199 lines
29 KiB
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199 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="CB4F320DF50089143C12CE3394E1C857" ID-DOI="10.26879/1220" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10962250" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1712859670786" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jacisin Iii, John J. & Lawing, A. Michelle" docDate="2024" docId="03B387E8FFAF320C8651FC299DF0FB5B" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.27.1.a2.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (a 2) 27 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.3:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Charinaidae Gray 1849" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FF8AFF90FFA8320B8770FFDA9964FFD9" masterDocTitle="Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1713794153851" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="ED913187D87E40B7AAEF97F5B015BC5F">Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="951201EBD2A88BA73EFD2C8855464431">Jacisin Iii, John J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4A1BA356EE571A231FD19B575A58477E">Lawing, A. Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0778096A56A44A1B7E53B5FE64DE5DD5">Palaeontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="545C69BA3FFCA4133E5B8A86173103EF">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="249C355A58A046FED6892183A9668EDE">a 2</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="1C987DA90B99F8A1974457E7A0D815FE">27</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B387E8FFAF320C8651FC299DF0FB5B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387E8FFAF320C8651FC299DF0FB5B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387E8FFAF320C8651FC299DF0FB5B" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFAF320C8651FC299BE0FBF5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFAF320C8651FC299BE0FBF5" blockId="7.[289,694,1011,1068]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="D0ED8192FFAF320C8651FC299BE0FBF5" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="8">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C8607FC299BD2FBD5" authority="Gray, 1849" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[375,694,1011,1037]" class="Reptilia" family="Charinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">
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CHARINAIDAE
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8545FC299BD2FBD5" author="Gray, J. E." box="[565,694,1011,1037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19103" refString="Gray, J. E. 1849. Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees." type="book" year="1849">Gray, 1849</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(sensu
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C86DBFBC99B1AFBF5" author="Pyron, R. A. & Reynolds, R. G. & Burbrink, F. T." box="[427,638,1043,1068]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="249 - 260" refId="ref22459" refString="Pyron, R. A., Reynolds, R. G., and Burbrink, F. T. 2014. A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa, 3846: 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3846.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Pyron et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFAF320C87B0FBE4982BF9AE" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFAF320C87B0FBE4982BF9AE" blockId="7.[192,793,1086,1911]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C87B0FBE49823FB8E" bold="true" box="[192,327,1086,1111]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The following vertebral osteological characters are modified from
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C854AFB849A71FBAE" author="Brattstrom, B. H." box="[570,789,1118,1143]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="5 - 12" refId="ref18201" refString="Brattstrom, B. H. 1958. New records of Cenozoic amphibians and reptiles from California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 57: 5 - 12." type="journal article" year="1958">Brattstrom (1958)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C87B0FBA4980CFB4E" author="Kluge, A. G." box="[192,360,1150,1175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="293 - 351" refId="ref20969" refString="Kluge, A. G. 1993. Calabaria and the phylogeny of erycine snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 107: 293 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1993. tb 00290. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Kluge (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C860FFBA49BC1FB4E" author="Bell, C. J. & Mead, J. I." box="[383,677,1150,1175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref17771" refString="Bell, C. J. and Mead, J. I. 1996. Charina Gray, 1849 (Boidae: Erycinae) from the Pleistocene of California. Herpetological Natural History, 4: 161 - 168." year="1996">Bell and Mead (1996)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C85CCFBA49875FB6E" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8612FB44989BFB6E" author="Head, J. J." box="[354,511,1182,1207]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref19306" refString="Head, J. J. 2015. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 1: Serpentes, Alethinophidia, Boidae, Pythonidae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 18.1.6 FC: 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 487" type="book chapter" year="2015">Head (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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to reflect the current nomenclature for Constrictores and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C85C6FB649A7CFB0E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[694,792,1214,1239]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Booidea">Booidea</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C87B6FB0498ACFB2E" author="Reynolds, R. G. & Niemiller, M. L. & Revell, L. J." box="[198,456,1246,1271]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="201 - 213" refId="ref22674" refString="Reynolds, R. G., Niemiller, M. L., and Revell, L. J. 2014. Towards a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 71: 201 - 213. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.11.011" type="journal article" year="2014">Reynolds et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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; Zaher et al., 2019;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C85C5FB04982FFACE" author="Burbrink, F. T. & Grazziotin, F. G. & Pyron, R. A. & Cundall, D. & Donnellan, S. & Irish, F. & Keogh, J. S. & Kraus, F. & Murphy, R. W. & Noonan, B. & Raxworthy, C. J. & Ruane, S. & Lemmon, A. R. & Lemmon, E. M. & Zaher, H." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="502 - 520" refId="ref18234" refString="Burbrink, F. T., Grazziotin, F. G., Pyron, R. A., Cundall, D., Donnellan, S., Irish, F., Keogh, J. S., Kraus, F., Murphy, R. W., Noonan, B., Raxworthy, C. J., Ruane, S., Lemmon, A. R., Lemmon, E. M., and Zaher, H. 2020. Interrogating Genomic-Scale Data for Squamata (Lizards, Snakes, and Amphisbaenians) Shows no Support for Key Traditional Morphological Relationships. Systematic Biology, 69 (3): 502 - 520. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syz 062" type="journal article" year="2020">Burbrink et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8628FB249BC4FACE" author="Georgalis, G. & Smith, K." box="[344,672,1278,1304]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref18979" refString="Georgalis, G. and Smith, K. 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - the available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology, 70: 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.26049 / VZ 70 - 3 - 2020 - 03" type="journal article" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith, 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). The vertebrae possess a flattened neural arch. The neural spines are low, and in the caudal vertebrae are expanded, exhibiting a somewhat distended or distally lobate appearance relative to pre-caudal neural spines (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C861DFA449B71FA6E" author="Head, J. J." box="[365,533,1438,1463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref19306" refString="Head, J. J. 2015. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 1: Serpentes, Alethinophidia, Boidae, Pythonidae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 18.1.6 FC: 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 487" type="book chapter" year="2015">Head, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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). Prezygapophyseal accessory processes are reduced (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C852FFA649A6BFA0E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[607,783,1470,1495]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). Paracotylar foramina are absent (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C851EFA049A6AFA2E" author="Kluge, A. G." box="[622,782,1502,1527]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="293 - 351" refId="ref20969" refString="Kluge, A. G. 1993. Calabaria and the phylogeny of erycine snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 107: 293 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1993. tb 00290. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Kluge, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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). Caudal vertebrae are very short, with a variety of processes giving them a complex appearance (with the exception of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C852EF9E49BB7F98E" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" box="[606,723,1598,1623]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C852EF9E49BB7F98E" box="[606,723,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lichanura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8597F9E49821F9AE" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFAF320C87B0F9A49DF0FB5B" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFAF320C87B0F9A49DF0FB5B" blockId="7.[192,793,1086,1911]" lastBlockId="7.[840,1441,168,1154]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C87B0F9A4985CF94E" bold="true" box="[192,312,1662,1687]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Snakes of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C8681F9A49BE5F941" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[497,641,1662,1688]" family="Charinaidae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
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are typically small to medium in size, robust in body form, with short tails and small eyes, all of which assist them in a semifossorial lifestyle (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C857EF9049BA5F92E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[526,705,1758,1783]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). Many North American fossil booids, including extant genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C878FF8C49838F8EE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[255,348,1822,1847]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C878FF8C49838F8EE" box="[255,348,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Charina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C86C9F8C49B4AF8EE" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" box="[441,558,1822,1847]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C86C9F8C49B4AF8EE" box="[441,558,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lichanura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, were previously assigned to the Erycinae, which are generally similar in body form, vertebral morphology, and lifestyle (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C843FFF739A99FF1B" author="Holman, J. A." box="[847,1021,169,194]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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; see
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8330FF739C7DFF1B" author="Pyron, R. A. & Reynolds, R. G. & Burbrink, F. T." box="[1088,1305,169,194]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="249 - 260" refId="ref22459" refString="Pyron, R. A., Reynolds, R. G., and Burbrink, F. T. 2014. A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa, 3846: 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3846.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Pyron et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C822AFF729AE7FF3B" author="ICZN & International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="77" refId="ref20203" refString="ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). 2020. Opinion 2454 (Case 3688) - Charinidae Gray, 1849 (Reptilia, Squamata, Serpentes): emended to Charinaidae to remove homonymy with Charinidae Quintero, 1986 (Arachnida, Amblypygi); Ungaliopheinae McDowell, 1987 (Reptilia, Squamata, Serpentes): emended to Ungaliophiinae McDowell, 1987. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 77." type="journal article" year="2020">ICZN, 2020</bibRefCitation>
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for additional details regarding taxonomic nomenclature). Under the most recent taxonomy, North American subfamilies Charinainae
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8211FED29AE7FE9B" author="Gray, J. E." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19103" refString="Gray, J. E. 1849. Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees." type="book" year="1849">Gray, 1849</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C84FDFEF29A97FE98" box="[909,1011,296,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C84E6FEF29A97FE98" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[918,1011,296,321]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Charina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Charina</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C8342FEF39DD4FE9A" box="[1074,1200,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C8342FEF39DC3FE9A" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1861" box="[1074,1191,297,323]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Lichanura" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lichanura</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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and Ungaliophiinae
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8438FE939D6BFEBB" author="McDowell, S. B." box="[840,1039,329,354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="3 - 50" refId="ref21512" refString="McDowell, S. B. 1987. Systematics. p. 3 - 50. In: Collins, J. T., Novak, S. S., and Seigel, R. A. (eds.), Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, U. S. A." type="book chapter" year="1987">McDowell, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C8350FE939DE2FEBB" box="[1056,1158,329,354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C8359FE939DE2FEBB" authorityName="Bogert" authorityYear="1968" box="[1065,1158,329,354]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Exiliboa" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Exiliboa</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C83A4FE939C0DFEBA" box="[1236,1385,329,355]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C83A4FE939C3BFEBA" authorityName="Müller" authorityYear="1880" box="[1236,1375,329,355]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Ungaliophis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ungaliophis</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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are now grouped within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C831FFEB29D9BFE5B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[1135,1279,360,386]" family="Charinaidae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8260FEB39AE3FE7B" author="Pyron, R. A. & Reynolds, R. G. & Burbrink, F. T." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="249 - 260" refId="ref22459" refString="Pyron, R. A., Reynolds, R. G., and Burbrink, F. T. 2014. A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa, 3846: 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3846.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Pyron et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C84E4FE539D47FE7B" author="Head, J. J." box="[916,1059,393,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref19306" refString="Head, J. J. 2015. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 1: Serpentes, Alethinophidia, Boidae, Pythonidae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 18.1.6 FC: 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 487" type="book chapter" year="2015">Head, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8340FE529DA5FE7B" author="ICZN & International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" box="[1072,1217,392,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="77" refId="ref20203" refString="ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). 2020. Opinion 2454 (Case 3688) - Charinidae Gray, 1849 (Reptilia, Squamata, Serpentes): emended to Charinaidae to remove homonymy with Charinidae Quintero, 1986 (Arachnida, Amblypygi); Ungaliopheinae McDowell, 1987 (Reptilia, Squamata, Serpentes): emended to Ungaliophiinae McDowell, 1987. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 77." type="journal article" year="2020">ICZN, 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). This further complicates the fossil record of older North American snakes not found in Penny Creek, in that genera such as
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C84B7FE329AB3FDFB" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C84B7FE329D3EFDDB" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1873" box="[967,1114,488,514]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Calamagras</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C8303FE329D8BFDDB" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1885" box="[1139,1263,488,514]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Ogmophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ogmophis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C8279FE329CF8FDDB" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1976" box="[1289,1436,488,514]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Geringophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Geringophis</taxonomicName>
|
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C8438FDD39AB7FDFB" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1976" box="[840,979,521,546]" family="Erycidae" genus="Pterygoboa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pterygoboa</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and others are left with a somewhat uncertain taxonomic status, although some research has suggested that the fossil species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C8438FDB29D33FD5B" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1908" box="[840,1111,616,642]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Ogmophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compactus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C8438FDB29D33FD5B" box="[840,1111,616,642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ogmophis compactus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
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and
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C83DBFDB29CC4FD5B" authorityName="Holman" authorityYear="1972" box="[1195,1440,616,642]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Calamagras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weigeli">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFAF320C83DBFDB29CC4FD5B" box="[1195,1440,616,642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Calamagras weigeli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may represent loxocemid and ungaliophiine snakes, respectively (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8320FD729D88FD1B" author="Smith, K. T." box="[1104,1260,680,706]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="157 - 182" refId="ref22953" refString="Smith, K. T. 2013. New constraints of the evolution of the snake clades Ungaliophiinae, Loxocemidae and Colubridae (Serpentes), with comments of the fossil history of erycine boids in North America. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 252: 157 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2012.05.006" type="journal article" year="2013">Smith, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). An extensive apomorphy-based redescription and reorganization of the older fossil taxa may be necessary to determine if it is possible to morphologically differentiate them at the species or genus level given the newer taxonomy of extant booids (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8256FC939AE3FC5B" author="Bell, C. J. & Gauthier, J. A. & Bever, G. S." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="30 - 36" refId="ref17896" refString="Bell, C. J., Gauthier, J. A., and Bever, G. S. 2010. Covert biases, circularity, and apomorphies: A critical look at the North American Quaternary Herpetofaunal Stability Hypothesis. Quaternary International, 217: 30 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2009.08.009" type="journal article" year="2010">Bell et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C84D0FCB39DF9FC5B" author="Pyron, R. A. & Reynolds, R. G. & Burbrink, F. T." box="[928,1181,873,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="249 - 260" refId="ref22459" refString="Pyron, R. A., Reynolds, R. G., and Burbrink, F. T. 2014. A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa, 3846: 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3846.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Pyron et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C83C5FCB39C30FC5B" author="Head, J. J." box="[1205,1364,873,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref19306" refString="Head, J. J. 2015. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 1: Serpentes, Alethinophidia, Boidae, Pythonidae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 18.1.6 FC: 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 487" type="book chapter" year="2015">Head, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The absence of paracotylar foramina in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C8260FC529CFBFC7B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" box="[1296,1439,904,930]" family="Charinaidae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
vertebrae differentiates the group from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C823DFC739CC4FC1B" box="[1357,1440,937,962]" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
(sensu
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C84D1FC139D19FC3B" author="Pyron, R. A. & Reynolds, R. G. & Burbrink, F. T." box="[929,1149,969,994]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="249 - 260" refId="ref22459" refString="Pyron, R. A., Reynolds, R. G., and Burbrink, F. T. 2014. A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa, 3846: 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3846.2.5" type="journal article" year="2014">Pyron et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). This variable character is shared with pythonids and most non-boid booids, and as such does not differentiate
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFAF320C8228FBD29AFCFB9B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1849" family="Charinaidae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
from those groups (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C83D8FBF39C21FB9B" author="Kluge, A. G." box="[1192,1349,1065,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="293 - 351" refId="ref20969" refString="Kluge, A. G. 1993. Calabaria and the phylogeny of erycine snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 107: 293 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1993. tb 00290. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Kluge, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8229FBF39AE3FBBB" author="Rage, J. - C." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="111 - 150" refId="ref22539" refString="Rage, J. - C. 2001. Fossil snakes from the Paleocene of Sao Jose de Itaborai, Brazil. Part II. Boidae. Palaeovertebrata, 30: 111 - 150." type="journal article" year="2001">Rage, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C84E4FB929DA8FBBB" author="Szyndlar, Z. & Rage, J. - C." box="[916,1228,1096,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref23524" refString="Szyndlar, Z. and Rage, J. - C. 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow." type="book" year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C83AAFB929CF8FBBB" author="Georgalis, G. L." box="[1242,1436,1096,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="801 - 815" refId="ref18795" refString="Georgalis, G. L. 2019. Poor but classic: The squamate fauna from the late Miocene of Pikermi, near Athens, Greece. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 18: 801 - 815. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2019.09.004" type="journal article" year="2019">Georgalis, 2019</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFAF320C8438FBB29DEEFB5B" author="Georgalis, G. & Smith, K." box="[840,1162,1128,1154]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref18979" refString="Georgalis, G. and Smith, K. 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - the available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology, 70: 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.26049 / VZ 70 - 3 - 2020 - 03" type="journal article" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith, 2020</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |