470 lines
53 KiB
XML
470 lines
53 KiB
XML
<document id="B4781DA7A6A5160E89043131179E99C7" ID-CLB-Dataset="42325" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3911.4.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="83770aa6-52d7-4e4e-85d2-4126ca5c1cf0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="68799" ID-ZooBank="EDF9E69E-7898-4CF8-B447-EFF646FE3B44" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460945716228" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Taylor, Robert W." docDate="2015" docId="660EEE4F6707FF98FF59FF06FC4AFBFB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03911p520.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3911 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Myrmecia impaternata Taylor, 2015, sp.n." docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="516" masterDocId="9A3796376712FF8FFFCEFF91FFA9FC42" masterDocTitle="Ants with Attitude: Australian Jack-jumpers of the Myrmecia pilosula species complex, with descriptions of four new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)" masterLastPageNumber="520" masterPageNumber="493" pageNumber="514" updateTime="1732577186238" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4B24AF9DB4E67DC4A7EB24BA2F98060F">
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<mods:title id="C7160809D6E07AB9209BD82B6A3A127A">Ants with Attitude: Australian Jack-jumpers of the Myrmecia pilosula species complex, with descriptions of four new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9750F27C481EE852CB7CC296828FCBDA" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CE1A499396563B665ED15F6722E35ADF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BE31C0EB6CA0F9BA1EC9FF12409225BA">Taylor, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="97B330033443F3C0B8A183CF3414B0EF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="EFEA9C72D77B69B967249E87797672F7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="4FBF69E616CB1BDF261F66199CF74AE9">
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<mods:date id="9954E8946C335D8DE705505BE30C7E06">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="01417F7C6FAC93F28B209493B406F78B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="880BBCD15D6F2E56ECA7BB13B0F27DE3">3911</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="D391F96F3297272B2BF483FE1097105F" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="50AA73FB5AEF84BA1BF91DFE6D92579A">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="A33108E74A28A510600499E287282823" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3911.4.2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D023B5D8AECBE86A55A37C257FB88C2D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1804CDB0F5F9466F68EA7A8386F286C5" type="Zenodo-Dep">68799</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="660EEE4F6707FF98FF59FF06FC4AFBFB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6109289" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119591858" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6109289" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:660EEE4F6707FF98FF59FF06FC4AFBFB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/660EEE4F6707FF98FF59FF06FC4AFBFB" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="516" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" scope_family="Formicidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subFamily="Myrmeciinae">
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<subSubSection id="A6BD0CD26707FF9AFF59FF06FF59FD90" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF59FF06FE44FCF0" blockId="21.[151,493,151,211]" box="[151,493,151,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
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<heading id="B550E8356707FF9AFF59FF06FE44FCF0" bold="true" box="[151,493,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF59FF06FE44FCF0" bold="true" box="[151,493,151,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
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||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFF59FF06FE03FCF3" ID-CoL="CMC79" box="[151,426,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF59FF06FE03FCF3" bold="true" box="[151,426,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Myrmecia impaternata</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C7E03E306707FF9AFE7CFF09FE44FCF0" box="[434,493,152,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF59FF2BFE8FFC91" blockId="21.[151,493,151,211]" box="[151,294,186,211]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
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||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="769C43DC6707FF9AFF51FF2BFEB7FC91" box="[159,286,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 18" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1955,1978]" captionTargetBox="[282,1304,202,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[282,1305,193,1934]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 18. Myrmecia impaternata, National Botanic Gardens, Canberra, ACT. Standard views. HW 2.29 mm, WL 3.35 mm, PW 1.42 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/398911/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Figs 16–18</figureCitation>
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||
)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF59FE95FF59FD90" blockId="21.[151,1437,258,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
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<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFF59FE95FE32FD59" box="[151,411,260,283]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
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<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF59FE95FE32FD59" box="[151,411,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Myrmecia impaternata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is broadly sympatric with
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<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFD1AFE95FCCCFD59" box="[724,869,258,283]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croslandi">
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<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFD1AFE95FCCCFD59" box="[724,869,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. croslandi</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, a matter of possible biological significance (see below). Both species are common in and around Canberra and on the New
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<collectingCountry id="96B01FC96707FF9AFC36FEB7FBFCFD7D" box="[1016,1109,294,319]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">England</collectingCountry>
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Tableland around Armidale. There are confirmed Queensland records of
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<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFD46FEDDFCBEFD21" box="[648,791,330,355]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croslandi">
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<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFD46FEDDFCBEFD21" box="[648,791,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. croslandi</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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from the Darling Downs in extreme SE Queensland, and of
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<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFF74FEFEFECFFDC4" box="[186,358,367,390]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
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<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF74FEFEFECFFDC4" box="[186,358,367,390]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M impaternata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Tamborine Mountain south of Brisbane. JACP voucher specimens of this taxon were discussed by
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<bibRefCitation id="8A3622A86707FF9AFEFCFE03FDF1FDE9" box="[306,600,402,427]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" refString="Hirai, H., Yamamoto, M. T., Ogura, K., Satta, Y., Yamada, M., Taylor, R. W. & Imai, H. T. (1994) Multiplication of 28 s rDNA and NOR activity in chromosome evolution among ants of the Myrmecia pilosula species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae). Chromosoma, 103, 171 - 178. [Berlin] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00368009" type="journal article">
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||
Imai, Taylor
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<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFE06FE05FDADFDE9" box="[456,516,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">et al.</emphasis>
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(1994)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
as “PBF1 hybrids”, with 2
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<typeStatus id="311CE1FB6707FF9AFC53FE02FC75FDE9" box="[925,988,403,427]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">types</typeStatus>
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||
: PBF1–1 and PBF1–2 (PB =
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<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFAE4FE03FA2DFDE9" box="[1322,1412,402,427]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosula">
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<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFAE4FE03FA2DFDE9" box="[1322,1412,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">pilosula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
x
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<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFF59FE28FF49FD90" box="[151,224,441,466]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="banksi">
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||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF59FE28FF49FD90" box="[151,224,441,466]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">banksi</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A6BD0CD26707FF9AFF09FE4CFE27FFAC" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF09FE4CFC8FFE7C" blockId="21.[151,1437,258,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF09FE4CFEC0FDB4" bold="true" box="[199,361,477,502]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
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||
<typeStatus id="311CE1FB6707FF9AFF09FE4CFEABFDB4" box="[199,258,477,502]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Type</typeStatus>
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||
locality.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
Immediately E to NE of Corang River Bridge (-35 12, 150 03) on the Nerriga Road, near Braidwood,
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFEE8FD93FECCFE58" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" box="[294,357,514,538]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" name="Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of New South Wales" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">NSW</collectionCode>
|
||
. This type-locality is common also to
|
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<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFCFCFD93FC6CFE58" box="[818,965,513,538]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croslandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFCFCFD93FC6CFE58" box="[818,965,513,538]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. croslandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(see above). The site, also supports
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFAB3FD93FE89FE7F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
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||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFAB3FD93FE89FE7F" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. impaternata</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFEE0FDB7FE15FE7C" box="[302,444,549,574]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croslandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFEE0FDB7FE15FE7C" box="[302,444,549,574]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. croslandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFE3CFDB7FDD8FE7C" box="[498,625,549,574]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosula">
|
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<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFE3CFDB7FDD8FE7C" box="[498,625,549,574]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. pilosula</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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(Eastern Race).
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF09FDD8FC4DFEC4" blockId="21.[151,1437,258,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF09FDD8FE22FE20" bold="true" box="[199,395,585,610]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<typeStatus id="311CE1FB6707FF9AFF09FDD8FEABFE20" box="[199,258,585,610]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Type</typeStatus>
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||
deposition.
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="311CE1FB6707FF9AFE5FFDD8FE50FE20" box="[401,505,585,610]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="311CE1FB6707FF9AFDFEFDDBFD32FE20" box="[560,667,586,610]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFD0EFDDBFCAEFE20" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" box="[704,775,586,610]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">ANIC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="311CE1FB6707FF9AFCDCFDDBFCD4FE20" box="[786,893,586,610]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
or type-compared vouchers in
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFB15FDDBFA86FE20" box="[1243,1327,586,610]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ymbs-hrkx" name="Albany Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">AMSA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFAF5FDDBFA30FE20" box="[1339,1433,586,610]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">MVMA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFF59FDFFFF47FEC4" box="[151,238,622,646]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">QMBA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFF37FDFFFEE4FEC4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" box="[249,333,622,646]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" name="South Australia Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">SAMA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFE96FDFFFE1DFEC4" box="[344,436,622,646]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">WAMA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFE71FDFFFDBAFEC4" box="[447,531,622,646]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">TMHA</collectionCode>
|
||
) and in
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFDA3FDFFFD6DFEC7" box="[621,708,622,645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFD1EFDFFFCB5FEC4" box="[720,796,622,646]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">CASC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFCE9FDFFFCD0FEC4" box="[807,889,622,646]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">MCZC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFC4AFDFFFC73FEC4" box="[900,986,622,646]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
||
..
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF09FD00FCFEFFE4" blockId="21.[151,1437,258,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF09FD00FDE4FEE8" bold="true" box="[199,589,657,682]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Material examined, distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
QUEENSLAND: Mt Tamborine [-27 55, 153 10], O. Deane (
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFAC9FD03FAC1FEE8" box="[1287,1384,658,682]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">MVMA</collectionCode>
|
||
); Mt Tamborine Village [-27 53, 153 8],
|
||
<date id="9A1979996707FF9AFDE5FD24FDD4FE8C" box="[555,637,693,718]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" value="1957-01-15">15/i/57</date>
|
||
, BBL.
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFD01FD27FCA6FE8F" box="[719,783,694,717]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93c9-w2q7" name="University of Newcastle" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">NEW</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFCD9FD27FC77FE8C" box="[791,990,694,718]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
SOUTH
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96B01FC96707FF9AFCB2FD27FC77FE8C" box="[892,990,694,718]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">WALES</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFC27FD27FB30FE8F" box="[1001,1177,694,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFC27FD27FB30FE8F" box="[1001,1177,694,717]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found common at localities near Armidale [-30 30, 151 40],
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFD4BFD4BFD6DFEB0" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" box="[645,708,730,754]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" name="Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of New South Wales" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">NSW</collectionCode>
|
||
, in Dec/
|
||
<date id="9A1979996707FF9AFCE4FD4BFC3CFEB0" box="[810,917,729,754]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" value="1995-01">Jan. 1995</date>
|
||
–96 and
|
||
<date id="9A1979996707FF9AFC32FD4BFBDDFEB0" box="[1020,1140,730,754]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" value="1999-11">Nov. 1999</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFB6AFD4BFB4FFEB0" box="[1188,1254,730,754]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">JACP</collectionCode>
|
||
collectors. It is sympatric there with
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFE51FD6FFD97FF54" box="[415,574,765,790]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFE51FD6FFD90FF54" box="[415,569,765,790]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croslandi">M. croslandi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Localities elsewhere include: Corang River Bridge [-35 12, 150 03]; Charleyong [-35 15, 149 55], HI87–156; Yowrie [-36 19, 149 44], HI87–161, HI87–162. AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY: Canberra [-35 18, 149 8], HI85–372, 373, HI87–237.
|
||
<collectionCode id="88B6C79C6707FF9AFBE4FCD7FB2AFF1C" box="[1066,1155,838,862]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">AAVAS</collectionCode>
|
||
collections are from the Australian National Botanic Gardens site [-35 17, 149 7], and the suburbs of Cook [-35 16, 149 4] and Hawker [-35 15, 149 2], VICTORIA: Mayfield [-35 12, 149.48], HI87–155.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF09FC23FE27FFAC" blockId="21.[151,1437,258,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFF09FC23FE60FF8B" box="[199,457,946,969]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF09FC23FE60FF8B" box="[199,457,946,969]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Myrmecia impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(along with the locally more frequent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFCB3FC23FBA5FF88" box="[893,1036,945,970]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croslandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFCB3FC23FBA5FF88" box="[893,1036,945,970]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. croslandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is common in urban and suburban Canberra (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A6BD0CD26707FF9AFF09FC68FAF5F9A4" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF09FC68FB80F94C" blockId="21.[151,1437,258,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF09FC68FE08F850" bold="true" box="[199,417,1017,1042]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Worker diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
General features as illustrated and in key couplets 1 – 4 above, which cover leg-coloration. The brassy color of the cephalic pubescence can be hard to discern stereomicroscopically using some
|
||
<typeStatus id="311CE1FB6707FF9AFAF1FB8FFAD3F874" box="[1343,1402,1054,1078]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of illumination lamp, and color temperatures of the light provided. It is best observed beyond the near-side eye in acute diagonal lateral view of the head. This pubescence is arguably a legacy of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFB93FBF7FB64F83C" box="[1117,1229,1125,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="banksi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFB93FBF7FB64F83C" box="[1117,1229,1125,1150]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. banksi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hybrid parentage. Otherwise
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFEDBFB1BFE61F8E3" box="[277,456,1162,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFEDBFB1BFE61F8E3" box="[277,456,1162,1185]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar in physiognamy and sculpturation to small/medium–sized workers of the second parental species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFE7DFB3FFD9DF884" box="[435,564,1197,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosula">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFE7DFB3FFD9DF884" box="[435,564,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. pilosula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Eastern Race). There is some size-related graded variation in cephalic and dorsal mesosomal sculpturation between small and large specimens, somewhat as in both races of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFB3EFB43FAD9F8A8" box="[1264,1392,1233,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosula">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFB3EFB43FAD9F8A8" box="[1264,1392,1233,1258]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. pilosula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but less extreme, especially at the high, more intensively-sculptured end of the range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF09FA8BFB23F938" blockId="21.[151,1437,258,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
For significant scientific reasons discussed below investigation of the comparative biology of, and possible reproductive relationships between,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFDE3FAAEFD72F917" box="[557,731,1342,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFDE3FAAEFD72F917" box="[557,731,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFCDCFAAEFC09F914" box="[786,928,1341,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croslandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFCDCFAAEFC09F914" box="[786,928,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. croslandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a prime scientific subject. The two species may be readily differentiated using the characters of couplet 2 of the key to species above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF09FA14FAF5F9A4" blockId="21.[151,1437,258,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF09FA14FEF0F9DC" bold="true" box="[199,345,1413,1438]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Dimensions.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="311CE1FB6707FF9AFEA9FA14FE7AF9DC" box="[359,467,1413,1438]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, smallest
|
||
<typeStatus id="311CE1FB6707FF9AFD8FFA17FD0DF9DC" box="[577,676,1414,1438]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, largest
|
||
<typeStatus id="311CE1FB6707FF9AFD31FA17FCC9F9DC" box="[767,864,1414,1438]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(mm): TL = 13.01, 10.87, 13.04; HW = 2.47, 2.22, 2.49; HL = 2.27, 206, 2.27; CI = 108, 107, 109; EL = 0.96, 0.88, 0.97; OI = 39, 39, 39; SL = 1.87, 1.84, 1.94; SI = 76, 82, 78; PW = 1.58, 1.42, 1.59; WL = 3.52, 3.34, 3.75; PetW = 0.97, 0.83, 0.96; PpetW = 1.39, 1.22, 1.33.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A6BD0CD26707FF98FF09FA60FC4AFBFB" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="516" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF09FA60FA83FA6C" blockId="21.[151,1437,258,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF09FA60FEE7FA48" bold="true" box="[199,334,1521,1546]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFE02FA63FDFCFA4B" box="[460,597,1522,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFE02FA63FDFCFA4B" box="[460,597,1522,1545]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the Latinate (not truly Latin) biological term “impaternate” (= fatherless as a result of parthenogenesis). For explanation see the section on reproductive biology below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF09F9A8FC5BFB68" blockId="21.[151,1437,258,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF09F9A8FEE3FA10" bold="true" box="[199,330,1593,1618]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Karyology.</emphasis>
|
||
Details are provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A3622A86707FF9AFDB0F9A8FC10FA10" box="[638,953,1593,1618]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" refString="Hirai, H., Yamamoto, M. T., Ogura, K., Satta, Y., Yamada, M., Taylor, R. W. & Imai, H. T. (1994) Multiplication of 28 s rDNA and NOR activity in chromosome evolution among ants of the Myrmecia pilosula species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae). Chromosoma, 103, 171 - 178. [Berlin] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00368009" type="journal article">Imai, Taylor et. al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and by Taylor, Imai and Hasegawa (in preparation).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFEFDF9CFFD93FA37" box="[307,570,1630,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFEFDF9CFFD93FA37" box="[307,570,1630,1653]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Myrmecia impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an allodiploid karyotype: n=5 or 14, 2n=19. The 5-chromosome set closely matches one of the haploid sets of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFDBEF913FD77FAD8" box="[624,734,1665,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="banksi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFDBEF913FD77FAD8" box="[624,734,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. banksi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while the 14-chromosome haploid set is generally matched in the Eastern Race of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFE4EF936FDABFAFC" box="[384,514,1701,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosula">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFE4EF936FDABFAFC" box="[384,514,1701,1726]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. pilosula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– most closely resembling chromosomes from a colony (HI87–130) collected at Wambrook Creek (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8B93399E6707FF9AFEBDF958FE63FAA0" box="[371,458,1737,1762]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" precision="925" value="-36.183334">36º11'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 148º56), near Cooma, NSW. On these grounds
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFBCCF95BFBDDFAA0" box="[1026,1140,1737,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="banksi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFBCCF95BFBDDFAA0" box="[1026,1140,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. banksi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFB7FF95BFA9DFAA0" box="[1201,1332,1737,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosula">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFB7FF95BFA9DFAA0" box="[1201,1332,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. pilosula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Eastern Race) (or close ancestral stocks) are identified here as the parental species which hybridized to originate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFAB3F97EFE89FB6B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFAB3F97EFE89FB6B" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A3622A86707FF9AFE5FF880FD05FB68" box="[401,684,1809,1834]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" refString="Hirai, H., Yamamoto, M. T., Ogura, K., Satta, Y., Yamada, M., Taylor, R. W. & Imai, H. T. (1994) Multiplication of 28 s rDNA and NOR activity in chromosome evolution among ants of the Myrmecia pilosula species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae). Chromosoma, 103, 171 - 178. [Berlin] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00368009" type="journal article">
|
||
Imai, Taylor
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFDECF883FDF2FB68" box="[546,603,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
appendix and fig. 8 (p. 150).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596707FF9AFF09F8A4FC9CFBFB" blockId="21.[151,1437,258,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFF09F8A4FE08FB0C" bold="true" box="[199,417,1845,1870]" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">Field associations.</emphasis>
|
||
All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFE1BF8A7FD2CFB0F" box="[469,645,1846,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFE1BF8A7FD2CFB0F" box="[469,645,1846,1869]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sympatric associations throughout its known distribution are with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6707FF9AFAB3F8A7FEA9FB30" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="514" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croslandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6707FF9AFAB3F8A7FEA9FB30" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="514">M. croslandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nests of both species are frequently encountered interspersed in Canberra parks and gardens, suburban roadside grass lawn “nature strips” and in local grassy bushland. Colonies of the two have often been encountered by the author and other researchers only a few meters apart.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BAD80FD16704FF99FF59F832FEF0FB9A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/398911/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="515" targetBox="[282,1304,202,1933]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596704FF99FF59F832FEF0FB9A" blockId="22.[151,1435,1955,2008]" pageId="22" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6704FF99FF59F832FEFAFBFA" bold="true" box="[151,339,1955,1978]" pageId="22" pageNumber="515">FIGURES 16–18.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6704FF99FE97F835FDE8FBFB" box="[345,577,1956,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6704FF99FE97F835FDE8FBFB" box="[345,577,1956,1977]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="515">Myrmecia impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, National Botanic Gardens, Canberra, ACT. Standard views. HW 2.29 mm, WL 3.35 mm, PW 1.42 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596705FF98FF09FF06FD55FD5F" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FF09FF06FE7BFCF2" bold="true" box="[199,466,151,176]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">Reproductive biology.</emphasis>
|
||
There has been persistent historical failure by JACP researchers, and the author subsequently, to discover males in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FD87FF2CFCA9FC96" box="[585,768,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FD87FF2CFCA9FC96" box="[585,768,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests, despite targeted excavation of field colonies at appropriate seasons over many years. Only two male-right colonies have ever been located and collected. Both were closely adjacent at the Canberra Botanic Gardens
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596705FF98FF09FEB6FE15FEC7" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">
|
||
Research on males and queens from these nests by Taylor, Imai and Hasegawa (to be published elsewhere) has investigated the reproductive biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FDA2FEDCFCB4FD26" box="[620,797,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FDA2FEDCFCB4FD26" box="[620,797,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It convincingly demonstrates that M.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FB2EFEDCFAC0FD26" box="[1248,1385,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FB2EFEDCFAC0FD26" box="[1248,1385,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a sperm-dependent gynogenetic taxon in which unreduced eggs require contact with sperm or spermatic fluid (specifically without the occurrence of fertilization) in order to develop parthenogenetically, and thus to produce diploid workers and gynes (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A3622A86705FF98FE33FE26FD72FD92" box="[509,731,439,464]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" refString="Kokko, H., Heubel, K. U. & Rankin, D. J. (2008) How populations persist when asexuality requires sex: the spatial dynamics of coping with sperm parasites. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 275, 817 - 825. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.1199" type="journal article">
|
||
Kokko
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FD9EFE28FD2BFD92" box="[592,642,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for theoretical background). The necessary spermatic material is evidentially obtained by gynes through copulation with nominally conspecific donor males bred in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FADDFE4CFA35FDB6" box="[1299,1436,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FADDFE4CFA35FDB6" box="[1299,1436,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests. In this example the sperm cells dissected from male testes and gyne spermathecae were identically and characteristically structurally degenerate and putatively incapable of actually effecting fertilization. Their presence in both sexes importantly attests previous mating between relevant males and gynes. The where’s and when’s of copulation are not known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596705FF98FF09FD01FEF0FF3D" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">In other known sperm-dependent gynogenetic animals (all of which are hybrid-originated allodiploid entities, including various fish and amphibian species, none of which are known to possess a male sex) sperm is obtained for this unusual purpose by the females through parasitic copulation with males of other separate, sympatric, congeneric and usually closely related donor species. The distribution, stable presence and long-term population survival of such gynogenetic taxa is totally dependent on sympatric associations with sperm-donor host species, a factor which critically restrains their distributional ranges and dispersability, but ultimately ensures their survival as species in nature.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596705FF98FF09FC1CFA30F886" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">
|
||
Because males in ants are genetically haploid, it is suggested that those produced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FB4CFC1CFAA2FFE6" box="[1154,1291,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FB4CFC1CFAA2FFE6" box="[1154,1291,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females will likely be of two
|
||
<typeStatus id="311CE1FB6705FF98FE9EFC21FE27FF8A" box="[336,398,944,968]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, genetically, karyologically and perhaps morphologically equivalent to males of the putative parental species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FE9DFC44FE6AFFAF" box="[339,451,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="banksi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FE9DFC44FE6AFFAF" box="[339,451,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. banksi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FE33FC44FDD7FFAF" box="[509,638,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosula">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FE33FC44FDD7FFAF" box="[509,638,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. pilosula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Eastern Race). Remarkably, males produced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FB63FC44FA9FFFAE" box="[1197,1334,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FB63FC44FA9FFFAE" box="[1197,1334,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies would technically therefore not be conspecific with their
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FC81FC68FC71F852" box="[847,984,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FC81FC68FC71F852" box="[847,984,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mothers. Taylor, Imai and Hasegawa conclude that: “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FE86FB8CFE5EF876" box="[328,503,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FE86FB8CFE5EF876" box="[328,503,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thus has no need to maintain risky, restrictive parasitic affiliation or sympatry with other free-living, closely-related sperm-donor host species. It is apparently able to produce the necessary allospecific males by accessing its own genome!” The authors also suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FBE0FBF4FB77F83E" box="[1070,1246,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FBE0FBF4FB77F83E" box="[1070,1246,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens might at times more usually operate as sperm parasites of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FD09FB18FCFFF8E2" box="[711,854,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croslandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FD09FB18FCFFF8E2" box="[711,854,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. croslandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by obtaining sperm allospecifically from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FAFDFB16FA35F8E2" box="[1331,1436,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croslandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FAFDFB16FA35F8E2" box="[1331,1436,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">croslandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males. This hypothesis is encouraged by the persistent historical failure to discover males in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FB6BFB3CFAFAF886" box="[1189,1363,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FB6BFB3CFAFAF886" box="[1189,1363,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596705FF98FF09FB5EFDF7F93A" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FF09FB5EFDF8F8AA" bold="true" box="[199,593,1231,1256]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">Status as a taxonomic species.</emphasis>
|
||
Despite its apparent hybrid origin and reproduction by theletokous parthenogenesis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FE93FB64FDB9F94E" box="[349,528,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FE93FB64FDB9F94E" box="[349,528,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
functions in nature as a biological species. It is accorded specific taxonomic status here following the precepts of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A3622A86705FF98FD8AFA86FD4FF972" author="Maslin" box="[580,742,1303,1328]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" refString="Maslin, T. P. (1968) Taxonomic problems in parthenogenetic vertebrates. Systematic Zoology, 17, 219 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2412001" type="journal article" year="1968">Maslin (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A3622A86705FF98FCEFFA86FC04F972" author="Cole" box="[801,941,1303,1328]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" refString="Cole, C. J. (1985) Taxonomy of parthenogenetic species of hybrid origin. Systematic Zoology, 34, 359 - 363. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2413153" type="journal article" year="1985">Cole (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, on the grounds that it is a genetically and historically unique, self perpetuating, separately evolving entity, reproductively isolated from its ancestors and sympatrically-associated related species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596705FF98FF09FA15FD01FADA" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">
|
||
Taylor, Imai & Hasegawa raise the possibility that several
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FC6EFA14FBF6F9DE" box="[928,1119,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. impaternata-</emphasis>
|
||
related hybrid clones with separately evolved alternative reproductive arrangements could be present in nature, each derived from a different foundation hybridization event between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FDA8FA5CFD7EF9A7" box="[614,727,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="banksi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FDA8FA5CFD7EF9A7" box="[614,727,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. banksi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FCDDFA5CFC3CF9A7" box="[787,917,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosula">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FCDDFA5CFC3CF9A7" box="[787,917,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. pilosula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Eastern Race). Note that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A3622A86705FF98FB05FA5DFF48FA4A" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" refString="Hirai, H., Yamamoto, M. T., Ogura, K., Satta, Y., Yamada, M., Taylor, R. W. & Imai, H. T. (1994) Multiplication of 28 s rDNA and NOR activity in chromosome evolution among ants of the Myrmecia pilosula species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae). Chromosoma, 103, 171 - 178. [Berlin] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00368009" type="journal article">
|
||
Imai, Taylor
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FAAFFA5CFA35F9A7" box="[1377,1436,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized two forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FDC3FA60FD17FA4A" box="[525,702,1521,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FDC3FA60FD17FA4A" box="[525,702,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(PBF1-1 and PBF1-2) differing in details of leg coloration (see their fig 10). These could arguably represent separately originated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FC54F985FC4AFA6F" box="[922,995,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="banksi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FC54F985FC4AFA6F" box="[922,995,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">banksi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
x
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FBCBF985FBF6FA6F" box="[1029,1119,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosula">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FBCBF985FBF6FA6F" box="[1029,1119,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">pilosula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hybrid entities. Alternative hybrid lineages, if demonstrated, could not be considered formally conspecific with one another following the precepts of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A3622A86705FF98FED6F9CDFE1EFA37" author="Maslin" box="[280,439,1628,1653]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" refString="Maslin, T. P. (1968) Taxonomic problems in parthenogenetic vertebrates. Systematic Zoology, 17, 219 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2412001" type="journal article" year="1968">Maslin (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A3622A86705FF98FE23F9CDFDDAFA37" author="Cole" box="[493,627,1628,1653]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" refString="Cole, C. J. (1985) Taxonomy of parthenogenetic species of hybrid origin. Systematic Zoology, 34, 359 - 363. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2413153" type="journal article" year="1985">Cole (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed above, nor would they be.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FBDDF9CCFABDFA36" box="[1043,1300,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FBDDF9CCFABDFA36" box="[1043,1300,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">Myrmecia impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its kind could well have an interesting scientific future!
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE185F596705FF98FF09F935FC4AFBFB" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FF09F935FE1DFAFF" bold="true" box="[199,436,1700,1725]" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">Research prospects.</emphasis>
|
||
Further understanding of the reproductive biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FBC3F934FB15FAFE" box="[1037,1212,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FBC3F934FB15FAFE" box="[1037,1212,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is greatly desirable. Of particular interest are: (1) determining whether sperm or spermatic materials actually enter the egg cytoplasm or not; (2) investigation of the possibility that two classes of males (comparable respectively to those found in colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FED6F880FE2FFB6A" box="[280,390,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="banksi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FED6F880FE2FFB6A" box="[280,390,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. banksi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FE75F880FD90FB6A" box="[443,569,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosula">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FE75F880FD90FB6A" box="[443,569,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. pilosula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Eastern Race]) are developed from haploid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FBE0F880FB1EFB6A" box="[1070,1207,1809,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FBE0F880FB1EFB6A" box="[1070,1207,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
queen-laid eggs; (3) testing the possibility that production of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FDB3F8A4FCAFFB0E" box="[637,774,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FDB3F8A4FCAFFB0E" box="[637,774,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” males and their presence in nests might in this case be unusual; (4) finding whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FE2AF8C8FDC4FB32" box="[484,621,1881,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impaternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FE2AF8C8FDC4FB32" box="[484,621,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">impaternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might also (more usually?) maintain a parasitic copulatory relationship with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29A724DA6705FF98FF1CF8ECFECAFBD7" box="[210,355,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="516" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="croslandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCD3834B6705FF98FF1CF8ECFECAFBD7" box="[210,355,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="516">M. croslandi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, considering their frequent, very proximate, and wide-ranging sympatric co-presence; and (5) determining when and where copulation occurs in either of these scenarios.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |