length differences: E, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype anterior plastron (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view; F, C. picta anterior plastron (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view.Abbreviations: Bones: ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; xi, xiphiplastron. Scutes (scales): ab, abdominal; an, anal; ax, axillary; fe, femoral; gu, gular; hu, humeral; in, inguinal; pe, pectoral. Features: guo, gular overlap. Scale bars: 5 cm for A-C, D-E and F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924785/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
). The humeralpectoral scute sulci are straight to slightly concave (posteriorly), with their lateral-most edges curving more sharply posteriorly, similar to those in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FCD8B66B45DFFE10" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[809,937,381,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FCD8B66B45DFFE10" box="[809,937,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The axillary scutes are relatively small and found on the anterior edge of the bridge, similar to their morphology and position in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FB6EB6AD4283FE52" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1183,1269,443,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FB6EB6AD42C7FE52" box="[1183,1201,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FB4CB6AD4283FE52" box="[1213,1269,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The inguinal scutes, on the other hand, are enlarged and possess a sigmoidal curvature dorsally (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF123FF93FB7FB6E14294FD8F" box="[1166,1250,503,525]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,242,834,856]" captionTargetBox="[168,1443,198,801]" captionTargetId="figure-353@5.[159,1446,195,804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace and Chrysemys carapacial texture. A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH 12491) in anterior view, with dashed line showing anterior curvature of the carapace. B, paratype shell (ETMNH 20544) in right lateral view. C-F, Chrysemys carapacial texture comparison. C-D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559) in dorsal view: C, portion of carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2, showing texturing; D, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing carapacial texturing under low angle light. E-F, C. picta, (ETVP 9683) carapace in dorsal view: E, portion of the carapace focusing on region of vertebrals 1 and 2; F, close-up view under vertebral 2 showing inconspicuous carapacial texturing under low angle light. Arrows point to convex lateral and posterior borders of vertebral 1 in C. corniculata. Scale bar: A-B, 5 cm; E-F, images not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924779/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). There is also a conspicuous posteroventral curvature between the inguinals and abdominals. This curvature is more pronounced than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FB9DB5454291FDEA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1132,1255,595,616]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FB9DB5454291FDEA" box="[1132,1255,595,616]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is present definitively on the bridge, while in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FAE4B56443E6FD05" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1301,1424,626,647]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FAE4B56443E6FD05" box="[1301,1424,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it lies on the anterior-most portion of the posterior plastral lobe, making it more vertical in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FB1CB5A643FDFD46" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1261,1419,687,709]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FB1CB5A64289FD47" box="[1261,1279,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FAFBB5B943FDFD46" box="[1290,1419,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, vs. more horizontal (or lateral) in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FAFFB5D843FCFD61" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1294,1418,718,739]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FAFFB5D843FCFD61" box="[1294,1418,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The pectoral-abdominal sulci are concave posteriorly, more so than in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FC1BB41A4232FCA3" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1002,1092,780,801]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FC1BB41A458AFCA3" box="[1002,1020,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FBFBB41A4232FCA3" box="[1034,1092,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Similarly, the lateral edges also curve posteriorly as they near the bridge. The abdominal-femoral sulci have a gentle posterior concave curvature and a unique posterior curvature laterally as they near the posterior edge of the bridge. As in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FC21B4B34239FC38" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[976,1103,933,954]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FC21B4B34239FC38" box="[976,1103,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the femoral-anal sulci are strongly convex posteriorly, with midline contact just posterior to the hypo-xiphiplastral sagittal midline contact and terminate on the posterolateral rim of the posterior plastral lobe. While the lateral edge between the femoral-anal sulci contact is relatively inconspicuous in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FBB8B34B42B2FBF0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1097,1220,1117,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FBB8B34B42B2FBF0" box="[1097,1220,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is a unique and pronounced notch in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FBB6B36A4290FB12" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1095,1254,1147,1169]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FBB6B36A422FFB13" box="[1095,1113,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FB94B36D4290FB12" box="[1125,1254,1147,1168]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Posteriorly, as for the bones of the plastron, the posterior edge of the anals is straight in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FBF7B3AF42D0FB4C" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1030,1190,1209,1230]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FBF7B3AF426EFB4C" box="[1030,1048,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FBD4B3AF42D0FB4C" box="[1061,1190,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with no conspicuous notch noted at the midline contact (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF123FF93FB3CB3C1437DFB6F" box="[1229,1291,1239,1261]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[165,246,1044,1066]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1011]" captionTargetId="figure-258@7.[163,1449,195,1014]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. plastron. A-C, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype plastron (ETMNH-12491) in ventral view: A, line drawing of plastron in ventral view, with bones outlined in black and scutes with dashed outlines; B, plastron in ventral view; C, line drawing with scutes outlined in black and bones with dashed outlines, and arrow pointing to the concavity on the rim of the anterior plastral lobe with the anterior plastron projection anterior to this point. D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype plastron (ETMNH-20544) in anterior view highlighting the anterior plastral embayment. E-F, Chrysemys, anterior plastral lobe in dorsal (visceral) view highlighting gular overlap length differences: E, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype anterior plastron (ETMNH-12491) in dorsal view; F, C. picta anterior plastron (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view.Abbreviations: Bones: ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; xi, xiphiplastron. Scutes (scales): ab, abdominal; an, anal; ax, axillary; fe, femoral; gu, gular; hu, humeral; in, inguinal; pe, pectoral. Features: guo, gular overlap. Scale bars: 5 cm for A-C, D-E and F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924785/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A-C), while modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FC63B3E0426EFA89" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[914,1048,1270,1291]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FC63B3E0426EFA89" box="[914,1048,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tends to possess a small but conspicuous notch (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF123FF93FBF7B2034221FAA8" box="[1030,1111,1301,1323]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,223,1420,1442]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-204@6.[145,1425,195,1390]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Chrysemys picta (ETVP 9683) shell, male. A, carapace in dorsal view. B, plastron in ventral view. C, carapace in anterior view. Anterior of the shell is to the top of the page for A and B. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924783/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F123FF92FCD8B2454454FCDD" blockId="12.[809,1426,1363,1907]" lastBlockId="13.[163,780,197,1905]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FCD8B24545A8FAEB" box="[809,990,1363,1385]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">
Skull (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF123FF93FC72B24245BAFAEA" box="[899,972,1363,1385]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[148,226,1224,1246]" captionTargetBox="[148,1427,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-216@8.[145,1431,195,1194]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Chrysemys, skull material.A, I, L, C. picta (UF 30445) cranial material:A, left maxilla in lateral view; I, lower jaws in dorsal (= occlusal) view; L, left lower jaw in lateral view. B-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-20544, paratype) nearly complete left maxilla in lateral view (B), dorsal view (C) and ventral (= occlusal) view (D). E-H, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-3559, paratype) incomplete right quadrate in medial view (E), anterior (rostral) view (F), right lateral view (G) and ventral view (H). J-K, M, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-12491, holotype) nearly complete lower jaws in dorsal view (J), ventral view (K) and left lower jaws in lateral view (M). Abbreviations: cm, condylus mandibularis; ct, cavum tympani; fdm, foramen dentofaciale majus; fsm, foramen supramaxillare; lr, labial ridge; mr, median ridge; par, processus articularis; pme, posteromedial extension; tr, tomial ridge; ts, triturating surface. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924787/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
Several cranial fragments of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FA89B24245C2FA05" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FA89B24245C2FA05" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are currently known. These include a nearly complete left maxilla (ETMNH-20544), left and right quadrates (ETMNH-3559) and a nearly complete set of lower jaws (ETMNH-12491). None of these specimens are isolated and all include partial shells to ensure their referral to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FBC1B11A42B8F9A2" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1072,1230,1547,1569]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FBC1B11A4234F9A3" box="[1072,1090,1548,1569]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FBBCB11D42B8F9A2" box="[1101,1230,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While only a few cranial fragments are preserved, their preservation shows unique morphological features contrasting with modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF123FF93FC39B1714231F9FE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[968,1095,1639,1660]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF123FF93FC39B1714231F9FE" box="[968,1095,1639,1660]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The left maxilla (ETMNH-20544) is missing its anterior portion that would articulate with the premaxilla (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF123FF93FB7EB1B342BBF939" box="[1167,1229,1701,1723]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[148,226,1224,1246]" captionTargetBox="[148,1427,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-216@8.[145,1431,195,1194]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Chrysemys, skull material.A, I, L, C. picta (UF 30445) cranial material:A, left maxilla in lateral view; I, lower jaws in dorsal (= occlusal) view; L, left lower jaw in lateral view. B-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-20544, paratype) nearly complete left maxilla in lateral view (B), dorsal view (C) and ventral (= occlusal) view (D). E-H, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-3559, paratype) incomplete right quadrate in medial view (E), anterior (rostral) view (F), right lateral view (G) and ventral view (H). J-K, M, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-12491, holotype) nearly complete lower jaws in dorsal view (J), ventral view (K) and left lower jaws in lateral view (M). Abbreviations: cm, condylus mandibularis; ct, cavum tympani; fdm, foramen dentofaciale majus; fsm, foramen supramaxillare; lr, labial ridge; mr, median ridge; par, processus articularis; pme, posteromedial extension; tr, tomial ridge; ts, triturating surface. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924787/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="161">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B-D). However, it is still relatively short at
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF123FF93FBA5B1D542CFF95B" box="[1108,1209,1731,1753]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="12" pageNumber="161" unit="mm" value="10.8">10.8 mm</quantity>
[maximum length of the external (lateral) surface]. A small portion of the caudolateral surface is also broken. This bone preserves a ventral portion of the fossa orbitalis, and the sutural surface for the jugal has a ‘v’-shaped or triangular attachment surface. This attachment is similar to that in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FE21B7D3443BFF58" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[464,589,197,218]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FE21B7D3443BFF58" box="[464,589,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the sutural surface (and therefore the jugal) are more rostral and ventral in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FED0B61547BFFE95" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[289,457,258,280]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FED0B6154745FE9A" box="[289,307,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FEB2B61447BFFE95" box="[323,457,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, leading to a smaller fossa orbitalis and orbit. Similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FDFFB637441CFEB5" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[526,618,289,311]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FDFFB6374456FEB4" box="[526,544,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FDDEB634441CFEB5" box="[559,618,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the foramen supramaxillare lies at approximately the same level as the anterior extent of the maxilla-jugal sutural contact dorsally (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF122FF92FEE1B66B4715FE11" box="[272,355,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[148,226,1224,1246]" captionTargetBox="[148,1427,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-216@8.[145,1431,195,1194]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Chrysemys, skull material.A, I, L, C. picta (UF 30445) cranial material:A, left maxilla in lateral view; I, lower jaws in dorsal (= occlusal) view; L, left lower jaw in lateral view. B-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-20544, paratype) nearly complete left maxilla in lateral view (B), dorsal view (C) and ventral (= occlusal) view (D). E-H, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-3559, paratype) incomplete right quadrate in medial view (E), anterior (rostral) view (F), right lateral view (G) and ventral view (H). J-K, M, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-12491, holotype) nearly complete lower jaws in dorsal view (J), ventral view (K) and left lower jaws in lateral view (M). Abbreviations: cm, condylus mandibularis; ct, cavum tympani; fdm, foramen dentofaciale majus; fsm, foramen supramaxillare; lr, labial ridge; mr, median ridge; par, processus articularis; pme, posteromedial extension; tr, tomial ridge; ts, triturating surface. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924787/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
), but in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FE36B66B441FFE10" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[455,617,381,403]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FE36B66B47AFFE10" box="[455,473,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FE17B66B441FFE10" box="[486,617,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is enlarged and more conspicuous. The posteromedial extension of the maxilla is robust and rounded in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FDAFB6AD4572FE4D" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[606,772,442,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FDAFB6AD4406FE52" box="[606,624,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD8EB6AC4572FE4D" box="[639,772,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although it would appear to have a stronger apex if it was attached to the jugal. Ventrally (viscerally), there are several foramina along the triturating surface medial to the labial ridge. These foramina sit between a raised median ridge that runs through the middle of the triturating surface and the labial ridge. These foramina lie in a shallow depression, as in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FF52B5A64755FD47" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[163,291,688,709]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FF52B5A64755FD47" box="[163,291,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although this depression becomes more pronounced posteriorly in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FE15B5D944F8FD61" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[484,654,718,740]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FE15B5D94780FD66" box="[484,502,719,740]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FDF7B5D844F8FD61" box="[518,654,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared to modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FED4B5FB47D3FC80" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[293,421,749,770]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FED4B5FB47D3FC80" box="[293,421,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The triturating surface of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FD02B5FB475EFCA3" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD02B5FB4573FC80" box="[755,773,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FF52B41A475EFCA3" box="[163,296,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also relatively wider in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FD94B41A457DFCA3" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[613,779,780,801]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD94B41A4401FCA3" box="[613,631,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD77B41A457DFCA3" box="[646,779,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FEFBB43D471DFCC2" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[266,363,811,832]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FEFBB43D476AFCC2" box="[266,284,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FEDFB43D471DFCC2" box="[302,363,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while the median ridge is more pronounced in the former as well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F122FF92FF4AB47E423CFD66" blockId="13.[163,780,197,1905]" lastBlockId="13.[827,1444,197,1721]" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">
The quadrates are isolated but well preserved in ETMNH-3559 (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF122FF92FE91B49047D2FC1E" box="[352,420,902,924]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[148,226,1224,1246]" captionTargetBox="[148,1427,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-216@8.[145,1431,195,1194]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Chrysemys, skull material.A, I, L, C. picta (UF 30445) cranial material:A, left maxilla in lateral view; I, lower jaws in dorsal (= occlusal) view; L, left lower jaw in lateral view. B-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-20544, paratype) nearly complete left maxilla in lateral view (B), dorsal view (C) and ventral (= occlusal) view (D). E-H, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-3559, paratype) incomplete right quadrate in medial view (E), anterior (rostral) view (F), right lateral view (G) and ventral view (H). J-K, M, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-12491, holotype) nearly complete lower jaws in dorsal view (J), ventral view (K) and left lower jaws in lateral view (M). Abbreviations: cm, condylus mandibularis; ct, cavum tympani; fdm, foramen dentofaciale majus; fsm, foramen supramaxillare; lr, labial ridge; mr, median ridge; par, processus articularis; pme, posteromedial extension; tr, tomial ridge; ts, triturating surface. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924787/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E-H). Both the left and right quadrates are nearly complete and preserve the condylus mandibularis (or mandibular condyle) and a significant amount of the cavum tympani. The left quadrate has a maximum dorsoventral preserved height of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF122FF92FED4B33647FCFBB7" box="[293,394,1056,1077]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="9.9">9.9 mm</quantity>
, while the right is
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF122FF92FD62B3364573FBB7" box="[659,773,1056,1077]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="11.2">11.2 mm</quantity>
. Caudoventrally the processus articularis has a similar trapezoidal morphology in both
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FD98B34B457CFBF0" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[617,778,1117,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD98B34B440DFBF0" box="[617,635,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD76B34B457CFBF0" box="[647,778,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FF24B36A4758FB13" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[213,302,1148,1169]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FF24B36A4691FB13" box="[213,231,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FF04B36A4758FB13" box="[245,302,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The condylus mandibularis is similar in morphology to that of modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FDE1B38D441DFB32" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[528,619,1179,1200]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FDE1B38D4454FB32" box="[528,546,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FDC1B38D441DFB32" box="[560,619,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although its concavity, located anteroventrally on the processus articularis, is less conspicuous. The processus articularis has dimensions of 3.8 ×
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF122FF92FDB8B3E044D3FA8E" box="[585,677,1270,1292]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
. A small portion of the canalis system is preserved with both quadrates, although part has been sheared off and is incomplete, leading to difficulty determining which portions of the mainly pneumatic canalis systems are preserved. There is a deep, pronounced concavity immediately rostral (anterior) to the condylus mandibularis that is more pronounced in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FF52B2FA4739F983" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[163,335,1516,1537]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FF52B2FA46C3F983" box="[163,181,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FF34B2FA4739F983" box="[197,335,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in adult specimens of modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FF52B11D4777F9A2" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[163,257,1547,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FF52B11D46C3F9A2" box="[163,181,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FF34B11D4777F9A2" box="[197,257,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. ETVP 9672). However, this concavity appears to be more pronounced in ontogenetically younger
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FEE9B15E47F6F9DF" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[280,384,1608,1629]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FEE9B15E475CF9DF" box="[280,298,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FEB1B15E47F6F9DF" box="[320,384,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens (e.g. ETVP 9691), implying the concavity is ontogenetically variable. Regardless, this concavity is deeper in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FD99B193457CF918" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[616,778,1669,1690]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD99B193440CF918" box="[616,634,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD76B193457CF918" box="[647,778,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in even ontogenetically young modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FD5BB1B24572F93B" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[682,772,1700,1721]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD5BB1B244CAF93B" box="[682,700,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD3BB1B24572F93B" box="[714,772,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, potentially suggesting a deeper concavity is ancestral in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FF34B1F7473EF974" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[197,328,1761,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FF34B1F7473EF974" box="[197,328,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A foramen is present dorsal to this concavity on the rostral surface of the quadrate. This foramen is also present in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FD75B0084572F8B1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[644,772,1822,1843]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD75B0084572F8B1" box="[644,772,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although it is situated more lateral in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FD93B02B4572F8D0" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[610,772,1853,1874]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD93B02B4402F8D0" box="[610,628,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FD70B02B4572F8D0" box="[641,772,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The morphology of the cavum tympani can also be partially derived from the quadrates. While in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FCCAB7F545CBFF7A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[827,957,227,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FCCAB7F545CBFF7A" box="[827,957,227,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the cavum tympani is well rounded, in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FCCAB615459DFE95" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[827,1003,258,280]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FCCAB615453BFE9A" box="[827,845,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FCAFB614459DFE95" box="[862,1003,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it would have been rostrocaudally compressed, making it more oval. A slight curve toward the middle portion makes it appear as a crescent. A rostrodorsal compression of the cavum tympani is also seen in ontogenetically younger modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FC59B68D4244FE32" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[936,1074,411,432]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FC59B68D4244FE32" box="[936,1074,411,432]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens, also suggesting a rostrodorsally compressed cavum tympani is ancestral in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FC21B6CF4239FE6C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[976,1103,473,494]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FC21B6CF4239FE6C" box="[976,1103,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The cavum tympani appear to anteroposteriorly inflate and become more rounded as individuals age. However, this curvature is not present in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FBE8B52342E0FDC8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1049,1174,565,586]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FBE8B52342E0FDC8" box="[1049,1174,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Even if ETMNH-3559 is an ontogenetically younger individual and some of the morphology of the quadrates would change in older individuals, there are still morphological distinctions regardless of the ontogenetic ages or stages being compared.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F122FF92FCA2B5FB4306F93B" blockId="13.[827,1444,197,1721]" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">
A nearly complete set of lower jaws is preserved with the
<typeStatus id="548F882AF122FF92FC96B41D45B1FCA3" box="[871,967,779,801]" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FC27B41A42F3FCA3" box="[982,1157,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">ETMNH-12491</emphasis>
,
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF122FF92FB60B41D42A6FCA3" box="[1169,1232,779,801]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[148,226,1224,1246]" captionTargetBox="[148,1427,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-216@8.[145,1431,195,1194]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Chrysemys, skull material.A, I, L, C. picta (UF 30445) cranial material:A, left maxilla in lateral view; I, lower jaws in dorsal (= occlusal) view; L, left lower jaw in lateral view. B-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-20544, paratype) nearly complete left maxilla in lateral view (B), dorsal view (C) and ventral (= occlusal) view (D). E-H, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-3559, paratype) incomplete right quadrate in medial view (E), anterior (rostral) view (F), right lateral view (G) and ventral view (H). J-K, M, C. corniculata sp. nov. (ETMNH-12491, holotype) nearly complete lower jaws in dorsal view (J), ventral view (K) and left lower jaws in lateral view (M). Abbreviations: cm, condylus mandibularis; ct, cavum tympani; fdm, foramen dentofaciale majus; fsm, foramen supramaxillare; lr, labial ridge; mr, median ridge; par, processus articularis; pme, posteromedial extension; tr, tomial ridge; ts, triturating surface. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924787/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
J-K, M). The lower jaws consist of the right and left dentaries, although most of the caudal elements of the lower jaws were not recovered. The jaws have a maximum rostrocaudal length of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF122FF92FC47B4904252FC1E" box="[950,1060,902,924]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.21" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="12.1">12.1 mm</quantity>
, a maximum overall length of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF122FF92FCCAB4B345E9FC38" box="[827,927,933,955]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="16.1">16.1 mm</quantity>
(measured from apex along right dentary to its distal point), and a maximum preserved width of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF122FF92FCCAB4F445EAFC75" box="[827,924,994,1015]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9899999999999998" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="19.9">19.9 mm</quantity>
caudally. The angle of the lower jaws (in dorsal and ventral views) is larger in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FB65B3174346FB94" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1172,1328,1025,1046]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FB65B3174346FB94" box="[1172,1328,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared to modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FC4BB3094241FBB6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[954,1079,1055,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FC4BB3094241FBB6" box="[954,1079,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Indeed, the angle of the lower jaws is 86° in the former, but only approximately 74–78° in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FBE3B34B421DFBF0" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1042,1131,1117,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FBE3B34B4252FBF0" box="[1042,1060,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FBC3B34B421DFBF0" box="[1074,1131,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These wider jaws suggest a wider skull in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FBFFB36A42CBFB12" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1038,1213,1147,1169]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FBFFB36A4256FB13" box="[1038,1056,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FBC3B36D42CBFB12" box="[1074,1213,1147,1168]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well. Rostrally (anteriorly), the hook on the rostromedial portion of the labial ridge is not preserved. A tomial (or medial) ridge, more pronounced than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FAF6B3C143F4FB6E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1287,1410,1239,1260]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FAF6B3C143F4FB6E" box="[1287,1410,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is present on the lower triturating surface, with a shallow depression between the tomial and labial ridges. The labial ridge is smooth as in other
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FB5EB225435EFACA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1199,1320,1331,1352]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FB5EB225435EFACA" box="[1199,1320,1331,1352]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lower triturating surface is relatively wider in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FAF4B24443D4FAE5" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1285,1442,1362,1383]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FAF4B2444361FAE5" box="[1285,1303,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FAD2B24443D4FAE5" box="[1315,1442,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FC1DB2674213FA04" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1004,1125,1393,1414]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FC1DB2674213FA04" box="[1004,1125,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but not significantly so. The sulcus cartilaginis meckelii is pronounced, particularly since the tomial ridge provides a conspicuous ledge for it dorsally. While it is more prominent than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FC6DB2FD426DF982" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[924,1051,1515,1536]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FC6DB2FD426DF982" box="[924,1051,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is significantly less than that in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FCAEB11C4590F99D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[863,998,1546,1567]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FCAEB11C4590F99D" box="[863,998,1546,1567]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The foramen alveolare inferius is pronounced and is larger than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FACFB13F43EAF9BC" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1342,1436,1577,1598]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FACFB13F4326F9BC" box="[1342,1360,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FA90B13F43EAF9BC" box="[1377,1436,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Laterally, the foramen dentofaciale majus is more pronounced in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FC01B17042EFF9F9" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1008,1177,1638,1659]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FC01B1704274F9F9" box="[1008,1026,1638,1659]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FBE3B17042EFF9F9" box="[1042,1177,1638,1659]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF122FF92FACEB17043EAF9FE" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1343,1436,1638,1660]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="13" pageNumber="162" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FACEB1704327F9F9" box="[1343,1361,1638,1659]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FA90B17143EAF9FE" box="[1377,1436,1639,1660]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although the lateral overhang from the caudal portion of the labial ridge is less pronounced in the former.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F122FF91FCCAB1F44483FE11" blockId="13.[827,1443,1762,1907]" lastBlockId="14.[145,761,197,403]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF122FF92FCCAB1F44251F975" box="[827,1063,1762,1783]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="162">Postcranial skeleton:</emphasis>
Aside from the shell, postcrania are present in several specimens, although almost all material is fragmentary and incomplete. This is probably due to the palaeoenvironment and taphonomic conditions as other animals and organisms would have had opportunities to disarticulate and/ or break bones before burial. Additionally, it is common to have non-shell material washed away from the shells in aquatic environments (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F121FF91FD5EB6374778FED7" author="Brand LR &amp; Hussey M &amp; Taylor J" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" pagination="233 - 245" refId="ref22745" refString="Brand LR, Hussey M, Taylor J. 2003. Taphonomy of freshwater turtles: decay and disarticulation in controlled experiments. Journal of Taphonomy 1: 233 - 245." type="journal article" year="2003">
Brand
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FF60B65646BFFED7" box="[145,201,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
). Specimens with at least some postcrania include ETMNH-3559, ETMNH-3561, ETMNH-7670, ETMNH-11744, ETMNH-12491 and ETMNH-20544.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F121FF91FF60B6AA44A0F9C2" blockId="14.[145,761,444,1600]" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FF60B6AA4743FE53" box="[145,309,444,465]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Axial skeleton:</emphasis>
A single cervical vertebra is preserved with ETMNH-20544, identified as an incomplete cervical vertebra 7. It has a preserved maximum axial length of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF121FF91FEF5B50E472AFDAF" box="[260,348,536,557]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="7.8">7.8 mm</quantity>
through the centrum. The cranial centrum surface has two concave surfaces transverse to each other, as in other emydids. The prezygapophyses are not preserved. Dorsally, the neural spine is split. There is a point cranially where the two halves meet, located just caudal to where the prezygapophyses would lie. The two halves project caudally onto the two prominent postzygapophyses. They form a conspicuous ‘V’-shaped ridge that points cranially. There is also a significant depression within the ‘V’ and craniomedial to the postzygapophyses. The articular surface of the postzygapophyses lies flat (craniolaterally) and points ventrally. Ventrally, the hypapophysis is prominent, although it is broken cranially. The hypapophysis is also prominent in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FE24B4D34420FC58" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[469,598,965,986]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FE24B4D34420FC58" box="[469,598,965,986]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although its development varies throughout the cervical vertebral series. The centrum is constricted at its mid-length. Cranioventrally there are two prominent ‘knobs’ beneath the two anterior concavities of the cranial centrum surface. These ‘knobs’ are more well-defined than those in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FE6CB36B446BFB10" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[413,541,1149,1170]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FE6CB36B446BFB10" box="[413,541,1149,1170]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There is no trace of the caudal ‘knobs’ and resultant ridges present in the more cranial (or anterior) cervical vertebrae and, specifically, in cervical VI in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FDB0B3CF44C9FB6C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[577,703,1241,1262]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FDB0B3CF44C9FB6C" box="[577,703,1241,1262]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The neural canal is subtriangular. Several faint foramina are present, although the foramina located just caudal to the prezygapophyses are by far the most prominent. ETMNH-12832 has a cervical vertebra VII that is
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF121FF91FF60B264468CFA0A" box="[145,250,1394,1416]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="13.4">13.4 mm</quantity>
long (axially) and agrees morphologically with that of ETMNH-8549. Dorsal vertebral fragments are preserved still attached to the carapaces of some specimens. These are triangular with constricted bases (ventrally) and agree morphologically with other
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FF60B11A4778F9A3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[145,270,1548,1569]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FF60B11A4778F9A3" box="[145,270,1548,1569]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens. There are no caudal vertebrae preserved with any of the specimens yet recovered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F121FF91FF60B16F47D7F913" blockId="14.[145,417,1657,1681]" box="[145,417,1657,1681]" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FF60B16F47D7F913" box="[145,417,1657,1681]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Appendicular skeleton</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F121FF90FF60B1B744B1FD8F" blockId="14.[145,761,1697,1903]" lastBlockId="15.[163,779,197,526]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FF60B1B74763F934" box="[145,277,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Forelimbs:</emphasis>
A small proximal fragment of a left coracoid of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FEE5B1D647C3F957" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[276,437,1728,1749]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FEE5B1D647C3F957" box="[276,437,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is preserved with
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF121FF91FD7CB1D646ABF976" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">ETMNH-12491</collectionCode>
. The maximum width is
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF121FF91FDE4B1C94407F976" box="[533,625,1759,1780]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="9.1">9.1 mm</quantity>
across the articular surfaces near the glenoid fossa. The proximal end has three articular surfaces. The articulation with the scapula and acromial process is a ‘half-circle’ with an inflated ridge running through its middle, while the portion of the glenoid fossa from the coracoid is sub-triangular. This morphology agrees with that in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FC7AB614427CFE95" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[907,1034,258,279]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FC7AB614427CFE95" box="[907,1034,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A relatively well preserved, but incomplete, right humerus is preserved with
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF121FF91FAD7B6344506FED4" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">ETMNH-20544</collectionCode>
. The proximal and distal portions are preserved, while the middle portion of the shaft is not. Proximally, the medial tuberosity is significantly larger and more prominent than the lateral tuberosity. The humeral head is oval, similar to modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FB46B6AC434CFE4D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1207,1338,442,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FB46B6AC434CFE4D" box="[1207,1338,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There is a marked ridge lateral (external) to the humeral head. While this protuberance is also present in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FC7DB500427BFDA9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[908,1037,534,555]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FC7DB500427BFDA9" box="[908,1037,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is less conspicuous, with the ridge creating an obvious groove between the lateral protuberance and the humeral head in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FB1AB54243FDFDEB" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1259,1419,596,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FB1AB542428BFDEB" box="[1259,1277,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FAFBB54243FDFDEB" box="[1290,1419,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Distally the humerus in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FBA4B5654289FD05" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1109,1279,626,648]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FBA4B5654211FD0A" box="[1109,1127,627,648]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FB86B5644289FD05" box="[1143,1279,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has similar morphology to that in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FB61B5874378FD24" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1168,1294,657,678]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FB61B5874378FD24" box="[1168,1294,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There is a recognizable groove for the ulnar nerve leading to a small but conspicuous foramen on the lateral surface near the distal end. While this feature is also seen in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FC72B41A4588FCA3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[899,1022,780,801]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FC72B41A4588FCA3" box="[899,1022,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the groove leading to the foramen is more prominent in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FBF5B43D42D5FCBD" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1028,1187,810,832]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FBF5B43D4260FCC2" box="[1028,1046,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FBD3B43C42D5FCBD" box="[1058,1187,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Humeral fragments preserved with
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF121FF91FC2CB45F423DFCDD" box="[989,1099,841,863]" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">ETMNH-</collectionCode>
3561 and -12491, along with a highly fragmentary left humerus with
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF121FF91FAD3B47E4503FC1E" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">ETMNH-20544</collectionCode>
, agree with those features listed above. A complete right radius is preserved with
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF121FF91FB18B4B34320FC39" box="[1257,1366,933,955]" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">ETMNH-</collectionCode>
3559. It has a maximum length of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF121FF91FB98B4D542ADFC5B" box="[1129,1243,963,985]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.353" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="13.53">13.53 mm</quantity>
, with diameters of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF121FF91FCB4B4F445DCFC7A" box="[837,938,994,1016]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.37" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="2.37">2.37 mm</quantity>
at its proximal end,
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF121FF91FB6FB4F44375FC7A" box="[1182,1283,994,1016]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.47" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="3.47">3.47 mm</quantity>
at its distal end and
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF121FF91FC7BB317459AFB94" box="[906,1004,1025,1046]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="1.34">1.34 mm</quantity>
at mid shaft. The proximal surface is flattened and semi-circular. Its medial edge is flattened at the proximal surface, and there is a depression on the medial surface near the proximal end. The distal end is twisted compared to the proximal end, with the ‘oval’ shape significantly wider transversely at the proximal end. The shaft flares out near both the proximal and distal ends. The lateral edge projects farther distally than the medial edge. There is also a slight depression on the shaft near the distal end on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces which, while also present in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FCD8B24445D0FAE5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[809,934,1362,1383]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FCD8B24445D0FAE5" box="[809,934,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is inconspicuous in the latter, while more prominent in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF121FF91FC2BB26742FBFA04" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[986,1165,1393,1414]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FC2BB267459AFA04" box="[986,1004,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF121FF91FC0EB26742FBFA04" box="[1023,1165,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Two indeterminate carpals are preserved with
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF121FF91FB83B2994295FA27" box="[1138,1251,1423,1445]" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">ETMNH-</collectionCode>
3559. They are both small elements that are rounded and relatively flattened proximodistally. Little else can be said of them or their morphology. Three manual phalanges are also preserved with
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF121FF91FBB3B11C42C6F9A2" box="[1090,1200,1546,1568]" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">ETMNH-</collectionCode>
3559, which adhere to the general phalangeal morphology of emydids and most other turtles.
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF121FF91FBF5B1514219F9DF" box="[1028,1135,1607,1629]" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">ETMNH-</collectionCode>
3559 also preserves three manual unguals, although only one is complete. This ungual is small, with a length of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF121FF91FB60B1934292F918" box="[1169,1252,1669,1691]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="5.3">5.3 mm</quantity>
and a proximal diameter of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF121FF91FC41B1B54270F93B" box="[944,1030,1699,1721]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
. It possesses lateral grooves, which are relatively prominent, particularly proximally, with some tuberosity around the edges of the proximal surface. A single ungual was collected with
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF121FF91FAD4B0164506F8B6" pageId="14" pageNumber="163">ETMNH-20544</collectionCode>
, although it is uncertain whether it represents a manual or pedal ungual. The small claw has a length of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF121FF91FCB2B04D45EEF8F3" box="[835,920,1883,1905]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 mm</quantity>
and a proximal diameter of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF121FF91FB24B04A435AF8F3" box="[1237,1324,1884,1905]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="14" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
. There is also some tuberosity around the edges of the proximal surface. While little work has been done with emydid claws, illustrations provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F120FF90FDD6B614449AFE9A" author="Jasinski SE" box="[551,748,258,280]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
of a fossil emydid (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FE9EB637441AFEB4" baseAuthorityName="Jasinski" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[367,620,289,310]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haugrudi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FE9EB637441AFEB4" box="[367,620,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Trachemys haugrudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) hinted that the lateral grooves are more pronounced in manual unguals. The lateral grooves on the current ungual are small, but deep and pronounced, suggesting this represents a manual ungual. Other forelimb material, including the scapula, ulna and metacarpals, are currently unknown, although they are presumed to be similar to those elements in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FDB5B6EE44C9FD8F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[580,703,504,525]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FDB5B6EE44C9FD8F" box="[580,703,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F120FF90FF52B5204765F9FC" blockId="15.[163,780,566,1662]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FF52B5204753FDC9" box="[163,293,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Hindlimbs:</emphasis>
Small pelvic fragments of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FD98B521457CFDC9" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[617,778,566,588]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FD98B521457CFDC9" box="[617,778,566,588]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are present in
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF120FF90FEB6B54347C4FDE9" box="[327,434,597,619]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">ETMNH-</collectionCode>
20544. The proximal portion of a right ischium is preserved. The proximal end has a maximum length of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF120FF90FE8AB58547B9FD2A" box="[379,463,659,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.48" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" unit="cm" value="9.48">9.48 cm</quantity>
across the articular surfaces. Theboneisgracile, particularlyjustdistaltothearticular surfaces and strongly agrees with the morphology in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FF0EB5F8470FFC81" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[255,377,750,771]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FF0EB5F8470FFC81" box="[255,377,750,771]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A small fragment of a left femur is preserved with
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF120FF90FEA0B41B47CBFCA1" box="[337,445,781,803]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">ETMNH-</collectionCode>
3559. It represents part of the proximal end and, while incomplete, does provide some clues as to its overall morphology. Both tuberosities on the proximal end would have been relatively small, similar to those in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FE25B49E4438FC1F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[468,590,904,925]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FE25B49E4438FC1F" box="[468,590,904,925]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A portion of the femoral head is preserved and suggests it would be largely offset. It would have extended significantly from the femoral shaft, probably more so than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FF52B314476BFB95" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[163,285,1026,1047]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FF52B314476BFB95" box="[163,285,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally, while incomplete, the femoral head is inferred to have been relatively small as well. A complete right fibula is preserved with
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF120FF90FDACB35644BFFBD7" box="[605,713,1088,1109]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">ETMNH-</collectionCode>
12491 with a maximum proximodistal length of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF120FF90FD6DB3484571FBF6" box="[668,775,1118,1140]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.21" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="22.1">22.1 mm</quantity>
. It is a thin, gracile element similar to that of modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FF52B38A4768FB33" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[163,286,1180,1201]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FF52B38A4768FB33" box="[163,286,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with widths of
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF120FF90FE27B38A445DFB33" box="[470,555,1180,1201]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
at its proximal end and
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF120FF90FF25B3AC475EFB52" box="[212,296,1210,1232]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
at its distal end. Proximally, the element is nearly round, thin and inconspicuous, before it begins to flare out towards the distal end. Distally, the surface is sub-oval. There is a subdued ridge that runs laterally along its length before reaching the distal surface, where it becomes more pronounced. A single, isolated phalanx is preserved with
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF120FF90FE27B2644432FA05" box="[470,580,1394,1415]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">ETMNH-</collectionCode>
11744. While it is not known whether this comes from the manus or pes, it generally agrees morphologically with phalanges of other
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FF1BB2D8471CFA61" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[234,362,1486,1507]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FF1BB2D8471CFA61" box="[234,362,1486,1507]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and other emydids. As mentioned above, while an ungual is known, it is currently inferred to be a manual ungual due to prominent lateral grooves. Other pelvic and hindlimb material, including the ilium, pubis, tibia, metatarsals and tarsals, are currently unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E6503F120FF8EFEBEB1AC4736FF78" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F120FF90FEBEB1AC4428F950" blockId="15.[335,606,1722,1747]" box="[335,606,1722,1747]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F120FF90FE30B1A84428F950" baselines="1741" box="[449,606,1726,1746]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="comparisons" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">COMPARISONS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F120FF90FF52B1F44363FB32" blockId="15.[163,778,1762,1907]" lastBlockId="15.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FF52B1F447F0F97A" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[163,390,1762,1784]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FF52B1F447F0F97A" box="[163,390,1762,1784]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Trachemys antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<typeStatus id="548F882AF120FF90FE64B1F4478AF97A" box="[405,508,1762,1784]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">holotype</typeStatus>
=
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FDECB1F54490F97A" box="[541,742,1763,1784]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">YPM (PU) 13839</emphasis>
] is based on a nearly complete plastron and carapace fragments from the Middle Chadron Formation (Middle Chadronian NALMA) in Pennington County,
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF120FF90FF52B04B4734F8F1" box="[163,322,1885,1907]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3237618F120FF90FEBFB04B47F5F8F0" box="[334,387,1885,1906]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F120FF90FE62B04B446EF8F0" author="Clark J" box="[403,536,1885,1907]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" pagination="261 - 350" refId="ref22961" refString="Clark J. 1937. The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Chadron Formation in the Big Badlands of South Dakota. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 25: 261 - 350." type="journal article" year="1937">Clark, 1937</bibRefCitation>
). It was re-evaluated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F120FF90FCAEB7D34258FF59" author="Hutchison JH" box="[863,1070,197,219]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" pagination="337 - 353" refId="ref24734" refString="Hutchison JH. 1996. Chapter 16. Testudines. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, eds. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. New York: Columbia University Press, 337 - 353." type="book chapter" year="1996">Hutchison (1996)</bibRefCitation>
, who referred it to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FAEDB7D343EAFF58" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1308,1436,197,218]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FAEDB7D343EAFF58" box="[1308,1436,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F120FF90FC5DB7F2420DFF7B" author="Joyce WG &amp; Parham JF &amp; Lyson TR &amp; Warnock RCM &amp; Donoghue PCJ" box="[940,1147,228,249]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" pagination="612 - 634" refId="ref26094" refString="Joyce WG, Parham JF, Lyson TR, Warnock RCM, Donoghue PCJ. 2013. A divergence dating analysis of turtles using fossil calibrations: an example of best practices. Journal of Paleontology 87: 612 - 634." type="journal article" year="2013">
Joyce
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FC03B7F2425DFF7B" box="[1010,1067,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
questioned its placement in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FCADB61445ABFE95" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[860,989,258,279]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FCADB61445ABFE95" box="[860,989,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F120FF90FBD0B61442A5FE9A" author="Vlachos E" box="[1057,1235,258,280]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" pagination="3 - 94" refId="ref30104" refString="Vlachos E. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59: 3 - 94." type="journal article" year="2018">Vlachos (2018)</bibRefCitation>
agreed with this more recent assessment. While
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F120FF90FB32B63443D5FEB4" author="Joyce WG &amp; Parham JF &amp; Lyson TR &amp; Warnock RCM &amp; Donoghue PCJ" box="[1219,1443,289,311]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" pagination="612 - 634" refId="ref26094" refString="Joyce WG, Parham JF, Lyson TR, Warnock RCM, Donoghue PCJ. 2013. A divergence dating analysis of turtles using fossil calibrations: an example of best practices. Journal of Paleontology 87: 612 - 634." type="journal article" year="2013">
Joyce
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FAFEB634433BFEB4" box="[1295,1357,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
identified the species as in ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB54B656435DFED7" authority="Vlachos (2018)" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1189,1323,320,341]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB54B656435DFED7" box="[1189,1323,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F120FF90FAB3B65645F1FEF6" author="Vlachos E" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" pagination="3 - 94" refId="ref30104" refString="Vlachos E. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59: 3 - 94." type="journal article" year="2018">Vlachos (2018)</bibRefCitation>
identified it as in ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB71B6484372FEF1" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1152,1284,350,371]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB71B6484372FEF1" box="[1152,1284,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Trachemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’. Regardless of which, if any, of these ambivalent referrals is correct, it will remain in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB9FB68A4299FE33" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1134,1263,412,433]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB9FB68A4299FE33" box="[1134,1263,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the present study until further information is known about its phylogenetic and generic placement.
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FAEDB6CF45B7FD8F" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FAEDB6CF45B7FD8F" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FBAFB6EE42ADFD8F" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1118,1243,504,525]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FBAFB6EE4206FD8F" box="[1118,1136,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB8EB6EE42ADFD8F" box="[1151,1243,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in several ways, most dealing with the plastron as the carapacial fragments provide few useful characteristics. The gular region of the anterior plastron of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FAF0B54243D5FDEB" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1281,1443,596,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FAF0B5424365FDEB" box="[1281,1299,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FAD0B54243D5FDEB" box="[1313,1443,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
projects anteriorly, particularly at the gular-humeral sulcus, while this region in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB68B587436DFD25" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1177,1307,657,679]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB68B58742DDFD24" box="[1177,1195,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB4DB584436DFD25" box="[1212,1307,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
maintains a gentle curvature of the anterior plastral lobe. The lateral edges of the pectoral-abdominal sulci are not as strongly curved as in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FBAEB5FB42AAFC81" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1119,1244,749,771]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FBAEB5FB4207FC80" box="[1119,1137,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB71B5F842AAFC81" box="[1152,1244,750,771]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The abdominal-femoral sulci are concave, while in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB16B41A4313FCA3" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1255,1381,780,801]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB16B41A428FFCA3" box="[1255,1273,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FAF9B41A4313FCA3" box="[1288,1381,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they are straight to roughly flat. The entoplastron is well-rounded, particularly posteriorly, in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB2DB45F430BFCDC" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1244,1405,841,862]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB2DB45F4298FCDC" box="[1244,1262,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB0AB45F430BFCDC" box="[1275,1405,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs. straighter to angled in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FBBFB47E42BFFCFF" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1102,1225,872,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
C.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB9FB47E42BFFCFF" box="[1134,1225,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FAD5B47E43D4FCFF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1316,1442,872,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FAD5B47E43D4FCFF" box="[1316,1442,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit a reduced anal notch in the posterior plastral lobe, it is even further reduced in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB35B4B34313FC38" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1220,1381,933,954]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB35B4B342A0FC38" box="[1220,1238,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB12B4B34313FC38" box="[1251,1381,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in other species, including in relation to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FAEEB4D243EAFC5B" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1311,1436,964,985]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FAEEB4D24347FC5B" box="[1311,1329,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FAB1B4D243EAFC5B" box="[1344,1436,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While the bridge peripherals in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB36B4F54304FC75" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1223,1394,994,1016]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB36B4F542AFFC7A" box="[1223,1241,995,1016]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB18B4F44304FC75" box="[1257,1394,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are laterally thin, and oriented mainly dorsoventrally, those of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FC6DB3364263FBB7" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[924,1045,1056,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FC6DB33645D8FBB7" box="[924,942,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FC4AB3364263FBB7" box="[955,1045,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flare laterally more, making them more visible when viewed dorsally (and ventrally) in the latter. The posterior carapace of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB20B34B4306FBF0" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1233,1392,1117,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB20B34B4295FBF0" box="[1233,1251,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB1EB34B4306FBF0" box="[1263,1392,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also flares laterally at the level of peripheral 7, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FA7AB36A45E2FB32" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FA7AB36A43EBFB13" box="[1419,1437,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FCCAB38D45E2FB32" box="[827,916,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not exhibit posterior flaring.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F120FF8FFCA2B3AF47EDFE52" blockId="15.[827,1444,197,1905]" lastBlockId="16.[145,762,197,1905]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FCA2B3AF4268FB4D" authorityName="Weems &amp; George" authorityYear="2013" box="[851,1054,1209,1231]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isoni">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FCA2B3AF4268FB4D" box="[851,1054,1209,1231]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys isoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="548F882AF120FF90FBC0B3AF42EDFB4D" box="[1073,1179,1209,1231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">holotype</typeStatus>
=
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB4EB3AF4316FB4C" box="[1215,1376,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">CMM-V-4664</emphasis>
) was identified from an incomplete nuchal from the Upper Fairhaven Member (Fairhaven Bed C, Late Early Hemingfordian) of the Calvert Formation at the boundary of King William and New Kent counties,
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF120FF90FCCAB24445D4FAEA" box="[827,930,1362,1384]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Virginia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3237618F120FF90FC40B244459FFAE5" box="[945,1001,1362,1383]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F120FF90FC0CB245436AFAE5" author="Weems RE &amp; George RA" box="[1021,1308,1362,1384]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" pagination="570 - 588" refId="ref30374" refString="Weems RE, George RA. 2013. Amphibians and nonmarine turtles from the Miocene Calvert Formation of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (USA). Journal of Paleontology 87: 570 - 588." type="journal article" year="2013">Weems &amp; George, 2013</bibRefCitation>
). The type nuchal was referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FBA2B26742A5FA04" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1107,1235,1393,1414]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FBA2B26742A5FA04" box="[1107,1235,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on several features, including aspects of its anterior and lateral borders, and the cervical scute (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F120FF90FB3BB2B94505FA60" author="Weems RE &amp; George RA" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" pagination="570 - 588" refId="ref30374" refString="Weems RE, George RA. 2013. Amphibians and nonmarine turtles from the Miocene Calvert Formation of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (USA). Journal of Paleontology 87: 570 - 588." type="journal article" year="2013">Weems &amp; George, 2013</bibRefCitation>
). While
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F120FF90FC23B2DB420BFA60" author="Vlachos E" box="[978,1149,1485,1507]" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" pagination="3 - 94" refId="ref30104" refString="Vlachos E. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59: 3 - 94." type="journal article" year="2018">Vlachos (2018)</bibRefCitation>
considered this species a nomen dubium, features of the nuchal are still unique, allowing for a diagnosis of the species. A key feature of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FCA6B13F45DBF9BD" authorityName="Weems &amp; George" authorityYear="2013" box="[855,941,1577,1599]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isoni">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FCA6B13F451FF9BC" box="[855,873,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FC87B13C45DBF9BD" box="[886,941,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">isoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an elongate underlap of its cervical scute in relation to its overlap, suggesting a longer cervical scute underlap than other known deirochelyines. This relationship in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FBDBB19342BAF918" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1066,1228,1669,1690]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FBDBB193424AF918" box="[1066,1084,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FBB8B19342BAF918" box="[1097,1228,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more similar to modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FC67B1B2459DF93B" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[918,1003,1700,1721]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FC67B1B245DEF93B" box="[918,936,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FC42B1B2459DF93B" box="[947,1003,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FBD1B1B543F1F93B" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" box="[1056,1415,1699,1721]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticularia">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FBD1B1B54356F93A" box="[1056,1312,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">Deirochelys reticularia</emphasis>
Latreille
</taxonomicName>
in Sonnini &amp; Latrielle, 1801 than to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB45B1D5437EF95A" authorityName="Weems &amp; George" authorityYear="2013" box="[1204,1288,1731,1752]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isoni">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB45B1D542B0F95A" box="[1204,1222,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB20B1D5437EF95A" box="[1233,1288,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">isoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally, the posterior width of the overlap of the cervical scute is shorter (compared to its length) in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB0DB01643D5F896" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1276,1443,1791,1813]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB0DB0164378F897" box="[1276,1294,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FAECB1E943D5F896" box="[1309,1443,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than either
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FC3BB0094252F8B6" authorityName="Weems &amp; George" authorityYear="2013" box="[970,1060,1823,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isoni">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FC3BB00945AAF8B6" box="[970,988,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FC1AB0094252F8B6" box="[1003,1060,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">isoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FBBCB00942DEF8B6" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1101,1192,1823,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FBBCB0094229F8B6" box="[1101,1119,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB9FB00942DEF8B6" box="[1134,1192,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lateral edges of the anterolateral projections of the nuchal that would lie under marginals
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF120FF90FBC7B04A4213F8F3" box="[1078,1125,1883,1905]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF120FF90FB9FB04A436EF8F2" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1134,1304,1883,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB9FB04A42F6F8F3" box="[1134,1152,1884,1905]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF120FF90FB61B04D436EF8F2" box="[1168,1304,1883,1904]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="164">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are angled posterolaterally, making the anterior-most portion of the nuchal in the middle of these anterolateral projections or horns, while there is no posterolateral-angling in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFEE5B6374718FEB5" authorityName="Weems &amp; George" authorityYear="2013" box="[276,366,289,311]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isoni">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFEE5B6374750FEB4" box="[276,294,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFEC4B6344718FEB5" box="[309,366,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">isoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, making the anterior-most point at the lateral edges of these anterolateral projections in the latter. This latter characteristic is also seen in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFF1EB66B473EFE11" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[239,328,381,403]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF1EB66B4777FE10" box="[239,257,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFEFEB668473EFE11" box="[271,328,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other deirochelyines. Finally, the nuchal is more gracile in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFE58B68A4431FE33" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[425,583,412,433]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE58B68A47CDFE33" box="[425,443,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE37B68A4431FE33" box="[454,583,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but definitively more robust in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFECEB6AD47E2FE52" authorityName="Weems &amp; George" authorityYear="2013" box="[319,404,443,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isoni">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFECEB6AD4727FE52" box="[319,337,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFEACB6AD47E2FE52" box="[349,404,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">isoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13FFF8FFF58B6CF47DDFA46" blockId="16.[145,762,197,1905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFF58B6CF47F1FE6C" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[169,391,473,494]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF58B6CF47F1FE6C" box="[169,391,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<typeStatus id="548F882AF13FFF8FFE66B6CF4477FE6D" box="[407,513,473,495]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">holotype</typeStatus>
=
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFDD3B6CC4486FE6C" box="[546,752,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">YPM (PU) 10853</emphasis>
] is based on an incomplete carapace and plastron from the ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFEF5B5014739FDAE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[260,335,535,556]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFEF5B5014739FDAE" box="[260,335,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Equus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
beds of … Nebraska’ (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFD91B50144A3FDAE" author="Hay OP" box="[608,725,535,556]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" refId="ref24361" refString="Hay OP. 1908. The fossil turtles of North America. Publication No. 75. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington." type="book" year="1908">Hay, 1908</bibRefCitation>
: p. 345) making it Pleistocene in age.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFDB3B523448FFDC8" author="Vlachos E" box="[578,761,565,587]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="3 - 94" refId="ref30104" refString="Vlachos E. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59: 3 - 94." type="journal article" year="2018">Vlachos (2018)</bibRefCitation>
recently determined the species was valid, but its placement within
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFE9FB5644786FD05" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[366,496,626,647]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE9FB5644786FD05" box="[366,496,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was less certain, and identified is as ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFEAAB5874796FD24" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[347,480,657,678]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFEAAB5874796FD24" box="[347,480,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFE00B5874435FD24" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[497,579,657,678]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE00B5874435FD24" box="[497,579,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Until further details on its phylogenetic or generic placement are determined, the species is retained in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFD85B5D8448EFD61" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[628,760,718,739]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD85B5D8448EFD61" box="[628,760,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
here.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFF26B5FB47DAFC81" author="Hutchison JH" box="[215,428,749,771]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="337 - 353" refId="ref24734" refString="Hutchison JH. 1996. Chapter 16. Testudines. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, eds. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. New York: Columbia University Press, 337 - 353." type="book chapter" year="1996">Hutchison (1996)</bibRefCitation>
determined
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFDBCB5FB44B4FC80" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[589,706,749,771]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFDBCB5FB4429FC80" box="[589,607,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD81B5FB44B4FC80" box="[624,706,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFF60B41A477BFCA3" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[145,269,780,801]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF60B41A46D5FCA3" box="[145,163,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF40B41A477BFCA3" box="[177,269,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were similar, with only a few differences from the overlapping material. One of these features was the presence of three suprapygals in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFD73B45F4484FCDC" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[642,754,841,863]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD73B45F44E2FCDC" box="[642,660,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD52B45F4484FCDC" box="[675,754,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, rather than two in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFE70B47E4475FCFF" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[385,515,872,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE70B47E47E5FCFF" box="[385,403,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE55B47E4475FCFF" box="[420,515,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFDBAB47E448FFCFF" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[587,761,872,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFDBAB47E442BFCFF" box="[587,605,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD9FB47E448FFCFF" box="[622,761,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
agrees with the latter in this regard. The posterior-most suprapygal is also distinct in the two taxa, being sub-hexagonal in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFE54B4D2443FFC5B" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[421,585,964,985]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE54B4D247C1FC5B" box="[421,439,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE32B4D2443FFC5B" box="[451,585,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a concave anterior border, and while it is also sub-hexagonal in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFF60B3174776FB94" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[145,256,1025,1046]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF60B31746D5FB94" box="[145,163,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF40B3174776FB94" box="[177,256,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the anterior border is markedly convex in the latter. The neural series bones are more squat in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFF5CB3294726FBD1" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[173,336,1086,1108]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF5CB32946C9FBD6" box="[173,191,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF3BB3284726FBD1" box="[202,336,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, tending to be shorter, whereas those in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFF47B34B4746FBF0" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[182,304,1117,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF47B34B46BEFBF0" box="[182,200,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF2AB34B4746FBF0" box="[219,304,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are elongate. The point of contact between vertebral 1-pleural 1-marginal 1 lies on peripherals
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF13FFF8FFED1B38C473BFB32" box="[288,333,1178,1200]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFEA4B38D47B2FB2D" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[341,452,1178,1200]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFEA4B38D4711FB32" box="[341,359,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE84B38C47B2FB2D" box="[373,452,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the nuchal in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFD87B38D4484FB32" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[630,754,1179,1200]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD87B38D44FEFB32" box="[630,648,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD67B38D4484FB32" box="[662,754,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and on the nuchal just medial to the nuchalperipheral 1 suture in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFE50B3CE4431FB6F" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[417,583,1240,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE50B3CE47C5FB6F" box="[417,435,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE30B3CE4431FB6F" box="[449,583,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The nuchal of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFF60B3E14689FA89" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[145,255,1270,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF60B3E146D5FA8E" box="[145,163,1271,1292]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF41B3E04689FA89" box="[176,255,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also almost equally divided (lengthwise) between the lateral points of contact of nuchal-peripheral 1-costal 1, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFDB4B222448EFACB" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[581,760,1332,1353]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFDB4B2224421FACB" box="[581,599,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD98B222448EFACB" box="[617,760,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the anterior portion is noticeably longer than the posterior portion. The type specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFD75B267448FFA04" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[644,761,1393,1414]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD75B26744E0FA04" box="[644,662,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD56B267448FFA04" box="[679,761,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in poor condition, making determining other characteristics difficult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13FFF8FFF58B2DB45A4FD0A" blockId="16.[145,762,197,1905]" lastBlockId="16.[809,1426,197,1905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">
The anterior carapacial morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFD2EB2DB4763F983" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD2EB2DB4763F983" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinct from other
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFDEAB2FA44EFF983" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[539,665,1516,1537]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFDEAB2FA44EFF983" box="[539,665,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13FFF8FFD58B2FA449CF983" box="[681,746,1516,1538]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[166,245,1491,1513]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-22@9.[163,1449,195,1462]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Chrysemys carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace in dorsal view: A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH–12491); B, C. corniculata sp. nov. paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I, C. picta anterior carapace morphology: E, female C. picta nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male C. picta nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male C. picta anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male C. picta anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female C. picta anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924789/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). However, anterior projections of the shell, particularly of marginals 1, have been mentioned in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFD10B13F46BCF9DF" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD10B13F46BCF9DF" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, particularly in a population of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFDCDB15E47C2F9FE" authority="Agassiz, 1857" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="picta" subSpecies="marginata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFDCDB15E477BF9FE" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys picta marginata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFEE5B17047C2F9FE" author="Agassiz L" box="[276,436,1638,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="233 - 452" refId="ref22019" refString="Agassiz L. 1857. Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America, first monograph. Vol. 1, part 2: North American Testudinata. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 233 - 452." type="book chapter" year="1857">Agassiz, 1857</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFE11B1704484F9F9" author="Moldowan PD &amp; Brooks RJ &amp; Litzgus JD" box="[480,754,1638,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="269 - 278" refId="ref27097" refString="Moldowan PD, Brooks RJ, Litzgus JD. 2020 a. Demographics of injuries indicate sexual coercion in a population of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 269 - 278." type="journal article" year="2020">
Moldowan
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFD90B17144EDF9F9" box="[609,667,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
(2020a
</bibRefCitation>
, b). While these projections are present exterior to where the nuchal horns would be, those in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFF60B1D44762F955" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[145,276,1730,1751]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFF60B1D44762F955" box="[145,276,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are soft-tissue features present on the scutes (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13FFF8FFF1DB1F74734F974" box="[236,322,1761,1783]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[166,245,1491,1513]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-22@9.[163,1449,195,1462]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Chrysemys carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace in dorsal view: A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH–12491); B, C. corniculata sp. nov. paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I, C. picta anterior carapace morphology: E, female C. picta nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male C. picta nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male C. picta anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male C. picta anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female C. picta anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924789/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
) and are far less conspicuous on the nuchal (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13FFF8FFF00B1E94745F897" box="[241,307,1791,1813]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[166,245,1491,1513]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-22@9.[163,1449,195,1462]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Chrysemys carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace in dorsal view: A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH–12491); B, C. corniculata sp. nov. paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I, C. picta anterior carapace morphology: E, female C. picta nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male C. picta nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male C. picta anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male C. picta anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female C. picta anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924789/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
E-F). The nuchal horns are present on all specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFEACB0094471F8B1" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[349,519,1822,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFEACB0094719F8B6" box="[349,367,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFE8EB0084471F8B1" box="[383,519,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although some are larger and project farther (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13FFF8FFE13B02B4450F8D0" box="[482,550,1853,1875]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[166,245,1491,1513]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-22@9.[163,1449,195,1462]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Chrysemys carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace in dorsal view: A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH–12491); B, C. corniculata sp. nov. paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I, C. picta anterior carapace morphology: E, female C. picta nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male C. picta nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male C. picta anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male C. picta anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female C. picta anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924789/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C-D) than others (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13FFF8FFF6BB04D46ADF8F3" box="[154,219,1883,1905]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[166,245,1491,1513]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-22@9.[163,1449,195,1462]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Chrysemys carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace in dorsal view: A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH–12491); B, C. corniculata sp. nov. paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I, C. picta anterior carapace morphology: E, female C. picta nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male C. picta nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male C. picta anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male C. picta anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female C. picta anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924789/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A-B). Therefore, this feature may be sexually dimorphic with larger nuchal horns present in males. The more extreme anterior projections of marginals 1 were noted in the males of
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB53B61542C2FE9A" box="[1186,1204,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB37B61542A2FE9A" box="[1222,1236,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">p</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB16B615431CFE9A" box="[1255,1386,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">marginata</emphasis>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFCD8B6374248FEB4" author="Moldowan PD &amp; Brooks RJ &amp; Litzgus JD" box="[809,1086,289,311]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="269 - 278" refId="ref27097" refString="Moldowan PD, Brooks RJ, Litzgus JD. 2020 a. Demographics of injuries indicate sexual coercion in a population of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 269 - 278." type="journal article" year="2020">
Moldowan
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC5AB6344590FEB4" box="[939,998,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
(2020a
</bibRefCitation>
, b). However, this feature is not pronounced osteologically (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13FFF8FFB59B6294282FED7" box="[1192,1268,319,341]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,223,1420,1442]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-204@6.[145,1425,195,1390]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Chrysemys picta (ETVP 9683) shell, male. A, carapace in dorsal view. B, plastron in ventral view. C, carapace in anterior view. Anterior of the shell is to the top of the page for A and B. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924783/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Figs 4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13FFF8FFAF5B6564367FED7" box="[1284,1297,320,341]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[166,245,1491,1513]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-22@9.[163,1449,195,1462]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Chrysemys carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace in dorsal view: A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH–12491); B, C. corniculata sp. nov. paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I, C. picta anterior carapace morphology: E, female C. picta nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male C. picta nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male C. picta anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male C. picta anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female C. picta anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924789/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">7</figureCitation>
E-G). This ‘weaponized anterior shell’, as termed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFAE9B64845C8FE11" author="Moldowan PD &amp; Brooks RJ &amp; Litzgus JD" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="142" refId="ref27136" refString="Moldowan PD, Brooks RJ, Litzgus JD. 2020 b. Sex, shells, and weaponry: coercive reproductive tactics in the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta. BehaVioral Ecology and Sociobiology 74: 142." type="journal article" year="2020">
Moldowan
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFCD8B66B4514FE10" box="[809,866,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
(2020b)
</bibRefCitation>
, specifically refers to the scutes and soft tissue of the shell and is an extreme exaggeration of the underlying osteology. This would have probably been present in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFC13B6CF42F2FE6C" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[994,1156,473,494]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC13B6CF4582FE6C" box="[994,1012,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFBF3B6CF42F2FE6C" box="[1026,1156,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but to a more extreme degree as the marginals 1 region of the nuchal is more pronounced than in modern
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFB8AB500428CFDA9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1147,1274,534,555]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB8AB500428CFDA9" box="[1147,1274,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Regardless, osteologically
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFC29B52342F3FDC8" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[984,1157,565,586]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC29B523459CFDC8" box="[984,1002,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC0AB52342F3FDC8" box="[1019,1157,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be differentiated from other
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFC43B5454245FDEA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[946,1075,595,616]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC43B5454245FDEA" box="[946,1075,595,616]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on this region, among other features.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13FFF8FFCB0B58742B6FBD6" blockId="16.[809,1426,197,1905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">
Two other species previously referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFAE4B58743E7FD24" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1301,1425,657,678]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFAE4B58743E7FD24" box="[1301,1425,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely do not belong to the genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFB55B5B943E6FD46" baseAuthorityName="Rose &amp; Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1188,1424,687,708]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeilliamsi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB55B5B943E6FD46" box="[1188,1424,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys aeilliamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="548F882AF13FFF8FFCC1B5D845E2FD66" box="[816,916,718,740]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">holotype</typeStatus>
=
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC42B5D94250FD61" box="[947,1062,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF13FFF8FFC42B5D945AEFD66" box="[947,984,719,740]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">UF</collectionCode>
11561
</emphasis>
) is based on a nearly complete carapace and plastron from the Early Hemphillian McGehee Farm locality in Alachua County,
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF13FFF8FFAC5B41D43FAFCA3" box="[1332,1420,779,801]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Florida</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3237618F13FFF8FFCD8B43D4515FCBD" box="[809,867,810,832]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFC8AB43D42EEFCC2" author="Rose FL &amp; Weaver W Jr." box="[891,1176,810,832]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="41 - 48" refId="ref27853" refString="Rose FL, Weaver W Jr. 1966. Two new species of Chrysemys (= Pseudemys) from the Florida Pliocene. Tulane Studies in Geology 5: 41 - 48." type="journal article" year="1966">Rose &amp; Weaver, 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Although it was named
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFC75B45F42F2FCDC" baseAuthorityName="Rose &amp; Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[900,1156,841,862]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeilliamsi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC75B45F42F2FCDC" box="[900,1156,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys aeilliamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it was later referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFCB8B47145BAFCFE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[841,972,871,892]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFCB8B47145BAFCFE" box="[841,972,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(considered a subgenus at the time), making the original referral
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFB7AB490437BFC19" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1163,1293,902,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB7AB490437BFC19" box="[1163,1293,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFCD8B4B345DEFC38" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[809,936,933,954]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFCD8B4B345DEFC38" box="[809,936,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFC48B4B34251FC38" baseAuthorityName="Rose &amp; Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[953,1063,933,954]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeilliamsi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC48B4B34251FC38" box="[953,1063,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">aeilliamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFBA3B4B34353FC38" author="Auffenberg W" box="[1106,1317,933,955]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref22155" refString="Auffenberg W. 1972. Fossil turtles. Florida State Museum, The Plaster Jacket 16: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1972">Auffenberg (1972)</bibRefCitation>
(see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFCD8B4D545BBFC5A" author="Hulbert RC Jr." box="[809,973,963,985]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" refId="ref24668" refString="Hulbert RC Jr. 2001. The fossil Vertebrates of Florida. Gainesville: University Press." type="book" year="2001">Hulbert, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). This referral was upheld by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFAC4B4D54503FC75" author="Vlachos E" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="3 - 94" refId="ref30104" refString="Vlachos E. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59: 3 - 94." type="journal article" year="2018">Vlachos (2018)</bibRefCitation>
. The generic placement of this species was further called into question by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFB66B3174321FB94" author="Jasinski SE" box="[1175,1367,1025,1047]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
, and the current study finds its placement in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFB01B309431DFBB6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1264,1387,1055,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB01B309431DFBB6" box="[1264,1387,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFCD8B32845D0FBD1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[809,934,1086,1107]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFCD8B32845D0FBD1" box="[809,934,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) improbable (see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13FFF8EFCB0B34B4736FF78" blockId="16.[809,1426,197,1905]" lastBlockId="17.[163,779,197,250]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFCB0B34B4274FBF0" baseAuthorityName="Rose &amp; Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[833,1026,1117,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFCB0B34B4274FBF0" box="[833,1026,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="548F882AF13FFF8FFBE0B34B4200FBF1" box="[1041,1142,1117,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">holotype</typeStatus>
=
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB67B34B428DFBF0" box="[1174,1275,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">
<collectionCode id="ED25AE4DF13FFF8FFB67B34B42CDFBF0" box="[1174,1211,1117,1138]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">UF</collectionCode>
9427
</emphasis>
) was named based on a nearly complete carapace and plastron from the Early Hemphillian McGehee Farm locality in Alachua County,
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF13FFF8FFBEFB3AF420FFB4D" box="[1054,1145,1209,1231]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Florida</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3237618F13FFF8FFB79B3AF42C9FB4C" box="[1160,1215,1209,1230]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFB23B3AF4517FB6F" author="Rose FL &amp; Weaver W Jr." pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="41 - 48" refId="ref27853" refString="Rose FL, Weaver W Jr. 1966. Two new species of Chrysemys (= Pseudemys) from the Florida Pliocene. Tulane Studies in Geology 5: 41 - 48." type="journal article" year="1966">Rose &amp; Weaver, 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Like ‘
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC4BB3CE45BAFB6F" box="[954,972,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.’
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFC10B3C14226FB6E" baseAuthorityName="Rose &amp; Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[993,1104,1239,1260]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeilliamsi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC10B3C14226FB6E" box="[993,1104,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">aeilliamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
above, it was also referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFCB6B3E045B0FA89" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[839,966,1270,1291]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFCB6B3E045B0FA89" box="[839,966,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(considered a subgenus at the time) by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFCD8B2034588FAA8" author="Auffenberg W" box="[809,1022,1301,1323]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref22155" refString="Auffenberg W. 1972. Fossil turtles. Florida State Museum, The Plaster Jacket 16: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1972">Auffenberg (1972)</bibRefCitation>
(see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFB82B2034361FAA8" author="Hulbert RC Jr." box="[1139,1303,1301,1323]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" refId="ref24668" refString="Hulbert RC Jr. 2001. The fossil Vertebrates of Florida. Gainesville: University Press." type="book" year="2001">Hulbert, 2001</bibRefCitation>
), and this generic placement was upheld by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFB22B22543FCFACA" author="Vlachos E" box="[1235,1418,1331,1353]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="3 - 94" refId="ref30104" refString="Vlachos E. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59: 3 - 94." type="journal article" year="2018">Vlachos (2018)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFCD8B2444597FAEA" author="Jackson DR" box="[809,993,1362,1384]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="655 - 659" refId="ref24827" refString="Jackson DR. 1976. The status of the Pliocene turtles Pseudemys caelata Hay and Chrysemys carri Rose and Weaver. Copeia 1976: 655 - 659." type="journal article" year="1976">Jackson (1976)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFB95B24442B4FAEA" baseAuthorityName="Rose &amp; Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1124,1218,1362,1384]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB95B2444200FAE5" box="[1124,1142,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB76B24542B4FAEA" box="[1159,1218,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and determined it was synonymous with
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFB97B2674517FA26" authority="Hay, 1908" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caelata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB97B2674326FA04" box="[1126,1360,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Pseudemys caelata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFAAAB2674517FA26" author="Hay OP" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" refId="ref24361" refString="Hay OP. 1908. The fossil turtles of North America. Publication No. 75. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington." type="book" year="1908">Hay, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This allowed him to refer the latter species to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFCD8B2B845DFFA41" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[809,937,1454,1475]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFCD8B2B845DFFA41" box="[809,937,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFC22B2B842C7FA41" baseAuthorityName="Hay" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[979,1201,1454,1475]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caelata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC22B2B842C7FA41" box="[979,1201,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys caelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFB0CB2B8432EFA46" baseAuthorityName="Rose &amp; Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1277,1368,1454,1476]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB0CB2B84379FA41" box="[1277,1295,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFAEEB2B9432EFA46" box="[1311,1368,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFC19B2DB42D2FA60" author="Jasinski SE" box="[1000,1188,1485,1507]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
suggested
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFAD3B2DB43E7FA60" baseAuthorityName="Hay" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1314,1425,1485,1506]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caelata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFAD3B2DB4344FA60" box="[1314,1330,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFACEB2DB43E7FA60" box="[1343,1425,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">caelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was probably referable to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFBAAB2FD4296F982" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1115,1248,1515,1536]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFBAAB2FD4296F982" box="[1115,1248,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which implies both would be representative of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFB35B11C4327F99D" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1220,1361,1546,1567]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB35B11C4327F99D" box="[1220,1361,1546,1567]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The current study finds a similar phylogenetic position, suggesting a similar generic placement as potentially
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFCD8B17045DBF9F9" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[809,941,1638,1659]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFCD8B17045DBF9F9" box="[809,941,1638,1659]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Further complicating matters is the fact that a fossil species of turtle was named
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFAFDB1934266F93A" authority="Jackson, 1978" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1978" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFAFDB1934514F93B" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Deirochelys carri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFC9AB1B54266F93A" author="Jackson DR" box="[875,1040,1699,1721]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="35 - 55" refId="ref24855" refString="Jackson DR. 1978. Evolution and fossil record of the chicken turtle Deirochelys, with a re-evaluation of the genus. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany 20: 35 - 55." type="journal article" year="1978">Jackson, 1978</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, although its generic placement has been recently questioned by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13FFF8FFB3EB1D443FFF955" author="Vlachos E" box="[1231,1417,1730,1752]" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" pagination="3 - 94" refId="ref30104" refString="Vlachos E. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59: 3 - 94." type="journal article" year="2018">Vlachos (2018)</bibRefCitation>
. Therefore, a potential referral of ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFB34B1F74331F974" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1221,1351,1761,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB34B1F74331F974" box="[1221,1351,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFAA7B1F743E6F974" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1978" box="[1366,1424,1761,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFAA7B1F743E6F974" box="[1366,1424,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFCBAB1E945AEF896" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[843,984,1791,1812]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFCBAB1E945AEF896" box="[843,984,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would further complicate matters. A reassessment of the generic placement of both ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFCDFB02A45DCF8D3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[814,938,1852,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFCDFB02A45DCF8D3" box="[814,938,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFC46B02B4599F8D0" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1978" box="[951,1007,1853,1874]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC46B02B4599F8D0" box="[951,1007,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFBDCB02A42DDF8D3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[1069,1195,1852,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFBDCB02A42DDF8D3" box="[1069,1195,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFB46B02A437FF8D3" baseAuthorityName="Hay" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1207,1289,1852,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caelata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFB46B02A437FF8D3" box="[1207,1289,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">caelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, along with that of ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFC7BB04D4262F8F2" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[906,1044,1883,1904]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFC7BB04D4262F8F2" box="[906,1044,1883,1904]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13FFF8FFBD2B04A4228F8F3" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1978" box="[1059,1118,1884,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="165" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13FFF8FFBD2B04A4228F8F3" box="[1059,1118,1884,1905]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="165">carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, will be undertaken in a future review of fossil emydids and their evolutionary relationships.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E6503F13EFF8DFED7B62047B3F8D9" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13EFF8EFED7B62044F1FECD" blockId="17.[294,647,310,335]" box="[294,647,310,335]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
<heading id="D0C381E4F13EFF8EFED7B62044F1FECD" allCaps="true" box="[294,647,310,335]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" reason="1">PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13EFF8EFF52B64844F4F9BC" blockId="17.[163,780,350,1906]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFF52B64847C5FEF1" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[163,435,350,371]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFF52B64847C5FEF1" box="[163,435,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was integrated into a list of currently accepted extant deirochelyine taxa, along with several other suspected deirochelyine fossil representatives, to investigate its phylogenetic relationships. The analysis was based on the morphological character set of
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, which was in turn was based on characters from numerous other earlier character sets and sources [see
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and references therein]. Additionally, three new characters were added to the dataset to help reflect some of the intergeneric morphological variation among
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFE7BB5A64463FD47" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[394,533,688,709]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFE7BB5A64463FD47" box="[394,533,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These characters (characters 244–246) focus on variation in plastral formula, and measurements for these are taken along the sagittal midline along the sagittal sulci (or seams). Juveniles were excluded from the dataset to avoid ontogenetic variation of characters. Variation is an important aspect to be taken into account when investigating biodiversity and taxonomy in fossil organisms (e.g.
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in the dataset by considering degrees of polymorphism in the character set. This was also accounted for with the scoring of the new operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the current dataset, including
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFE29B13F440CF9BC" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[472,634,1577,1598]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFE29B13F479CF9BC" box="[472,490,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFE06B13F440CF9BC" box="[503,634,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13EFF8EFF4AB15E4218FD0A" blockId="17.[163,780,350,1906]" lastBlockId="17.[827,1444,197,1415]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
Utilizing the larger dataset developed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13EFF8EFF52B1704718F9F9" author="Jasinski SE" box="[163,366,1638,1660]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
allows for the interrelationships of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFF30B1934734F918" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[193,322,1669,1690]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFF30B1934734F918" box="[193,322,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in addition to those specifically of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFD02B1934758F93B" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFD02B1934758F93B" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to be investigated. To better focus on these relationships, all four modern taxa or OTUs of
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFF33B1F74732F974" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[194,324,1761,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFF33B1F74732F974" box="[194,324,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were included in the dataset, rather than only
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFED4B016457FF897" authority="Schneider, 1783" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[293,777,1792,1814]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="picta" subSpecies="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFED4B016444CF897" box="[293,570,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys picta picta</emphasis>
Schneider, 1783
</taxonomicName>
that had been included by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13EFF8EFE1DB00844C2F8B1" author="Jasinski SE" box="[492,692,1822,1844]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
. Fossil species previously referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFDC9B02B44B7F8D0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[568,705,1853,1874]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFDC9B02B44B7F8D0" box="[568,705,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were also included in the current analysis, including ‘
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFD1DB04A4488F8F3" box="[748,766,1884,1905]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">C</emphasis>
.’
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFCCAB7D04503FF59" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1978" box="[827,885,198,219]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFCCAB7D04503FF59" box="[827,885,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFC75B7D34583FF58" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[900,1013,197,218]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFC75B7D345E0FF58" box="[900,918,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFC54B7D34583FF58" box="[933,1013,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and ‘
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFBC9B7D3423CFF58" box="[1080,1098,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">C</emphasis>
.’
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFBAEB7D342A6FF58" baseAuthorityName="Rose &amp; Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1119,1232,197,218]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeilliamsi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFBAEB7D342A6FF58" box="[1119,1232,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">aeilliamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFB2EB7D343D4FF59" authorityName="Weems &amp; George" authorityYear="2013" box="[1247,1442,197,219]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isoni">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFB2EB7D343D4FF59" box="[1247,1442,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys isoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not included in the phylogenetic analysis due to the fragmentary nature of its fossil material, as it acted as a wildcard taxon. Phylogenetic analyses were run with molecular constraints on the genera of modern OTUs. Constraints were based on the recent intergeneric relationships recovered by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13EFF8EFADEB66B45D0FE33" author="Spinks PQ &amp; Thomson RC &amp; McCartney-Melstad E &amp; Shaffer HB" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" pagination="85 - 97" refId="ref28659" refString="Spinks PQ, Thomson RC, McCartney-Melstad E, Shaffer HB. 2016. Phylogeny and temporal diversification of the New World pond turtles (Emydidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and EVolution 103: 85 - 97." type="journal article" year="2016">
Spinks
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFA7FB668452CFE32" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">et al.</emphasis>
(2016
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5), namely
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFB9CB68D4281FE32" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1133,1271,411,432]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFB9CB68D4281FE32" box="[1133,1271,411,432]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFAD1B68D43D4FE32" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1312,1442,411,432]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFAD1B68D43D4FE32" box="[1312,1442,411,432]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFC90B6AC4598FE4D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[865,1006,442,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFC90B6AC4598FE4D" box="[865,1006,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ ((
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFBDCB6AD42CEFE52" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1069,1208,443,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFBDCB6AD42CEFE52" box="[1069,1208,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Graptemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFB12B6AC430AFE4D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1251,1404,442,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Malaclemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFB12B6AC430AFE4D" box="[1251,1404,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Malaclemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) +
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFCCAB6CF45C1FE6C" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[827,951,473,494]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFCCAB6CF45C1FE6C" box="[827,951,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Trachemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
))). Species were not constrained. This was done to constrain relationships between genera, allow morphological data to determine the interspecific relationships within genera, and to determine the generic placement and phylogenetic relationships of the included fossil species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13EFF8EFCA2B58745E3FA05" blockId="17.[827,1444,197,1415]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
Maximum parsimony analyses were run using TNT v.1.5 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13EFF8EFC39B5B94364FD47" author="Goloboff PA &amp; Catalano SA" box="[968,1298,687,709]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" pagination="221 - 238" refId="ref24015" refString="Goloboff PA, Catalano SA. 2016. TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32: 221 - 238." type="journal article" year="2016">Goloboff &amp; Catalano, 2016</bibRefCitation>
). A total of 36 taxa were analysed, including 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa).
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFC08B5FB43D4FC80" authority="(Schneider, 1792)" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[1017,1442,749,771]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Clemmys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFC08B5FB42B1FC80" box="[1017,1223,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Clemmys guttata</emphasis>
(Schneider, 1792)
</taxonomicName>
was used as the outgroup as it has been found to be a basal member of the sister subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFAD3B43C43EBFCC2" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[1314,1437,810,832]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Emydinae">Emydinae</taxonomicName>
, particularly with morphological data (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13EFF8EFAB2B45F458AFCFF" author="Gaffney ES &amp; Meylan PA" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" pagination="157 - 219" refId="ref23889" refString="Gaffney ES, Meylan PA. 1988. A phylogeny of turtles. In: Benton MJ, ed. The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Vol. 1: amphibians, reptiles, birds. The Systematics Association Special Vol. 35 A. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 157 - 219." type="book chapter" year="1988">Gaffney &amp; Meylan, 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13EFF8EFBFCB4714343FCFF" author="Stephens PR &amp; Wiens JJ" box="[1037,1333,871,893]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" pagination="577 - 610" refId="ref28751" refString="Stephens PR, Wiens JJ. 2003. Ecological diversification and phylogeny of emydid turtles. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 577 - 610." type="journal article" year="2003">Stephens &amp; Wiens, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). A total of 246 characters were scored, with 96 cranial (39% of total), 23 post-cranial (9%), 82 directly from the osteology of the shell (33%) and 45 from the scutes of the shell (19%). All characters were left unweighted, a branch-and-bound search was used with minimum branch lengths set to collapse. This resulted in 25 most parsimonious trees with a consistency index (CI) of 0.413, a retention index (RI) of 0.515, and a tree length of 881 steps. Both the strict consensus (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13EFF8EFCB2B38C45F0FB2D" box="[835,902,1178,1200]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[146,225,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,198,1336]" captionTargetId="figure-156@18.[142,1428,195,1339]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Strict consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the strict consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon.Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924791/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) and 50% majority rule consensus trees (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13EFF8EFA87B38C453FFB4C" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[163,241,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[162,1443,198,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-174@19.[159,1446,195,1331]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Fifty percent majority rule consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the 50% majority rule consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon. Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and the bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924793/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) are reported. The 50% majority rule consensus tree resulted in more resolution in some areas of the tree (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFC59B3E042F5FA8E" box="[936,1155,1270,1292]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFC59B3E04250FA89" box="[936,1062,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Graptemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFB7EB3E04319FA8E" box="[1167,1391,1270,1292]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFB7EB3E04362FA89" box="[1167,1300,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Deirochelys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFCCAB203426DFAA9" box="[827,1051,1301,1323]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFCCAB20345CDFAA8" box="[827,955,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
). Hypotheses of the phylogenetic relationships are discussed based on findings in the present study and comparing these with previous studies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13EFF8EFBE6B2CC42B1FA70" blockId="17.[1047,1223,1498,1522]" box="[1047,1223,1498,1522]" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
<heading id="D0C381E4F13EFF8EFBE6B2CC42B1FA70" allCaps="true" box="[1047,1223,1498,1522]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" reason="1">DISCUSSION</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13EFF8DFCCAB11F47B3F8D9" blockId="17.[827,1443,1545,1904]" lastBlockId="18.[145,762,1646,1883]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFCCAB11F423DF99C" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[827,1099,1545,1566]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFCCAB11F423DF99C" box="[827,1099,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is identified as a member of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFC48B13E424CF9BF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[953,1082,1576,1597]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFC48B13E424CF9BF" box="[953,1082,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by several features discussed above in the diagnosis, including; a low domed shell, an absent or very weak anal notch, absence of notching between posterior peripherals and marginals, absence of a dorsal keel, vertebral 1 with relatively slight nuchal overlap, and presence of anterolateral flaring/projections of the nuchal. This resulted in
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFBECB1E842D1F891" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1053,1191,1790,1811]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFBECB1E842D1F891" box="[1053,1191,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and its presumed relationships, as the focus of the analysis. In addition to
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13EFF8EFC35B02A426BF8D3" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[964,1053,1852,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13EFF8EFC35B02A426BF8D3" box="[964,1053,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="166">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, several modern members of the other deirochelyine genera are included, along with several presumed fossil members of the subfamily. This was done in a similar way to
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13DFF8DFDDFB19B4484F920" author="Jasinski SE" box="[558,754,1677,1699]" pageId="18" pageNumber="167" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
, and the relationships of several taxa from their study are re-evaluated.
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13DFF8DFE54B1DC4408F962" box="[421,638,1738,1760]" pageId="18" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13DFF8DFE54B1DC4455F95D" box="[421,547,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="167">Chrysemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, and other deirochelyine taxa, are analysed, or re-analysed, and their evolutionary relationships are reassessed, in particular in regard to their generic placement and species interrelationships.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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