293 lines
31 KiB
XML
293 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4AAD5B71404CBC3E60A4983B11420295">Evolution and phylogeny of glass-sponge-associated zoantharians, with a description of two new genera and three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9988CF0C13C95745079B7CF40F673781">Kise, Hiroki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="17A8F880EC2BAB671097D641669D7BC9">Montenegro, Javier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="96A20D378F1B4DB9E53D66CD07E44FBE">Santos, Maria E. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="003D39121206E216AF8743CD8089DBAB">Hoeksema, Bert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CA72CF3982EAA889CBE0F9781E16A9E4">Ekins, Merrick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="946EF000622B07BBF44D7481F3492DD0">Ise, Yuji</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6C9523B86D659455A489308E3E0297F0">Higashiji, Takuo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3F826A8C3B3A1573372C2BB9AE3676EE">Fernandez-Silva, Iria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F00D4160282A06073BC91F030DE2A5A1">Reimer, James D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="98471BA21461134686137BD2C9FD061C">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="13059D87FA65772DD0D8F99F3B97A191">
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<mods:date id="87954EBB09F273C492263CC80296E839">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7381D22A7289181475FCAE69DC6789B4">2021-09-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="CD38DFEE4FEB83F417E18B99CB40F0DA" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F3669363E2B8D396434ECFCA0C9D062B">194</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="F14F8714279F1568F8DA256396DF060D">323</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="D729A07234B734D38B28CB09F7B3D281">347</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier id="57802089ED327DE455E372C2FA1947B3" type="CLB-Dataset">2865</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="71827E97BBC1A7BDC3869E2ECEF35723" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab068</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AD1BAFDC8F804513F75A0B8A095B6260" type="GBIF-Dataset">992a1126-487d-4ac6-b5c7-e83590fea7bd</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="931B65A9CB35AC5B7C1646B44AE1BCFF" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5987275EFB373E5F9A339B036E0F9194" type="Zenodo-Dep">5799592</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B5B03F6B55FFF81488FB39A858F8C8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5797573" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191713705" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5797573" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B5B03F6B55FFF81488FB39A858F8C8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B5B03F6B55FFF81488FB39A858F8C8" lastPageNumber="331" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B55FFF81488FB39AFD4FB7F" box="[215,690,1243,1268]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B55FFF81488FB39AFD4FB7F" blockId="8.[215,690,1243,1268]" box="[215,690,1243,1268]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
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<heading id="D0EBB6456B55FFF81488FB39AFD4FB7F" box="[215,690,1243,1268]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF81488FB39AFD4FB7F" ID-CoL="6FWW7" authority="HERTWIG, 1888" authorityName="Hertwig" authorityYear="1888" box="[215,690,1243,1268]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellaris">
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<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81488FB39AC9DFB78" box="[215,507,1244,1267]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">EPIZOANTHUS STELLARIS</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF8165EFB3EAFD4FB7F" author="Hertwig R" box="[513,690,1243,1268]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="39 - 41" refId="ref15483" refString="Hertwig R. 1888. Report on the Actiniaria dredged by H. M. S, ' Challenger' during years 1873 - 1876. Supplement. In: Thomson CW, Murray J, eds. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Zoology 26: 39 - 41." type="journal article" year="1888">HERTWIG, 1888</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B55FFF815CFFAE7AC9FFA90" box="[400,505,1282,1307]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B55FFF815CFFAE7AC9FFA90" blockId="8.[400,505,1282,1307]" box="[400,505,1282,1307]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13271DAC6B55FFF815C6FAE7AC97FA90" box="[409,497,1282,1307]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[145,224,864,886]" captionTargetBox="[149,756,198,823]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[147,758,196,824]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Images of preserved Amphidiscophora spongesassociated zoantharians. A, B, Epizoanthus fatuus collected from Japan; C, Epizoanthus aff. fatuus collected from Australia; D, Epizoanthus stellaris collected from Australia; E, Epizoanthus aff. armatus collected from Japan. Scales: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799600" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799600/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">FIG. 3D</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B55FFF814CEFACEAFD3FA31" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B55FFF814CEFACEAFD3FA31" blockId="8.[145,761,1322,1467]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF814CEFACEAC09FACB" box="[145,367,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Material examined:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B740B746B55FFF81523FACEAFD7FA31" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3421416305" collectingDate="2017-06-03" collectionCode="QM" collectorName="M. Ekins" country="Australia" elevation="1021" latitude="-32.507" location="Hunter" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="52.994" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" specimenCode="G337585" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New South Wales">
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<collectionCode id="ED0D99EC6B55FFF81523FACEACC1FACB" box="[380,423,1323,1344]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="DBBAA9526B55FFF815F1FACFAF71FACB" box="[430,535,1322,1344]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="Museum">G337585</specimenCode>
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.
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||
<location id="8EC357F26B55FFF8167EFACEAF13FACB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B5B03F6B55FFF81488FB39A858F8C8:8EC357F26B55FFF8167EFACEAF13FACB" box="[545,629,1323,1344]" country="Australia" latitude="-32.507" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="52.994" name="Hunter" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" stateProvince="New South Wales">Hunter</location>
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CMR,
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<collectingRegion id="49D8CFCB6B55FFF8169AFACEAC41FAD4" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F30B41B96B55FFF8156BFAACACC1FAD4" box="[308,423,1353,1375]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Australia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE2867EE6B55FFF815EAFAACAF2DFAD5" box="[437,587,1352,1375]" degrees="32" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" precision="1" seconds="44.4" value="-32.479">
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32°28
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||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF815A6FAADAF66FAD4" box="[505,512,1352,1375]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">′</emphasis>
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44.4
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<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF8166DFAADAF5AFAD4" box="[562,572,1352,1375]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">″</emphasis>
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S
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</geoCoordinate>
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–32°30
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<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF816C0FAADAFC0FAD4" box="[671,678,1352,1375]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">′</emphasis>
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25.2
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<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81686FAADAF85FAD4" box="[729,739,1352,1375]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">″</emphasis>
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S,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE2867EE6B55FFF814CEFA8DAC58FAF5" box="[145,318,1383,1406]" degrees="152" direction="east" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" precision="1" seconds="27.6" value="152.991">
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152°59
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<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF814BAFA82AD8AFAF5" box="[229,236,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">′</emphasis>
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27.6
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<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF8157EFA82AC4AFAF5" box="[289,300,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">″</emphasis>
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E
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</geoCoordinate>
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–52°59
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<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF815CCFA82ACFCFAF5" box="[403,410,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">′</emphasis>
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38.4
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<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81590FA82ACBCFAF5" box="[463,474,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">″</emphasis>
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E, depth
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<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B55FFF81612FA8DAF92FAF6" box="[589,756,1384,1406]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.021" metricValueMax="1.036" metricValueMin="1.0059999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" unit="m" value="1021.0" valueMax="1036.0" valueMin="1006.0">
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<elevation id="0031E61A6B55FFF81612FA8DAF92FAF6" box="[589,756,1384,1406]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.021" metricValueMax="1.036" metricValueMin="1.0059999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" unit="m" value="1021.0" valueMax="1036.0" valueMin="1006.0">1006–1036 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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, beam trawl, coll.
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||
<collectorName id="26E964FF6B55FFF81508FA62ACD9FA16" box="[343,447,1415,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">M. Ekins</collectorName>
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on
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||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF815B5FA62AFF9FA17" box="[490,671,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">RV Investigator</emphasis>
|
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, Cruise IN2017_V03,
|
||
<date id="FFA227E96B55FFF81573FA40ACDEFA31" box="[300,440,1445,1467]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" value="2017-06-03">
|
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<collectingDate id="EFE6DE016B55FFF81573FA40ACDEFA31" box="[300,440,1445,1467]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" value="2017-06-03">3 June 2017</collectingDate>
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</date>
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||
, fixed in 99.5% EtOH
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B55FFF814CEFA38A84EFA89" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B55FFF814CEFA38AFB0F8C8" blockId="8.[145,761,1500,1859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF814CEFA38AF4AFA7A" box="[145,556,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Description: External morphology</emphasis>
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||
. Circa 40 nearly saucer-shaped polyps connected by strongly developed dark-brownish coenenchyme on stalks of hexactinellid sponges (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF81558F9DDACA7F9C6" box="[263,449,1592,1613]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Hyalonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81558F9DDACF5F9C6" box="[263,403,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Hyalonema</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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||
) in preserved specimen. Colony covered the upper part of the stalks, but not around the spiculous anchor. Contracted preserved polyps only rise a little from the coenenchyme and flat,
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<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B55FFF81496F956AC35F943" box="[201,339,1715,1736]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.1" valueMin="0.4">0.4–1.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height, 3.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B55FFF81656F957AF07F943" box="[521,609,1714,1736]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. Capitulary ridges present and well pronounced when contracted, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B55FFF8159FF915AF44F88D" box="[448,546,1776,1798]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.064" metricValueMax="4.572" metricValueMin="3.556" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" unit="in" value="16.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="14.0">14–18 in</quantity>
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number. Ectoderm and mesoglea of polyps and coenenchyme heavily encrusted with numerous sand and silica particles.
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA301296B55FFF81776FD3FA9E3FC6E" blockId="8.[809,1425,730,998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
|
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<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81776FD3FA97FFD64" box="[809,1049,730,751]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Internal morphology</emphasis>
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. Zooxanthellae absent. Number of mesenteries 28–36, in macrocnemic arrangement. Mesogleal thickness
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81060FCFCA934FCA5" box="[1087,1106,793,814]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B55FFF81000FCFDA99AFCA6" box="[1119,1276,792,813]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" unit="mm" value="0.2" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Numerous and various size of pigment cells in the ectoderm and mesoglea. Mesoglea thicker than ectoderm and endoderm in column, actinopharynx and mesenteries. Reticulate mesogleal musculature short and poorly developed. Siphonoglyph distinct and V-shaped. Mesenterial filaments present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA301296B55FFF81776FBF0A84EFA89" blockId="8.[809,1425,1045,1282]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81776FBF0A93CFBA1" box="[809,1114,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Habitat and distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Tasman Sea at depths of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B55FFF81776FBD1AEA1FBC2" box="[809,967,1076,1098]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.021" metricValueMax="1.036" metricValueMin="1.0059999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" unit="m" value="1021.0" valueMax="1036.0" valueMin="1006.0">1006–1036 m</quantity>
|
||
in this study. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A7BF8B6B55FFF810F5FBD1A9BBFBC2" box="[1194,1245,1076,1097]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of this species is off Samboangan [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D8CFCB6B55FFF81015FBB7A9A8FBE3" box="[1098,1230,1106,1128]" country="Philippines" name="Zamboanga" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Zamboanga</collectingRegion>
|
||
City],
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30B41B96B55FFF8114EFBB7A8F7FBE3" box="[1297,1425,1106,1128]" name="Philippines" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
at a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B55FFF817E3FB94A967FB0C" box="[956,1025,1137,1159]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
|
||
(82 fathoms). This species has been recorded from the Indian Ocean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF810EFFB75AE04FB4F" author="Reimer J & Sinniger F" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" refId="ref16403" refString="Reimer J, Sinniger F. 2021. World List of Zoantharia. Zoantharia. Available at: World Register of Marine Species: http: // marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 607338 (accessed on 2020 - 10 - 01) .." type="url" year="2021">Reimer & Sinniger, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30B41B96B55FFF81725FB4AA971FB4F" box="[890,1047,1198,1220]" name="New Zealand" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF81076FB4AA9DDFB4F" author="NIWA" box="[1065,1211,1199,1220]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" refId="ref16281" refString="NIWA. 2018. NIWA Invertebrate collection, v. 1.1. The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA). Dataset / Occurrence. https: // nzobisipt. niwa. co. nz / resource? r = obisspecify & v = 1.1 (accessed on 2020 - 09 - 15)." type="url" year="2018">NIWA, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the East Pacific Ocean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF817DFFB28A94AFB69" author="Beaulieu SE" box="[896,1068,1229,1251]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="803 - 817" refId="ref14175" refString="Beaulieu SE. 2001. Life on glass houses: sponge stalk communities in the deep sea. Marine Biology 138: 803 - 817." type="journal article" year="2001">Beaulieu, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF81065FB28A833FB69" author="Reimer J & Sinniger F" box="[1082,1365,1229,1251]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" refId="ref16403" refString="Reimer J, Sinniger F. 2021. World List of Zoantharia. Zoantharia. Available at: World Register of Marine Species: http: // marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 607338 (accessed on 2020 - 10 - 01) .." type="url" year="2021">Reimer & Sinniger, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Caribbean Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF81059FB09A87BFA89" author="Duenas LF & Puentes V" box="[1030,1309,1260,1282]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" refId="ref14831" refString="Duenas LF, Puentes V. 2018. Aportes al conocimiento de la biodiversidad de aguas profundas del mar Caribe colombiano. Anadarko Colombia Company. Bogota, Colombia. Occurrence dataset https: // doi. org / 10.15472 / kr 6 lqa accessed via GBIF. org (accessed on 2020 - 10 - 01)." type="book" year="2018">Dueñas & Puentes, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E29318C26B55FFF81776FAC7A858F8C8" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30652A26B55FFF81776FAC7A9F4FAB3" box="[809,1170,1314,1336]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA301296B55FFF81776FAC7A9F4FAB3" blockId="8.[809,1170,1314,1336]" box="[809,1170,1314,1336]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<heading id="D0EBB6456B55FFF81776FAC7A9F4FAB3" box="[809,1170,1314,1336]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81776FAC7AEBBFABC" box="[809,989,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Associated host:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF817B6FAC7A9F4FAB3" box="[1001,1170,1314,1336]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Hyalonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF817B6FAC7A90DFABC" box="[1001,1131,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Hyalonema</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30652A26B55FFF81776FA84A858F8C8" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA301296B55FFF81776FA84A858F8C8" blockId="8.[809,1425,1377,1859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81776FA84A9FEFAFD" box="[809,1176,1377,1398]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
|
||
Remarks:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF817FDFA84A9FEFAFD" authorityName="Hertwig" authorityYear="1888" box="[930,1176,1377,1398]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellaris">Epizoanthus stellaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be distinguished from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF817EBFA65A9CCFA1D" box="[948,1194,1408,1430]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF817EBFA65A92DFA1E" box="[948,1099,1408,1429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Epizoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found on stalks of hexactinellid sponges: the strongly lamellated polyps of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF81776FA5BAEC6FA59" authorityName="Hertwig" authorityYear="1888" box="[809,928,1469,1491]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81776FA5BAEC6FA59" box="[809,928,1469,1491]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">E. stellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF810DBFA5BA98CFA59" baseAuthorityName="Schultze" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1156,1258,1469,1491]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fatuus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF810DBFA5BA98CFA59" box="[1156,1258,1469,1491]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">E. fatuus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF810A9FA5BA814FA58" authorityName="CARLGREN" authorityYear="1923" box="[1270,1394,1470,1491]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="armatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF810A9FA5BA814FA58" box="[1270,1394,1470,1491]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">E. armatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF81776FA39A910FA7A" authority="(Lwowsky, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Lwowsky" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[809,1142,1500,1522]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81776FA39AED7FA7A" box="[809,945,1500,1521]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">E. longiceps</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF8179EFA39A908FA7A" author="Lwowsky FF" box="[961,1134,1500,1522]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="557 - 613" refId="ref16077" refString="Lwowsky FF. 1913. Revision der gattung Sidisia (Epizoanthus auct.), ein beitrag zur kenntnis der zoanthiden. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Systematik) 34: 557 - 613." type="journal article" year="1913">Lwowsky, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2.0–10.0 mm in height:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF81776FA1FAE84F99B" author="Lwowsky FF" box="[809,994,1530,1552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="557 - 613" refId="ref16077" refString="Lwowsky FF. 1913. Revision der gattung Sidisia (Epizoanthus auct.), ein beitrag zur kenntnis der zoanthiden. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Systematik) 34: 557 - 613." type="journal article" year="1913">Lwowsky, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF817ABFA1FA9CBF99B" author="Carlgren O" box="[1012,1197,1530,1552]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="252 - 337" refId="ref14376" refString="Carlgren O. 1923. Ceriantharia und zoantharia der deutschen tiefsee-expedition. Zoantharia. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer ' Valdivia' 1898 - 1899 19: 252 - 337." type="journal article" year="1923">Carlgren, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF81096FA1FA8F6F99A" author="Lwowsky FF" box="[1225,1424,1530,1553]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="557 - 613" refId="ref16077" refString="Lwowsky FF. 1913. Revision der gattung Sidisia (Epizoanthus auct.), ein beitrag zur kenntnis der zoanthiden. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Systematik) 34: 557 - 613." type="journal article" year="1913">Lwowsky (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF81793F9FFA928F9A5" authorityName="Hertwig" authorityYear="1888" box="[972,1102,1561,1583]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81793F9FFA928F9A5" box="[972,1102,1561,1583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">E. stellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF81024F9FFA98EF9A5" baseAuthorityName="Schultze" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1147,1256,1561,1583]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fatuus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81024F9FFA98EF9A5" box="[1147,1256,1561,1583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">E. fatuus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on account of extreme growth forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF81001F9DDA9AAF9C6" baseAuthorityName="Schultze" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1118,1228,1592,1613]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fatuus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81001F9DDA9AAF9C6" box="[1118,1228,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">E. fatuus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to the high amounts of morphological variability that are commonly found within zoantharian species. However, the results of our molecular phylogenetic analyses support that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF81776F956AEC7F94C" authorityName="Hertwig" authorityYear="1888" box="[809,929,1714,1736]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81776F956AEC7F94C" box="[809,929,1714,1736]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">E. stellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF81785F956A927F94C" baseAuthorityName="Schultze" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[986,1089,1714,1736]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fatuus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81785F956A927F94C" box="[986,1089,1714,1736]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">E. fatuus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinct species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF81173F957AE08F96C" author="Beaulieu SE" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="803 - 817" refId="ref14175" refString="Beaulieu SE. 2001. Life on glass houses: sponge stalk communities in the deep sea. Marine Biology 138: 803 - 817." type="journal article" year="2001">Beaulieu (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF81785F937A928F96D" authorityName="Hertwig" authorityYear="1888" box="[986,1102,1745,1767]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81785F937A928F96D" box="[986,1102,1745,1767]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">E. stellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
frequently in the East Pacific Ocean, although it should be noted that several species may be contained in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B55FFF81056F8EAA918F8A8" authorityName="Hertwig" authorityYear="1888" box="[1033,1150,1806,1828]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968DD3B6B55FFF81056F8EAA918F8A8" box="[1033,1150,1806,1828]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">E. stellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as observed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B55FFF81172F8EBAE0BF8C8" author="Beaulieu SE" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="803 - 817" refId="ref14175" refString="Beaulieu SE. 2001. Life on glass houses: sponge stalk communities in the deep sea. Marine Biology 138: 803 - 817." type="journal article" year="2001">Beaulieu (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on the results of the present study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |