434 lines
77 KiB
XML
434 lines
77 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="97B60DF63CA118DBDB7CB45CB7F4104D">The potential of Apiaceae species as sources of singular phytochemicals and plant-based pesticides</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA1F4532B2B69AA390BFA09" blockId="1.[100,341,1488,1507]" box="[100,341,1488,1507]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="15496469FFA1F4532B2B69AA390BFA09" bold="true" box="[100,341,1488,1507]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
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2. The
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<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F4532BFE69AA3952FA09" ID-CoL="6KC" ID-ENA="4037" authority="Lindl." authorityName="Lindl." box="[177,268,1488,1507]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
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family
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<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA1F4532BCB6A723C6BFC60" blockId="1.[100,770,1544,1982]" lastBlockId="1.[818,1488,636,1213]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F4532BCB6A723946F9F1" authority="Lindl." authorityName="Lindl." box="[132,280,1544,1563]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae Lindl.</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F4532A796A7239BBF9F1" authority="Juss." authorityName="Juss." box="[310,485,1544,1563]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Umbelliferae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Umbelliferae Juss.</taxonomicName>
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) is one of the most numerous plant family. It includes several vegetable and herbs of high economic and medicinal value (
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532A796A3A3A51F9B9" author="Olle, M. & Bender, I." box="[310,527,1600,1619]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="687 - 696" refId="ref49226" refString="Olle, M., Bender, I., 2010. The content of oils in umbelliferous crops and its formation. Agron. Res. 8 (Special issue III), 687 - 696." type="journal article" year="2010">Olle and Bender, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). The most economically important
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<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F4532B826A26397CF985" box="[205,290,1628,1647]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
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crops cultivated for food, culinary spices/herbs and/or EO(s) production are listed in
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<tableCitation id="033CE6BEFFA1F4532A906A023A74F961" box="[479,554,1656,1675]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[818,868,150,166]" captionTargetBox="[834,1471,213,582]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Table 1 Apiaceae species of global economic and culinary importance." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/1AC1838DFFA1F453287D6CEC3D1DFF2B" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" tableUuid="1AC1838DFFA1F453287D6CEC3D1DFF2B">Table 1</tableCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F45329766A023AD0F961" box="[569,654,1656,1675]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
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species are readily identifiable flowering plants with obvious distinctive characters (
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532B236AD53931F929" author="Pimenov, M. G. & Leonov, M. V." box="[108,367,1711,1731]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="164" refId="ref51447" refString="Pimenov, M. G., Leonov, M. V., 1993. The Genera of the Umbelliferae. A Nomenclator - Kew. Royal Bot. Gardens, p. 164." type="book chapter" year="1993">Pimenov and Leonov, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532A346AD53A6BF929" author="Downie, S. R. & Katz-Downie, D. S. & Watson, M. F." box="[379,565,1711,1731]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="273 - 292" refId="ref38373" refString="Downie, S. R., Katz-Downie, D. S., Watson, M. F., 2000. A phylogeny of the flowering plant family Apiaceae based on chloroplast DNA rpl 16 and rpoC 1 intron sequences: towards a suprageneric classification of subfamily Apioideae. Am. J. Bot. 87, 273 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2656915." type="journal article" year="2000">Downie et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
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), but their identification to the genus and species levels is of known difficulty (
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F45329C56AB138B8F910" author="Plunkett, G. M. & Downie, S. R." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1014 - 1026" refId="ref51739" refString="Plunkett, G. M., Downie, S. R., 1999. Major lineages within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: a comparison of chloroplast restriction site and DNA sequence data. Am. J. Bot. 86 (7), 1014 - 1026. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2656619." type="journal article" year="1999">Plunkett and Downie, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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). Umbellifers exhibit a remarkable array of morphological and anatomical modifications of their fruits, many of which are adaptations for various modes of seed dispersal (
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532AB16B653AEBF8D8" author="Downie, S. R. & Katz-Downie, D. S. & Watson, M. F." box="[510,693,1823,1842]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="273 - 292" refId="ref38373" refString="Downie, S. R., Katz-Downie, D. S., Watson, M. F., 2000. A phylogeny of the flowering plant family Apiaceae based on chloroplast DNA rpl 16 and rpoC 1 intron sequences: towards a suprageneric classification of subfamily Apioideae. Am. J. Bot. 87, 273 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2656915." type="journal article" year="2000">Downie et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F45329876B6538FAF8A4" author="Drude, O." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="63 - 250" refId="ref38717" refString="Drude, O., 1898. Umbelliferae. In: Engler, A., Prantl, K. (Eds.), Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien Vol. III. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 63 - 250." type="book chapter" year="1898">Drude (1898)</bibRefCitation>
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traditionally divided the
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<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F4532AED6B4139A9F8A4" box="[418,503,1851,1870]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
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into 3 subfamilies (Hydrocotyloideae Link,
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<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F4532A5B6B2D3A98F880" authority="Burnett and Apioideae Drude" authorityName="Burnett and Apioideae Drude" box="[276,710,1879,1898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Saniculoideae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Saniculoideae Burnett and Apioideae Drude</taxonomicName>
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). This division system almost exclusively based on fruit anatomical characters (traditionally viewed as stable) was widely adopted and has been used by many authors (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532A156BD13A2EF854" author="Pimenov, M. G. & Leonov, M. V." box="[346,624,1963,1982]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="164" refId="ref51447" refString="Pimenov, M. G., Leonov, M. V., 1993. The Genera of the Umbelliferae. A Nomenclator - Kew. Royal Bot. Gardens, p. 164." type="book chapter" year="1993">Pimenov and Leonov, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F45329CC6BD13B97FD65" author="Plunkett, G. M. & Downie, S. R." box="[643,969,636,1982]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1014 - 1026" refId="ref51739" refString="Plunkett, G. M., Downie, S. R., 1999. Major lineages within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: a comparison of chloroplast restriction site and DNA sequence data. Am. J. Bot. 86 (7), 1014 - 1026. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2656619." type="journal article" year="1999">Plunkett and Downie, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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). Nevertheless, the almost exclusive use of morphological-based criteria to delimit suprageneric groups has ambiguous interpretations and has caused considerable controversy surrounding affiliations at the tribal level (
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532F9C6EAA3D22FD09" author="Berenbaum, M. R." box="[1235,1404,720,739]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="319 - 343" refId="ref35265" refString="Berenbaum, M. R., 1990. Evolution of specialization in insect-umbellifer associations. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 35 (3), 319 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 35.010190.001535." type="journal article" year="1990">Berenbaum, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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). Therefore, the resolution of the family classification has been difficult. Since Pimenov and Leonov’ s classification (1993), several authors have proposed a few taxonomic changes within the family based on hypothesized phylogenetic relationships established from a combination of morphological and molecular data (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532F116F213D4CFC84" author="Downie, S. R. & Plunkett, G. M. & Watson, M. F. & Spalik, K. & Katz-Downie, D. S. & Roman, C. M. & Terentieva, E. I. & Troitsky, A. V. & Lee, B. - Y. & Lahham, J. & El-Oqlah, A." box="[1118,1298,859,879]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="301 - 330" refId="ref38447" refString="Downie, S. R., Plunkett, G. M., Watson, M. F., Spalik, K., Katz-Downie, D. S., Valiejo- Roman, C. M., Terentieva, E. I., Troitsky, A. V., Lee, B. - Y., Lahham, J., El-Oqlah, A., 2001. Tribes and clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: the contribution of molecular data. Edinb. J. Bot. 58, 301 - 330. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0960428601000658." type="journal article" year="2001">Downie et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532E536F213B3CFC60" author="Spalik, K. & Downie, S. R." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="270 - 301" refId="ref55538" refString="Spalik, K., Downie, S. R., 2001. The utility of morphological characters for inferring phylogeny in scandiceae subtribe scandicinae (apiaceae). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 88 (2), 270 - 301. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2666227." type="journal article" year="2001">Spalik and Downie, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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; Calvino ˜et al., 2008).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA1F453281E6FE93C7AFB57" blockId="1.[818,1488,636,1213]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F453281E6FE93BF1FC4C" box="[849,943,915,934]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioideae">Apioideae</taxonomicName>
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is the most taxonomically complex of the three subfamilies (
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F45328C26FD53C9AFC28" author="Downie, S. R. & Katz-Downie, D. S." box="[909,1220,943,962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="234 - 251" refId="ref38307" refString="Downie, S. R., Katz-Downie, D. S., 1996. A molecular phylogeny of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. Am. J. Bot. 83, 234 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / j. 1537 - 2197.1996. tb 12701. x." type="journal article" year="1996">Downie and Katz-Downie, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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). Besides being the largest (consisting of 1800–3000 herbaceous plants of temperate climate encompassed in 250–400 genera),
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<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F4532FC66F9D3CB9FC10" box="[1161,1255,999,1018]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioideae">Apioideae</taxonomicName>
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is also the best-known subfamily of
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<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F45328E268783D43FBFC" authority="(Plunkett and Downie, 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[941,1309,1026,1046]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
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Apiaceae (
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532F5F68783D4DFBFC" author="Plunkett, G. M. & Downie, S. R." box="[1040,1299,1026,1046]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1014 - 1026" refId="ref51739" refString="Plunkett, G. M., Downie, S. R., 1999. Major lineages within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: a comparison of chloroplast restriction site and DNA sequence data. Am. J. Bot. 86 (7), 1014 - 1026. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2656619." type="journal article" year="1999">Plunkett and Downie, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Currently, species of the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F453289B68643C6CFBDB" box="[980,1074,1054,1073]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apioideae">Apioideae</taxonomicName>
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show a cosmopolitan distribution (
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<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532EC868643BFEFBA7" author="Downie, S. R. & Katz-Downie, D. S. & Watson, M. F." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="273 - 292" refId="ref38373" refString="Downie, S. R., Katz-Downie, D. S., Watson, M. F., 2000. A phylogeny of the flowering plant family Apiaceae based on chloroplast DNA rpl 16 and rpoC 1 intron sequences: towards a suprageneric classification of subfamily Apioideae. Am. J. Bot. 87, 273 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2656915." type="journal article" year="2000">Downie et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F45328E168403CEDFBA7" author="Nicolas, A. N. & Plunkett, G. M." box="[942,1203,1082,1101]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="30 - 58" refId="ref48788" refString="Nicolas, A. N., Plunkett, G. M., 2014. Diversification times and biogeographic patterns in Apiales. Bot. Rev. 80, 30 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12229 - 014 - 9132 - 4." type="journal article" year="2014">Nicolas and Plunkett, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), being largely distributed in Africa, the Mediterranean region and throughout Eurasia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532E2F682C3BE1FB6F" author="Nicolas, A. N. & Plunkett, G. M." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="30 - 58" refId="ref48788" refString="Nicolas, A. N., Plunkett, G. M., 2014. Diversification times and biogeographic patterns in Apiales. Bot. Rev. 80, 30 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12229 - 014 - 9132 - 4." type="journal article" year="2014">Nicolas and Plunkett, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These may be distinguished from those of the other subfamilies with basis on morphological (1), biological (2) and chemical (3) distinctive characters:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="06A4808EFFA1F453280368983D5DF901" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA1F453280368983CD4F9AE" blockId="1.[844,1488,1250,1771]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
(1) Presence of compound umbels; finely divided leaves; two oneseeded mericarps attached to a central bifurcate carpophore; a terminal style; absence of stipule and presence of well-developed schizogenous secretory canals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532FD4694F3D97FAA2" author="Downie, S. R. & Katz-Downie, D. S." box="[1179,1481,1333,1352]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="234 - 251" refId="ref38307" refString="Downie, S. R., Katz-Downie, D. S., 1996. A molecular phylogeny of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. Am. J. Bot. 83, 234 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / j. 1537 - 2197.1996. tb 12701. x." type="journal article" year="1996">Downie and Katz-Downie, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F453283E692B3C13FA8E" author="Downie, S. R. & Spalik, K. & Katz-Downie, D. S. & Reduron, J. - P." box="[881,1101,1361,1381]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="111 - 136" refId="ref38560" refString="Downie, S. R., Spalik, K., Katz-Downie, D. S., Reduron, J. - P., 2010. Major clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae as inferred by phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequences. Plant Div. Evol 128 (1 - 2), 111 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 1869 - 6155 / 2010 / 0128 - 0005." type="journal article" year="2010">Downie et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Schizogenous secretory canals are composed of an epithelium which surrounds a central cavity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F453283669F33C7FFA76" author="Bosabalidis, A. M." box="[889,1057,1417,1436]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="269 - 274" refId="ref35858" refString="Bosabalidis, A. M., 1996. Ontogenesis, ultrastructure and morphometry of the petiole oil ducts of celery (Apium graveolens L.). Flavour Fragrance J. 11, 269 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / (SICI) 1099 - 1026 (199609) 11: 5 <269 :: AID-FFJ 584> 3.0. CO; 2 - Z." type="journal article" year="1996">Bosabalidis, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Regarding their ontogenesis, the formation of the duct central cavity occurs predominantly through a schizogenous process (separation of two epithelial mother cells along the common wall), although lysigenous ducts (spaces resulting from the dissolution of cells) may also be found. Later, epithelial cells lining the central cavity differentiate into secretory cells (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F45328996A4A3C22F9A9" author="Bosabalidis, A. M." box="[982,1148,1584,1603]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="269 - 274" refId="ref35858" refString="Bosabalidis, A. M., 1996. Ontogenesis, ultrastructure and morphometry of the petiole oil ducts of celery (Apium graveolens L.). Flavour Fragrance J. 11, 269 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / (SICI) 1099 - 1026 (199609) 11: 5 <269 :: AID-FFJ 584> 3.0. CO; 2 - Z." type="journal article" year="1996">Bosabalidis, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA1F45328036A363C70F97D" blockId="1.[844,1488,1250,1771]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
(2)
|
||
<collectionCode id="28AF4BC0FFA1F453283E6A363B21F9B5" box="[881,895,1612,1631]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
relatively distinctive insect fauna and insect specialists, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F453283E6A123C54F996" box="[881,1034,1640,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Elachistidae" genus="Depressaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA1F453283E6A123B86F991" bold="true" box="[881,984,1640,1659]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Depressaria</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F4532F546A123CCEF991" box="[1051,1168,1640,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Elachistidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Elachistidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F4532F9F6A123D61F996" box="[1232,1343,1640,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA1F4532F9F6A123D53F991" bold="true" box="[1232,1293,1640,1659]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Papilio</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F4532E1F6A123D97F991" box="[1360,1481,1640,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F45328366AFE3C7EF97D" author="Berenbaum, M. R." box="[889,1056,1668,1687]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="319 - 343" refId="ref35265" refString="Berenbaum, M. R., 1990. Evolution of specialization in insect-umbellifer associations. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 35 (3), 319 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 35.010190.001535." type="journal article" year="1990">Berenbaum, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA1F45328036ADA3D5DF901" blockId="1.[844,1488,1250,1771]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
(3) The occurrence of some classes of compounds, namely, furanocoumarins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D685CF80FFA1F4532F4B6AC63C65F925" box="[1028,1083,1724,1743]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[147,177,1397,1414]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,149,1369]" captionTargetId="figure-420@3.[263,1324,148,1370]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Type of bioactive coumarins, furanocoumarins and furanochromones found in Apiaceae species showing allelopathic and/or pesticidal activity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8259089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8259089/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), phenylpropenes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D685CF80FFA1F4532FBB6AC63D74F925" box="[1268,1322,1724,1743]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,130,1719,1736]" captionTargetBox="[226,1361,149,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-147@4.[225,1362,148,1692]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Examples of volatile bioactive phenylpropene-derivatives and their occurrence in Apiaceae species: (A) allylbenzenes and (B) propenylbenzenes (Sources: Duke, 1992; Baser et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8259091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8259091/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), methylated flavonoids, flavones,
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA1F4532F6E6AA23C1EF901" bold="true" box="[1057,1088,1752,1771]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">etc.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA1F4532F016AA23CABF901" author="Berenbaum, M. R." box="[1102,1269,1752,1771]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="319 - 343" refId="ref35265" refString="Berenbaum, M. R., 1990. Evolution of specialization in insect-umbellifer associations. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 35 (3), 319 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 35.010190.001535." type="journal article" year="1990">Berenbaum, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="06A4808EFFA1F450287D6B6A3D92FA2C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA1F453287D6B6A3C84F8C8" blockId="1.[818,1242,1807,1827]" box="[818,1242,1807,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<heading id="15496469FFA1F453287D6B6A3C84F8C8" bold="true" box="[818,1242,1807,1827]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA1F453287D6B6A3C84F8C8" bold="true" box="[818,1242,1807,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
3. Phytochemicals from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F4532F7F6B753CD5F8C8" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1072,1163,1807,1826]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA1F450281E6B3238FCFCE6" blockId="1.[818,1488,1863,1966]" lastBlockId="2.[100,770,148,1255]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
In addition to their popularity and high commercial relevance, umbelliferous crops are important sources of bioactive compounds. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA1F453287D6B053BD9F878" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[818,903,1919,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family is rich in specialized metabolites, yielding distinctive compounds such as sesquiterpenic lactones, furanocoumarins, monoterpene coumarins, polyacetylenes, volatile phenylpropenes, phthalides,
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502B9C6CCA38ACFF29" bold="true" box="[211,242,176,195]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">etc.</emphasis>
|
||
(Hadaˇcek et al., 1994;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502A9B6CCA3AFAFF29" author="El-Razek, M. H. A. & Ohta, S. & Ahmed, A. A. & Hirata, T." box="[468,676,176,195]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1201 - 1203" refId="ref39049" refString="El-Razek, M. H. A., Ohta, S., Ahmed, A. A., Hirata, T., 2001 a. Monoterpene coumarins from Ferula ferulago. Phytochemistry 57, 1201 - 1203. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0031 - 9422 (01) 00246 - 1." type="journal article" year="2001">El-Razek et al., 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45029856CCA390EFF34" author="Christensen, L. P. & Brandt, K." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="683 - 693" refId="ref37411" refString="Christensen, L. P., Brandt, K., 2006. Bioactive polyacetylenes in food plants of the Apiaceae family: occurrence, bioactivity and analysis. J. pharm. Biomed. Anal. 41 (3), 683 - 693. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jpba. 2006.01.057." type="journal article" year="2006">Christensen and Brandt, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502A126CB13A77FF35" author="Evergetis, E. & Michaelakis, A. & Haroutounian, S. A." box="[349,553,203,223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref39738" refString="Evergetis, E., Michaelakis, A., Haroutounian, S. A., 2012. Essential oils of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) family taxa as emerging potent agents for mosquito control. In: Soloneski, S. (Ed.), Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control-Current and Future Tactics. InTech. https: // doi. org / 10.5772 / 31777." type="book" year="2012">Evergetis et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Species of the carrot family, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502A4F6C9D3966FF10" box="[256,312,231,250]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Ferula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502A4F6C9D3966FF10" bold="true" box="[256,312,231,250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ferula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502A206C9D3A72FF10" box="[367,556,231,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502A206C9D3981FF10" bold="true" box="[367,479,231,250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Peucedanum</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibit a remarkable variety of chemicals of interest to the pharmaceutical industry (see reviews of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502BFA6D653900FED8" author="Nazari, Z. E. & Iranshahi, M." box="[181,350,287,307]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="315 - 323" refId="ref48641" refString="Nazari, Z. E., Iranshahi, M., 2011. Biologically active sesquiterpene coumarins from Ferula species. Phytother Res. 25 (3), 315 - 323. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ptr. 3311." type="journal article" year="2011">Nazari et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502A276D653A23FED8" author="Sahebkar, A. & Iranshahi, M." box="[360,637,287,306]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="504 - 531" refId="ref53277" refString="Sahebkar, A., Iranshahi, M., 2011. Volatile constituents of the genus Ferula (apiaceae): a review. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Pl. 14 (5), 504 - 531. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0972060 X. 2011.10643969." type="journal article" year="2011">Sahebkar and Iranshahi, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45029E06D6538CAFEA4" author="Sarkhail, P." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="235 - 270" refId="ref53746" refString="Sarkhail, P., 2014. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of the genus Peucedanum: a review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 156, 235 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jep. 2014.08.034." type="journal article" year="2014">Sarkhail, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502A466D413900FEA4" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[265,350,315,334]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
extracts and/or compounds have been described as antimicrobials (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502A366D2D3A68FE80" author="Ozcelik, B. & Kusmenoglu, S. & Turkoz, S. & Abbasoglu, U." box="[377,566,343,362]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="526 - 528" refId="ref49468" refString="Ozcelik, B., Kusmenoglu, S., Turkoz, S., Abbasoglu, U., 2004. Antimicrobial activities of plants from the Apiaceae. Pharm. Biol. 42 (7), 526 - 528. https: // doi. org / 10.3109 / 13880200490893311." type="journal article" year="2004">Ozçelik et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F450290A6D2D3AAAFE80" author="Khalil, N. & Ashour, M. & Fikry, S. & Singab, A. N. & Salama, O." box="[581,756,343,362]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="88 - 92" refId="ref43796" refString="Khalil, N., Ashour, M., Fikry, S., Singab, A. N., Salama, O., 2018. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of selected Apiaceous fruits. Future J. Pharm. Sci. 4 (1), 88 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. fjps. 2017.10.004." type="journal article" year="2018">Khalil et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), antioxidants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502BA96D0939E5FE6C" author="Momin, R. A. & Nair, M. G." box="[230,443,371,390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="4475 - 4478" refId="ref48038" refString="Momin, R. A., Nair, M. G., 2002. Pest-Managing efficacy of trans- asarone isolated from Daucus carota L. Seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 4475 - 4478. https: // doi. org / 10.1021 / jf 020209 r." type="journal article" year="2002">Momin and Nair, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502A896D093A2BFE6C" author="Singh, G. & Marimuthu, P. & de Heluani, C. S. & Catalan, C. A." box="[454,629,371,390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="174 - 181" refId="ref54861" refString="Singh, G., Marimuthu, P., de Heluani, C. S., Catalan, C. A., 2006 a. Antioxidant and biocidal activities of Carum nigrum (seed) essential oil, oleoresin, and their selected components. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 (1), 174 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.1021 / jf 0518610." type="journal article" year="2006">Singh et al., 2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45029CF6D093AE2FE6C" author="Singh, G. & Maurya, S. & de Lampasona, M. P. & Catalan, C." box="[640,700,371,390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="745 - 752" refId="ref54937" refString="Singh, G., Maurya, S., de Lampasona, M. P., Catalan, C., 2006 b. Chemical constituents, antifungal and antioxidative potential of Foeniculum vulgare volatile oil and its acetone extract. Food Contr. 17, 745 - 752. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. foodcont. 2005.03.010." type="journal article" year="2006">2006b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Zhang et al., 2006), anti-inflammatory (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502AEA6DF53A32FE48" author="Tabanca, N. & Ma, G. & Pasco, D. S. & Bedir, E. & Kirimer, N. & Baser, K. H. C. & Khan, I. A. & Khan, S. I." box="[421,620,399,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="741 - 745" refId="ref56158" refString="Tabanca, N., Ma, G., Pasco, D. S., Bedir, E., Kirimer, N., Baser, K. H. C., Khan, I. A., Khan, S. I., 2007. Effect of essential oils and isolated compounds from Pimpinella species on NF-κB: a target for anti-inflammatory therapy. Phytother Res. 21 (8), 741 - 745. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ptr. 2154." type="journal article" year="2007">Tabanca et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), vasorelaxants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502B236DD1395FFE54" author="Ko, F. N. & Huang, T. F. & Teng, C. M." box="[108,257,427,446]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="69 - 74" refId="ref44265" refString="Ko, F. N., Huang, T. F., Teng, C. M., 1991. Vasodilatory action mechanisms of apigenin isolated from Apium graveolens in rat thoracic aorta. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1115 (1), 69 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0304 - 4165 (91) 90013 - 7." type="journal article" year="1991">Ko et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), chemopreventive agents (Zheng et al., 1992), and phytoestrogens (Yoshikawa et al., 2000; Başer et al., 2007). For example, a group of aliphatic
|
||
<collectionCode id="28AF4BC0FFA2F4502AC46D9939C6FE1C" box="[395,408,483,502]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript id="D23AD140FFA2F4502AD76D9039F4FE12" attach="left" box="[408,426,490,504]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">17</subScript>
|
||
polyacetylenes identified in carrot, celery, parsley and parsnip have revealed interesting anti-tumor (namely antileukemic), anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet aggregatory effects in mammals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502A106E4C3A04FDA3" author="Konoshima, T. & Lee, K. - H." box="[351,602,566,586]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1117 - 1121" refId="ref44420" refString="Konoshima, T., Lee, K. - H., 1986. Antitumor agents, 85. Cicutoxin, an antileukemic principle from Cicuta maculata, and the cytotoxicity of the related derivatives. J. Nat. Prod. 49 (6), 1117 - 1121. https: // doi. org / 10.1021 / np 50048 a 028." type="journal article" year="1986">Konoshima and Lee, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45029266E4C38B4FD8F" author="Christensen, L. P. & Brandt, K." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="683 - 693" refId="ref37411" refString="Christensen, L. P., Brandt, K., 2006. Bioactive polyacetylenes in food plants of the Apiaceae family: occurrence, bioactivity and analysis. J. pharm. Biomed. Anal. 41 (3), 683 - 693. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jpba. 2006.01.057." type="journal article" year="2006">Christensen and Brandt, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502A4F6E28399EFD8F" author="Chen, Y. & Peng, S. & Luo, Q. & Zhang, J. & Guo, Q. & Zhang, Y. & Chai, X." box="[256,448,594,613]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="474 - 502" refId="ref37173" refString="Chen, Y., Peng, S., Luo, Q., Zhang, J., Guo, Q., Zhang, Y., Chai, X., 2015. Chemical and pharmacological progress on polyacetylenes isolated from the family Apiaceae. Chem. Biodivers. 12, 474 - 502. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / cbdv. 201300396 /." type="journal article" year="2015">Chen et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, the linear furanocoumarin psoralen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D685CF80FFA2F4502A086E143923FD6B" box="[327,381,622,641]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[147,177,1397,1414]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,149,1369]" captionTargetId="figure-420@3.[263,1324,148,1370]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Type of bioactive coumarins, furanocoumarins and furanochromones found in Apiaceae species showing allelopathic and/or pesticidal activity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8259089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8259089/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) has been successfully used in the treatment of skin disorders (eczema, psoriasis) by means of a combination of oral ingestion and UV-A treatment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502A8D6EDC3ADAFD53" author="Croteau, R. & Kutchan, T. M. & Lewis, N. G." box="[450,644,678,697]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1250 - 1318" refId="ref37657" refString="Croteau, R., Kutchan, T. M., Lewis, N. G., 2000. Chapter 24 - natural products (secondary metabolites). In: Buchanan, B., Gruissem, W., Jones, R. (Eds.), Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants, vol. 40. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, MD, pp. 1250 - 1318." type="book chapter" year="2000">Croteau et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ethnomedicinal value and the various therapeutic properties exhibited by some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502BEE6EA738A8FD1A" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[161,246,733,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
fruits were recently reviewed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45029756EA738CAFCE6" author="Sayed-Ahmad, B. & Talou, T. & Saad, Z. & Hijazi, A. & Merah, O." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="661 - 671" refId="ref53793" refString="Sayed-Ahmad, B., Talou, T., Saad, Z., Hijazi, A., Merah, O., 2017. The Apiaceae: ethnomedicinal family as source for industrial uses. Ind. Crop. Prod. 109, 661 - 671. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. indcrop. 2017.09.027." type="journal article" year="2017">Sayed-Ahmad et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA2F4502BCB6F6F3925FB0D" blockId="2.[100,770,148,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Nonetheless, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502A606F6F39DAFCC2" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[303,388,789,808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family also ascribes renowned deadly poisonous species such as fool’ s parsley (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502AAB6F4B3AD9FCAE" box="[484,647,817,836]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Aethusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cynapium">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502AAB6F4B3AD9FCAE" bold="true" box="[484,647,817,836]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aethusa cynapium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="28AF4BC0FFA2F45029C26F4B3AC0FCAE" box="[653,670,817,836]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
.), hemlock water-dropwort (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502A456F3739F5FC8A" box="[266,427,845,864]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Oenanthe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crocata">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502A456F3739F5FC8A" bold="true" box="[266,427,845,864]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Oenanthe crocata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="28AF4BC0FFA2F4502AFB6F37399BFC8A" box="[436,453,845,864]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
.), poison hemlock (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F45029C86F3738FCFC96" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Conium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F45029C86F3738FCFC96" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Conium maculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="28AF4BC0FFA2F4502BE56F1338E4FC96" box="[170,186,873,892]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
.) and water hemlock (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502ADF6F133A58FC96" box="[400,518,873,892]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Cicuta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502ADF6F133A58FC96" bold="true" box="[400,518,873,892]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cicuta virosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="28AF4BC0FFA2F45029426F133A40FC96" box="[525,542,873,892]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
.). Some conjugated polyacetylenes (viz. cicutoxin, oenanthotoxin, virol
|
||
<collectionCode id="28AF4BC0FFA2F45029656FFF3A65FC72" box="[554,571,901,920]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
, virol B, virol
|
||
<collectionCode id="28AF4BC0FFA2F45029F26FFF3A93FC72" box="[701,717,901,920]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F450299A6FFF3AB0FC72" bold="true" box="[725,750,901,920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">etc</emphasis>
|
||
.), which are produced by species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502A816FDA3A7DFC59" box="[462,547,928,947]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Oenanthe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502A816FDA3A7DFC59" bold="true" box="[462,547,928,947]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Oenanthe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F450297D6FDB3ACEFC5E" box="[562,656,929,948]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Oenanthe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crocata">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F450297D6FDB3ACEFC5E" bold="true" box="[562,656,929,948]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O. crocata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F45029866FDB3B5CFC5E" box="[713,770,929,948]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Cicuta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F45029866FDB3B5CFC5E" bold="true" box="[713,770,929,948]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cicuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502BFC6FC7395FFC3A" box="[179,257,957,976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Cicuta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502BFC6FC7395FFC3A" bold="true" box="[179,257,957,976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C. virosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502A426FC73927FC25" box="[269,377,956,976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Cicuta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502A426FC73927FC25" bold="true" box="[269,377,956,976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C. maculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="28AF4BC0FFA2F4502A306FC739D1FC3A" box="[383,399,957,976]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502AD36FC73AA7FC3A" authority="(DC.) J. M. Coult. & Rose" authorityName="J. M. Coult. & Rose" baseAuthorityName="DC." box="[412,761,956,976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Cicuta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502AD36FC73A5AFC25" bold="true" box="[412,516,956,976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C. douglasii</emphasis>
|
||
(DC.) J.M. Coult. & Rose
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], have been identified amongst the strongest plant neurotoxins (Uwai et al., 2000).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502BAE6F8E39D0FBED" box="[225,398,1012,1031]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Conium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502BAE6F8E39D0FBED" bold="true" box="[225,398,1012,1031]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Conium maculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been known since ancient times for its acute narcotic neurotoxic effect. Its toxicity is due to the strong phytotoxins piperidinic alkaloids [viz. conmaculatin, γ- coniceine, (S)-(+)-coniine, (R)-()-coniine and N-methylconiine]. Besides its acute effects,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502BE2681E3974FB9D" box="[173,298,1124,1143]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Conium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502BE2681E3974FB9D" bold="true" box="[173,298,1124,1143]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C. maculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been found to induces a chronic teratogenic activity on livestock and humans (Lopez´et al., 1999; Radulovic´et al., 2012). Nonetheless, the carrot family comprises very few alkaloid-producing species, with alkaloids showing a very erratic distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502B8968AE3933FB0D" author="Berenbaum, M. R." box="[198,365,1236,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="319 - 343" refId="ref35265" refString="Berenbaum, M. R., 1990. Evolution of specialization in insect-umbellifer associations. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 35 (3), 319 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 35.010190.001535." type="journal article" year="1990">Berenbaum, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA2F4502B2B69773AACFACA" blockId="2.[100,754,1293,1312]" box="[100,754,1293,1312]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading id="15496469FFA2F4502B2B69773AACFACA" bold="true" box="[100,754,1293,1312]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502B2B69773AACFACA" bold="true" box="[100,754,1293,1312]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3.1. Essential oils (EOs) and volatile constituents as added value products</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA2F4502BCB693F39E9F9B9" blockId="2.[100,770,1349,1982]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Nowadays, EOs or volatile constituents are gaining high popularity and extending their prospect for application, mostly on account of the growing consumer awareness concerning its health benefits, and as a result of the generalized trend to ‘green consumerism’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45029CA69E338CAFA22" author="Dubey, N. K. & Shukla, R. & Kumar, A. & Singh, P. & Prakash, B." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref38762" refString="Dubey, N. K., Shukla, R., Kumar, A., Singh, P., Prakash, B., 2011. Global scenario on the application of natural products in integrated pest management programs. In: Dubey, N. K. (Ed.), Natural Products in Plant Pest Management. CABI, pp. 1 - 20." type="book chapter" year="2011">Dubey et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In 2018, the global EOs market demand was 226.9 kilotons (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502B2369AA3928FA09" author="Grand View Research Inc" box="[108,374,1488,1507]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref41468" refString="Grand View Research Inc, 2019. Essential Oils Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Application (Cleaning & Home, Medical, Food & Beverages, Spa & Relaxation), by Product, by Sales Channel, and Segment Forecasts, 2019 - 2025, p. 187. Available at: https: // www. grandviewresearch. com / press-release / globa l-essential-oil-market. (Accessed 18 June 2019)." type="journal volume" year="2019">Grand View Research, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). With the rising demand for this
|
||
<typeStatus id="91056DA7FFA2F45029F069AB3AB6FA0E" box="[703,744,1489,1508]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of plant-derived product and the diversification of their appliance, it is expected that the global EO market demand will grow significantly (CAGR of 8.6% from 2019 to 2025), likely reaching 403.06 kilotons by 2025 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502BEC6A3A39F4F9B9" author="Grand View Research Inc" box="[163,426,1600,1619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref41468" refString="Grand View Research Inc, 2019. Essential Oils Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Application (Cleaning & Home, Medical, Food & Beverages, Spa & Relaxation), by Product, by Sales Channel, and Segment Forecasts, 2019 - 2025, p. 187. Available at: https: // www. grandviewresearch. com / press-release / globa l-essential-oil-market. (Accessed 18 June 2019)." type="journal volume" year="2019">Grand View Research, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote id="2DA5CF0BFFA2F450280F6A393D3AF854" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA2F450280F6A393D3AF854" blockId="2.[818,1489,1603,1982]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<superScript id="B9CB7E4DFFA2F450280F6A393B16F9A5" attach="right" box="[832,840,1603,1615]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1</superScript>
|
||
EOs are concentrated, hydrophobic liquids (at room temperature) containing volatile compounds produced by plants. These are liquid at room temperature and their constituents can easily change to a gaseous state when slightly heated without undergoing decomposition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502FEC6AEE3D73F94F" author="Koul, O. & Walia, S. & Dhaliwal, G. S." box="[1187,1325,1684,1701]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="63 - 84" refId="ref44486" refString="Koul, O., Walia, S., Dhaliwal, G. S., 2008. Essential oils as green pesticides: potential and constraints. Biopestic. Int. 4 (1), 63 - 84." type="journal article" year="2008">Koul et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As defined by the ISO technical committee, EO is the product obtained from a natural raw material of plant origin, by hydro-, steam distillation, mechanical processes as pressing (specifically for the epicarp of citrus fruits), or by dry distillation, after separation of the aqueous phase by physical processes (ISO 9235, 2013). Moreover, the distillation process permits to easily separated EOs from other products coexisting in plants storage organs, such as gums, waxes and resins. EOs differ completely both in chemical and in physical properties from fatty oils, hence these should not be confused with fixed oils or fatty oils (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502E336B1A3BF2F861" author="Baser, K. H. C. & Demirci, F." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 83" refId="ref34206" refString="Baser, K. H. C., Demirci, F., 2007. Chemistry of essential oils. In: Berger, R. G. (Ed.), Flavours and Fragrances- Chemistry, Bioprocessing and Sustainability. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 45 - 83." type="book chapter" year="2007">Başer and Demirci, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to the technical committee 54 of the International Organization for Standardization for of essential oils (ISO/TC 54), the terminology ‘essential oil of … ’ should be adopt instead of ‘oil of … ‘.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA2F4502BCB6A263C89FC06" blockId="2.[100,770,1349,1982]" lastBlockId="2.[818,1488,142,1478]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
For the last three decades, these plant-derived products have received a great deal of attention from scientists, corporations, and society in general. EOs have been widely employed as therapeutic and biochemical controlling agents (as bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, antiparasitic, insecticidal,
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502A106AB63920F935" bold="true" box="[351,382,1740,1759]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">etc.</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502AD96AB13A0CF935" author="Bakkali, F. & Averbeck, S. & Averbeck, D. & Idaomar, M." box="[406,594,1739,1759]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="446 - 475" refId="ref33891" refString="Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., Idaomar, M., 2008. Biological effects of essential oils - a review. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46 (2), 446 - 475. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. fct. 2007.09.106." type="journal article" year="2008">Bakkali et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Because of their varied properties, EOs and plant volatiles constituents show a myriad of applications, particularly as pharmaceutics, agrochemicals, anti-microbial agents, flavoring agents, cosmetics and fragrances (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45029976B65395DF8A4" author="Bakkali, F. & Averbeck, S. & Averbeck, D. & Idaomar, M." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="446 - 475" refId="ref33891" refString="Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., Idaomar, M., 2008. Biological effects of essential oils - a review. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46 (2), 446 - 475. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. fct. 2007.09.106." type="journal article" year="2008">Bakkali et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502A5C6B413989F8A4" author="Schwab, W. & Davidovich-Rikanati, R. & Lewinsohn, E." box="[275,471,1851,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="712 - 732" refId="ref53926" refString="Schwab, W., Davidovich-Rikanati, R., Lewinsohn, E., 2008. Biosynthesis of plant-derived flavor compounds. Plant J. 54, 712 - 732. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 313 X. 2008.03446. x." type="journal article" year="2008">Schwab et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502AA96B413AAAF8A4" author="Regnault-Roger, C. & Vincent, C. & Arnason, J. T." box="[486,756,1851,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="405 - 424" refId="ref52767" refString="Regnault-Roger, C., Vincent, C., Arnason, J. T., 2012. Essential oils in insect control: lowrisk products in a high-stakes world. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 57, 405 - 424. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev-ento- 120710 - 100554." type="journal article" year="2012">Regnault-Roger et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Owing to the GRAS status of certain EOs, plant-derived EO products, in general, are eligible for minimum-risk pesticide products (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45029C06B0938CAF848" author="Cloyd, R. A. & Galle, C. L. & Keith, S. R. & Kalscheur, N. A. & Kemp, K. E." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1567 - 1579" refId="ref37473" refString="Cloyd, R. A., Galle, C. L., Keith, S. R., Kalscheur, N. A., Kemp, K. E., 2009. Effect of commercially available plant-derived essential oil products on arthropod pests. J. Econ. Entomol. 102 (4), 1567 - 1579. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 029.102.0422." type="journal article" year="2009">Cloyd et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Tripathi et al., 2009). Most EOs constituents are relatively non-toxic to mammals and fish in toxicological tests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45029166BD13AAAF854" author="Koul, O. & Walia, S. & Dhaliwal, G. S." box="[601,756,1963,1982]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="63 - 84" refId="ref44486" refString="Koul, O., Walia, S., Dhaliwal, G. S., 2008. Essential oils as green pesticides: potential and constraints. Biopestic. Int. 4 (1), 63 - 84." type="journal article" year="2008">Koul et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). From the chemical perspective, EOs
|
||
<superScript id="B9CB7E4DFFA2F4502F336CF43CDBFF76" attach="left" box="[1148,1157,142,156]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1</superScript>
|
||
are complex natural heterogeneous mixtures composed of various terpenoids of low molecular weight, as well as non-terpenoid volatile compounds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502F9C6CB63D9FFF35" author="Baser, K. H. C. & Demirci, F." box="[1235,1473,203,223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="45 - 83" refId="ref34206" refString="Baser, K. H. C., Demirci, F., 2007. Chemistry of essential oils. In: Berger, R. G. (Ed.), Flavours and Fragrances- Chemistry, Bioprocessing and Sustainability. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 45 - 83." type="book chapter" year="2007">Başer and Demirci, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Simultaneously, EOs are phytochemically diverse (i.e. containing many biosynthetically different compounds) and redundant (i.e. containing many analogs of one class) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502F096D653D11FED8" author="Regnault-Roger, C. & Vincent, C. & Arnason, J. T." box="[1094,1359,287,307]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="405 - 424" refId="ref52767" refString="Regnault-Roger, C., Vincent, C., Arnason, J. T., 2012. Essential oils in insect control: lowrisk products in a high-stakes world. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 57, 405 - 424. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev-ento- 120710 - 100554." type="journal article" year="2012">Regnault-Roger et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Along with compounds belonging to the class of terpenoids, predominantly monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids (rarely diterpenes), other volatile specialized metabolites of distinct biosynthetic origin may be detected in EOs mixtures, namely aromatic and aliphatic constituents (Weisshaar and Jenkins, 1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45028A56DD13CF1FE54" author="Sangwan, N. S. & Farooqi, A. H. A. & Shabih, F. & Sangwan, R. S." box="[1002,1199,427,446]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="3 - 21" refId="ref53507" refString="Sangwan, N. S., Farooqi, A. H. A., Shabih, F., Sangwan, R. S., 2001. Regulation of essential oil production in plants. Plant Growth Regul. 34, 3 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1013386921596." type="journal article" year="2001">Sangwan et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Volatiles constituents of EOs can be found in variable amounts in different plant organs (e.g., flowers, leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, bark roots and/or rhizomes) depending on the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45028E66D843CF0FDFB" author="Tisserand, R. & Young, R." box="[937,1198,510,530]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="23 - 37" refId="ref56886" refString="Tisserand, R., Young, R., 2013. Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals, second ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, pp. 23 - 37." type="book chapter" year="2013">Tisserand and Young, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). EO bearing plants belong to many different botanical families, and specific
|
||
<typeStatus id="91056DA7FFA2F4502FA26E613D40FDC4" box="[1261,1310,539,558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of secretory structures, as well as their location, have been associated to some plant families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45028C46E283C3BFD8F" author="Figueiredo, A. C. & Barroso, J. G. & Pedro, L. G. & Scheffer, J. J." box="[907,1125,594,613]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="213 - 226" refId="ref40226" refString="Figueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G., Pedro, L. G., Scheffer, J. J., 2008. Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Fragrance J. 23 (4), 213 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ffj. 1875." type="journal article" year="2008">Figueiredo et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502FF56E283D51FD8F" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1210,1295,594,613]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family the accumulation of EOs is delimited to specialized structures located along plants vegetative and reproductive organs, known as secretory duct (or oil duct) and vittae, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502F1F6EDC3D74FD53" author="Franz, C. & Novak, J." box="[1104,1322,678,697]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="39 - 82" refId="ref40487" refString="Franz, C., Novak, J., 2009. Sources of essential oils. In: Baser, K. H. C. K., Buchbauer, G., Edts) (Eds.), Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 39 - 82." type="book chapter" year="2009">Franz and Novak, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These secretory structures form a highly interconnected network of tubular intercellular spaces extending throughout plants phloem (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502F926EA73D97FD1A" author="Senalik, D. & Simon, P. W." box="[1245,1481,733,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="60 - 63" refId="ref54105" refString="Senalik, D., Simon, P. W., 1986. Relationship between oil ducts and volatile terpenoid content in carrot roots. Am. J. Bot. 73 (1), 60 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / j. 1537 - 2197.1986. tb 09680. x." type="journal article" year="1986">Senalik and Simon, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F450287D6E833B82FCE6" author="Bosabalidis, A. M." box="[818,988,761,780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="269 - 274" refId="ref35858" refString="Bosabalidis, A. M., 1996. Ontogenesis, ultrastructure and morphometry of the petiole oil ducts of celery (Apium graveolens L.). Flavour Fragrance J. 11, 269 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / (SICI) 1099 - 1026 (199609) 11: 5 <269 :: AID-FFJ 584> 3.0. CO; 2 - Z." type="journal article" year="1996">Bosabalidis, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Investigations on the localization of biologically active specialized products in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502F1D6F6F3CF9FCC2" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1106,1191,789,808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have revealed that these inner secretory structures might be the place of synthesis and/or storage of different classes of compounds, including terpenoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502E156F373BF5FC96" author="Senalik, D. & Simon, P. W." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="60 - 63" refId="ref54105" refString="Senalik, D., Simon, P. W., 1986. Relationship between oil ducts and volatile terpenoid content in carrot roots. Am. J. Bot. 73 (1), 60 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / j. 1537 - 2197.1986. tb 09680. x." type="journal article" year="1986">Senalik and Simon, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), lipids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502F4A6F133CFDFC96" author="Atia, A. & Debez, A. & Barhoumi, Z. & Abdelly, C. & Smaoui, A." box="[1029,1187,873,892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="448 - 452" refId="ref33460" refString="Atia, A., Debez, A., Barhoumi, Z., Abdelly, C., Smaoui, A., 2009. Histochemical localization of essential oils and bioactive substances in the seed coat of the halophyte Crithmum maritimum L. (Apiaceae). J. Plant Biol. 52 (5), 448 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12374 - 009 - 9057 - 3." type="journal article" year="2009">Atia et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), phenolics, namely flavonoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45028756FFF3C3FFC72" author="Reinold, S. & Hahlbrock, K." box="[826,1121,901,920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="431 - 443" refId="ref52881" refString="Reinold, S., Hahlbrock, K., 1997. In situ localization of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic mRNAs and proteins in parsley (Petroselinum crispum). Bot. Acta 110 (6), 431 - 443. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1438 - 8677.1997. tb 00660. x." type="journal article" year="1997">Reinold and Hahlbrock, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502F3C6FFF3D42FC72" author="Atia, A. & Debez, A. & Barhoumi, Z. & Abdelly, C. & Smaoui, A." box="[1139,1308,901,920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="448 - 452" refId="ref33460" refString="Atia, A., Debez, A., Barhoumi, Z., Abdelly, C., Smaoui, A., 2009. Histochemical localization of essential oils and bioactive substances in the seed coat of the halophyte Crithmum maritimum L. (Apiaceae). J. Plant Biol. 52 (5), 448 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12374 - 009 - 9057 - 3." type="journal article" year="2009">Atia et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) furanocoumarins (Zobel and
|
||
<date id="3A00F5C5FFA2F45028EB6FDB3C44FC5E" box="[932,1050,929,948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1993-03">March 1993</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502F666FDB3D14FC5E" author="Reinold, S. & Hahlbrock, K." box="[1065,1354,929,948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="431 - 443" refId="ref52881" refString="Reinold, S., Hahlbrock, K., 1997. In situ localization of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic mRNAs and proteins in parsley (Petroselinum crispum). Bot. Acta 110 (6), 431 - 443. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1438 - 8677.1997. tb 00660. x." type="journal article" year="1997">Reinold and Hahlbrock, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and phenylpropenes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45028DA6FC73CCAFC3A" author="Gersbach, P. V. & Reddy, N." box="[917,1172,957,976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="253 - 257" refId="ref40677" refString="Gersbach, P. V., Reddy, N., 2002. Non-invasive localization of thymol accumulation in Carum copticum (Apiaceae) fruits by chemical shift selective magnetic resonance imaging. Ann. Bot. 90 (2), 253 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aob / mcf 179." type="journal article" year="2002">Gersbach and Reddy, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502FEE6FC73D19FC3A" author="Gross, M. & Joel, D. M. & Cohen, Y. & Bar, E. & Friedman, J. & Lewinsohn, E." box="[1185,1351,957,976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="309 - 316" refId="ref41546" refString="Gross, M., Joel, D. M., Cohen, Y., Bar, E., Friedman, J., Lewinsohn, E., 2006. Ontogenesis of mericarps of bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. vulgare) as related to t - anethole accumulation. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 54 (4), 309 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.1560 / IJPS _ 54 _ 4 _ 309." type="journal article" year="2006">Gross et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in some rare cases alkaloids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45028B86FA33C94FC06" author="Corsi, G. & Biasci, D." box="[1015,1226,985,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="157 - 162" refId="ref37607" refString="Corsi, G., Biasci, D., 1998. Secretory structures and localization of alkaloids in Conium maculatum L. (Apiaceae). Ann. Bot. 81, 157 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / anbo. 1997.0547." type="journal article" year="1998">Corsi and Biasci, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E01D305FFA2F450281E6F8F3D92FA2C" blockId="2.[818,1488,142,1478]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
EOs and oleoresins can be extracted from roots, herbs and fruits of several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502836686A3B90FBC9" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[889,974,1040,1059]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species with suitable yields (
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502F91686B3CB0FBCE" box="[1246,1262,1041,1060]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">></emphasis>
|
||
10 L/hectare).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502E35686A3D91FBC9" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1402,1487,1040,1059]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
being trade internationally as EO-producing crops are limited to a handful of species (
|
||
<tableCitation id="033CE6BEFFA2F45028A868323C72FBB1" box="[999,1068,1096,1115]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[818,868,150,166]" captionTargetBox="[834,1471,213,582]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Table 1 Apiaceae species of global economic and culinary importance." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/1AC1838DFFA1F453287D6CEC3D1DFF2B" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="1AC1838DFFA1F453287D6CEC3D1DFF2B">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), despite the existence of a vast range of EObearing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F45028CA681E3B84FB9D" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[901,986,1124,1143]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
already documented and characterized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502E36681E3B3CFB79" author="Chizzola, R." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1477 - 1492" refId="ref37300" refString="Chizzola, R., 2010. Essential oil composition of wild growing Apiaceae from Europe and the Mediterranean. Nat. Prod. Commun. 5 (9), 1477 - 1492. https: // doi. org / 10.1177 / 1934578 X 1000500925." type="journal article" year="2010">Chizzola, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F450282268FA3C0EFB79" author="Baser, K. H. C. & Kirimer, N." box="[877,1104,1152,1171]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref34260" refString="Baser, K. H. C., Kirimer, N., 2014. Essential oils of anatolian apiaceae-A profile. Nat. Vol. Essent. Oils 1 (1), 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="2014">Baser and Kirimer, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Coriander EOs (from fruits and leaves), fennel fruits EO (sweet and bitter fennel), alongside with dill EO (fruits and leaves), are the leading products from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502F8868C23D41FB21" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1223,1311,1208,1227]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, followed by other species such as celery, caraway, anise, ajowan, parsley, cumin, carrot, and angelica (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F45028FB688A3C17FAE9" author="Lawrence, B. M." box="[948,1097,1264,1283]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="620 - 627" refId="ref45211" refString="Lawrence, B. M., 1993. A planning scheme to evaluate new aromatic plants for the flavor and fragrance industries. In: Janick, J., Simon, J. E. (Eds.), New Crops. Wiley, New York, pp. 620 - 627." type="book chapter" year="1993">Lawrence, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502F1368953DF9FAE9" author="Evergetis, E. & Haroutounian, S. A." box="[1116,1447,1263,1283]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="70 - 77" refId="ref39869" refString="Evergetis, E., Haroutounian, S. A., 2014. Exploitation of Apiaceae family plants as valuable renewable source of essential oils containing crops for the production of fine chemicals. Ind. Crop. Prod. 54, 70 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. indcrop. 2014.01.009." type="journal article" year="2014">Evergetis and Haroutounian (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F450287D69713C54FAF4" author="Evergetis, E. & Koulocheri, S. D. & Haroutounian, S. A." box="[818,1034,1291,1311]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="59 - 67" refId="ref39931" refString="Evergetis, E., Koulocheri, S. D., Haroutounian, S. A., 2015. Exploitation of Apiaceae Family plants as valuable renewable source of essential oils containing crops for the production of fine chemicals: Part II. Ind. Crop. Prod. 64, 59 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. indcrop. 2014.01.009." type="journal article" year="2015">Evergetis et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified about 18
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502F9B69713D77FAF4" baseAuthorityName="Plunkett and Downie" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1236,1321,1291,1310]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from the Greek flora showing EOs producing potential at the industrial scale (estimated yields ranging from 11 to 35 L per hectare), plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89BEA886FFA2F4502E2069393BCEFA98" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Bupleurum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fruticosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CCA0F17FFA2F4502E2069393BCEFA98" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bupleurum fruticosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. that showed an exceptional yield of 522 L per hectare. Most of the species included in the former studies could constitute viable sources of several fine chemicals, which is a strong argument to advocate their valorization and production (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2A2FAEF4FFA2F4502F3569C93DE1FA2C" author="Evergetis, E. & Haroutounian, S. A." box="[1146,1471,1459,1478]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="70 - 77" refId="ref39869" refString="Evergetis, E., Haroutounian, S. A., 2014. Exploitation of Apiaceae family plants as valuable renewable source of essential oils containing crops for the production of fine chemicals. Ind. Crop. Prod. 54, 70 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. indcrop. 2014.01.009." type="journal article" year="2014">Evergetis and Haroutounian, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |