186 lines
19 KiB
XML
186 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="52DFA2D3A8618715F4C7EBC3087141AE" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F50713993DFF860372F306FA33F75F" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ovis nigrimontana Severtzov 1873" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="689" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="689" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EEA68844063421368ED568D57B6B633A">
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<mods:title id="DA16BA57308F2F3B65B25960D6E2B7EF">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CBD00BB28ABF4A187368C106E76CBAF5" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2AD08A6FBC41BC2E916902E772A1F26F">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="EF7F2053798C3311DB8B95D4EA322671" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ACF263FCACE592A1993DA27875618AF1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6E917C34736F4FBF7DB550F9BA463E76">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="3299532FE7409B1F0B52615B7E560E55">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="BBC8CE5CFCAAD7592A77E22E626451B8" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="BA18FBEDCCAFE6E9A0E87379C44B8D14">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="120F0AC49836DAD1A359553931536CA4">
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<mods:placeTerm id="656B9ED09FCC6DAA33F8AD85282CF232">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="63F848EEA5AC0BCE5A47A94ACCCA9A34">
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<mods:title id="D318C33BD58A9688F50E246BBB8A1DCF">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="4F5CA116FC42B7E2DBCC200834D3180C">
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<treatment id="03F50713993DFF860372F306FA33F75F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773069" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659249" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773069" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F50713993DFF860372F306FA33F75F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F50713993DFF860372F306FA33F75F" lastPageNumber="689" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF860372F306FF59F337" box="[100,180,3204,3254]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF860372F306FF59F337" blockId="118.[96,988,3204,3294]" box="[100,180,3204,3254]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993DFF860372F306FF59F337" box="[100,180,3204,3254]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA80993DFF860372F306FF59F337" box="[100,180,3204,3254]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="118.[97,127,3389,3410]" captionTargetBox="[13,2761,12,3632]" captionTargetPageId="117" captionText="On following pages: 199. Kazakhstan Argali (Ovis collium); 200. Marco Polo Argali (Ovis poli); 201. Tibetan Argali (Ovis hodgsoni); 202. Altai Argali (Ovis ammon); 203. Gobi Argali (Ovis darwini); 204. Shansi Argali (Ovis jubata); 205. Snow Sheep (Owvis nivicola); 206. Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis); 207. Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512959/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">197.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF8603D3F306FE1DF337" box="[197,496,3204,3254]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF8603D3F306FE1DF337" blockId="118.[96,988,3204,3294]" box="[197,496,3204,3254]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993DFF8603D3F306FE1DF337" box="[197,496,3204,3254]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993DFF8603D3F306FE1DF337" box="[197,496,3204,3254]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Karatau Argali</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF86013EF306FC66F337" box="[552,907,3204,3254]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF86013EF306FC66F337" blockId="118.[96,988,3204,3294]" box="[552,907,3204,3254]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993DFF86013EF306FC66F337" box="[552,907,3204,3254]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF86013EF306FC66F337" authority="Severtzov, 1873" authorityName="Severtzov" authorityYear="1873" box="[552,907,3204,3254]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrimontana">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86013EF306FC66F337" box="[552,907,3204,3254]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Ovis nigrimontana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF860377F34AFC36F35C" box="[97,987,3272,3293]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF860377F34AFC36F35C" blockId="118.[96,988,3204,3294]" box="[97,987,3272,3293]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993DFF860377F34AFC36F35C" box="[97,987,3272,3293]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF860377F34AFF43F35C" bold="true" box="[97,174,3272,3293]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993DFF8603AEF34AFE69F35C" box="[184,388,3272,3293]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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Mouflon du
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7993DFF860225F34AFEB1F35C" box="[307,348,3272,3293]" country="Togo" name="Kara" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Kara</collectingRegion>
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Tau
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86028CF34AFE19F35C" bold="true" box="[410,500,3272,3293]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993DFF8602E9F34AFD5FF35C" box="[511,690,3272,3293]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Karatau-Wildschaf</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF8601D0F34AFCCCF35C" bold="true" box="[710,801,3272,3293]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993DFF86003FF34AFC8DF35C" box="[809,864,3272,3293]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Argali</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7993DFF86009CF34AFC5FF35C" box="[906,946,3272,3293]" country="Togo" name="Kara" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Kara</collectingRegion>
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Tau
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF8604A9FE96F7E5FED8" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF8604A9FE96F7E5FED8" blockId="118.[1982,2572,276,698]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF8604A9FE96F7B7FEB0" bold="true" box="[1983,2138,276,305]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860B65FE96F7EEFED8" authority="Severtzov, 1873" authorityName="Severtzov" authorityYear="1873" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ouvis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrimontana">Ouvis nigrimontana Severtzov, 1873</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF860B0EFEBEF6A7FE01" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF860B0EFEBEF6A7FE01" blockId="118.[1982,2572,276,698]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC58993DFF860B0EFEBEF6A7FE01" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198464" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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Karatau Province of Syr Darya, on east bank of Syr Darya
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7993DFF860BE9FEE1F6ABFE01" box="[2303,2374,355,384]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">River</collectingRegion>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF8604D6FE04F71BFD12" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF8604D6FE04F71BFD12" blockId="118.[1982,2572,276,698]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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Usually classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860AA3FE04F814FE4E" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
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. DNA sequence data reveal that the Karatau Argali is the most primitive argali and although closely related to Severtzov’s Argali (O. severtzout), both should be considered separate, evolutionarily significant units. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF8604A9FD1FF8C5FD60" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D993DFF8604A9FD1FF8C5FD60" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512749" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512749/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" targetBox="[1365,1959,278,694]" targetPageId="118">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF8604A9FD1FF8C5FD60" blockId="118.[1982,2572,276,698]" lastBlockId="118.[1366,2571,708,2270]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF8604A9FD1FF783FD3B" bold="true" box="[1983,2158,669,698]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Distribution.</emphasis>
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S
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993DFF860BB5FD1FF6ADFD3B" box="[2211,2368,669,698]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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(NW half of Karatau range, W Tianshan Mts).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF86064EFD6AF689FC75" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF86064EFD6AF689FC75" blockId="118.[1366,2571,708,2270]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86064EFD6AF9BCFC88" bold="true" box="[1368,1617,744,777]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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The only measurements, those of a three-year-old ram, are headbody
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993DFF8606B0FC8DF9EDFCB1" box="[1446,1536,783,816]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" unit="cm" value="150.0">150 cm</quantity>
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,tail
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993DFF86055CFC8DF977FCB1" box="[1610,1690,783,816]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993DFF86041DFC8DF8B8FCB1" box="[1803,1877,783,816]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" unit="kg" value="70.0">70 kg</quantity>
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. Horn length 71-5 cm, basal circumference
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993DFF860AB9FC8DF5EFFCB1" box="[2479,2562,783,816]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" unit="cm" value="28.0">28 cm</quantity>
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. The Karatau Argali is the second-smallest argali; only Severtzov’s Argali is smaller. General body color is dark brown, with a paler neck. It has a creamy white, short neck ruff that blends gradually with the body hair. The white belly is set off by a dark flank stripe. The fronts of the forelegs are white, but the fronts of the hindlegs have dark stripes. The distinct white rump patch does not extend beyond the base ofthe tail.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF86064EFC79F635FB61" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF86064EFC79F635FB61" blockId="118.[1366,2571,708,2270]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86064EFC79FA2AFB9D" bold="true" box="[1368,1479,1019,1052]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Karatau Argali mostly inhabit the northern slope of the north-western Karatau Range, which is dissected by deep ravines, among cliffs and scree. They seldom use plateau areas because these are occupied by livestock. They often dwell in deep valleys overgrown by trees and tall shrubs. Their resting sites are in high grass and brush, which is atypical of argali. Seasonal migrations are uncommon, but in particularly snowy winters they move to areas with less snow, or even descend to the plain.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF86064EFB65F763FAAE" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF86064EFB65F763FAAE" blockId="118.[1366,2571,708,2270]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86064EFB65F9B7FA89" bold="true" box="[1368,1626,1255,1288]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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There is no specific information available for this species, but other argali feed on grasses, sedges, and some herbs and lichens.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF86064EFABBF9EEFA72" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF86064EFABBF9EEFA72" blockId="118.[1366,2571,708,2270]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86064EFABBFA33FAD7" bold="true" box="[1368,1502,1337,1366]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Rut takes place in October, some 5-10 days earlier than in Tianshan Argali (O. karelini) inhabiting the south-eastern Karatau Range. Lambs are probably born in April. In the late 1970s, out of 139 argali, there were 45 males (32:4%), 49 females (35:3%) and 45 lambs (32:4%), with a ratio of 92 lambs:100 ewes, indicating high productivity.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF860640FA7CF86BF9C3" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF860640FA7CF86BF9C3" blockId="118.[1366,2571,708,2270]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF860640FA7CF9AFF99A" bold="true" box="[1366,1602,1534,1563]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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There is no specific information available for this species, but likely diurnal or crespucular,like other argali.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF86064EF9CAF8F6F95E" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF86064EF9CAF8F6F95E" blockId="118.[1366,2571,708,2270]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86064EF9CAF7C9F9E8" bold="true" box="[1368,2084,1608,1641]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Karatau Argali are generally sedentary. Population density in autumn is low, having decreased from 3-5 ind/km? in the 1970s to 0-05 ind/km? by the late 1990s. Consequently, group size is small (2-11 animals), with an average of 3-4.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF86064EF964F715F7C0" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF86064EF964F715F7C0" blockId="118.[1366,2571,708,2270]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86064EF964F951F886" bold="true" box="[1368,1724,1766,1799]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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CITES Appendix I (as
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860B0BF964F748F886" box="[2077,2213,1766,1799]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="757" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
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nigrimontana). Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List (under
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860B2CF893F724F8AF" box="[2106,2249,1809,1838]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993DFF860BF0F893F6D4F8AF" box="[2278,2361,1809,1838]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Boselaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Major</taxonomicName>
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threats to the Karatau Argali are illegal hunting and overgrazing by domestic livestock. In the 1970s, numbers totaled 150-250, based on optimistic estimates. In the early 1990s, numbers probably rose to about 300, but the latest census in 2001 revealed 100 animals at most. The Karatau Argali is the most endangered argali and is on the verge of extinction. Hybridization with migrating Tianshan Argali in south-eastern Karatau Mountains is a possibility. Establishment of protected areas that exclude livestock and strict enforcement of game laws are crucial to the survival of the Karatau Argali.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993DFF86064FF7CDFA33F75F" pageId="118" pageNumber="689" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993DFF86064FF7CDFA33F75F" blockId="118.[1366,2571,708,2270]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993DFF86064FF7CDFA1FF7E9" bold="true" box="[1369,1522,2127,2152]" pageId="118" pageNumber="689">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Antipin (1947), Baidavletov (2003), Baskin & Danell (2003), Bunch et al. (2000), Fedosenko (2000), Fedosenko & Blank (2005), Geist (1991a), Grachev (1982, 1986), Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Heptner et al. (1988), Kapitanova et al. (2004), Sopin (1982), Valdez (1982), Weinberg et al. (1997), Wu Chunhua et al. (2003).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |