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<mods:title id="A6AF4EDF4E9EAB1D1B92452C26EF53A6">Systematics of the Common Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula; Serpentes: Colubridae) and the burden of heritage in taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B580B76043083602EAD5A338A59CB79C">Pyron, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AA161EBC64D2CC8CD32C5F36D2554C1A">Burbrink, Frank T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="01F263C32C9EC2EEF92EABF7117319C7">2009</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C34148A2FFE1401123E0FE4AA014FDC1" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE41B29FFE1401123E0FE4AA064FDA6" blockId="5.[151,724,499,599]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="D0ACAC45FFE1401123E0FE4AA3A8FD9B" bold="true" box="[151,724,499,526]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B60AAFFE1401123E0FE4AA3A8FD9B" authority="Baird &amp; Girard 1853" authorityName="Baird &amp; Girard" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,724,499,526]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lampropeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="splendida">
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE1401123E0FE4AA3A8FD9B" bold="true" box="[151,724,499,526]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE1401123E0FE4AA0CEFD98" bold="true" box="[151,434,500,526]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Lampropeltis splendida</emphasis>
(Baird &amp; Girard 1853)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
(Figs. 1–3)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41B29FFE1401123E0FD83A014FDC1" blockId="5.[151,724,499,599]" box="[151,360,573,599]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Desert Kingsnake</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34148A2FFE1401123E0FD34A25FFD32" box="[151,803,650,676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE41B29FFE1401123E0FD34A25FFD32" blockId="5.[151,1437,650,1605]" box="[151,803,650,676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE1401123E0FD34A06EFD32" bold="true" box="[151,274,650,676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
<typeStatus id="54E0A58BFFE1401123E0FD34A072FD32" box="[151,270,650,676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED4A83ECFFE14011226DFD34A00EFD32" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[282,370,650,676]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">USNM</collectionCode>
1726, collected by Col. J.D. Graham.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34148A2FFE1401123B2FD0EA207FD5D" box="[197,891,688,715]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE41B29FFE1401123B2FD0EA207FD5D" blockId="5.[151,1437,650,1605]" box="[197,891,688,715]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE1401123B2FD0EA005FD5C" bold="true" box="[197,377,688,714]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
<typeStatus id="54E0A58BFFE1401123B2FD0EA07EFD5C" box="[197,258,688,714]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Type</typeStatus>
Locality:
</emphasis>
Sonora, 
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(no further locality given).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34148A2FFE1401123B2FD69A06CFCA9" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE41B29FFE1401123B2FD69A5EBFD64" blockId="5.[151,1437,650,1605]" box="[197,1175,727,754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE1401123B2FD69A02AFD67" bold="true" box="[197,342,727,753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Etymology:</emphasis>
Specific epithet refers to the ‘splendid’ visage of the dorsal coloration.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE41B29FFE1401123B2FD40A06CFCA9" blockId="5.[151,1437,650,1605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE1401123B2FD40A026FC8E" bold="true" box="[197,346,766,792]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Synonymy:</emphasis>
This species is essentially co-terminous with the formerly recognized subspecies 
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE140112614FD41A075FCA8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
L. g. 
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</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34148A2FFE1401123B2FCF5A19FF9D3" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE41B29FFE1401123B2FCF5A19FF9D3" blockId="5.[151,1437,650,1605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE1401123B2FCF5A03BFCF3" bold="true" box="[197,327,843,869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
The Desert Kingsnake (
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<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE140112113FCF2A389FCF3" box="[612,757,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">L. splendida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is a medium- to large-bodied constrictor with an average adult size range of 
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and a maximum size of 
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(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA66D8FFE1401120F0FCCCA5DAFC1A" author="Conant, R. &amp; Collins, J. T." bookContentInfo="616 pp." box="[903,1190,882,908]" journalOrPublisher="Houghton Mifflin, Boston" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" refString="Conant, R. &amp; Collins, J. T. (1998) Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 3 rd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 616 pp." title="Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 3 rd ed" type="book" year="1998">Conant &amp; Collins 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Scales are smooth, anal plate single, with midbody scale rows typically numbering 23–25 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA66D8FFE140112090FC27A5FFFC25" author="Blaney, R. M." box="[999,1155,921,947]" journalOrPublisher="Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" pagination="47 - 104" part="19" refString="Blaney, R. M. (1977) Systematics of the Common Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getulus (Linnaeus). Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, 19, 47 - 104." title="Systematics of the Common Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getulus (Linnaeus)" type="journal article" year="1977">Blaney 1977</bibRefCitation>
). Ventral scales number 
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males and 
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females, while subcaudals range from 
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males and 
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females (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA66D8FFE1401123E8FC58A045FB96" author="Blaney, R. M." box="[159,313,998,1024]" journalOrPublisher="Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" pagination="47 - 104" part="19" refString="Blaney, R. M. (1977) Systematics of the Common Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getulus (Linnaeus). Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, 19, 47 - 104." title="Systematics of the Common Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getulus (Linnaeus)" type="journal article" year="1977">Blaney 1977</bibRefCitation>
). The Desert Kingsnake can be distinguished from related species primarily on the basis of color pattern. The pattern of the Desert Kingsnake is characterized by a black or dark brown ground color with heavy yellow lateral and dorsolateral stippling. The remnant crossbands formed by this stippling yield a row of black or brown dorsal blotches or saddles, numbering 42–97. The head is typically black or dark brown, and the onset of the yellow dorsal patterning sometimes gives the appearance of a collar (
<figureCitation id="136007ACFFE1401127BDFB3FA46FFB0D" box="[1226,1299,1153,1179]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,256,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,197,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1845]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Primary color pattern variants of five species of the Lampropeltis getula group. Many additional variants occur regionally; these are simply the primary color pattern classes of the five species. See Blaney (1977), Conant &amp; Collins (1998), Stebbins (2003), and Krysko &amp; Judd (2006) for more detailed descriptions of color pattern variation. Photograps of L. getula (R), L. nigra (R), L. holbrooki (L), and L. californiae are compliments S. L. &amp; J. T. Collins, CNAH. The photograph of L. holbrooki (R) is compliments D. B. Shepard, CUNY-CSI." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190600/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA66D8FFE140112655FB3FA1A9FB54" author="Blanchard, F. N." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 260" part="114" refString="Blanchard, F. N. (1921) A revision of the king snakes, genus Lampropeltis. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 114, 1 - 260." title="A revision of the king snakes, genus Lampropeltis" type="journal article" year="1921">Blanchard 1921</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA66D8FFE140112397FB16A004FB54" author="Blaney, R. M." box="[224,376,1192,1218]" journalOrPublisher="Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" pagination="47 - 104" part="19" refString="Blaney, R. M. (1977) Systematics of the Common Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getulus (Linnaeus). Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, 19, 47 - 104." title="Systematics of the Common Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getulus (Linnaeus)" type="journal article" year="1977">Blaney 1977</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA66D8FFE1401122F3FB16A3EBFB54" author="Conant, R. &amp; Collins, J. T." bookContentInfo="616 pp." box="[388,663,1192,1218]" journalOrPublisher="Houghton Mifflin, Boston" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" refString="Conant, R. &amp; Collins, J. T. (1998) Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 3 rd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 616 pp." title="Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 3 rd ed" type="book" year="1998">Conant &amp; Collins 1998</bibRefCitation>
). The Desert Kingsnake inhabits the Chihuahuan desert east of the Cochise Filter Barrier, from western Texas to extreme southeastern Arizona, north from central New 
<collectingCountry id="F34C5BB9FFE140112635FB70A4E0FB7E" box="[1346,1436,1230,1256]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Mexico</collectingCountry>
in the Rio Grande River valley south to the south central portion of the Mexican Plateau (
<figureCitation id="136007ACFFE1401127D1FB4BA591FA99" box="[1190,1261,1269,1295]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,257,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,390,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,390,1394]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Range map of the five lineages recovered by Pyron &amp; Burbrink (2009 c), corresponding to five distinct species in North America. Note the zones of sympatry between L. californiae and L. splendida, and L. nigra and L. getula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Additionally, the ecological niche modeling results from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA66D8FFE1401121DDFAA2A293FAA0" author="Pyron, R. A. &amp; Burbrink, F. T." box="[682,1007,1308,1334]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" pagination="3443 - 3457" part="18" refString="Pyron, R. A. &amp; Burbrink, F. T. (2009 c) Lineage diversification in a widespread species: roles for niche divergence and conservatism in the Common Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula. Molecular Ecology, 18, 3443 - 3457." title="Lineage diversification in a widespread species: roles for niche divergence and conservatism in the Common Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="c">
Pyron &amp; Burbrink (2009 
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE1401120A0FAA2A298FAA3" box="[983,996,1308,1333]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">c</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
predict an area of habitat in northcentral Arizona as suitable for 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B60AAFFE140112174FAFDA3E9FACA" box="[515,661,1347,1372]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lampropeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="splendida">
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE140112174FAFDA3E9FACA" box="[515,661,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">L. splendida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is not predicted as suitable for the geographically adjacent California lineage (
<figureCitation id="136007ACFFE1401122FCFAD7A0A5FA15" box="[395,473,1385,1411]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,257,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,390,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,390,1394]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Range map of the five lineages recovered by Pyron &amp; Burbrink (2009 c), corresponding to five distinct species in North America. Note the zones of sympatry between L. californiae and L. splendida, and L. nigra and L. getula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA66D8FFE14011229FFAD7A263FA14" author="Pyron, R. A. &amp; Burbrink, F. T." box="[488,799,1385,1411]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" pagination="3443 - 3457" part="18" refString="Pyron, R. A. &amp; Burbrink, F. T. (2009 c) Lineage diversification in a widespread species: roles for niche divergence and conservatism in the Common Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula. Molecular Ecology, 18, 3443 - 3457." title="Lineage diversification in a widespread species: roles for niche divergence and conservatism in the Common Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="c">
Pyron &amp; Burbrink 2009 
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE140112065FAD7A263FA14" box="[786,799,1385,1410]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">c</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). While kingsnakes are known from this region of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B60AAFFE1401123E0FA2EA0BDFA3C" authority="Stebbins 2003" authorityName="Stebbins" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,449,1424,1450]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Arizona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
Arizona (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA66D8FFE140112270FA2EA0C4FA3C" author="Stebbins, R. C." bookContentInfo="572 pp." box="[263,440,1424,1450]" journalOrPublisher="Houghton Mifflin, Boston" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" refString="Stebbins, R. C. (2003) A Field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. 3 rd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 572 pp." title="A Field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. 3 rd ed" type="book" year="2003">Stebbins 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, it is not known to which species this population belongs. The Desert Kingsnakes may hybridize with the Western lineage in a narrow area in extreme southeastern Arizona and extreme southwestern New 
<collectingCountry id="F34C5BB9FFE14011220CFA63A0A4FA61" box="[379,472,1501,1527]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, where haplotypes co-occur and some apparent hybrids have been found (
<figureCitation id="136007ACFFE14011263AFA63A4EBFA61" box="[1357,1431,1501,1527]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,257,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,390,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,390,1394]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Range map of the five lineages recovered by Pyron &amp; Burbrink (2009 c), corresponding to five distinct species in North America. Note the zones of sympatry between L. californiae and L. splendida, and L. nigra and L. getula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/190599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
; R.A. Pyron, 
<emphasis id="B92FC73BFFE14011225BF9BAA0E2F98B" box="[300,414,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">pers. obs.</emphasis>
), though morphological intermediacy is apparently not widespread (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA66D8FFE1401127BEF9BAA1AAF9D3" author="Conant, R. &amp; Collins, J. T." bookContentInfo="616 pp." journalOrPublisher="Houghton Mifflin, Boston" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" refString="Conant, R. &amp; Collins, J. T. (1998) Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 3 rd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 616 pp." title="Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 3 rd ed" type="book" year="1998">Conant &amp; Collins 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>