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<document id="29CD0AD3D9E9320EEBD6823C3CD30834" ID-CLB-Dataset="8045" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4869.4.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b78011b1-fffb-478a-b8a7-e3828eaca1f6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4423238" ID-ZooBank="DEB77317-6BC8-4D58-804D-F83C3B8FC2CF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1610021739854" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jacob, Jini, Rayaroth, Anilkumar Padinjare, Useph, Abdul Jaleel Koovapurath, Philip, Rosamma &amp; Damodaran, Rayaroth" docDate="2020" docId="DC422B61FFD7FFDE6AB4FB8EFAAEF82E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4869.4.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4869 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Spinonema gracilispiculum Jacob &amp; Rayaroth &amp; Useph &amp; Philip &amp; Damodaran 2020, sp.n." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="592" masterDocId="207B5319FFD5FFDB6A23FFB1FFDFFFDB" masterDocTitle="A novel species Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. (Nematoda: Desmodoridae) from the oxygen minimum zone of Eastern Arabian Sea margin" masterLastPageNumber="598" masterPageNumber="587" pageNumber="589" updateTime="1698920273511" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3377EC94C42CCE33F8ED152F2ED9ABE6">
<mods:title id="1C8DED0B05E684D1FD360811A5B59444">A novel species Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. (Nematoda: Desmodoridae) from the oxygen minimum zone of Eastern Arabian Sea margin</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="7943277F18020D9A0E61F13C463806C3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="BE8FFDF2417F7900F4DE85F27383DD25">
<mods:roleTerm id="E176404CE7AA3A1BAF5C369FB48EC824">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BEFB01EBC253FA6F99AC5AF470CF7ED1">Jacob, Jini</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="738D4A0AC245C118D574D857C93CB11A" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5696-6993</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="EF6C9E9BDB85E7FD50DE3C95FEE80F35">Cochin University of Science and Technology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India. &amp; rosammap @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9493 - 4714 &amp; rdcusat @ yahoo. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9061 - 9509</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7CD6DFB3BE4259CE62A1E0F205AB7BDE" type="email">jinimarine@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="FC02E7BB4A885BEBB6254BF876948B93" type="personal">
<mods:role id="503CEAE63416B7792D98B2B11328C74C">
<mods:roleTerm id="D8A39EC1DCE86D4373212C1E6F92C55B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D650C8C0E65740332DAAE41A27570F5E">Rayaroth, Anilkumar Padinjare</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="50FFF12D59E74A7730D15D063535F88B" type="ORCID">0000-0001-9053-7116</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="62779DDE941C819E8B0999E3A433FBA9">Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. &amp; ani @ iisertvm. ac. in; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9053 - 7116</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D03CA6804CED864E07F8DCB2D514F48D" type="email">ani@iisertvm.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="825CEA8032BB5C4E988E7F4C00AA8CE3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B55AEEC88DD0B00E15794F0A74C880A0">
<mods:roleTerm id="BC88AFD44BD91EF3FBE4BDD846C3F269">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C94E42E6A3E78FEF17A22DABDBC4E4BF">Useph, Abdul Jaleel Koovapurath</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7339B75D3CCC0A5289379565B46310CD" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2070-7551</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="ABCC076360FDA0CB396DC0955E40C012">National Institute of oceanography, Cochin, Kerala, India. &amp; jaleelku 06 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2070 - 7551</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6067CD88544DF6F8974B75B34BA00261" type="email">jaleelku06@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="4BC9E2F7510EA01B70B8E0BC963595D9" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5FFB005C0B8B15B6D10DBA465FA51AD1">
<mods:roleTerm id="C0ACF9ACDBDD4D33146BC581976DB9EA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7D423357D78503DCC99569AF6B3336B6">Philip, Rosamma</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="193B7DAB355DB0BF8F995E0D8BAE85A4" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5696-6993</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="788E99634FBCAC42D79F993ABDAD6030">Cochin University of Science and Technology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India. &amp; rosammap @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9493 - 4714 &amp; rdcusat @ yahoo. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9061 - 9509</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F53446A879EC858C568EF790E3EEFE70" type="email">jinimarine@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E6C64678B4F94224E24C345830909EE0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="97D3C535C40B4E31BB318011CB30F296">Damodaran, Rayaroth</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8CF8745D0875D8B22220E6B6AC978FBB" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5696-6993</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="5329A9BDF43466DD4C8FC040C63ED891">Cochin University of Science and Technology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India. &amp; rosammap @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9493 - 4714 &amp; rdcusat @ yahoo. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9061 - 9509</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9C677203C7CFE70378EF7CE3AEF3F1C7" type="email">jinimarine@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="096F1E8D1FE104DC98E09A80C367B873">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="A405E4F0811C636540F3B902A9BDF038">
<mods:title id="EE2E2C12F0D98C0E678AC4AE16C425E4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="EFB4B3C7542C9701AE3C1029618838AC">
<mods:date id="42E25BF3EC6744DBC1592B2FF045AC2D">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="0D2F5972529F9B25E195BB0A0505E280" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="7BDDF29A04DBBB10DCEA887D64F9908A">2020-11-04</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="545B6C5A4224491AABEA2CC90E43CCEC" type="volume">
<mods:number id="E8A5D36407EAD1F27E71FF525A2E58E0">4869</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="BF347B2A34401128B5E2B7DBEF107ED0" type="issue">
<mods:number id="E544C2B7E9D63E81265913665241E68D">4</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="B42DA583D0B8E6E2C8BC1F5F2C05942F">587</mods:start>
<mods:end id="31FD07025D5C5260A0878D3DF36BAB20">598</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
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<mods:classification id="CC49F2F3D1283A9988437B36D4C89472">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="EABFBB4E1F577529434C20E739C632F3" type="CLB-Dataset">8045</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1041293859343C79398833F1B9E4DADD" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4869.4.6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="849E47E99F0BD77331DC585E03AFD0E9" type="GBIF-Dataset">b78011b1-fffb-478a-b8a7-e3828eaca1f6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A3F7568286A63762B3E175CF06E917A6" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="33D3C10CBF741B1E278B53CB4F5DB927" type="Zenodo-Dep">4423238</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="55310716E5A756C034A509CCFD578F8C" type="ZooBank">DEB77317-6BC8-4D58-804D-F83C3B8FC2CF</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="DC422B61FFD7FFDE6AB4FB8EFAAEF82E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423248" ID-GBIF-Taxon="179907970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4423248" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC422B61FFD7FFDE6AB4FB8EFAAEF82E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC422B61FFD7FFDE6AB4FB8EFAAEF82E" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="592" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<subSubSection id="1CF1C9FCFFD7FFD96AB4FB8EFE2BFBA6" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD7FFD96AB4FB8EFDA8FB82" blockId="2.[151,631,1087,1149]" box="[151,631,1087,1114]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<heading id="0F1C2D1BFFD7FFD96AB4FB8EFDA8FB82" bold="true" box="[151,631,1087,1114]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" reason="1">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD7FFD96AB4FB8EFDA8FB82" bold="true" box="[151,631,1087,1114]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<taxonomicName id="93EBE1F4FFD7FFD96AB4FB8EFE3BFB81" ID-CoL="8GXWG" authority="Jacob &amp; Rayaroth &amp; Useph &amp; Philip &amp; Damodaran, 2020" authorityName="Jacob &amp; Rayaroth &amp; Useph &amp; Philip &amp; Damodaran" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,484,1087,1114]" class="Chromadorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Spinonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="gracilispiculum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD7FFD96AB4FB8EFE3BFB81" bold="true" box="[151,484,1087,1114]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Spinonema gracilispiculum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7DACFB1EFFD7FFD96BCFFB8EFDF8FB82" box="[492,551,1087,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Jacob
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD7FFD96AB4FBD2FE2BFBA6" blockId="2.[151,631,1087,1149]" box="[151,500,1123,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
(
<tableCitation id="1969AFCCFFD7FFD96ABCFBD2FF2BFBA6" box="[159,244,1123,1149]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometry of Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. All measurements are in µm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0094CAFFFFD2FFDC6AB4FF26FBB4FF6B" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" tableUuid="0094CAFFFFD2FFDC6AB4FF26FBB4FF6B">Table 1</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD96B21FBD2FE4EFBA6" box="[258,401,1123,1149]" captionStart-0="FIGURE" captionStart-1="FIGURE" captionStart-2="FIGURE" captionStart-3="FIGURE" captionStartId-0="4.[151,251,1350,1374]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,251,1617,1641]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,251,946,970]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,251,2001,2025]" captionTargetBox-0="[213,1374,191,1316]" captionTargetBox-1="[215,1372,193,1582]" captionTargetBox-2="[302,1282,187,916]" captionTargetBox-3="[306,1288,1005,1970]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@4.[201,1386,181,1326]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@5.[201,1386,181,1593]" captionTargetId-2="figure-19@6.[300,1288,181,923]" captionTargetId-3="figure-35@6.[300,1288,995,1977]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="FIGURE. 1 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Entire male, (B) Head region, (C) Spicular apparatus, (D) Pharyngeal horn, (E) Lateral alae, (F) Beginning of lateral alae, (G) Ending of lateral alae. (Scale bar 20 µm)." captionText-1="FIGURE. 2 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Pharyngeal region, (B) Caudal region showing spicule. (Scale bar 20 µm)." captionText-2="FIGURE. 3 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Paratype entire male. (Scale bar 20 µm)." captionText-3="FIGURE. 4 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Paratype entire female. (Scale bar 50 µm)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423246" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423250" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423252" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423254" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4423246/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4423250/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4423252/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4423254/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Figures. 1–4</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD96BBEFBD2FE34FBA6" box="[413,491,1123,1149]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,234,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetId="figure-77@3.[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="PLATE 2. Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. (A) Head region showing amphid and cephalic setae, (B) &amp; (C) Pharyngeal thorn, (D) Pharyngeal thorn dorsal view, (E) Cuticular ornamentation, (F) Somatic setae, (G) &amp; (H) Lateral alae, (I) Caudal region of male showing spicule, (J) Vulval region of female. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423244/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Plate 2</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1CF1C9FCFFD7FFD96AB4FB1AFC42FA8E" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD7FFD96AB4FB1AFA81FB32" blockId="2.[151,1437,1195,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD7FFD96AB4FB1AFE52FB1E" bold="true" box="[151,397,1195,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Materials examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="E483902AFFD7FFD96BB0FB1AFA81FB32" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3042111301" collectionCode="IO, FORV" country="India" county="Ecology" location="Referral Centre" municipality="Marine Living Resources" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="8B5024D5FFD7FFD96BB0FB1AFE24FB1E" box="[403,507,1195,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male and four paratypes, three males and one female, slide No.
<collectionCode id="32FA02B2FFD7FFD96E9AFB1AFB08FB1E" box="[1209,1239,1195,1221]" country="Portugal" name="Instituto de Oceanografia da Universidade de Lisboa" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">IO</collectionCode>
/SS/NEM/00024; deposited at
<collectionCode id="32FA02B2FFD7FFD96B06FB7EFEB2FB32" box="[293,365,1231,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">FORV</collectionCode>
<location id="5134CCACFFD7FFD96B57FB7EFDFAFB32" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC422B61FFD7FFDE6AB4FB8EFAAEF82E:5134CCACFFD7FFD96B57FB7EFDFAFB32" box="[372,549,1231,1257]" country="India" county="Ecology" municipality="Marine Living Resources" name="Referral Centre" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" stateProvince="Kerala">Referral Centre</location>
,
<location id="5134CCACFFD7FFD96813FB7EFDA4FB32" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC422B61FFD7FFDE6AB4FB8EFAAEF82E:5134CCACFFD7FFD96813FB7EFDA4FB32" box="[560,635,1231,1257]" country="India" county="Ecology" municipality="Marine Living Resources" name="Centre" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" stateProvince="Kerala">Centre</location>
for
<collectingMunicipality id="B430000DFFD7FFD9688AFB7EFC1AFB31" box="[681,965,1231,1258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Marine Living Resources</collectingMunicipality>
and
<collectingCounty id="BD35E2FBFFD7FFD969DFFB7EFB85FB32" box="[1020,1114,1231,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Ecology</collectingCounty>
, Cochin, Kerala,
<collectingCountry id="2CFCDAE7FFD7FFD96F3EFB7EFA85FB32" box="[1309,1370,1231,1257]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">India</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD7FFD96AE4FB42FC42FA8E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1195,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD7FFD96AE4FB42FEB7FAD6" bold="true" box="[199,360,1267,1293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Type locality:</emphasis>
Trivandrum, 08° 27’ 768” N, 76° 23’ 637” E,
<quantity id="93133792FFD7FFD96944FB42FC72FAD5" box="[871,941,1267,1294]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.16" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" unit="m" value="216.0">216 m</quantity>
collected on
<date id="2055BCB7FFD7FFD96E19FB42FB67FAD5" box="[1082,1208,1267,1294]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" value="2007-05-19">19.05.2007</date>
(
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD7FFD96EE4FB42FAF5FAD6" box="[1223,1322,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<collectionCode id="32FA02B2FFD7FFD96EE4FB42FAF5FAD6" box="[1223,1322,1267,1293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">FORVSS</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
254). The sediments consisted of 94% sandy sediments with 1.07% organic matter content, bottom temperature 15.45°C, bottom salinity 35.05, bottom dissolved oxygen concentration 0.35 ml/l.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1CF1C9FCFFD7FFD96AE4FAEEFC86FAA2" box="[199,857,1375,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD7FFD96AE4FAEEFC86FAA2" blockId="2.[151,1437,1195,2014]" box="[199,857,1375,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD7FFD96AE4FAEEFE8EFAA2" bold="true" box="[199,337,1375,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Etymology:</emphasis>
The species is named for the slender spicules.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1CF1C9FCFFD7FFDF6AE4FA32FCCAF83D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="591" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" type="description">
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD7FFD96AE4FA32FB9DF8F2" blockId="2.[151,1437,1195,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD7FFD96AE4FA32FC0FFA46" bold="true" box="[199,976,1411,1438]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
Description:
<typeStatus id="8B5024D5FFD7FFD96B47FA32FE0EFA46" box="[356,465,1411,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="8B5024D5FFD7FFD9682CFA32FDA5FA46" box="[527,634,1411,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
males (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD968F4FA32FC82FA46" box="[727,861,1411,1438]" captionStart-0="FIGURE" captionStart-1="FIGURE" captionStart-2="FIGURE" captionStartId-0="4.[151,251,1350,1374]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,251,1617,1641]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,251,946,970]" captionTargetBox-0="[213,1374,191,1316]" captionTargetBox-1="[215,1372,193,1582]" captionTargetBox-2="[302,1282,187,916]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@4.[201,1386,181,1326]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@5.[201,1386,181,1593]" captionTargetId-2="figure-19@6.[300,1288,181,923]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURE. 1 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Entire male, (B) Head region, (C) Spicular apparatus, (D) Pharyngeal horn, (E) Lateral alae, (F) Beginning of lateral alae, (G) Ending of lateral alae. (Scale bar 20 µm)." captionText-1="FIGURE. 2 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Pharyngeal region, (B) Caudal region showing spicule. (Scale bar 20 µm)." captionText-2="FIGURE. 3 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Paratype entire male. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423246" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423250" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423252" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4423246/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4423250/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4423252/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Figure 1–3</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD9694FFA32FC1EFA46" box="[876,961,1411,1437]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,234,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetId="figure-77@3.[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="PLATE 2. Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. (A) Head region showing amphid and cephalic setae, (B) &amp; (C) Pharyngeal thorn, (D) Pharyngeal thorn dorsal view, (E) Cuticular ornamentation, (F) Somatic setae, (G) &amp; (H) Lateral alae, (I) Caudal region of male showing spicule, (J) Vulval region of female. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423244/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Plate 2</figureCitation>
),
</emphasis>
Short (1000˗1100 μm) cylindrical body, widest at level of pharyngeal bulb, tapering towards both extremities. Cuticle annulated posterior to head capsule. Coarse body annuli ornamented with a row of vacuoles; interannual spaces distinct (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD96E15FA7AFB01FA3D" box="[1078,1246,1483,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[151,251,1350,1374]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,191,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[201,1386,181,1326]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE. 1 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Entire male, (B) Head region, (C) Spicular apparatus, (D) Pharyngeal horn, (E) Lateral alae, (F) Beginning of lateral alae, (G) Ending of lateral alae. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423246/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Figure 1D &amp; E</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD96ECBFA7AFA96FA3E" box="[1256,1353,1483,1509]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,234,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetId="figure-77@3.[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="PLATE 2. Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. (A) Head region showing amphid and cephalic setae, (B) &amp; (C) Pharyngeal thorn, (D) Pharyngeal thorn dorsal view, (E) Cuticular ornamentation, (F) Somatic setae, (G) &amp; (H) Lateral alae, (I) Caudal region of male showing spicule, (J) Vulval region of female. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423244/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Plate 2E</figureCitation>
). Ornamentation of body annuli (vacuoles) along anterior third part of body large and distinct but small and less conspicuous further on (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD96B61F9A2FE79F9F6" box="[322,422,1555,1581]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,234,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetId="figure-77@3.[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="PLATE 2. Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. (A) Head region showing amphid and cephalic setae, (B) &amp; (C) Pharyngeal thorn, (D) Pharyngeal thorn dorsal view, (E) Cuticular ornamentation, (F) Somatic setae, (G) &amp; (H) Lateral alae, (I) Caudal region of male showing spicule, (J) Vulval region of female. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423244/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Plate 2E</figureCitation>
). Larger annuli and interannual space in pharyngeal region, 10 annuli in pharyngeal region measure
<quantity id="93133792FFD7FFD96ADDF986FE80F989" box="[254,351,1591,1618]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" unit="mm" value="33.5">33.5 µm</quantity>
wheareas 10 annuli further onwards measure
<quantity id="93133792FFD7FFD96957F986FC1CF989" box="[884,963,1591,1618]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 µm</quantity>
. The 29th cuticular annule in pharyngeal region bears a single, thornlike 14 μm long cuticularised spine (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD96947F9EAFC07F9AE" box="[868,984,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[151,251,1350,1374]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,191,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[201,1386,181,1326]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE. 1 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Entire male, (B) Head region, (C) Spicular apparatus, (D) Pharyngeal horn, (E) Lateral alae, (F) Beginning of lateral alae, (G) Ending of lateral alae. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423246/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Figure 1D</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD969DEF9EAFBFEF9AE" box="[1021,1057,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="5.[151,251,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[215,1372,193,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-18@5.[201,1386,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE. 2 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Pharyngeal region, (B) Caudal region showing spicule. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423250/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">2A</figureCitation>
) on its dorsal side. Sexual dimor-phism in presence of thorn-like spine and the direction of winding in amphids. Males bears dorsal spine and dorsally wound amphid whereas in females dorsal spine absent and amphids ventrally wound. Wide lateral alae (17˗18 μm) present in mid body, originates
<quantity id="93133792FFD7FFD96BD5F976FD92F939" box="[502,589,1735,1762]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 µm</quantity>
posterior (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD968E5F976FCE9F939" box="[710,822,1735,1762]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[151,251,1350,1374]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,191,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[201,1386,181,1326]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE. 1 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Entire male, (B) Head region, (C) Spicular apparatus, (D) Pharyngeal horn, (E) Lateral alae, (F) Beginning of lateral alae, (G) Ending of lateral alae. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423246/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Figure.1F</figureCitation>
) to base of pharyngeal bulb, appears as two raised longitudinal rows of cuticular protrusion with a flat middle groove (‘valley’) in between (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD96E41F95AFACEF8DE" box="[1122,1297,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[151,251,1350,1374]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,191,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[201,1386,181,1326]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE. 1 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Entire male, (B) Head region, (C) Spicular apparatus, (D) Pharyngeal horn, (E) Lateral alae, (F) Beginning of lateral alae, (G) Ending of lateral alae. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423246/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Figure 1A &amp; G</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD96F3EF95AFF73F8F1" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,234,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetId="figure-77@3.[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="PLATE 2. Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. (A) Head region showing amphid and cephalic setae, (B) &amp; (C) Pharyngeal thorn, (D) Pharyngeal thorn dorsal view, (E) Cuticular ornamentation, (F) Somatic setae, (G) &amp; (H) Lateral alae, (I) Caudal region of male showing spicule, (J) Vulval region of female. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423244/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Plate 2G &amp; H</figureCitation>
) resembling the letter ‘C’. Body annuli do not interdigitate at level of lateral alae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD7FFD86AE4F882FC88FEC6" blockId="2.[151,1437,1195,2014]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="590" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
Blunt, rounded head. Cephalic capsule smooth in general but ornamentation with small vacuoles are found at posterior edge of main part of head capsule. Head capsule of some specimens wider (
<quantity id="93133792FFD7FFD96E67F8E6FB51F8A9" box="[1092,1166,1879,1906]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 µm</quantity>
) than long (
<quantity id="93133792FFD7FFD96F30F8E6FA83F8A9" box="[1299,1372,1879,1906]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 µm</quantity>
) with very fine groove (sutura) in cuticle, separating lip region from main head region (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD96E09F8CAFB40F84E" box="[1066,1183,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[151,251,1350,1374]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,191,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[201,1386,181,1326]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE. 1 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Entire male, (B) Head region, (C) Spicular apparatus, (D) Pharyngeal horn, (E) Lateral alae, (F) Beginning of lateral alae, (G) Ending of lateral alae. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423246/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Figure 1B</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD7FFD96E8FF8CAFACEF84E" box="[1196,1297,1915,1941]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,234,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetId="figure-77@3.[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="PLATE 2. Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. (A) Head region showing amphid and cephalic setae, (B) &amp; (C) Pharyngeal thorn, (D) Pharyngeal thorn dorsal view, (E) Cuticular ornamentation, (F) Somatic setae, (G) &amp; (H) Lateral alae, (I) Caudal region of male showing spicule, (J) Vulval region of female. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423244/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Plate 2A</figureCitation>
). Main head region wider than lip region. Lips often folded inwards, sometimes extended. Six outer labial papillae. Four thick, stout cephalic setae located at anterior edge of main part of head capsule (just posterior to sutura between lip region and main part), and at mid-level of fovea amphidialis. Amphids anteriorly placed, anterior edge of amphid touches anterior edge of cephalic capsule (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD6FFD86832FF0AFD5AFF0E" box="[529,645,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[151,251,1350,1374]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,191,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[201,1386,181,1326]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE. 1 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Entire male, (B) Head region, (C) Spicular apparatus, (D) Pharyngeal horn, (E) Lateral alae, (F) Beginning of lateral alae, (G) Ending of lateral alae. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423246/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Figure 1B</figureCitation>
). Cryptospiral fovea amphidialis and apertura amphidialis. Buccal cavity with single dorsal and two ventrolateral teeths and without denticles. Muscular pharynx, pyriform with bipartite terminal end bulb. Cuticle of the lumen thickened (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD6FFD868F0FEB2FC95FEC6" box="[723,842,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="5.[151,251,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[215,1372,193,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-18@5.[201,1386,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE. 2 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Pharyngeal region, (B) Caudal region showing spicule. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423250/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Figure 2A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="0094CAFFFFD6FFD86AB4F8CFFC84F804" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423244" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4423244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423244/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" startId="3.[151,234,1918,1942]" targetBox="[164,1423,309,1895]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD6FFD86AB4F8CFFC84F804" blockId="3.[151,1436,1918,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD6FFD86AB4F8CFFEDCF84D" bold="true" box="[151,259,1918,1942]" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">PLATE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="93EBE1F4FFD6FFD86B2AF8CEFDC1F84C" authority="Jacob &amp; Rayaroth &amp; Useph &amp; Philip &amp; Damodaran, 2020" authorityName="Jacob &amp; Rayaroth &amp; Useph &amp; Philip &amp; Damodaran" authorityYear="2020" box="[265,542,1919,1943]" class="Chromadorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Spinonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="gracilispiculum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD6FFD86B2AF8CEFDC1F84C" box="[265,542,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Spinonema gracilispiculum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD6FFD86807F8CEFD82F84C" bold="true" box="[548,605,1919,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7DACFB1EFFD6FFD86807F8CEFD82F84C" box="[548,605,1919,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(A) Head region showing amphid and cephalic setae, (B) &amp; (C) Pharyngeal thorn, (D) Pharyngeal thorn dorsal view, (E) Cuticular ornamentation, (F) Somatic setae, (G) &amp; (H) Lateral alae, (I) Caudal region of male showing spicule, (J) Vulval region of female. (Scale bar 20 µm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0094CAFFFFD1FFDF6AB4FAF7FB31FA59" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423246" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4423246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423246/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" startId="4.[151,251,1350,1374]" targetBox="[213,1374,191,1316]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD1FFDF6AB4FAF7FB31FA59" blockId="4.[151,1437,1350,1410]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD1FFDF6AB4FAF7FECAFA85" bold="true" box="[151,277,1350,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">FIGURE. 1</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="93EBE1F4FFD1FFDF6B3FFAF7FDEBFA85" authority="Jacob &amp; Rayaroth &amp; Useph &amp; Philip &amp; Damodaran, 2020" authorityName="Jacob &amp; Rayaroth &amp; Useph &amp; Philip &amp; Damodaran" authorityYear="2020" box="[284,564,1350,1374]" class="Chromadorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Spinonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="gracilispiculum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD1FFDF6B3FFAF7FDEBFA85" box="[284,564,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Spinonema gracilispiculum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD1FFDF681FFAF7FDA9FA85" bold="true" box="[572,630,1350,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7DACFB1EFFD1FFDF681FFAF7FDA9FA85" box="[572,630,1350,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Holotype male (A) Entire male, (B) Head region, (C) Spicular apparatus, (D) Pharyngeal horn, (E) Lateral alae, (F) Beginning of lateral alae, (G) Ending of lateral alae. (Scale bar 20 µm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD1FFDF6AE4FA01FB7AF981" blockId="4.[151,1437,1456,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
Reproductive system monorchic with one anterior outstretched testis located on right or left of intestine. Mature sperm cells globular (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD1FFDF6BE2FA65FDE8FA35" box="[449,567,1492,1518]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[151,251,1350,1374]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,191,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[201,1386,181,1326]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE. 1 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Entire male, (B) Head region, (C) Spicular apparatus, (D) Pharyngeal horn, (E) Lateral alae, (F) Beginning of lateral alae, (G) Ending of lateral alae. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423246/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Figure 1C</figureCitation>
). Spicules narrow, long and arcuate (
<quantity id="93133792FFD1FFDF69FDFA65FB8FFA34" box="[990,1104,1492,1519]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" unit="mm" value="77.5" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="75.0">75˗80 µm</quantity>
) with short ventral hook-like projection in rounded capitulum; Barely visible velum, originates from base of rounded capitulum. Gubernaculum simple, short and parallel to spicule. There are 6 setiform precloacal papillae. Conical tail with slender spinneret. Non-annulated tail tip vacuolated (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD1FFDF683FF9F1FD4EF981" box="[540,657,1600,1626]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="5.[151,251,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[215,1372,193,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-18@5.[201,1386,181,1593]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE. 2 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Pharyngeal region, (B) Caudal region showing spicule. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423250/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Figure 2B</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD1FFDF68BEF9F1FD28F981" box="[669,759,1600,1626]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,234,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetId="figure-77@3.[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="PLATE 2. Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. (A) Head region showing amphid and cephalic setae, (B) &amp; (C) Pharyngeal thorn, (D) Pharyngeal thorn dorsal view, (E) Cuticular ornamentation, (F) Somatic setae, (G) &amp; (H) Lateral alae, (I) Caudal region of male showing spicule, (J) Vulval region of female. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423244/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Plate 2I</figureCitation>
); it makes out 50% of total tail length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD1FFDF6AE4F9D5FDAAF931" blockId="4.[151,1437,1456,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD1FFDF6AE4F9D5FDC5F9A5" bold="true" box="[199,538,1636,1662]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
<typeStatus id="8B5024D5FFD1FFDF6AE4F9D5FEEBF9A5" box="[199,308,1636,1662]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
female (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD1FFDF6BB9F9D5FDD5F9A5" box="[410,522,1636,1662]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="6.[151,251,2001,2025]" captionTargetBox="[306,1288,1005,1970]" captionTargetId="figure-35@6.[300,1288,995,1977]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE. 4 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Paratype entire female. (Scale bar 50 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423254" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423254/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Figure. 4</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
Similar to males except for a ventrally wound amphid and lack of dorsal spine. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic with short reflexed ovaries. Small vulva located posteriorly along the body (V =75%), Vagina vera cuticular and vagina uterina surrounded by constrictor muscle. Some crystalloid structures are observed in ovary (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD1FFDF6828F961FDB6F931" box="[523,617,1744,1770]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,234,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetId="figure-77@3.[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="PLATE 2. Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. (A) Head region showing amphid and cephalic setae, (B) &amp; (C) Pharyngeal thorn, (D) Pharyngeal thorn dorsal view, (E) Cuticular ornamentation, (F) Somatic setae, (G) &amp; (H) Lateral alae, (I) Caudal region of male showing spicule, (J) Vulval region of female. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423244/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Plate 2J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD1FFDF6AE4F945FCCAF83D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1456,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD1FFDF6AE4F945FEEBF8D5" bold="true" box="[199,308,1780,1806]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Juvenile:</emphasis>
Juveniles are similar to adults in all respects except for the presence of slender long spines along the mid body. Cuticular spines are also observed along the lateral alae of the genus
<taxonomicName id="93EBE1F4FFD1FFDF6E6FF8A9FAA6F8E9" authority="Cobb, 1933" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1933" box="[1100,1401,1816,1842]" class="Chromadorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Desmodorella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD1FFDF6E6FF8A9FB35F8E9" box="[1100,1258,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Desmodorella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="307AE786FFD1FFDF6ED1F8A9FAA6F8E9" author="Cobb, N. A." box="[1266,1401,1816,1842]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" pagination="81 - 94" refId="ref4638" refString="Cobb, N. A. (1933) New nemic genera and species, with taxonomic notes. Journal of Parasitology, 20, 81 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3272166" type="journal article" year="1933">Cobb, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="93EBE1F4FFD1FFDF6AB4F88DFEEAF88D" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,309,1852,1878]" class="Chromadorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Desmodorella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD1FFDF6AB4F88DFEEAF88D" box="[151,309,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Desmodorella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the spines are short, conspicuous and are arranged in two rows. In the present species, they look more like somatic setae appearing only in the mid body region of juveniles and are lost in mature adults. The spines are present throughout the life history of genus
<taxonomicName id="93EBE1F4FFD1FFDF6889F835FC97F845" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1933" box="[682,840,1924,1950]" class="Chromadorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Desmodorella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD1FFDF6889F835FC97F845" box="[682,840,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Desmodorella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Similar kind of observation was made in the species
<taxonomicName id="93EBE1F4FFD1FFDF6AB4F819FD70F819" authority="Larrazabal-Filho et al., 2019" authorityName="Larrazabal-Filho" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,687,1960,1987]" class="Chromadorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Spinonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="spirale">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD1FFDF6AB4F819FEB7F819" box="[151,360,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Spinonema spirale</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="307AE786FFD1FFDF6B4CF819FD70F819" author="Larrazabal-Filho, A. L. &amp; Neres, P. A. &amp; Da Silva, M. C. &amp; Esteves, A. M." box="[367,687,1960,1987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" pagination="321 - 342" refId="ref4889" refString="Larrazabal-Filho, A. L., Neres, P. A., Da Silva, M. C. &amp; Esteves, A. M. (2019) A new genus with three new species of free-living marine nematodes of the subfamily Desmodorinae (Nematoda: Desmodoridae), from the continental shelf off northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4615 (2), 321 - 342. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4615.2.5" type="journal article" year="2019">
Larrazábal-Filho
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD1FFDF6812F818FDBDF819" box="[561,610,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">et al</emphasis>
., 2019
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
while this characteristic is not observed in the other species of
<taxonomicName id="93EBE1F4FFD1FFDF6F4CF819FF2FF83D" authorityName="Larrazabal-Filho, Neres, Da Silva &amp; Esteves" authorityYear="2019" class="Chromadorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Spinonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD1FFDF6F4CF819FF2FF83D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Spinonema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Genital primordium consists of a string of cells.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="0094CAFFFFD0FFDE6AB4F9E0FED0F956" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423250" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4423250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423250/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" startId="5.[151,251,1617,1641]" targetBox="[215,1372,193,1582]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD0FFDE6AB4F9E0FED0F956" blockId="5.[151,1436,1617,1677]" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD0FFDE6AB4F9E0FECDF9B2" bold="true" box="[151,274,1617,1641]" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">FIGURE. 2</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="93EBE1F4FFD0FFDE6B34F9E0FDF3F9B2" authority="Jacob &amp; Rayaroth &amp; Useph &amp; Philip &amp; Damodaran, 2020" authorityName="Jacob &amp; Rayaroth &amp; Useph &amp; Philip &amp; Damodaran" authorityYear="2020" box="[279,556,1617,1641]" class="Chromadorea" family="Desmodoridae" genus="Spinonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="gracilispiculum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD0FFDE6B34F9E0FDF3F9B2" box="[279,556,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">Spinonema gracilispiculum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD0FFDE6812F9E0FDB6F9B2" bold="true" box="[561,617,1617,1641]" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7DACFB1EFFD0FFDE6812F9E0FDB6F9B2" box="[561,617,1617,1641]" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Holotype male (A) Pharyngeal region, (B) Caudal region showing spicule. (Scale bar 20 µm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="1CF1C9FCFFD0FFDE6AE4F90AFAAEF82E" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="54549A77FFD0FFDE6AE4F90AFAAEF82E" blockId="5.[151,1437,1723,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">
<emphasis id="669F4665FFD0FFDE6AE4F90AFE9BF90E" bold="true" box="[199,324,1723,1749]" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Cuticle annulated with distinct inter annual spaces and vacuoles. Sexual dimorphism in the presence of a strongly cuticularised single, thick, dorsal thornlike spine on the 29th cuticular annuli in the pharyngeal region of males. Wide lateral alae (
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD0FFDE6BF3F8B2FD9BF8C6" box="[464,580,1795,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[151,251,1350,1374]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,191,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[201,1386,181,1326]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE. 1 Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. Holotype male (A) Entire male, (B) Head region, (C) Spicular apparatus, (D) Pharyngeal horn, (E) Lateral alae, (F) Beginning of lateral alae, (G) Ending of lateral alae. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423246/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">Figure 1E</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="CCD086F2FFD0FFDE6873F8B2FD41F8C6" box="[592,670,1795,1821]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,234,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetId="figure-77@3.[164,1423,309,1895]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="PLATE 2. Spinonema gracilispiculum sp. n. (A) Head region showing amphid and cephalic setae, (B) &amp; (C) Pharyngeal thorn, (D) Pharyngeal thorn dorsal view, (E) Cuticular ornamentation, (F) Somatic setae, (G) &amp; (H) Lateral alae, (I) Caudal region of male showing spicule, (J) Vulval region of female. (Scale bar 20 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4423244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4423244/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">Plate 2</figureCitation>
) on mid body, starting 200 μm posterior to pharyngeal bulb and dis-appearing before reaching the level of cloaca. Posterior edge of cephalic capsule ornamented with small vacuoles, main part of capsule is smooth. Six smaller outer labial papillae in lip region and four cephalic setae at mid-level with unispiral amphid. Buccal cavity with dorsal and a pair of ventrosublateral teeth, no denticles. Muscular pharynx, bipartite. Thickened lumen cuticle. Male reproductive system monorchic with one anterior outstretched testis. Spicules thin, about 3 times as long as corresponding body diameter, arcuate with beak-shaped capitulum and a velum. Gubernaculum simple without apophysis. Short conical tail ornamented with vacuoles. Spinneret short.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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