treatments-xml/data/03/D2/A3/03D2A328FFBD5227FF60AF870DA5FE58.xml

<document id="D0FF657D62FC9D11646CCC3D38A50427" ID-CLB-Dataset="30143" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4415.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="624a98b1-69db-46bf-b287-e5efd712e05b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1242110" ID-ZooBank="EB29389D-F8EC-41FE-80B5-1D1B948DD9F6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1525600379754" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pugh, P. R., Dunn, C. W. &amp; Haddock, S. H. D." docDate="2018" docId="03D2A328FFBD5227FF60AF870DA5FE58" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4415.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4415 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Tottonophyes enigmatica Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="471" masterDocId="FFEBDB50FFB55234FFF7AD720C11FFAC" masterDocTitle="Description of Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Calycophorae), with a reappraisal of the function and homology of nectophoral canals" masterLastPageNumber="472" masterPageNumber="452" pageNumber="460" updateTime="1698541914677" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C190BBFD391CF0AD151CD4DCA7291FDF">Description of Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Calycophorae), with a reappraisal of the function and homology of nectophoral canals</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6F7047CEC81337529DB0896766A41B78">Pugh, P. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EDA1327C76C38AA616DF1C35FF40A1C1">Dunn, C. W.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03D2A328FFBD5227FF60AF870DA5FE58" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5967025" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143811419" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5967025" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D2A328FFBD5227FF60AF870DA5FE58" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D2A328FFBD5227FF60AF870DA5FE58" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="471" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<subSubSection id="C36141B5FFBD523CFF60AF870E38FCA3" box="[151,553,757,783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBD523CFF60AF870E38FCA3" blockId="8.[151,553,757,783]" box="[151,553,757,783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<heading id="D08CA552FFBD523CFF60AF870E38FCA3" bold="true" box="[151,553,757,783]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFF60AF870E38FCA3" bold="true" box="[151,553,757,783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBD523CFF60AF870DD5FCA3" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,452,757,783]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFF60AF870DD5FCA3" bold="true" box="[151,452,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBD523CFE3CAF870E38FCA3" box="[459,553,757,783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C36141B5FFBD523CFF60AE4E0D0AFC49" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBD523CFF60AE4E0D0AFC49" blockId="8.[151,1437,828,1320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFF60AE4E0D00FCF9" bold="true" box="[151,273,828,853]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
With two rounded, almost spherical, dissimilar nectophores with one slightly larger and slightly to the anterior of the other. Extensive nectosac and hydroecium occupying most of each nectophore. No flaps on lateral walls of hydroecium; no mouth plate on posterior nectophore; ascending and descending mantle canals present, with internal somatocyst forming a conical structure. No disjunct portion of the pedicular canal in either nectophore.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36141B5FFBD523CFF30AE9D0E0CFA84" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBD523CFF30AE9D0FDDFB11" blockId="8.[151,1437,828,1320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFF30AE9D0DA4FBA4" bold="true" box="[199,437,1007,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Material examined.</emphasis>
Four specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBD523CFD53AE9D0FD0FBA4" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[676,961,1007,1032]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFD53AE9D0FD0FBA4" box="[676,961,1007,1032]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFC3BAE9D083BFBA4" bold="true" box="[972,1066,1007,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
have been examined. All were collected by the 
<collectionCode id="ED6A8AFBFFBD523CFEA2A9660DA0FB80" box="[341,433,1044,1068]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">MBARI</collectionCode>
ROVs, namely 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFD9BA9660ED5FB81" box="[620,708,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Tiburon</emphasis>
(T), 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBD523CFCF7A9670F4BFB80" box="[768,858,1045,1068]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Humiriaceae" genus="Ventana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFCF7A9670F4BFB80" box="[768,858,1045,1068]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Ventana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(V), or 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFC4CA967085AFB81" box="[955,1099,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
(DR), whose dive details are shown in 
<tableCitation id="C6F92785FFBD523CFEFBA9450D75FBFC" box="[268,356,1079,1104]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,1368,1391]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of observed specimens of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. For the specimens collected (emboldened), &quot;D&quot; means that they were collected with a &quot;Detritus sampler&quot;. * Specimens not examined for present study." pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Table 1</tableCitation>
. They were preserved in 5% buffered formalin in sea water. Unfortunately, only one of the nectophores from the DR0105 and DR0552 dives was preserved. A fifth specimen (T0398) was collected and photographed in the ship-borne laboratory, then part was frozen for molecular analyses. Five other specimens (unemboldened) in 
<tableCitation id="C6F92785FFBD523CFE85A9D60DD4FB10" box="[370,453,1188,1213]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,1368,1391]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of observed specimens of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. For the specimens collected (emboldened), &quot;D&quot; means that they were collected with a &quot;Detritus sampler&quot;. * Specimens not examined for present study." pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Table 1</tableCitation>
have been identified from 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFD04A9D70F28FB10" box="[755,825,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">in situ</emphasis>
frame grabs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBD523CFF30A9B50E0CFA84" blockId="8.[151,1437,828,1320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<materialsCitation id="3B131863FFBD523CFF30A9B50E0CFA84" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1841141085" location="Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. The" municipality="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
The specimen from Tiburon Dive 897 has been designated as the 
<typeStatus id="54C0AC9CFFBD523CFC2CA9B50851FB4C" box="[987,1088,1223,1248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, and will be deposited at the 
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remainder will be deposited with the 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA08844FFBD523CFB45A99E0D57FA84" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Peabody Museum of Natural History</collectingMunicipality>
at Yale University.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF0442B6FFBD523CFF60A82A0901FA23" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBD523CFF60A82A0901FA23" blockId="8.[151,1436,1368,1423]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFF60A82A0D1AFAC3" bold="true" box="[151,267,1368,1391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
List of observed specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBD523CFDAAA82A0F79FAC3" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[605,872,1368,1391]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFDAAA82A0F79FAC3" box="[605,872,1368,1391]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBD523CFC87A82A0FD6FAC3" box="[880,967,1368,1391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFC87A82A0FD6FAC3" bold="true" box="[880,967,1368,1391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
For the specimens collected (emboldened), &quot;D&quot; means that they were collected with a &quot;Detritus sampler&quot;. * Specimens not examined for present study.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBD523CFF6CA8D80900F80A" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<table id="F97BE09EFFBDADCBFF6CA8D80999F80A" box="[155,1416,1450,1958]" gridcols="6" gridrows="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CA8D80999FA73" box="[155,1416,1450,1503]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CA8D80D0FFA73" box="[155,286,1450,1503]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">ROV Dive</th>
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DA8D80E54FA73" box="[378,581,1450,1503]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Depth of collection/ Observation (m)</th>
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82A8D80F18FA73" box="[629,777,1450,1503]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Date</th>
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCA8D80FD2FA73" box="[843,963,1450,1503]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Latitude</th>
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5A8D8089DFA73" box="[1026,1164,1450,1503]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Longitude</th>
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29A8D80999FA73" box="[1246,1416,1450,1503]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">Water Depth (m)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CA8800999F9A4" box="[155,1416,1522,1544]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CA8800D0FF9A4" box="[155,286,1522,1544]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">T0364</th>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DA8800E54F9A4" box="[378,581,1522,1544]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">3092</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82A8800F18F9A4" box="[629,777,1522,1544]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">2–Oct–2001</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCA8800FD2F9A4" box="[843,963,1522,1544]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">36°20.25’N</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5A880089DF9A4" box="[1026,1164,1522,1544]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">122°53.96’W</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29A8800999F9A4" box="[1246,1416,1522,1544]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">3496</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CAB6E0999F99E" box="[155,1416,1564,1586]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CAB6E0D0FF99E" box="[155,286,1564,1586]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFF6CAB6E0D1BF99E" bold="true" box="[155,266,1564,1586]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">T0398–D1</emphasis>
*
</th>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DAB6E0E54F99E" box="[378,581,1564,1586]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">2836</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82AB6E0F18F99E" box="[629,777,1564,1586]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">23–Feb–2002</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCAB6E0FD2F99E" box="[843,963,1564,1586]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">36°34.37’N</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5AB6E089DF99E" box="[1026,1164,1564,1586]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">122°31.20’W</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29AB6E0999F99E" box="[1246,1416,1564,1586]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">3036</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CAB370999F9F7" box="[155,1416,1605,1627]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CAB370D0FF9F7" box="[155,286,1605,1627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">T0438</th>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DAB370E54F9F7" box="[378,581,1605,1627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">2368</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82AB370F18F9F7" box="[629,777,1605,1627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">12–Jun–2002</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCAB370FD2F9F7" box="[843,963,1605,1627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">36°34.81’N</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5AB37089DF9F7" box="[1026,1164,1605,1627]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">122°25.18’W</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29AB370999F9F7" box="[1246,1416,1605,1627]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">2421</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CAB1C0999F928" box="[155,1416,1646,1668]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CAB1C0D0FF928" box="[155,286,1646,1668]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">T0762</th>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DAB1C0E54F928" box="[378,581,1646,1668]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">3384</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82AB1C0F18F928" box="[629,777,1646,1668]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">16–Nov–2004</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCAB1C0FD2F928" box="[843,963,1646,1668]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">36°19.25’N</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5AB1C089DF928" box="[1026,1164,1646,1668]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">122°53.29’W</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29AB1C0999F928" box="[1246,1416,1646,1668]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">3451</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CABEA0999F902" box="[155,1416,1688,1710]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CABEA0D0FF902" box="[155,286,1688,1710]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFF6CABEA0D1BF902" bold="true" box="[155,266,1688,1710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">T0897–D4</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DABEA0E54F902" box="[378,581,1688,1710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">1342</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82ABEA0F18F902" box="[629,777,1688,1710]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">23–Sep–2005</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCABEA0FD2F902" box="[843,963,1688,1710]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">36°39.31’N</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5ABEA089DF902" box="[1026,1164,1688,1710]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">122°09.52’W</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29ABEA0999F902" box="[1246,1416,1688,1710]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">1356</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CABB30999F97B" box="[155,1416,1729,1751]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CABB30D0FF97B" box="[155,286,1729,1751]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFF6CABB30D09F97B" bold="true" box="[155,280,1729,1751]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">V3005–D8*</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DABB30E54F97B" box="[378,581,1729,1751]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">963</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82ABB30F18F97B" box="[629,777,1729,1751]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">15–May–2007</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCABB30FD2F97B" box="[843,963,1729,1751]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">36°41.90’N</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5ABB3089DF97B" box="[1026,1164,1729,1751]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">122°03.93’W</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29ABB30999F97B" box="[1246,1416,1729,1751]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">1741</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CAB980999F8AC" box="[155,1416,1770,1792]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CAB980D0FF8AC" box="[155,286,1770,1792]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">DR0026</th>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DAB980E54F8AC" box="[378,581,1770,1792]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">3281</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82AB980F18F8AC" box="[629,777,1770,1792]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">27–May–2009</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCAB980FD2F8AC" box="[843,963,1770,1792]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">36°06.88’N</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5AB98089DF8AC" box="[1026,1164,1770,1792]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">122°45.09’W</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29AB980999F8AC" box="[1246,1416,1770,1792]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">3415</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CAA660999F886" box="[155,1416,1812,1834]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CAA660D0FF886" box="[155,286,1812,1834]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFF6CAA660D0FF886" bold="true" box="[155,286,1812,1834]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">DR0105–D3</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DAA660E54F886" box="[378,581,1812,1834]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">2469</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82AA660F18F886" box="[629,777,1812,1834]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">13–Dec–2009</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCAA660FD2F886" box="[843,963,1812,1834]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">36°04.08’N</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5AA66089DF886" box="[1026,1164,1812,1834]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">122°17.89’W</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29AA660999F886" box="[1246,1416,1812,1834]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">2476</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CAA4F0999F8FF" box="[155,1416,1853,1875]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CAA4F0D0FF8FF" box="[155,286,1853,1875]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">DR0327</th>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DAA4F0E54F8FF" box="[378,581,1853,1875]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">3539</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82AA4F0F18F8FF" box="[629,777,1853,1875]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">4–Dec–2011</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCAA4F0FD2F8FF" box="[843,963,1853,1875]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">35°55.97’N</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5AA4F089DF8FF" box="[1026,1164,1853,1875]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">122°55.99’W</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29AA4F0999F8FF" box="[1246,1416,1853,1875]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">3612</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CAA140999F8D0" box="[155,1416,1894,1916]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CAA140D0FF8D0" box="[155,286,1894,1916]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFF6CAA140D0FF8D0" bold="true" box="[155,286,1894,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">DR0552–D1</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DAA140E54F8D0" box="[378,581,1894,1916]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">2222</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82AA140F18F8D0" box="[629,777,1894,1916]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">20–Nov–2013</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCAA140FD2F8D0" box="[843,963,1894,1916]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">36°4.11’N</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5AA14089DF8D0" box="[1026,1164,1894,1916]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">122°17.77’W</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29AA140999F8D0" box="[1246,1416,1894,1916]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">2481</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B107CFFBDADCBFF6CAAE20999F80A" box="[155,1416,1936,1958]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<th id="769A7900FFBDADCBFF6CAAE20D0FF80A" box="[155,286,1936,1958]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBD523CFF6CAAE20D0FF80A" bold="true" box="[155,286,1936,1958]" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">DR0965–D1</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFE8DAAE20E54F80A" box="[378,581,1936,1958]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">910</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFD82AAE20F18F80A" box="[629,777,1936,1958]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">14–Jun–2017</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFCBCAAE20FD2F80A" box="[843,963,1936,1958]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">36°41.96’N</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFBF5AAE2089DF80A" box="[1026,1164,1936,1958]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">122°01.98’W</td>
<td id="769A7900FFBDADCBFB29AAE20999F80A" box="[1246,1416,1936,1958]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="460">1555</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C36141B5FFBC523BFF30ADE50E84FEEC" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="467" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBC523DFF30ADE50E65FE24" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFF30ADE50D40FF1C" bold="true" box="[199,337,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Description</emphasis>
: An 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFE7BADEB0DC3FF1C" box="[396,466,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">in situ</emphasis>
frame grab from 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFD6BADEB0F3DFF1C" box="[668,812,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
Dive 105 (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBC523DFC5AADE50832FF1C" box="[941,1059,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[197,1392,1283,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[188,1398,1276,1837]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. In situ Frame Grab of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. taken during Doc Ricketts Dive 105; Specimens of (B) Kephyes hiulcus Grossmann &amp; Lindsay, 2017. and (C) Clausophyes moserae from Pugh, 2006b.Scale bars 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242118/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Figure 5A</figureCitation>
) shows that the larger of the two nectophores of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBC523DFEA6ADCE0E61FF78" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[337,624,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFEA6ADCE0E61FF78" box="[337,624,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBC523DFD8BADCE0ECCFF79" box="[636,733,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFD8BADCE0ECCFF79" bold="true" box="[636,733,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is only partially superimposed over the smaller one. This superimposition (i.e. positioning of one nectophore to the anterior of the other) is much greater than seen in prayomorphs (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBC523DFEB7AC760DAEFEB0" box="[320,447,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1858,1880]" captionTargetBox="[270,1327,1242,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[226,1360,1242,1833]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Schematic representations of canal systems of calycophoran siphonophores. A. Rosacea sp., B. Chelophyes appendiculata. For annotations see Figure 1. h, hydroecium; ml. muscular attachment lamella; pcd, disjunct pedicular canal; so, somatocyst." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242114/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Figure 2A</figureCitation>
), where they are apposed, and much less than for other diphyomorphs, even the clausophyids (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBC523DFECCAC550DC8FEEC" box="[315,473,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[197,1392,1283,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[188,1398,1276,1837]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. In situ Frame Grab of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. taken during Doc Ricketts Dive 105; Specimens of (B) Kephyes hiulcus Grossmann &amp; Lindsay, 2017. and (C) Clausophyes moserae from Pugh, 2006b.Scale bars 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242118/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Figure 5B, C</figureCitation>
). However, unlike prayids, there are clear differences in the two nectophores of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBC523DFA70AC5B0D05FEC8" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFA70AC5B0D05FEC8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">T. enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBC523DFEECAC3E0D64FEC9" box="[283,373,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFEECAC3E0D64FEC9" bold="true" box="[283,373,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and for ease of comparison with the diphyomorph species the nectophores will be referred to as anterior (larger) and posterior (smaller).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBC523DFF30ACE60FE1FD29" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">
The 
<typeStatus id="54C0AC9CFFBC523DFF0EACE60D4AFE01" box="[249,347,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen from 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFDE7ACE60E77FE01" box="[528,614,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Tiburon</emphasis>
Dive 987 was chosen as the best preserved of all the specimens collected up until the time that this description was begun. Very recently a further specimen was collected during 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFA9AACCB0CE1FE59" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
Dive 965. This proved to be the largest specimen so far collected, with the anterior nectophore measuring 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBC523DFF60AC8D0CEDFDBB" box="[151,252,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" unit="mm" value="13.5">13.5 mm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBC523DFE56AF720DF2FDBB" box="[417,483,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
in width, and the posterior one 11.5 by 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBC523DFC5BAF720FE0FDBB" box="[940,1009,512,535]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
. Nonetheless, the general structure of both nectophores showed no major variations from the norm, and there was no evidence there to suggest the unlikely eventuality that we were dealing with a different species. However, there appeared to be a minor difference in the special nectophores in the cormidia that is discussed below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBC523DFF30AFE20813FC2C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFF30AFE20DBAFD04" box="[199,427,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Anterior nectophore</emphasis>
: (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBC523DFE35AFFD0E3EFD04" box="[450,559,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,873,895]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs showing A. lateral and B. from distal side of posterior nectophore views of Tiburon Dive 897 holotype specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. soan and sopn somatocyst of anterior and posterior nectophores, respectively.Scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242120/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Figures 6</figureCitation>
&amp; 7). The larger, anterior nectophore of the 
<typeStatus id="54C0AC9CFFBC523DFBD9AFFD0881FD04" box="[1070,1168,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen measured, in its preserved state, 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBC523DFE80AFC60DC0FD60" box="[375,465,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" unit="mm" value="7.6">7.6 mm</quantity>
in height, 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBC523DFDA5AFC60EBAFD60" box="[594,683,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" unit="mm" value="7.6">7.6 mm</quantity>
in width and 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBC523DFCA5AFC60FBAFD60" box="[850,939,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
in breadth. The proximal two-fifths of the nectophore was almost entirely occupied by the hydroecium (Figure 7), which was open at its lower end, but at its upper end its median wall curved over and ran to the proximal wall of the nectophore a short distance from its apex. The distal three-fifths of the nectophore were mainly occupied by the extensive nectosac; its ostial opening, which included a large velum, was directed obliquely toward the upper side of the nectophore, such that outer side of the nectophore was only about two-thirds the height of the inner or proximal side.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBC523DFF30AEFE0911FB69" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">
All four radial canals arose from the short and direct internal pedicular canal. In its preserved state the upper part of the nectosac was more extensive laterally than in the mid-line, such that the upper radial canal ran through a median depression. However, in life this depression was less marked (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBC523DFC3CAEA60856FC41" box="[971,1095,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,873,895]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs showing A. lateral and B. from distal side of posterior nectophore views of Tiburon Dive 897 holotype specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. soan and sopn somatocyst of anterior and posterior nectophores, respectively.Scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242120/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Figure 6A</figureCitation>
). The upper and lower radial canals ran directly to the ostial ring canal. The lateral radial canals, however, followed a course somewhat similar to that found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBC523DFEBBA96E0DCAFB99" authorityName="Lens &amp; van Riemsdijk" authorityYear="1908" box="[332,475,1052,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Clausophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFEBBA96E0DCAFB99" box="[332,475,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Clausophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. From their origin, they extended across the nectosac, with only a very slight upward curve. Close to the outer side of the nectosac they curved through 90° and ran directly toward the ostium, before again bending through 90° and running back across the nectosac, with a slight upward curve as they approached the proximal side. A further curve through 90° again directed them toward the ostium, but before reaching it, they curved through c. 60° and then ran obliquely down to join with the ostial ring canal.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0442B6FFBC523DFF60AA37090CF8D6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242118/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" startId="9.[151,250,1861,1883]" targetBox="[197,1392,1283,1828]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBC523DFF60AA37090CF8D6" blockId="9.[151,1436,1861,1914]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFF60AA370D3AF8F7" bold="true" box="[151,299,1861,1883]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">FIGURE 5. A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFECFAA340D69F8F7" box="[312,376,1862,1883]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">In situ</emphasis>
Frame Grab of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBC523DFDEEAA370F07F8F7" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[537,790,1861,1883]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFDEEAA370F07F8F7" box="[537,790,1861,1883]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBC523DFCEBAA370F7CF8F7" box="[796,877,1861,1883]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFCEBAA370F7CF8F7" bold="true" box="[796,877,1861,1883]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
taken during 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFC0EAA34086BF8F7" box="[1017,1146,1861,1883]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
Dive 105; Specimens of (
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFA74AA370985F8F7" bold="true" box="[1411,1428,1861,1883]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">B</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBC523DFF60AA160E77F8D6" authority="Grossmann &amp; Lindsay, 2017" authorityName="Grossmann &amp; Lindsay" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,614,1892,1914]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Kephyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hiulcus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFF60AA160D2DF8D6" box="[151,316,1892,1914]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Kephyes hiulcus</emphasis>
Grossmann &amp; Lindsay, 2017
</taxonomicName>
. and (
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFD52AA160EA6F8D6" bold="true" box="[677,695,1892,1914]" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">C</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBC523DFD31AA160FB5F8D6" authorityName="Margulis" authorityYear="1988" box="[710,932,1892,1914]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Clausophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="9" pageNumber="461" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="moserae">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBC523DFD31AA160FB5F8D6" box="[710,932,1892,1914]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="461">Clausophyes moserae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Pugh, 2006b. Scale bars 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0442B6FFBF523EFF60AE1B0DD0FC10" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242120/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="462" startId="10.[151,250,873,895]" targetBox="[151,1436,195,849]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBF523EFF60AE1B0DD0FC10" blockId="10.[151,1436,873,956]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFF60AE1B0D06FCD3" bold="true" box="[151,279,873,895]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Photographs showing 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFDFCAE1B0E0CFCD3" bold="true" box="[523,541,873,895]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">A</emphasis>
. lateral and 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFD5FAE1B0EA8FCD3" bold="true" box="[680,697,873,895]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">B</emphasis>
. from distal side of posterior nectophore views of 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFB17AE1B093EFCD3" box="[1248,1327,873,895]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">Tiburon</emphasis>
Dive 897 holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBF523EFE74AEFA0E95FC32" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[387,644,904,926]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="462" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFE74AEFA0E95FC32" box="[387,644,904,926]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFD79AEFA0F0FFC32" bold="true" box="[654,798,904,926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBF523EFD79AEFA0EF3FC32" box="[654,738,904,926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
soan
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFCA0AEFA0F9BFC32" bold="true" box="[855,906,904,926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">sopn</emphasis>
somatocyst of anterior and posterior nectophores, respectively. Scale bar 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBF523EFF60AA7A0D2DF8D6" blockId="10.[151,1437,1797,1914]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFF60AA7A0D03F8B2" bold="true" box="[151,274,1800,1822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Nectophores of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBF523EFE4CAA7A0EA9F8B2" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[443,696,1800,1822]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="10" pageNumber="462" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFE4CAA7A0EA9F8B2" box="[443,696,1800,1822]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFD49AA7A0F3FF8B2" bold="true" box="[702,814,1800,1822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBF523EFD49AA7A0F1FF8B2" box="[702,782,1800,1822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A.
</emphasis>
anterior, and 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFC4DAA7A0FDAF8B2" bold="true" box="[954,971,1800,1822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">B</emphasis>
posterior. 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFBC1AA7A0848F8B2" bold="true" box="[1078,1113,1797,1822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">h an.</emphasis>
h pn: hydroecium of anterior and posterior nectophore, respectively; 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFDF4AA540E21F890" bold="true" box="[515,560,1830,1852]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">mca</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFDC8AA540E7CF890" bold="true" box="[575,621,1830,1852]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">mcd</emphasis>
, ascending and descending mantle canal, respectively; 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFB5AAA5408D4F890" bold="true" box="[1197,1221,1830,1852]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">ns</emphasis>
: nectosac; 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFACBAA540972F890" bold="true" box="[1340,1379,1830,1852]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">pde</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFA85AA540984F890" bold="true" box="[1394,1429,1830,1852]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">pdi</emphasis>
, external and internal pedicular canal, respectively; 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFD54AA370EC5F8F7" bold="true" box="[675,724,1861,1883]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">soan</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBF523EFD14AA370F07F8F7" bold="true" box="[739,790,1861,1883]" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">sopn</emphasis>
: somatocyst of anterior and posterior nectophore, respectively. Scale bar 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBF523EFF0DAA160D29F8D6" box="[250,312,1892,1914]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="462" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBF523FFF30AAD50D99FE24" blockId="10.[151,1436,1958,2019]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,1941]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="463" pageId="10" pageNumber="462">
As well as the short internal pedicular canal, which reached the nectosac approximately at the mid-height of the nectophore, there were two short median longitudinal canals running along the wall of the hydroecium: the ascending and descending mantle canals. The ascending canal was shorter than the descending one, and soon gave rise to the internal somatocyst, within the mesogloea. The somatocyst was a funnel-shaped, laterally compressed structure (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBE523FFEFEADAD0D64FF54" box="[265,373,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,873,895]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs showing A. lateral and B. from distal side of posterior nectophore views of Tiburon Dive 897 holotype specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. soan and sopn somatocyst of anterior and posterior nectophores, respectively.Scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242120/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Figures 6</figureCitation>
&amp; 7, 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFE4EADAD0DFEFF54" bold="true" box="[441,495,223,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">soan</emphasis>
). Its apex, which was covered with large globular cells, was expanded laterally so that, from this angle, the somatocyst looked like a mushroom (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBE523FFCA1AC760FD8FEB1" box="[854,969,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,873,895]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs showing A. lateral and B. from distal side of posterior nectophore views of Tiburon Dive 897 holotype specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. soan and sopn somatocyst of anterior and posterior nectophores, respectively.Scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242120/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Figure 6B</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFC27AC760817FEB1" bold="true" box="[976,1030,260,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">soan</emphasis>
). In life, the apex of the somatocyst was deep brown in colour, while the remainder of the cone was suffused with a lighter tan colouration. For the DR0965–D 
<specimenCount id="9D7DD9B7FFBE523FFEEAAC3E0D88FEC9" box="[285,409,332,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
the fluid within the somatocyst, particularly that of the anterior nectophore, in life, was a pinkish-red in colour.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBE523FFF30ACE70D1CFD29" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFF30ACE70DA7FE01" box="[199,438,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Posterior nectophore</emphasis>
: The smaller posterior nectophore (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBE523FFCB8ACE60FAAFE01" box="[847,955,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,873,895]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs showing A. lateral and B. from distal side of posterior nectophore views of Tiburon Dive 897 holotype specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. soan and sopn somatocyst of anterior and posterior nectophores, respectively.Scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242120/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Figures 6</figureCitation>
&amp; 7) measured, in its preserved state, 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBE523FFA8EACE60CD2FE63" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="5.6">5.6 mm</quantity>
in height and 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBE523FFE99ACC50DD6FE63" box="[366,455,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
in width. Its breadth was not measured as the nectosac had collapsed and the whole nectophore narrowed. However, the posterior nectophore from 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFCA8ACAF0FFFFE59" box="[863,1006,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
Dive 105 remained in good condition and its dimensions were: height 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBE523FFDF4AC8D0E4AFDBB" box="[515,603,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="7.6">7.6 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBE523FFD58AF720F16FDBB" box="[687,775,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="11" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="8.2">8.2 mm</quantity>
, breadth 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBE523FFC98AC8D0FD9FDBB" box="[879,968,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="11" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
. Thus, it was considerably larger than the posterior nectophore of the 
<typeStatus id="54C0AC9CFFBE523FFE38AF570DEEFD91" box="[463,511,549,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">type</typeStatus>
specimen and, commensurately one would have expected the anterior nectophore to be considerably larger. However, as noted above, the anterior nectophore was unfortunately lost during collection.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBE523FFF30AFFD0D1FFBF4" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">The hydroecium occupied less than a third of the total width of the nectophore (Figure 7) and was open throughout almost the entire height of the nectophore, but faded out shortly before reaching its lower edge. At its upper end, just above the swollen part of the internal somatocyst, the hydroecium formed a small median cavity. The remainder of the nectophore was almost entirely occupied by the nectosac, with its ostial opening and a slightly smaller velum directed obliquely toward the upper side of the nectophore. No mouth plate was present. The courses of the radial canals were similar to those of the anterior nectophore. In the preserved state, the upper canal likewise ran through a median furrow in the apical part of the nectosac, whose lateral wings apically came to a more or less pronounced point. This arrangement was also apparent in the living specimen. The lower canal ran directly down to the ostial ring canal. The lateral radial canals, after arising from the short internal pedicular canal, almost immediately curved basad and then after a short distance ran outwards across the nectosac. As they approached its outer wall they gradually curved to run basally again, before turning to run obliquely upward toward the proximal side. Then they curved basally again before turning distad and running obliquely down to the ostial ring canal.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBE523FFF30A9160D72FA9C" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">
Both descending and ascending mantle canals were present (Figure 7 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFBF1A916086FFBD1" bold="true" box="[1030,1150,1124,1149]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">mcd, mca</emphasis>
), although their relative lengths were the reverse of those in the anterior nectophore. The ascending mantle canal was much longer than that in the anterior nectophore and, below the median cavity in the hydroecium, it penetrated into the mesogloea and formed the internal somatocyst. This was relatively short and without lateral extensions (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBE523FFB78A9BD08EDFB44" box="[1167,1276,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,873,895]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs showing A. lateral and B. from distal side of posterior nectophore views of Tiburon Dive 897 holotype specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. soan and sopn somatocyst of anterior and posterior nectophores, respectively.Scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242120/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Figures 6</figureCitation>
&amp; 7 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFACDA9BD0963FB44" bold="true" box="[1338,1394,1231,1256]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">sopn</emphasis>
). It also had a small brownish patch of cells at its distal end, while the remainder contained light-brown pigmentation, after preservation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBE523FFF30A84E0D86F910" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFF30A84E0D56FAF9" box="[199,327,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Cormidium</emphasis>
: The siphosomal gastrovascular lumen, like that of the somatocysts, contained a pinkish-red fluid. Much of the siphosome of the 
<typeStatus id="54C0AC9CFFBE523FFE1CA8130E0AFAD5" box="[491,539,1377,1401]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">type</typeStatus>
specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBE523FFD47A82D0FD9FAD4" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[688,968,1375,1400]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="11" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFD47A82D0FD9FAD4" box="[688,968,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBE523FFC39A82D0836FAD4" box="[974,1063,1375,1400]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFC39A82D0836FAD4" bold="true" box="[974,1063,1375,1400]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
was lost during collection and so only the very youngest immature cormidia remained (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBE523FFD0DA8F60F4CFA31" box="[762,861,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,873,895]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs showing A. lateral and B. from distal side of posterior nectophore views of Tiburon Dive 897 holotype specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. soan and sopn somatocyst of anterior and posterior nectophores, respectively.Scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242120/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Figure 6</figureCitation>
). Fortunately, more of the siphosome was retained with the posterior nectophore collected during 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFD4FA8DB0F53FA6C" box="[696,834,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Doc Rickets</emphasis>
Dive 105, and the terminal cormidia, although still immature, can be described. Photographs of the oldest one of these are shown in 
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBE523FFBD4A8BE0895FA48" box="[1059,1156,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[173,1420,203,1404]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,195,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Three views of an individual cormidium from Doc Ricketts Dive 105 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. The two buds (b) are marked by arrows, and are referred to in the text. Scale bars 0.5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242122/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Figure 8</figureCitation>
. It consisted of a bract, a gastrozooid and tentacle, and what appears to be an asexual swimming bell, together with two small buds (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBE523FFACBA89D0CB7F981" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[173,1420,203,1404]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,195,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Three views of an individual cormidium from Doc Ricketts Dive 105 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. The two buds (b) are marked by arrows, and are referred to in the text. Scale bars 0.5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242122/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">
Figure 8 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFF60AB660CB7F981" bold="true" box="[151,166,1556,1581]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">b</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). The specimen from 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFE50AB670E26F981" box="[423,567,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
dive 552, received after the major part of the manuscript had been written, possessed a longer piece from the anterior end of the siphosome, despite the fact that the anterior nectophore was lost. Some of the cormidial groups appeared to be fully developed and as the swimming bells, at all stages of development, bore no trace whatsoever of a manubrium, then the presumption that they were special nectophores appeared to be correct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBE523FFF30ABBB0E10F839" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFF30ABBB0D14F94C" box="[199,261,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Bract</emphasis>
: The largest bract 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBE523FFE29ABBB0E7FF94C" box="[478,622,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
Dive 
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(
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBE523FFC94ABB50FD6F94C" box="[867,967,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,817,839]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,195,793]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[340,1247,195,793]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Two individual cormidia from Doc Ricketts Dive 552 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242124/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Figure 9</figureCitation>
, left) measured 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBE523FFB76ABBA08D5F94C" box="[1153,1220,1736,1760]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBE523FFA9CABB50CD2F8A8" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="11" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="1.85">1.85 mm</quantity>
in width. It was a very simple, leaf-like structure, being concave on the lower side, convex on the outer. There was a small notch (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBE523FFE87AA7D0DEAF884" box="[368,507,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[266,1339,952,1399]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[226,1360,920,1420]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Bracts (A, B), and gonophore or special cormidial nectophore (C) of Doc Ricketts Dive 105 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. hc, hydroecial canals; lrc, lateral radial canal; pci, internal pedicular canal; ph, phyllocyst. Scale bar 0.5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242126/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Figure 10 A</figureCitation>
) toward the proximal end. The phyllocyst was reduced to a central, thickened part overlying the stem, and two hydroecial canals, which in the youngest bracts ended in slight swellings. In the younger bracts (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBE523FFEA6AA250DCEF8DC" box="[337,479,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[266,1339,952,1399]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[226,1360,920,1420]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Bracts (A, B), and gonophore or special cormidial nectophore (C) of Doc Ricketts Dive 105 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. hc, hydroecial canals; lrc, lateral radial canal; pci, internal pedicular canal; ph, phyllocyst. Scale bar 0.5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242126/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="463">Figure 10 B</figureCitation>
) the two hydroecial canals were of almost equal length, but as they enlarged they became distinctly asymmetrical.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0442B6FFB95238FF60A8D40844FA77" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242122/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="464" startId="12.[151,250,1446,1468]" targetBox="[173,1420,203,1404]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFB95238FF60A8D40844FA77" blockId="12.[151,1436,1446,1499]" pageId="12" pageNumber="464">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB95238FF60A8D40D05FA10" bold="true" box="[151,276,1446,1468]" pageId="12" pageNumber="464">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Three views of an individual cormidium from 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB95238FCF7A8DA0F93FA10" box="[768,898,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="464">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
Dive 105 specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFB95238FB80A8D40967FA11" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[1143,1398,1446,1469]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="12" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB95238FB80A8D40967FA11" box="[1143,1398,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="464">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFB95238FA8AA8D40CD2FA77" pageId="12" pageNumber="464" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB95238FA8AA8D40CD2FA77" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="464">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
The two buds (
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB95238FE95A8B70D61FA77" bold="true" box="[354,368,1477,1499]" pageId="12" pageNumber="464">b</emphasis>
) are marked by arrows, and are referred to in the text. Scale bars 0.5mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFB95238FF30AB7A098CF8B1" blockId="12.[151,1437,1544,1821]" pageId="12" pageNumber="464">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB95238FF30AB7A0E00F98D" box="[199,529,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="464">Special cormidial nectophore</emphasis>
: The large medusoid (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFB95238FCFDAB7A0F7DF98C" box="[778,876,1544,1569]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,817,839]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,195,793]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[340,1247,195,793]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Two individual cormidia from Doc Ricketts Dive 552 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242124/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="464">Figure 9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFB95238FC8FAB7A0FBEF98C" box="[888,943,1544,1568]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[266,1339,952,1399]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[226,1360,920,1420]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Bracts (A, B), and gonophore or special cormidial nectophore (C) of Doc Ricketts Dive 105 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. hc, hydroecial canals; lrc, lateral radial canal; pci, internal pedicular canal; ph, phyllocyst. Scale bar 0.5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242126/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="464">10 C</figureCitation>
) structure measured about 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFB95238FB2AAB7A0922F98C" box="[1245,1331,1544,1569]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
in height and 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFB95238FF30AB5F0D19F9E8" box="[199,264,1581,1605]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="464" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in maximum width. It was a ridgeless, simple structure, largely occupied by the subumbrella cavity. All the radial canals were located laterally and originated from the short pedicular canal. One pair ran directly to the ring canal, while the other pair described broad curves, first upward then downward, before running directly to the ring canal. As none of these medusoids, at any stage in development, showed any signs of sexual products they were, as noted above, presumed to be special nectophores. For the more mature cormidial groups, as well as the large medusoid there were one or two small buds (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFB95238FD16AB920F46F954" box="[737,855,1760,1785]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[173,1420,203,1404]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,195,1422]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Three views of an individual cormidium from Doc Ricketts Dive 105 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. The two buds (b) are marked by arrows, and are referred to in the text. Scale bars 0.5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242122/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="464">Figure 8B</figureCitation>
) attached to the stem. These were presumed to be developing male and/or female gonophores but, in all cases, they were too small to be identified positively as such.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0442B6FFB85239FF60AE430CD7FCCA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242124/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="465" startId="13.[151,250,817,839]" targetBox="[340,1247,195,793]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFB85239FF60AE430CD7FCCA" blockId="13.[151,1435,817,870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FF60AE430D02FCEB" bold="true" box="[151,275,817,839]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Two individual cormidia from 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FDA3AE400EC4FCEB" box="[596,725,817,839]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
Dive 552 specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFB85239FC33AE4308D0FCEB" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[964,1217,817,839]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="13" pageNumber="465" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FC33AE4308D0FCEB" box="[964,1217,817,839]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFB85239FB3FAE430908FCEB" box="[1224,1305,817,839]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FB3FAE430908FCEB" bold="true" box="[1224,1305,817,839]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Scale bars 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0442B6FFB85239FF60A8D00D58FA59" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242126/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="465" startId="13.[151,250,1442,1464]" targetBox="[266,1339,952,1399]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFB85239FF60A8D00D58FA59" blockId="13.[151,1437,1442,1525]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FF60A8D00D35FA14" bold="true" box="[151,292,1442,1464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Bracts (A, B), and gonophore or special cormidial nectophore (C) of 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FBE9A8D108B5FA14" box="[1054,1188,1442,1464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
Dive 105 specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFB85239FF60A8B20D84FA7A" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,405,1472,1494]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="13" pageNumber="465" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FF60A8B20D84FA7A" box="[151,405,1472,1494]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FE6BA8B20E1EFA7A" bold="true" box="[412,527,1472,1494]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFB85239FE6BA8B20DFFFA7A" box="[412,494,1472,1494]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
hc
</emphasis>
, hydroecial canals; 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FD29A8B20EEAFA7A" bold="true" box="[734,763,1472,1494]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">lrc</emphasis>
, lateral radial canal; 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FC22A8B20FE4FA7A" bold="true" box="[981,1013,1472,1494]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">pci</emphasis>
, internal pedicular canal; 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FAF5A8B2090FFA7A" bold="true" box="[1282,1310,1472,1494]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">ph</emphasis>
, phyllocyst. Scale bar 0.5mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFB85239FF30AB500DC7F942" blockId="13.[151,1437,1569,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">
As noted above, the special nectophores of the largest, recently collected specimen, from 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FB3BAB51094DF996" box="[1228,1372,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
Dive 965, showed a slight difference from the norm in that the lateral radial canals did not follow the simple course as shown in 
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFB85239FEF2AB1B0D98F92E" box="[261,393,1641,1666]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[266,1339,952,1399]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[226,1360,920,1420]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Bracts (A, B), and gonophore or special cormidial nectophore (C) of Doc Ricketts Dive 105 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. hc, hydroecial canals; lrc, lateral radial canal; pci, internal pedicular canal; ph, phyllocyst. Scale bar 0.5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242126/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
. Instead their courses more closely resembled those of the lateral canals on the nectophores. On the other hand, the bracts showed no differences, with the two hydroecial canals and the thickened longitudinal one. As none of the other specimens had even partially developed cormidia, it is not, as yet, possible to say whether this difference is significant.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFB85239FF30AB8B0FE8F847" blockId="13.[151,1437,1569,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFB85239FF30AB8B0DF3F8BE" box="[199,482,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">Gastrozooid and tentacle</emphasis>
: The small gastrozooids (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFB85239FCF3AB8B0F9FF8BE" box="[772,910,1785,1810]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1495,1517]" captionTargetBox="[363,1218,745,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[340,1247,738,1470]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11. A. Gastrozooid and B. tentillum of specimen Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. collected during Doc Ricketts Dive 552. Scale bars A.0.5 mm and B. 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242128/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">Figure 11 A</figureCitation>
) measured about 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFB85239FBA1AB8B08ABF8BD" box="[1110,1210,1785,1810]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="13" pageNumber="465" unit="mm" value="12.5">12.5 mm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFB85239FAACAB88098CF8BD" box="[1371,1437,1786,1809]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="465" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
in diameter, with the conspicuous basigaster occupying the proximal third of the whole. The tentilla (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFB85239FAFCAA6F0982F89A" box="[1291,1427,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1495,1517]" captionTargetBox="[363,1218,745,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[340,1247,738,1470]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 11. A. Gastrozooid and B. tentillum of specimen Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. collected during Doc Ricketts Dive 552. Scale bars A.0.5 mm and B. 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242128/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="465">Figure 11 B</figureCitation>
) were of the typical calycophoran form with a C-shaped cnidoband, orange-red in colour, and a long terminal filament. The cnidoband bore two types of nematocyst. There were about 10 pairs of large nematocysts, measuring c. 
<date id="FFC534FEFFB85239FF45AAFB0D17F80E" box="[178,262,1929,1954]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465" value="1995-10-20">95 x 20</date>
µm, which appeared to be the microbasic mastigophores normally found for calycophorans; and several rows of smaller ones, measuring 
<date id="FFC534FEFFB85239FDF1AADC0E5AF86A" box="[518,587,1965,1990]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465" value="1928-10-05">28 x 5</date>
µm, which were anisorhizas. The terminal filament contained desmonemes, 
<date id="FFC534FEFFB85239FF60AAA00CCDF846" box="[151,220,2002,2026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="465" value="2011-10-09">11 x 9</date>
µm, and anisorhizas, but their exact arrangement was not investigated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBB523AFF30ADE50D7EFE7F" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,683]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFF30ADE50D76FF1C" box="[199,359,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">Eudoxid stage</emphasis>
? Recently, a strange eudoxid (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBB523AFD31ADE50F26FF1C" box="[710,823,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1102,1124]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,375,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,375,1077]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Eudoxid stage that possibly belongs to Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242130/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">Figure 12</figureCitation>
) was found, as bycatch, in a suction sample collected during Doc Ricketts Dive 918 (
<date id="FFC534FEFFBB523AFDEFADCD0ED4FF7B" box="[536,709,187,215]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">17th December</date>
; 2016; 36°35.5’N, 122°25.57’W; water depth c. 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBB523AFAE3ADCD0961FF7B" box="[1300,1392,191,215]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" unit="m" value="2900.0">2900 m</quantity>
) in Monterey Canyon, at a depth of 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBB523AFDF7AD900E5BFF56" box="[512,586,226,251]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" unit="m" value="550.0">550 m</quantity>
. The eudoxid appeared to belong to a clausophyid species as there were two long hydroecial canals, extending down into the extensive neck shield of the bract. The young bracts of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBB523AFF60AC580DBEFEEF" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,431,298,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFF60AC580DBEFEEF" box="[151,431,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBB523AFE41AC580E01FEEF" box="[438,528,298,323]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFE41AC580E01FEEF" bold="true" box="[438,528,298,323]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(see. 
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBB523AFDA4AC580EAFFEEF" box="[595,702,298,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,817,839]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,195,793]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[340,1247,195,793]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Two individual cormidia from Doc Ricketts Dive 552 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242124/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">Figures 9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBB523AFD3DAC590EF6FEEF" box="[714,743,299,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[266,1339,952,1399]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[226,1360,920,1420]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Bracts (A, B), and gonophore or special cormidial nectophore (C) of Doc Ricketts Dive 105 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. hc, hydroecial canals; lrc, lateral radial canal; pci, internal pedicular canal; ph, phyllocyst. Scale bar 0.5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242126/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">10</figureCitation>
) also showed these canals. The only non-clausophyid species whose eudoxid bracts show that character is 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBB523AFD5BAC3C0FD2FECB" authority="(Totton)" authorityName="Totton" baseAuthorityName="Totton" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[684,963,334,359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Gilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFD5BAC3C0F4CFECB" box="[684,861,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">Gilia reticulata</emphasis>
(Totton)
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA6FCFFFBB523AFBFFAC3C08EDFECB" box="[1032,1276,334,359]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" refId="ref12910" refString="Pugh, P. R. &amp; Pages, F. (1995) Is Lensia reticulata a diphyine species (Siphonophora, Calycophora, Diphyidae)? A redescription. Scientia Marina, 59, 181 - 192. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2004.01.012" type="journal article">Pugh &amp; Pagès, 1995</bibRefCitation>
) that, for the present, is placed in its own sub-family, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBB523AFD90AC000ED5FE27" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Pages" authorityYear="1995" box="[615,708,370,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Giliinae">Giliinae</taxonomicName>
, within the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBB523AFC68AC000806FE27" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1827" box="[927,1047,370,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Diphyidae</taxonomicName>
, until some phylogenetic analyses can prove otherwise. Unfortunately, although several attempts have been made, molecular analyses of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBB523AFAE6ACE5098DFE03" baseAuthorityName="Totton" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[1297,1436,406,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Gilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFAE6ACE5098DFE03" box="[1297,1436,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">G. reticulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have always failed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBB523AFF30AC9208C2FD07" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,683]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">
In its preserved state, the eudoxid bract measured 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBB523AFCF7ACAC0F49FE5B" box="[768,856,478,503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="6.1">6.1 mm</quantity>
in length, of which the neck shield occupied about ¾rd. The headpiece was ridgeless and smooth, and was largely filled by the phyllocyst, which was globular in shape, measuring 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBB523AFE97AF540DD5FD93" box="[352,452,550,575]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="1.35">1.35 mm</quantity>
in height, and 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBB523AFD9DAF550ED1FD93" box="[618,704,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
in width, with a narrow apical extension, 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFBB523AFB61AF5408EBFD93" box="[1174,1274,550,575]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
in length. The two hydroecial canals, which arose from the longitudinal canal, extended almost to the base of the neck shield. The longitudinal canal was well-defined and curved around the base of the phyllocyst, on the opposite side to the gonophore, and extended for a short distance beyond the point of origin of the hydroecial canals.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0442B6FFBB523AFF60A8A50E6EF9A7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242128/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" startId="14.[151,250,1495,1517]" targetBox="[363,1218,745,1470]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBB523AFF60A8A50E6EF9A7" blockId="14.[151,1436,1495,1547]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFF60A8A50D2AFA41" bold="true" box="[151,315,1495,1517]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">FIGURE 11. A</emphasis>
. Gastrozooid and 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFE0BA8A50E1CFA41" bold="true" box="[508,525,1495,1517]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">B</emphasis>
. tentillum of specimen 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBB523AFCF1A8A50817FA41" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[774,1030,1495,1517]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFCF1A8A50817FA41" box="[774,1030,1495,1517]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFBF9A8A50870FA41" bold="true" box="[1038,1121,1495,1517]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
collected during 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFAEEA8AA098DFA41" box="[1305,1436,1495,1517]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
Dive 552. Scale bars A. 0.5 mm and B. 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBB523AFF30AB4B0910F884" blockId="14.[151,1437,1592,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">
As with the young cormidia, there appeared to be a special nectophore, 
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in length, because no sexual products were observed within its subumbrella cavity, which occupied almost the full length of the structure. The lateral radial canals arose from the internal pedicular canal at some distance below the apex of the nectophore. There was a distinct, rounded mouth plate. The deep hydroecium extended for almost the entire length of the zooid, with its lateral edges petering out on the mouth plate. The right-hand wing formed an extensive fold that overlapped the left-hand one for most of its length. Slightly above the ostial level, the right-hand fold was abruptly truncated, except on its outer margin where it protruded basally to form a distinct tooth-like structure
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBB523AFF30AA4608CDF8DD" blockId="14.[151,1437,1592,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">
The gastrozooid remained attached to the stem and at its base the tentacle was attached on one side while on the other were a few small buds, measuring up to 
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, that could be developing gonophores.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBB523BFF30AA0F0E84FEEC" blockId="14.[151,1437,1592,2013]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,320]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="467" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">
Because of the presence of a pair of hydroecial canals, it would appear that this eudoxid belonged to a clausophyid species but, despite the similarities, we cannot be certain for the moment whether it belongs to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBB523AFF60AAB60DBEF870" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,431,1988,2013]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFF60AAB60DBEF870" box="[151,431,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBB523AFE42AAB60E16F871" box="[437,519,1988,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBB523AFE42AAB60E16F871" bold="true" box="[437,519,1988,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="466">sp.nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
However, given that the eudoxid stages, where present, of all clausophyid species are known, there remains a distinct possibility that it does. The eudoxid stages in clausophyid species vary considerably from the highly complex &quot;fuseudoxid&quot; of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFCE3ADCE08D4FF78" authority="(Pages &amp; Pugh, 2002)" authorityName="Pages &amp; Pugh" authorityYear="2002" baseAuthorityName="Pages &amp; Pugh" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[788,1221,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Crystallophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFCE3ADCE0FADFF79" box="[788,956,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Crystallophyes</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA6FCFFFBA523BFC3AADCE08AFFF78" box="[973,1214,188,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" refId="ref12468" refString="Pages, F. &amp; Pugh, P. R. (2002) Fuseudoxid: the elusive sexual stage of the calycophoran siphonophore Crystallophyes amygdalina Moser, 1925 (Clausophyidae: Crystallophyinae). Acta Zoologica, 83, 329 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6395.2002.00124. x" type="journal article">Pagès &amp; Pugh, 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
to, apparently, the complete absence of bracts, and hence eudoxids, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFD10ADAD0F67FF54" authorityName="Lens &amp; van Riemsdijk" authorityYear="1908" box="[743,886,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Clausophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFD10ADAD0F67FF54" box="[743,886,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Clausophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. For the other genera, the eudoxid bract may be ridged (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFEA5AC760DC7FEB1" authorityName="Lens &amp; van Riemsdijk" authorityYear="1908" box="[338,470,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Chuniphyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFEA5AC760DC7FEB1" box="[338,470,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Chuniphyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFDE3AC770EAAFEB0" authorityName="Moser" authorityYear="1925" box="[532,699,261,284]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Heteropyramis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFDE3AC770EAAFEB0" box="[532,699,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Heteropyramis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or smooth (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFCA0AC760FA7FEB1" baseAuthorityName="Pugh" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[855,950,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Kephyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFCA0AC760FA7FEB1" box="[855,950,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Kephyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but always the phyllocyst has an apical extension, and two distinct hydroecial canals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBA523BFF60A93C08A3FBC8" blockId="15.[151,1202,1102,1124]" box="[151,1202,1102,1124]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFF60A93C0D0EFBC8" bold="true" box="[151,287,1102,1124]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
Eudoxid stage that possibly belongs to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFD45A93C0FBEFBC8" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[690,943,1102,1124]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFD45A93C0FBEFBC8" box="[690,943,1102,1124]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBA523BFC42A93C0817FBC8" box="[949,1030,1102,1124]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFC42A93C0817FBC8" bold="true" box="[949,1030,1102,1124]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Scale bar 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C36141B5FFBA523BFF30A9E20FB9F831" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBA523BFF30A9E20815F999" blockId="15.[151,1437,1168,2021]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFF30A9E20D71FB05" bold="true" box="[199,352,1168,1193]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFE9DA9E20E94FB05" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[362,645,1168,1193]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFE9DA9E20E94FB05" box="[362,645,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBA523BFD78A9E20EFAFB05" box="[655,747,1168,1193]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFD78A9E20EFAFB05" bold="true" box="[655,747,1168,1193]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is known from only a small area of the North East Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of Monterey Bay, 
<collectingRegion id="49BFDCDCFFBA523BFD82A9C60EF6FB61" box="[629,743,1204,1229]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">California</collectingRegion>
(see 
<tableCitation id="C6F92785FFBA523BFCDBA9C60F93FB61" box="[812,898,1204,1229]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,1368,1391]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of observed specimens of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. For the specimens collected (emboldened), &quot;D&quot; means that they were collected with a &quot;Detritus sampler&quot;. * Specimens not examined for present study." pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Seven of the specimens, either collected or identified from video frame grabs, were found at depths&gt; 
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, with a maximum of 
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while two of the others was collected at the much shallower depths of 963 and 
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.
</specimenCount>
The depth distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFAFFA98E0D05FA95" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFAFFA98E0D05FA95" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFEEBA8520D69FA95" bold="true" box="[284,376,1312,1337]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
may have been affected by the actual depth of the water column, particularly at the deepest depths where specimens were usually found within 
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of the sea bed. When the water depth was slightly shallower, as during 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFE70A8180E08FA2D" box="[391,537,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Doc Ricketts</emphasis>
Dive 105 and 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFD3EA81A0F30FA2D" box="[713,801,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Tiburon</emphasis>
Dive 897, the specimens were found very close to the seabed; being just 
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above at the former, but the two shallowest specimens were collected at depths more than 
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above the sea floor. Thus, it appears that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFD58A8C00F59FA65" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[687,840,1458,1481]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFD58A8C00F59FA65" box="[687,840,1458,1481]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">T. enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFCB9A8C20FB9FA65" bold="true" box="[846,936,1456,1481]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is largely restricted to deeper depths (&gt; 
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), but may be upwelled to shallower depths within the complex canyon system in Monterey Bay. Little can be said about the relatively shallow depth of 
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(water depth c. 
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) at which the strange eudoxid was collected until we can be sure that it actually belongs to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFCFBAB6C0FB5F999" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[780,932,1566,1589]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFCFBAB6C0FB5F999" box="[780,932,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">T. enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBA523BFC5CAB6E0815F999" box="[939,1028,1564,1589]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFC5CAB6E0815F999" bold="true" box="[939,1028,1564,1589]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBA523BFF30AB320FB9F831" blockId="15.[151,1437,1168,2021]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFF30AB320DFBF9F5" bold="true" box="[199,490,1600,1625]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Molecular phylogenetics</emphasis>
. The updated phylogenetic analyses for the Calycophorae presented here (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBA523BFAD2AB320985F9F5" box="[1317,1428,1600,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Figure 13</figureCitation>
) builds directly on the early analysis of Dunn 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFD58AB140EFAF9D1" box="[687,747,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">et al.</emphasis>
(2005), and includes several additional calycophoran taxa. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFF60ABFA0DA1F90D" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,432,1672,1697]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFF60ABFA0DA1F90D" box="[151,432,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBA523BFE40ABFA0E03F90D" box="[439,530,1672,1697]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFE40ABFA0E03F90D" bold="true" box="[439,530,1672,1697]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
was included in the previously published analyses under the name Clausophyid sp. 1. The new analyses provide strong support for the monophyly of Calycophorae (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBA523BFBA7ABDE08D0F969" box="[1104,1217,1708,1733]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Figure 13</figureCitation>
, branch 1) and also suggest that Prayomorpha is paraphyletic with respect to Diphyomorpha. Support for Diphyomorpha is moderate (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBA523BFF69AB860D09F8A1" box="[158,280,1780,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Figure 13</figureCitation>
, branch 2). 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFE4EAB860ECAF8A1" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[441,731,1780,1805]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFE4EAB860ECAF8A1" box="[441,731,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFBA523BFD1CAB860F5FF8A1" box="[747,846,1780,1805]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFD1CAB860F5FF8A1" bold="true" box="[747,846,1780,1805]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is placed as the sister taxon to the remaining Diphyomorpha, for which there is strong support (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBA523BFD3BAA6A0F2DF89D" box="[716,828,1816,1841]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Figure 13</figureCitation>
, branch 3). 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFC35AA6A0879F89D" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[962,1128,1816,1841]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Clausophyidae</taxonomicName>
is recovered, but with very weak support. This indicates that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFDD0AA4E0EDFF8F9" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[551,718,1852,1877]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Clausophyidae</taxonomicName>
is either sister group to, or paraphyletic with respect to, the strongly supported clade indicated by branch 4 (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFBA523BFD2BAA120F43F8D5" box="[732,850,1888,1913]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Figure 13</figureCitation>
). This branch 4 clade consists of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFB04AA120984F8D5" box="[1267,1429,1888,1913]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphaeronectidae" genus="Sphaeronectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFB04AA120984F8D5" box="[1267,1429,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Sphaeronectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFF60AAF60D15F831" authorityName="Chun" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,260,1924,1949]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Abylidae" genus="Abylopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFF60AAF60D15F831" box="[151,260,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Abylopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and all sampled taxa that have been assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFCDCAAF60FB5F831" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1827" box="[811,932,1924,1949]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Diphyidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36141B5FFBA5224FF30AADA0D21FF54" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="468" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFBA5224FF30AADA0D21FF54" blockId="15.[151,1437,1168,2021]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="468" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFF30AADA0D5FF86D" bold="true" box="[199,334,1960,1985]" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">Etymology.</emphasis>
We dedicate the family and hence the generic names to that great siphonophorologist Arthur Knyvett Totton who strove, in his 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFBA523BFDEEAABF0F79F849" box="[537,872,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="467">
Synopsis of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFBA523BFD3EAABE0F79F849" box="[713,872,1996,2021]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophora" pageId="15" pageNumber="467" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Siphonophora</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, to sort out many, but unfortunately not all, of the taxonomic problems that haunt this group. The specific name refers to the enigmatic combination of traits, some of which are unique to prayomorphs and others unique to diphyomorphs that until now had not been found in the same species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36141B5FFA55227FF30AC760DA5FE58" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="471" pageId="16" pageNumber="468" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA55224FF30AC760CC0FE00" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA55224FF30AC760D5DFEB1" bold="true" box="[199,332,260,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">Discussion.</emphasis>
The phylogenetic position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA55224FD37AC760FF1FEB0" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[704,992,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="16" pageNumber="468" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA55224FD37AC760FF1FEB0" box="[704,992,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFA55224FC1AAC76085FFEB1" box="[1005,1102,260,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="468" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA55224FC1AAC76085FFEB1" bold="true" box="[1005,1102,260,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFA55224FB93AC7608CBFEB0" box="[1124,1242,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">Figure 13</figureCitation>
) and its unique combination of characters make it possible to postulate more specific hypotheses for the evolution of diphyomorph calycophorans than were possible in the past. These hypotheses can be described in terms of the character changes that occurred along four particularly interesting branches in the siphonophore phylogeny (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFA55224FB43AC1D0939FE24" box="[1204,1320,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">Figure 13</figureCitation>
, branches 1–4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA55224FF30ACC50DD4FCB9" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">
Changes along branch 
<quantity id="4C83BFDBFFA55224FE2BACCA0E1FFE7C" box="[476,526,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="16" pageNumber="468" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFA55224FDEBACC50E80FE7C" box="[540,657,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">Figure 13</figureCitation>
, the stem of Calycophorae, are responsible for the very distinct morphology of that clade, particularly with regard to the great modifications to the nectosome and associated structures. Most species of Physonectae, the paraphyletic group within which Calycophorae are nested, have, starting at the anterior end, a pneumatophore (a gas filled float); followed by a nectosomal growth zone; a length of stem along which the mature nectophores or swimming bells are attached; and then the siphosomal growth zone and siphosome itself (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA6FCFFFA55224FE7AAF1E0E30FD29" box="[397,545,620,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="468" refId="ref13193" refString="Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London, 230 pp., 20 pls." type="book">Totton, 1965</bibRefCitation>
). The, often numerous, identical nectophores are attached along one side of the stem that, according to the family, can be either dorsal or ventral. However, they are usually displaced laterally into a biserial configuration. As noted above, the physonect species in the &quot;dioecious&quot; grouping possessed only an ascending mantle canal in their nectophores, while those of the &quot;monoecious&quot; group possessed both that canal and a descending mantle canal.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0442B6FFA55224FF60AAC1083EF844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="468" startId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" targetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA55224FF60AAC1083EF844" blockId="16.[151,1436,1971,2024]" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA55224FF60AAC10D31F865" bold="true" box="[151,288,1971,1993]" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
Phylogram of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA55224FE4EAAC10E5BF865" box="[441,586,1971,1993]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophora" pageId="16" pageNumber="468" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Siphonophora</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA55224FD4DAAC10FA9F865" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[698,952,1971,1993]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="16" pageNumber="468" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA55224FD4DAAC10FA9F865" box="[698,952,1971,1993]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFA55224FC48AAC10801F865" box="[959,1040,1971,1993]" pageId="16" pageNumber="468" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA55224FC48AAC10801F865" bold="true" box="[959,1040,1971,1993]" pageId="16" pageNumber="468">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes. Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support. See methods for more information.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA45225FF30ADE50CCEFDB4" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">
Along branch 1 the pneumatophore was lost and the nectosomal stem greatly reduced, so that the ancestral calycophoran colony possessed just two nectophores placed opposite each other at the anterior end of the stem. The growth zones of the nectosome and siphosome became situated very close to each other. Indeed, according to Bigelow's (1911) illustration (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFA45225FE1AAC760E71FEB0" box="[493,608,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1702,1724]" captionTargetBox="[438,1148,772,1679]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[438,1148,772,1679]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Proximal portion of the stem of Rosacea cymbiformis delle Chiaje, with buds for siphons, bracts, and gonophores, and the muscular lamellae that bore the nectophores. Reproduced from Bigelow (1911), Plate 2, figure 3. pce. external pedicular canal running through the attachment lamella of the nectophore; sh. siphosomal horn.Scale bar 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242134/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">Figure 14</figureCitation>
), the siphosomal growth zone, or horn, now lay anterior to the point of attachment of the nectophores. However, as the ancestral prayomorphs almost certainly retained the potential to produce replacement bells, it is not exactly certain where, in this situation, the nectophoral buds arose. All calycophorans are monoecious and so, presumably, evolved from the monoecious clade of physonects. This is consistent with the retention of both the descending and ascending mantle canals, as seen in the less derived prayomorphs. However, whereas many monoecious physonect species have nectophores with distinctive ridge patterns, the two relatively large nectophores of &quot;Prayomorphs&quot; are usually smooth and rounded (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA6FCFFFA45225FB0CACAE0CC2FDB4" pageId="17" pageNumber="469" refId="ref12319" refString="Mackie, G. O., Pugh, P. R. &amp; Purcell, J. E. (1987) Siphonophore biology. Advances in Marine Biology, 24, 97 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0065 - 2881 (08) 60074 - 7" type="journal article">
Mackie 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA45225FAADACAF099FFE59" box="[1370,1422,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">et al</emphasis>
., 1987
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA45225FF30AF56099DFD60" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">
The changes along branch 1 (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFA45225FDE7AF560E6FFD90" box="[528,638,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">Figure 13</figureCitation>
) were not limited to the nectosome. The composition of the siphosome was simplified in several regards. Palpons were lost (assuming the non-feeding mouthless polyps in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA45225FB02AF350CE0FD29" authorityName="Chun" authorityYear="1888" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" genus="Stephanophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="17" pageNumber="469" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="superba">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA45225FB02AF350CE0FD29" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">Stephanophyes superba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are vestigial gastrozooids). The tentilla of Calycophorae are less variable than those of Physonectae, with the majority having a crescent shaped cnidoband and single terminal filament, and a consistent cnidome. Exceptions to this tentillum structure are most pronounced in nectopyramids, especially 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA45225FB83AFC60998FD60" authority="Pugh, 1992" authorityName="Pugh" authorityYear="1992" box="[1140,1417,692,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" genus="Nectadamas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="17" pageNumber="469" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA45225FB83AFC608EEFD61" box="[1140,1279,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">Nectadamas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA6FCFFFA45225FAF2AFC60998FD60" box="[1285,1417,692,717]" pageId="17" pageNumber="469" refId="ref12528" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1992) A revision of the sub-family Nectopyramidinae (Siphonophora, Prayidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 335, 281 - 322. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1992.0023" type="journal article">Pugh, 1992</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0442B6FFA45225FF60ABD40973F956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242134/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="469" startId="17.[151,250,1702,1724]" targetBox="[438,1148,772,1679]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA45225FF60ABD40973F956" blockId="17.[151,1436,1702,1786]" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA45225FF60ABD40D37F910" bold="true" box="[151,294,1702,1724]" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
Proximal portion of the stem of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA45225FD55ABDA0F93F910" baseAuthorityName="Delle Chiaje" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[674,898,1702,1725]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" genus="Rosacea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="17" pageNumber="469" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cymbiformis">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA45225FD55ABDA0F93F910" box="[674,898,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">Rosacea cymbiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
delle Chiaje, with buds for siphons, bracts, and gonophores, and the muscular lamellae that bore the nectophores. Reproduced from Bigelow (1911), Plate 2, figure 3. 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA45225FA86ABB70984F977" bold="true" box="[1393,1429,1733,1755]" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">pce</emphasis>
. external pedicular canal running through the attachment lamella of the nectophore; 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA45225FC14AB960FEAF956" bold="true" box="[995,1019,1764,1786]" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">sh</emphasis>
. siphosomal horn. Scale bar 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA45226FF30AA540F62FE59" blockId="17.[151,1436,1830,2036]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="470" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">
Along branch 2 (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFA45225FE63AA540E1BF893" box="[404,522,1830,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">Figure 13</figureCitation>
), the stem of Diphyomorpha, the most pronounced changes are again in the nectosome. The nectophores transition from being similar and apposed to becoming heteromorphic and superimposed, with one designated as the anterior and the other as the posterior nectophore (see 
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFA45225FAC6AA1C0968F82B" box="[1329,1401,1902,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1387,1409]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Desmophyes annectens Haeckel, 1888." pageId="17" pageNumber="469">
Fig. 
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</figureCitation>
in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA6FCFFFA45225FF60AAE10D42F807" box="[151,339,1939,1963]" pageId="17" pageNumber="469" refId="ref12375" refString="Mapstone, G. M. (2009) Siphonophora (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of Canadian Pacific waters. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, 302 pp." type="book">Mapstone, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). As noted above, the change in arrangement is associated with a lessening of the extent of the lamella connecting the nectophores to the stem, and a reduction in the extent of both the ascending and descending mantle canals. The disjunct portion of the pedicular canal is retained, with the notable exception of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA45226FAFFAAA90D05FF1C" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="470" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="17" pageNumber="469" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA45226FAFFAAA90D05FF1C" italics="true" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="470" pageId="17" pageNumber="469">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFA75226FEE8ADE50D6CFF1C" box="[287,381,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FEE8ADE50D6CFF1C" bold="true" box="[287,381,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
The somatocyst may have also originated along this branch, though it is not certain. As described above, we define the somatocyst as any extended portion of the ascending mantle canal that penetrates the mesogloea in diphyomorphs. The ascending mantle canal also penetrates the mesogloea in some, but not all, prayomorph calycophorans, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FD85AC770EA7FEB0" box="[626,694,261,284]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" genus="Praya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FD85AC770EA7FEB0" box="[626,694,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Praya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FD25AC760F4EFEB1" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[722,863,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" genus="Desmophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FD25AC760F4EFEB1" box="[722,863,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Desmophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FC8BAC770802FEB0" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Harbison" authorityYear="1987" box="[892,1043,261,284]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" genus="Mistoprayina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FC8BAC770802FEB0" box="[892,1043,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Mistoprayina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FBD8AC7608C7FEB1" authorityName="Chun" authorityYear="1888" box="[1071,1238,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" genus="Stephanophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FBD8AC7608C7FEB1" box="[1071,1238,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Stephanophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FB05AC760946FEB1" authorityName="Chun" authorityYear="1885" box="[1266,1367,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" genus="Lilyopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FB05AC760946FEB1" box="[1266,1367,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Lilyopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FF60AC5A0D35FE93" authorityName="Haddock, Dunn &amp; Pugh" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,292,296,319]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" genus="Gymnopraia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FF60AC5A0D35FE93" box="[151,292,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Gymnopraia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Haddock 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FE5DAC5B0DF7FEEC" box="[426,486,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">et al.</emphasis>
2005 Table 3). The incomplete taxon sampling of the phylogeny presented here (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFA75226FF69AC3E0D01FEC8" box="[158,272,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Figure 13</figureCitation>
), as well as poor support at relevant nodes, mean that it is not clear if any of the prayomorphs with a penetrating ascending mantle canal are sister groups to the diphyomorphs. If they are, then these penetrating canals would be homologous in diphyomorphs (where it is called the somatocyst) and these prayomorphs. Alternatively, the penetrating ascending mantle canal of the diphyomorphs may have arisen independently and is not homologous to other penetrating ascending mantle canals of the prayomorphs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA75226FF30AF720E38FCB9" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">
A general characteristic of diphyomorph species is that the terminal (oldest) cormidium on the siphosomal stem is released to live a free existence as a eudoxid. If our conjecture with regard to the strange eudoxid described above is correct then this applies to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FDCAAF350F48FDCC" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[573,857,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FDCAAF350F48FDCC" box="[573,857,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFA75226FC95AF350FAEFDCC" box="[866,959,583,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FC95AF350FAEFDCC" bold="true" box="[866,959,583,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Eudoxid release seems to be a relatively labile trait, though. It appears that some clausophyid species, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FC6DAF1E0838FD29" authorityName="Lens &amp; van Riemsdijk" authorityYear="1908" box="[922,1065,620,645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Clausophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FC6DAF1E0838FD29" box="[922,1065,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Clausophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FBC0AF1E08AAFD29" authorityName="Lens &amp; van Riemsdijk" authorityYear="1908" box="[1079,1211,620,645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Chuniphyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FBC0AF1E08AAFD29" box="[1079,1211,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Chuniphyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FB07AF1E095EFD29" baseAuthorityName="Pugh" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1264,1359,620,645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Kephyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FB07AF1E095EFD29" box="[1264,1359,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Kephyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not release eudoxids, although 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FE11AFFD0E9FFD04" baseAuthorityName="Pages &amp; Pugh" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[486,654,655,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Crystallophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FE11AFFD0E9FFD04" box="[486,654,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Crystallophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FD2DAFE30F90FD04" authorityName="Moser" authorityYear="1925" box="[730,897,657,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Heteropyramis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FD2DAFE30F90FD04" box="[730,897,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Heteropyramis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species almost certainly do (PRP personal observations). Other diphyomorphs also lack eudoxids, notably the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FC6FAFC608FAFD60" authority="(Carre 1979)" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1954" baseAuthorityName="Carre" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[920,1259,692,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sulculeolariinae">
Sulculeolariinae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA6FCFFFA75226FBA9AFC608F2FD60" box="[1118,1251,692,716]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" refId="ref11432" refString="Carre, C. (1979) Sur le genre Sulculeolaria Blainville, 1834 (Siphonophora, Calycophorae, Diphyidae). Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, 55, 27 - 48." type="journal article">Carré 1979</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The species of the highly unusual prayomorph group 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FDB2AFA50F05FD5C" authorityName="Bigelow" authorityYear="1911" box="[581,788,727,752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nectopyramidinae">Nectopyramidinae</taxonomicName>
also have eudoxids, though they may have independently gained this ability to shed cormidia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA75226FF30AE6D0E62FBF4" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">
Along branch 3 (
<figureCitation id="13400EBBFFA75226FE7FAE6D0DE8FC94" box="[392,505,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,846,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,844,1947]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Phylogram of Siphonophora, including Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Bootstrap support values are shown at internal nodes.Unlabelled notes have 100/100 support.See methods for more information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1242132/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Figure 13</figureCitation>
) there is a further superimposition of the anterior and posterior nectophores, with the anterior nectophore generally becoming more streamlined and pointed, while the posterior one becomes more cylindrical. There is a further reduction in the attachment zones of the nectophore lamellae and an associated reduction or complete disappearance of either of the mantle canals. A remnant of the disjunct pedicular canal appears to be always retained. The data for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FD5EAEDD0F5EFC64" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[681,847,943,968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Clausophyidae</taxonomicName>
are somewhat inconclusive, but clearly show the distinctiveness of the three, of five, genera for which data are available. With regard to the mantle canal system in the anterior nectophore, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FE5DAE850E18FBBC" baseAuthorityName="Pugh" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[426,521,1015,1040]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Kephyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FE5DAE850E18FBBC" box="[426,521,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Kephyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FDB6AE850EF8FBBC" baseAuthorityName="Pages &amp; Pugh" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[577,745,1015,1040]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Crystallophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FDB6AE850EF8FBBC" box="[577,745,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Crystallophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
both have a descending canal, while it is absent for the other three genera. For the posterior nectophores, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FD79A96E0F0CFB99" authorityName="Lens &amp; van Riemsdijk" authorityYear="1908" box="[654,797,1052,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Clausophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FD79A96E0F0CFB99" box="[654,797,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Clausophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are the only known ones that lack a descending mantle canal (PRP personal observations).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA75226FF30A9160EF6FA9C" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">
Along branch 4, the superimposition of the nectophores becomes further pronounced. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FB72A916098DFBD0" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[1157,1436,1124,1149]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FB72A916098DFBD0" box="[1157,1436,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFA75226FF60A9F50CE3FB0C" box="[151,242,1159,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FF60A9F50CE3FB0C" bold="true" box="[151,242,1159,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
possesses some traits that, to date, were only found in prayomorphs, as well as others found only within diphyomorph calycophorans. Considering the phylogenetic placement of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FC25A9DF087AFB68" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[978,1131,1197,1220]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FC25A9DF087AFB68" box="[978,1131,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">T. enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFA75226FB85A9DE08DCFB69" box="[1138,1229,1196,1221]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FB85A9DE08DCFB69" bold="true" box="[1138,1229,1196,1221]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, this suggests that multiple diphyomorph traits arose before some prayomorph traits were lost. The traits shared with prayomorphs that persist in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FEC2A9860E5FFAA0" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[309,590,1268,1293]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FEC2A9860E5FFAA0" box="[309,590,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFA75226FDA2A9860EBEFAA1" box="[597,687,1268,1293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FDA2A9860EBEFAA1" bold="true" box="[597,687,1268,1293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
but that have been lost in other diphyomorphs include several that are critical to understanding calycophoran evolution.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA75226FF30A84E0D20F981" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">
The basic canal system of the bracts of prayids consists of five canals (see Haddock 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FB82A84F08BCFAF9" box="[1141,1197,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005), but these can be reduced to varying degrees. This reduction is particularly pronounced in the prayid subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FB24A82D098DFAD4" box="[1235,1436,1375,1400]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Amphicaryoninae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Amphicaryoninae</taxonomicName>
where the median longitudinal canal is reduced to a central thickening from which arise only the two hydroecial canals (Pugh, 1999). Almost the exact same pattern is found in the bracts of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FBE3A8D50921FA6C" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[1044,1328,1447,1472]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FBE3A8D50921FA6C" box="[1044,1328,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFA75226FACEA8D50984FA6C" box="[1337,1429,1447,1472]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FACEA8D50984FA6C" bold="true" box="[1337,1429,1447,1472]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, while 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FF2AA8BE0D2DFA49" baseAuthorityName="Pugh" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[221,316,1484,1509]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Kephyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FF2AA8BE0D2DFA49" box="[221,316,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Kephyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FE83A8BE0DE9FA49" authorityName="Lens &amp; van Riemsdijk" authorityYear="1908" box="[372,504,1484,1509]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Chuniphyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FE83A8BE0DE9FA49" box="[372,504,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Chuniphyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species also retain to a varying degree a vestige of the lateral canal. Thus, like the nectophores, the bracts of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FE30A8830E70F9A4" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[455,609,1521,1544]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FE30A8830E70F9A4" box="[455,609,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">T. enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFA75226FD9DA89D0ED7F9A4" box="[618,710,1519,1544]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FD9DA89D0ED7F9A4" bold="true" box="[618,710,1519,1544]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
also show intermediate characters between the prayids and the clausophyids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA75226FF30AB4A0F65F884" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">
In conclusion, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FE86AB450E9AF9FC" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[369,651,1591,1616]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FE86AB450E9AF9FC" box="[369,651,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Tottonophyes enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFA75226FD63AB450EFEF9FC" box="[660,751,1591,1616]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FD63AB450EFEF9FC" bold="true" box="[660,751,1591,1616]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, whose description is given here, is a calycophoran species that has retained certain morphological features of the Prayomorpha, such as rounded nectophores and welldeveloped mantle canals, while also having features of the Diphyomorpha of the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FB9AAB0D0906F934" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1965" box="[1133,1303,1663,1688]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Clausophyidae</taxonomicName>
. The course of the lateral radial canals is very similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FD20ABD60F77F911" authorityName="Lens &amp; van Riemsdijk" authorityYear="1908" box="[727,870,1700,1725]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Clausophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FD20ABD60F77F911" box="[727,870,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Clausophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, and the differentiation of a somatocyst in both nectophores is typical off all clausophyids, where both nectophores are known. The molecular phylogenetic data verify these peculiarities and establish that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B69BDFFA75226FD59AB9F0F57F8A8" authority="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock, 2018" authorityName="Pugh &amp; Dunn &amp; Haddock" authorityYear="2018" box="[686,838,1773,1796]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" genus="Tottonophyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="enigmatica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FD59AB9F0F57F8A8" box="[686,838,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">T. enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C7357FFA75226FCBBAB9E0FB7F8A9" box="[844,934,1772,1797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FCBBAB9E0FB7F8A9" bold="true" box="[844,934,1772,1797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
cannot be placed in any extant calycophoran family and justify the establishment of a new family to contain it.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA75227FF30AA460E6BFF79" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="471" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FF30AA460D27F8E1" bold="true" box="[199,310,1844,1869]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">Methods.</emphasis>
New 16s and 18s molecular sequence data were collected for seven siphonophore specimens. The 18s nuclear ribosomal gene was amplified using the universal primers MitchA (AACCTGGTTGATCCTGCCA- GT) and MitchB (TGATCCTTCTGCAGGTTCACCTAC) as described in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA6FCFFFA75226FC10AA0E08DFF838" box="[999,1230,1916,1941]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" refId="ref12406" refString="Medlin L., Elwood, H. J., Stickel, S. &amp; Sogin, M. L. (1988) The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16 S-like rRNA-coding regions. Gene, 71, 491 - 499. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0378 - 1119 (88) 90066 - 2" type="journal article">
Medlin 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA75226FBB6AA0F0862F839" box="[1089,1139,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">et al</emphasis>
. (1988)
</bibRefCitation>
and the new data were deposited at NCBI with accession numbers 
<accessionNumber id="94288FDDFFA75226FD43AAD20F21F815" box="[692,816,1952,1977]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KX421847" pageId="18" pageNumber="470">KX421847</accessionNumber>
– 
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. The mitochondrial 16s gene was amplified as described in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA6FCFFFA75226FEB0AAB60E86F870" box="[327,663,1988,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="470" refId="ref11628" refString="Cunningham, C. W. &amp; Buss, L. W. (1993) Molecular evidence for multiple episodes of paedomorphosis in the Family Hydractiniidae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21, 57 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0305 - 1978 (93) 90009 - G" type="journal article">Cunningham and Buss (1993)</bibRefCitation>
using their primer 16s–SHB (GACTGTTTACCAAAAACATA) and 16s–BR (CATAATTCAACATCGAGG) from 
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Schroth 
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. (2002)
</bibRefCitation>
. These 16s data were deposited at NCBI with accession numbers 
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– 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4123EFFA65227FF30ADAD0DA5FE58" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="471">
All analysis source code and associated files are available in a git repository at https://github.com/caseywdunn/ pugh_etal. The analyses published here correspond to commit tagged as Revision 1. The new data were aligned with the sequences from Dunn 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA65227FE06AC5B0E38FEEC" box="[497,553,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="471">et al.</emphasis>
(2005) with mafft version v7.130b under default options. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were conducted on the combined partitioned dataset under the GTR+Γ model with RAxML version 8.0.22 and Bayesian analyses were conducted under the GTR+IΓ model with revbayes commit7d556ef (
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Höhna 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA65227FF06ACE70D38FE01" box="[241,297,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="471">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Leaf stability was assessed with phyutility version 2.2.6 (
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) and the seven taxa with stability below 80%, all physonects from Dunn 
<emphasis id="B90FCE2CFFA65227FCECACCB0F45FE7C" box="[795,852,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="471">et al.</emphasis>
(2005), were removed from the alignment. RAxML analyses were then rerun.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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