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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-197-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1" ModsDocID="1314-2003-197-1" checkinTime="1653390746137" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hoste, Ivan &amp; Verloove, Filip" docDate="2022" docId="A05B47D05D8859C1976F26981D785BBA" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 197: 1-31" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 197" docPubDate="2022-05-23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499" docTitle="Echinochloa muricata var. wiegandii (Fassett) Mohlenbr., Ill. Fl. Illinois (ed. 2) 396. 2001." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of the weed species of the genus Echinochloa (Poaceae, Paniceae) in Southwestern Europe: Exploring the confused current state of affairs" masterLastPageNumber="31" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1653390746137" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Taxonomy of the weed species of the genus Echinochloa (Poaceae, Paniceae) in Southwestern Europe: Exploring the confused current state of affairs</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hoste, Ivan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0603-7587</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, B- 1860 Meise, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ivan.hoste@plantentuinmeise.be</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Verloove, Filip</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4144-2422</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, B- 1860 Meise, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-05-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>197</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>31</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-197-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A05B47D05D8859C1976F26981D785BBA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A05B47D05D8859C1976F26981D785BBA" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="A05B47D0-5D88-59C1-976F-26981D785BBA" authority="var. wiegandii (Fassett) Mohlenbr., Ill. Fl. Illinois (ed. 2) 396. 2001." authorityName="var. wiegandii (Fassett) Mohlenbr., Ill. Fl. Illinois (ed. 2) 396. 2001." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="muricata">Echinochloa muricata var. wiegandii (Fassett) Mohlenbr., Ill. Fl. Illinois (ed. 2) 396. 2001.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="basionym">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Basionym.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa pungens subsp. var. var. wiegandii" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pungens" subSpecies="var." variety="wiegandii">Echinochloa pungens (Poir.) Rydb. var. wiegandii</taxonomicName>
Fassett, Rhodora 51(601): 2. 1949.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1974-09-08" collectorName="J. C. Nelson" country="USA" location="Hayden Island" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Oregon" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Oregon">Oregon</collectingRegion>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A05B47D05D8859C1976F26981D785BBA:70CD4B923C77DFD6B2E721D6C3CD6785" country="USA" name="Hayden Island" stateProvince="Oregon">Hayden Island</location>
, sandy roadside,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>J.C. Nelson</collectorName>
</emphasis>
<collectingDate value="1974-09-08">1974, 8 Sep</collectingDate>
1915 (
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
GH). Image available at https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/specimen_search.php?mode=details&amp;id=126740
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Remarks on
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is native to North America. Its status as separate from
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was inadvertently introduced there long ago from Europe, was contested by
<bibRefCitation author="Hitchcock, AS" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States National Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="133 - 153" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13782page/191/mode/1up" refId="B30" refString="Hitchcock, AS, 1920. The North American species of Echinochloa. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 22: 133 - 153, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13782page/191/mode/1up" title="The North American species of Echinochloa." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13782page/191/mode/1up" volume="22" year="1920">Hitchcock (1920</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Hitchcock, AS" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States National Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B31" refString="Hitchcock, AS, 1935. Manual of the grasses of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1-1040. [U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 200.]" title="Manual of the grasses of the United States. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1 - 1040. [U. S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 200.]" year="1935">1935</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65332" author="Hitchcock, AS" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States National Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B32" refString="Hitchcock, AS, 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States. Second edition, revised by A. Chase. USDA, Washington, 1-1051. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65332" title="Manual of the grasses of the United States. Second edition, revised by A. Chase. USDA, Washington, 1 - 1051." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65332" year="1950">1950</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Hitchcock, AS" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States National Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="133 - 153" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13782page/191/mode/1up" refId="B30" refString="Hitchcock, AS, 1920. The North American species of Echinochloa. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 22: 133 - 153, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13782page/191/mode/1up" title="The North American species of Echinochloa." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13782page/191/mode/1up" volume="22" year="1920">Hitchcock (1920)</bibRefCitation>
rejected the separate status stating that he was unable to distinguish the two species based on the distinguishing features given by
<bibRefCitation author="Fernald, ML" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 107" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/567584page/109/mode/1up" refId="B23" refString="Fernald, ML, 1915. Michaux's Panicum muricatum. Rhodora 17: 105 - 107, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/567584page/109/mode/1up" title="Michaux's Panicum muricatum." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/567584page/109/mode/1up" volume="17" year="1915">Fernald (1915)</bibRefCitation>
. However, further studies by
<bibRefCitation author="Wiegand, KM" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="49 - 65" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14493page/56/mode/1up" refId="B81" refString="Wiegand, KM, 1921. The genus Echinochloa in North America. Rhodora 23: 49 - 65, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14493page/56/mode/1up" title="The genus Echinochloa in North America." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14493page/56/mode/1up" volume="23" year="1921">Wiegand (1921)</bibRefCitation>
and especially by
<bibRefCitation author="Fassett, NC" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 3" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/618023page/4/mode/1up" refId="B22" refString="Fassett, NC, 1949. Some notes on Echinochloa. Rhodora 51: 1 - 3, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/618023page/4/mode/1up" title="Some notes on Echinochloa." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/618023page/4/mode/1up" volume="51" year="1949">Fassett (1949)</bibRefCitation>
confirmed the separate status of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2423880" author="Gould, FW" journalOrPublisher="American Midland Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="36 - 59" refId="B26" refString="Gould, FW, Ali, MA, Fairbrothers, DE, 1972. A revision of Echinochloa in the United States. American Midland Naturalist 87 (1): 36 - 59, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2423880" title="A revision of Echinochloa in the United States." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2423880" volume="87" year="1972">Gould et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
). Probably, largely due to
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hitchcock’s">Hitchcock's</normalizedToken>
influential publications, a significant share of American authors have for decades combined native and introduced taxa under
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in floras and weed-control publications (
<bibRefCitation author="Maun, MA" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="739 - 759" publicationUrl="https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/pdf/10.4141/cjps86-093" refId="B49" refString="Maun, MA, Barrett, SCH, 1986. The biology of Canadian weeds. 77. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66 (3): 739 - 759, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-093" title="The biology of Canadian weeds. 77. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv." url="https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/pdf/10.4141/cjps86-093" volume="66" year="1986">Maun and Barrett 1986</bibRefCitation>
). In the 21st century, some researchers still refer to New World
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- not to be confused with
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
introduced in North America from Europe - rather than using the name
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2008.00303.x" author="Aoki, D" journalOrPublisher="Weed Biology and Management" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="233 - 242" refId="B2" refString="Aoki, D, Yamaguchi, H, 2008. Genetic relationship between Echinochloa crus-galli and Echinochloa oryzicola accessions inferred from internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast DNA sequences. Weed Biology and Management 8 (4): 233 - 242, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2008.00303.x" title="Genetic relationship between Echinochloa crus-galli and Echinochloa oryzicola accessions inferred from internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast DNA sequences." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2008.00303.x" volume="8" year="2008">Aoki and Yamaguchi 2008</bibRefCitation>
). By now, however, molecular research has confirmed
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a separate species, clearly distinct from
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12192" author="Claerhout, S" journalOrPublisher="Weed Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="137 - 148" refId="B13" refString="Claerhout, S, Dewaele, K, De Riek, J, Reheul, D, De Cauwer, B, 2016. Morphological and genetic variability of local Echinochloa accessions and the link with herbicide sensitivity. Weed Research 56 (2): 137 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12192" title="Morphological and genetic variability of local Echinochloa accessions and the link with herbicide sensitivity." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12192" volume="56" year="2016">Claerhout et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Mascanzoni, E" journalOrPublisher="19 (3). Real Jardin Botanico, CSIC, Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://paduaresearch.cab.unipd.it/11446/1/Elisa_Mascanzoni_Tesi.pdf" refId="B48" refString="Mascanzoni, E, 2018. Epidemiology of herbicide resistance evolution in rice weeds and variability in Echinochloa spp. PhD Thesis, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Italy. http://paduaresearch.cab.unipd.it/11446/1/Elisa_Mascanzoni_Tesi.pdf" title="Epidemiology of herbicide resistance evolution in rice weeds and variability in Echinochloa spp. PhD Thesis, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Italy." url="http://paduaresearch.cab.unipd.it/11446/1/Elisa_Mascanzoni_Tesi.pdf" year="2018">Mascanzoni 2018</bibRefCitation>
). This should put an end to the confusion that goes back to the days of Linnaeus, as it has been demonstrated that the type specimen of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in fact belongs to
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.454.4.2" author="Crespo, MB" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="244 - 254" refId="B17" refString="Crespo, MB, Angeles Alonso, M, Martinez-Azorin, M, Saez, L, 2020a. Miscellaneous notes on nomenclature and taxonomy of some Old World names in tribe Paniceae (Panicoideae, Poaceae). Phytotaxa 454 (4): 244 - 254, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.454.4.2" title="Miscellaneous notes on nomenclature and taxonomy of some Old World names in tribe Paniceae (Panicoideae, Poaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.454.4.2" volume="454" year="2020 a">Crespo et al. 2020a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a highly variable species, though less so than
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This, combined with its resemblance to
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has added to the difficulty for agronomists and botanists on both sides of the Atlantic to detect and correctly name its introduced populations. Early records of introduced
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from France revealed morphologically very uniform populations (as
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. pungens" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pungens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. pungens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[Poir.] Rydb. var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa pungens var. microstachya" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pungens" variety="microstachya">Echinochloa pungens microstachya</taxonomicName>
[Wiegand] Fernald &amp; Griscom;
<bibRefCitation author="Deschatres, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue Scientifique du Bourbonnais" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="4 - 17" refId="B19" refString="Deschatres, R, Dutartre, G, Misserry, X, 1974. Notes floristiques (XIV). Revue Scientifique du Bourbonnais 1974: 4 - 17" title="Notes floristiques (XIV)." volume="1974" year="1974">Deschatres et al. 1974</bibRefCitation>
). This resulted in identification keys that made it harder to correctly identify clearly deviating forms of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that had established in maize fields in Belgium (
<bibRefCitation author="Hoste, I" journalOrPublisher="Belgian Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="163 - 174" publicationUrl="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" refId="B34" refString="Hoste, I, 2004. The naturalisation history of Echinochloa muricata in Belgium. With notes on its identity and morphological variation. Belgian Journal of Botany 137 (2): 163 - 174, http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" title="The naturalisation history of Echinochloa muricata in Belgium. With notes on its identity and morphological variation." url="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" volume="137" year="2004">Hoste 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The European populations of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit only part of the variation found in the natural range of the species. So far, three morphologically distinct varieties have been recorded from Belgium and France.
<taxonomicName authority="var. muricata" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata subsp. var. var. muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="muricata" subSpecies="var." variety="muricata">Echinochloa muricata var. muricata</taxonomicName>
, with larger spikelets, seems to occur only as an ephemeral alien (
<bibRefCitation author="Hoste, I" journalOrPublisher="Belgian Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="163 - 174" publicationUrl="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" refId="B34" refString="Hoste, I, 2004. The naturalisation history of Echinochloa muricata in Belgium. With notes on its identity and morphological variation. Belgian Journal of Botany 137 (2): 163 - 174, http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" title="The naturalisation history of Echinochloa muricata in Belgium. With notes on its identity and morphological variation." url="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" volume="137" year="2004">Hoste 2004</bibRefCitation>
). References to this variety in France require confirmation as they are probably based on misidentifications (
<bibRefCitation author="Jauzein, P" journalOrPublisher="Le Monde des Plantes" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B38" refString="Jauzein, P, 1995. Flore des champs cultives. INRA, Paris / SOPRA, Velizy-Villacoublay, 1-898." title="Flore des champs cultives. INRA, Paris / SOPRA, Velizy-Villacoublay, 1 - 898." year="1995">Jauzein 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Tison, J-M" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B75" refString="Tison, J-M, de Foucault, B, 2014. Flora Gallica. Flore de France. Editions Biotope, Meze, 1-1195." title="Flora Gallica. Flore de France. Editions Biotope, Meze, 1 - 1195." year="2014">Tison and de Foucault 2014</bibRefCitation>
). The specimens with smaller spikelets recorded from Belgium are of two clearly different types, apparently with very few intermediates. The characteristics given in the key are mainly based on observations on European-origin plants. Specimens with unawned spikelets with strongly spreading bristles are assigned to var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="muricata" variety="microstachya">Echinochloa muricata microstachya</taxonomicName>
Wiegand, and those with shortly awned spikelets with more appressed bristles to var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata var. wiegandii" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="muricata" variety="wiegandii">Echinochloa muricata wiegandii</taxonomicName>
(Fassett) Mohlenbr.; see
<bibRefCitation author="Hoste, I" journalOrPublisher="Belgian Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="163 - 174" publicationUrl="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" refId="B34" refString="Hoste, I, 2004. The naturalisation history of Echinochloa muricata in Belgium. With notes on its identity and morphological variation. Belgian Journal of Botany 137 (2): 163 - 174, http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" title="The naturalisation history of Echinochloa muricata in Belgium. With notes on its identity and morphological variation." url="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" volume="137" year="2004">Hoste (2004)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Bomble, FW" journalOrPublisher="Veroeffentlichungen des Bochumer Botanischen Vereins" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="100 - 109" publicationUrl="https://www.botanik-bochum.de/publ/OVBBV8_9_Bomble_Echinochloa_muricata_Gruppe.pdf" refId="B9" refString="Bomble, FW, 2016. Die Gattung Echinochloa in der Umgebung von Aachen. Teil 1: Die Echinochloa muricata -Gruppe. Veroeffentlichungen des Bochumer Botanischen Vereins 8 (9): 100 - 109, https://www.botanik-bochum.de/publ/OVBBV8_9_Bomble_Echinochloa_muricata_Gruppe.pdf" title="Die Gattung Echinochloa in der Umgebung von Aachen. Teil 1: Die Echinochloa muricata - Gruppe." url="https://www.botanik-bochum.de/publ/OVBBV8_9_Bomble_Echinochloa_muricata_Gruppe.pdf" volume="8" year="2016">Bomble (2016)</bibRefCitation>
for illustrations of the inflorescences and spikelets. Genetic research on specimens collected from maize fields in Belgium has resulted in two clusters of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collections (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12192" author="Claerhout, S" journalOrPublisher="Weed Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="137 - 148" refId="B13" refString="Claerhout, S, Dewaele, K, De Riek, J, Reheul, D, De Cauwer, B, 2016. Morphological and genetic variability of local Echinochloa accessions and the link with herbicide sensitivity. Weed Research 56 (2): 137 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12192" title="Morphological and genetic variability of local Echinochloa accessions and the link with herbicide sensitivity." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12192" volume="56" year="2016">Claerhout et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
). From the study of the morphological features of three of these collections, we tentatively conclude that the two clusters C and D identified by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12192" author="Claerhout, S" journalOrPublisher="Weed Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="137 - 148" refId="B13" refString="Claerhout, S, Dewaele, K, De Riek, J, Reheul, D, De Cauwer, B, 2016. Morphological and genetic variability of local Echinochloa accessions and the link with herbicide sensitivity. Weed Research 56 (2): 137 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12192" title="Morphological and genetic variability of local Echinochloa accessions and the link with herbicide sensitivity." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12192" volume="56" year="2016">Claerhout et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
correspond to var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata var. wiegandii" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="muricata" variety="wiegandii">Echinochloa muricata wiegandii</taxonomicName>
and var.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="muricata" variety="microstachya">Echinochloa muricata microstachya</taxonomicName>
, respectively (IH, unpublished data). Nonetheless, more genetic studies are needed to confirm whether the three morphologically distinct varieties are indeed genetically well-defined taxa. Both within and outside North America, forms of
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with smaller spikelets have shown a stronger tendency to spread as weeds outside their natural range (
<bibRefCitation author="Dore, WG" journalOrPublisher="Revue Scientifique du Bourbonnais" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B20" refString="Dore, WG, McNeill, J, 1980. Grasses of Ontario. Canada Department of Agriculture Research Branch, Ottawa, 1-566." title="Grasses of Ontario. Canada Department of Agriculture Research Branch, Ottawa, 1 - 566." year="1980">Dore and McNeill 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Michael, PW" editor="Ni, H" journalOrPublisher="R. China, May 28 - June 2, 2001. Standards Press of China, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="57 - 66" publicationUrl="https://apwss.org/documents/APWSS_2001_PROCEEDINGS.pdf" refId="B52" refString="Michael, PW, 2001. The taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species (barnyard grasses) in the Asian-Pacific region, with a review of pertinent biological studies. In: Ni, H, You, ZG, Eds., The Proceedings of the eighteenth Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Beijing, P. R. China, May 28-June 2, 2001. Standards Press of China, Beijing: 57 - 66, https://apwss.org/documents/APWSS_2001_PROCEEDINGS.pdf" title="The taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species (barnyard grasses) in the Asian-Pacific region, with a review of pertinent biological studies." url="https://apwss.org/documents/APWSS_2001_PROCEEDINGS.pdf" volumeTitle="The Proceedings of the eighteenth Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Beijing, P." year="2001">Michael 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="muricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa muricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species of moist, disturbed sites. It is not an important weed of rice fields (
<bibRefCitation author="Michael, PW" editor="Ni, H" journalOrPublisher="R. China, May 28 - June 2, 2001. Standards Press of China, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="57 - 66" publicationUrl="https://apwss.org/documents/APWSS_2001_PROCEEDINGS.pdf" refId="B52" refString="Michael, PW, 2001. The taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species (barnyard grasses) in the Asian-Pacific region, with a review of pertinent biological studies. In: Ni, H, You, ZG, Eds., The Proceedings of the eighteenth Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Beijing, P. R. China, May 28-June 2, 2001. Standards Press of China, Beijing: 57 - 66, https://apwss.org/documents/APWSS_2001_PROCEEDINGS.pdf" title="The taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species (barnyard grasses) in the Asian-Pacific region, with a review of pertinent biological studies." url="https://apwss.org/documents/APWSS_2001_PROCEEDINGS.pdf" volumeTitle="The Proceedings of the eighteenth Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Beijing, P." year="2001">Michael 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Michael, PW" journalOrPublisher="R. China, May 28 - June 2, 2001. Standards Press of China, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa" refId="B53" refString="Michael, PW, 2003. Echinochloa P. Beauv. In: Barkworth et al. (Eds) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol. 25. Oxford University Press, New York, 390-403. [Digital version: http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa" title="Echinochloa P. Beauv. In: Barkworth et al. (Eds) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol. 25. Oxford University Press, New York, 390 - 403. [Digital version:" url="http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Echinochloa" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
) and in Europe it mainly occurs as a weed in maize fields (
<bibRefCitation author="Hoste, I" journalOrPublisher="Belgian Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="163 - 174" publicationUrl="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" refId="B34" refString="Hoste, I, 2004. The naturalisation history of Echinochloa muricata in Belgium. With notes on its identity and morphological variation. Belgian Journal of Botany 137 (2): 163 - 174, http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" title="The naturalisation history of Echinochloa muricata in Belgium. With notes on its identity and morphological variation." url="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/sites/alienplantsbelgium.be/files/Echinochloa%20muricata%20BJB%202004_0.pdf" volume="137" year="2004">Hoste 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Bomble, FW" journalOrPublisher="Veroeffentlichungen des Bochumer Botanischen Vereins" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="100 - 109" publicationUrl="https://www.botanik-bochum.de/publ/OVBBV8_9_Bomble_Echinochloa_muricata_Gruppe.pdf" refId="B9" refString="Bomble, FW, 2016. Die Gattung Echinochloa in der Umgebung von Aachen. Teil 1: Die Echinochloa muricata -Gruppe. Veroeffentlichungen des Bochumer Botanischen Vereins 8 (9): 100 - 109, https://www.botanik-bochum.de/publ/OVBBV8_9_Bomble_Echinochloa_muricata_Gruppe.pdf" title="Die Gattung Echinochloa in der Umgebung von Aachen. Teil 1: Die Echinochloa muricata - Gruppe." url="https://www.botanik-bochum.de/publ/OVBBV8_9_Bomble_Echinochloa_muricata_Gruppe.pdf" volume="8" year="2016">Bomble 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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