157 lines
21 KiB
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157 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="5CF3677F3DBC79F332AF3C5B19674221" ID-DOI="10.26879/1220" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10962250" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1712859670786" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jacisin Iii, John J. & Lawing, A. Michelle" docDate="2024" docId="03B387E8FFBA321987BCFCAB9D0FF9C6" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.27.1.a2.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (a 2) 27 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.4:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Heterodon Latreille 1801" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FF8AFF90FFA8320B8770FFDA9964FFD9" masterDocTitle="Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1715215045661" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="60DFC1C0DCB9BF29E7243CD3C8344BF4">Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CD5DE63DA0A5FA68CE4463FECBEE1FC3">Jacisin Iii, John J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="E24A4AE50E28AF9D843ED48A189150A8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0D9BA31373800729D90D024468477ED4">Lawing, A. Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A0B9953FE4E60D38235DFDB85A03D75D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DA2E8CB87FEDB66CCA9C9706C85D665C">Palaeontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6400303D51E3E9AFEA0B42F1E7F8E6D6">
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<mods:date id="5C955939B7E332D4A4E7AF53A6FC41DA">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="109C13D2F7D08E41616CF1D755DC48DD">a 2</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="8FF4B551A8096FB7596CE22C7AF9E5DE">27</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="08E01A32646E916DD1050F6F2400CD7D">http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="43B57E43E9814D9FA9A01C3D1529A26F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="DBF250DBA1912B45E308987C13AEDCA0" type="DOI">10.26879/1220</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E100D83CBA42BC1439577C310581E3ED" type="ISSN">1094-8074</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B387E8FFBA321987BCFCAB9D0FF9C6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11034068" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11034068" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387E8FFBA321987BCFCAB9D0FF9C6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387E8FFBA321987BCFCAB9D0FF9C6" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFBA321987BCFCAB9B95FC74" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFBA321987BCFCAB9B95FC74" blockId="18.[204,780,880,973]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<heading id="D0ED8192FFBA321987BCFCAB9B95FC74" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA321987BCFCAB98C9FC53" ID-CoL="636SP" ID-ENA="8596" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[204,429,881,906]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA321987BCFCAB982CFC53" box="[204,328,881,906]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heterodon</emphasis>
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Latreille
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA321986A0FCAA9A68FC53" author="Sonnini de Manoncourt, C. N. S. & Latreille, P. A." box="[464,780,880,906]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref23102" refString="Sonnini de Manoncourt, C. N. S. and Latreille, P. A. 1801. Histoire naturelle des reptiles, avec figures dessinees d'apres nature. Deterville, Paris, France." type="book" year="1801">Sonnini and Latreille, 1801</bibRefCitation>
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or
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198677FC4E98A7FC74" box="[263,451,916,941]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paleoheterodon</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA321986BBFC4E9B14FC74" author="Holman, J. A." box="[459,624,916,941]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="631 - 637" refId="ref19619" refString="Holman, J. A. 1964. Fossil snakes from the Valentine Formation of Nebraska. Copeia, 1964: 631 - 637. https: // doi. org / 1441438" type="journal article" year="1964">Holman, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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<superScript id="7C6F9BB6FFBA32198501FC4B9B19FC7C" attach="left" box="[625,637,913,933]" fontSize="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">†</superScript>
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sp. indet.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFBA321986CBFC6E9B79FC14" box="[443,541,948,973]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFBA321986CBFC6E9B79FC14" blockId="18.[204,780,880,973]" box="[443,541,948,973]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<figureCitation id="13212A7BFFBA321986CBFC6E9B79FC14" box="[443,541,948,973]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[196,287,1406,1429]" captionTargetBox="[192,1437,168,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-187@19.[192,1437,168,1389]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. Middle trunk vertebra of Heterodon cf. Heterodon (Paleoheterodon) tiheni from the Penny Creek local fauna. From top left: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views (anterior to the left). Scale bar equals 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10962272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10962272/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 9</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFBA321987B0FC049879FBCE" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFBA321987B0FC049879FBCE" blockId="18.[192,793,990,1911]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA321987B0FC049848FC2E" bold="true" box="[192,300,990,1015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Material.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED0BAE3BFFBA32198644FC0498E7FC21" box="[308,387,990,1016]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34868" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34868" name="University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">UNSM</collectionCode>
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139985 (12 pre-cloacal trunk vertebrae).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFBA321987B0FBC49AE3FEC6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFBA321987B0FBC49B39FAEE" blockId="18.[192,793,990,1911]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA321987B0FBC4983EFBEE" bold="true" box="[192,346,1054,1079]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description.</emphasis>
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In dorsal view, the vertebrae are nearly square to slightly longer than wide. The anterior edge of zygosphene is convex, and the prezygapophyseal facets, when preserved, are ovoid in shape. The prezygapophyseal accessory processes are well-developed and the tips are moderately pointed to obtuse. Epizygapophyseal spines are absent. The postzygapophyseal accessory processes are ovoid in shape.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFBA3219878AFAE4999DF98E" blockId="18.[192,793,990,1911]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">In anterior view, both articular facets are visible on the synapophyses. The cotyle is mostly round, but sometimes slightly taller than wide. The neural arch is depressed. The neural canal is similar in shape to a ventrally restricted semi-cylinder, even somewhat squarish, and similar in size to the cotyle. The cotyle is somewhat dorso-ventrally compressed, with well-excavated pits on either side.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFBA3219878AF9849A6AF92E" blockId="18.[192,793,990,1911]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">In lateral view, the neural spine is longer than it is tall, somewhat depressed, and is typically more undercut posteriorly than anteriorly. In posterior view, the shape of the condyle is a dorso-ventrally compressed oval, and similar overall to the cotyle.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFBA3219878AF9249AE3FEC6" blockId="18.[192,793,990,1911]" lastBlockId="18.[840,1441,166,1567]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">In ventral view, the hemal keel generally is weak, wide, and oblong, and very depressed to flat. In some specimens, the hemal keel is slightly more distinct, and is slightly constricted between the synapophyses, indicating a more anterior trunk position for these vertebrae. The subcentral ridges are indistinct. The centrum itself is longer than it is wide.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFBA32198438FEFC9D0FF9C6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFBA32198438FEFC9D0FF9C6" blockId="18.[840,1441,166,1567]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198438FEFC9AA4FEE6" bold="true" box="[840,960,294,319]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The somewhat more vaulted nature of the neural arch in the specimens from Wt 13B when compared to extant
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA321983F6FEBC9C66FEA6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[1158,1282,358,383]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA321983F6FEBC9C66FEA6" box="[1158,1282,358,383]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heterodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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vertebrae (a morphological difference also shared with
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA32198222FE5C9A0EFE66" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Farancia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198222FE5C9A0EFE66" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Farancia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as stated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA32198351FE7C9D9FFE66" author="Head, J. J. & Mahlow, K. & Muller, J." box="[1057,1275,422,447]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref19491" refString="Head, J. J., Mahlow, K., and Muller, J. 2016. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 2: Caenophidia, Colubroidea, Elapoidea, Colubridae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 19.2.2 FC: 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 625" type="book chapter" year="2016">Head et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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) would previously have suggested that these fossils belong to or are comparable to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA32198324FE3C9DB4FE26" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[1108,1232,486,511]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198324FE3C9DB4FE26" box="[1108,1232,486,511]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heterodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(or
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198277FE3C9A10FDC6" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paleoheterodon</emphasis>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA321984FBFDDC9AAFFDC6" box="[907,971,518,543]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tiheni">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA321984FBFDDC9AAFFDC6" box="[907,971,518,543]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">tiheni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a species that is more easily determined based on skull morphology, rather than vertebral morphology (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA3219831BFD9C9C40FD86" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1131,1316,582,607]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="631 - 637" refId="ref19619" refString="Holman, J. A. 1964. Fossil snakes from the Valentine Formation of Nebraska. Copeia, 1964: 631 - 637. https: // doi. org / 1441438" type="journal article" year="1964">Holman, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA3219824DFD9C9AE3FDA6" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA321984E2FDBC9DABFDA6" author="Parmley, D. & Hunter, K. B." box="[914,1231,614,639]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="526 - 543" refId="ref22088" refString="Parmley, D. and Hunter, K. B. 2010. Fossil Snakes of the Clarendonian (Late Miocene) Pratt Slide Local Fauna of Nebraska, with the description of a new natricine colubrid. Journal of Herpetology, 44: 526 - 543. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 09 - 248.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Parmley and Hunter, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). However,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA32198227FDBC9D36FD46" author="Parmley, D. & Hunter, K. B." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="526 - 543" refId="ref22088" refString="Parmley, D. and Hunter, K. B. 2010. Fossil Snakes of the Clarendonian (Late Miocene) Pratt Slide Local Fauna of Nebraska, with the description of a new natricine colubrid. Journal of Herpetology, 44: 526 - 543. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 09 - 248.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Parmley and Hunter (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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determined that this neural arch character showed considerable and overlapping variation in specimens assigned to
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA3219825EFD1C9AFFFD26" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paleoheterodon</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA32198373FD3C9D1BFD26" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[1027,1151,742,767]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198373FD3C9D1BFD26" box="[1027,1151,742,767]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heterodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and that vertebral characters are not sufficient to differentiate between the two taxa. Unfortunately, we lack reproducible or statistical data on both the variation and the degree of overlap between these taxa, as both
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA32198438FC5C9A98FC46" author="Holman, J. A." box="[840,1020,902,927]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="323 - 335" refId="ref19751" refString="Holman, J. A. 1977. Upper Miocene snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes) from southeastern Nebraska. Journal of Herpetology, 11: 323 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1563245" type="journal article" year="1977">Holman (1977</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA32198360FC5C9D2AFC46" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1040,1102,902,927]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA321983D1FC5C9AF1FC66" author="Parmley, D. & Hunter, K. B." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="526 - 543" refId="ref22088" refString="Parmley, D. and Hunter, K. B. 2010. Fossil Snakes of the Clarendonian (Late Miocene) Pratt Slide Local Fauna of Nebraska, with the description of a new natricine colubrid. Journal of Herpetology, 44: 526 - 543. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 09 - 248.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Parmley and Hunter (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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included only personal observations on the topic. Furthermore, these vertebrae lack the apomorphies of the fossil species
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA321983B7FC3C9CFDFC26" box="[1223,1433,998,1023]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meadi">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA321983B7FC3C9CFDFC26" box="[1223,1433,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heterodon meadi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which exhibits a zygosphenal groove and anteroposteriorly directed sculpturing on the neural arch, but lacks skull elements to clarify its association with
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA321984EEFBBC9DBAFBA6" box="[926,1246,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA321984EEFBBC9D7CFBA6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[926,1048,1126,1151]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Heterodon</taxonomicName>
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/Paleoheterodon
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</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA3219827BFBBC9AEDFB46" author="Jurestovsky, D. J." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="422 - 431" refId="ref20855" refString="Jurestovsky, D. J. 2021. Small Colubroids from the Late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 55: 422 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 21 - 008" type="journal article" year="2021">Jurestovsky, 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). Similarly, the unnamed but potentially different taxon from the Sappa Creek Fauna in
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<collectingRegion id="49DEF81CFFBA32198237FB7C9CC4FB66" box="[1351,1440,1190,1215]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Kansas</collectingRegion>
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also lacks cranial elements (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA321983D0FB1C9CF2FB06" author="Holman, J. A. & Fay, L. P. & Korth, W. W." box="[1184,1430,1222,1247]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref20079" refString="Holman, J. A., Fay, L. P., and Korth, W. W. 2011. Herpetofauna of Late Miocene Sappa Creek Fauna, Northwestern Kansas. Paludicola, 8: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2011">Holman et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). Because we presently do not have enough information regarding both vertebral and skull characters to confidently differentiate these taxa, and because these taxa overlap temporally (albeit in younger deposits;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBA32198356FABC9C0FFAA6" author="Parmley, D. & Hunter, K. B." box="[1062,1387,1382,1407]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="526 - 543" refId="ref22088" refString="Parmley, D. and Hunter, K. B. 2010. Fossil Snakes of the Clarendonian (Late Miocene) Pratt Slide Local Fauna of Nebraska, with the description of a new natricine colubrid. Journal of Herpetology, 44: 526 - 543. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 09 - 248.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Parmley and Hunter, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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), we describe it here as
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBA32198349FA5C9DD1FA46" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[1081,1205,1414,1439]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Heterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198349FA5C9DD1FA46" box="[1081,1205,1414,1439]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Heterodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBA32198394FA5C9CC4FA46" box="[1252,1440,1414,1439]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Paleoheterodon</emphasis>
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of an indeterminate species. Future work using quantitative and morphometric methods with isolated skeletal elements may potentially help untangle this taxonomic issue.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |