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<mods:title id="C65B2DD4FAAFB4723C4AEE21B19773DB">A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF81F68FF50FC75FE888BFD" ID-CoL="8W46P" ID-ENA="115523" authorityName="Sargent" authorityYear="1899" box="[136,369,972,998]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Thrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FF50FC75FE888BFD" bold="true" box="[136,369,972,998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">COCCOTHRINAX</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF81F68FF50FBADFB068DA1" blockId="7.[136,1452,1044,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FF50FBADFEC98C35" author="Sargent, C." box="[136,304,1044,1070]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="81 - 94" refId="ref64622" refString="Sargent, C. (1899) New or little known North American trees. Botanical Gazette 27: 81 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 327795" type="journal article" year="1899">Sargent (1899)</bibRefCitation>
established 
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<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FE66FBADFDAF8C35" box="[446,598,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
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for specimens from 
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. The most important early works on the genus were those of 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FEF3FB81FE378C49" author="Beccari, O." box="[299,462,1080,1106]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 343" refId="ref60874" refString="Beccari, O. (1907) Le palme americane della tribu delle Corypheae. Webbia 2: 1 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15531" type="journal article" year="1907">Beccari (1907</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FE02FB81FDEC8C49" author="Beccari, O." box="[474,533,1080,1106]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="391 - 411" refId="ref60944" refString="Beccari, O. (1913) The palms indigenous to Cuba III. Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany 3: 391 - 411." type="journal article" year="1913">1913</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FDFAFB81FDA48C49" author="Beccari, O." box="[546,605,1080,1106]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 353" refId="ref60970" refString="Beccari, O. (1931) Asiatic palms - Corypheae. Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden Calcutta 13: 1 - 353." type="journal article" year="1931">1931</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FDABFB81FCEC8C49" author="Bailey, L." box="[627,789,1080,1106]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="220 - 225" refId="ref60722" refString="Bailey, L. (1939 a) Coccothrinax of Florida. Gentes Herbarum 4: 220 - 225." type="journal article" year="1939">Bailey (1939a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FCFAFB81FC958C49" author="Bailey, L." box="[802,876,1080,1106]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="247 - 259" refId="ref60742" refString="Bailey, L. (1939 b) Coccothrinax in the southern Greater Antilles. Gentes Herbarum 4: 247 - 259." type="journal article" year="1939">1939b</bibRefCitation>
), and Bailey in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FBFBFB81FACD8C49" author="Bailey, L. &amp; Moore, H." box="[1059,1332,1080,1107]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="92 - 205" refId="ref60849" refString="Bailey, L. &amp; Moore, H. (1949) Palmae incertae et novae. Gentes Herbarum 8: 92 - 205." type="journal article" year="1949">Bailey &amp; Moore (1949)</bibRefCitation>
. The most important work on Cuban species was that of 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FD5FFBE5FCEC8C6D" author="Leon" box="[647,789,1116,1142]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="107 - 156" refId="ref62742" refString="Leon (1939) Contribucion al estudio de las palmas de Cuba. III. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural &quot; Felipe Poey &quot; 13: 107 - 156." type="journal article" year="1939">
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFF81F68FD5FFBE5FD388C6D" box="[647,705,1116,1142]" country="Nicaragua" name="Leon" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">León</collectingRegion>
(1939)
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. Here several new species were described and species were classified into two series, each again divided into two subseries. Following 
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFF81F68FC38FB39FBE58C81" box="[992,1052,1152,1178]" country="Nicaragua" name="Leon" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">León</collectingRegion>
, two botanists, Muñiz and Borhidi, continued work on Cuban species, culminating in their catalogue of all Cuban palms (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FBF3FB1DFAD28CA5" author="Muniz, O. &amp; Borhidi, A." box="[1067,1323,1188,1214]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="309 - 345" refId="ref63579" refString="Muniz, O. &amp; Borhidi, A. (1982) Catologo de las Palmas de Cuba. Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 28: 309 - 345." type="journal article" year="1982">Muñiz &amp; Borhidi 1982</bibRefCitation>
).This work included a key to all Cuban species. Read worked on western Caribbean species (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FBCAFB70FBC28CF9" box="[1042,1083,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FB99FB71FB308CF9" author="Read, R." box="[1089,1225,1224,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="29 - 35" refId="ref64112" refString="Read, R. (1966 a) Coccothrinax inaguensis - a new species from the Bahamas. Principes 10: 29 - 35." type="journal article" year="1966">Read 1966a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FB0BFB71FAE78CF9" author="Read, R." box="[1235,1310,1224,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="133 - 141" refId="ref64137" refString="Read, R. (1966 b) Coccothrinax jamaicensis the Jamaican silver thatch. Principes 10: 133 - 141." type="journal article" year="1966">1966b</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FAE8FB70FEB98D1D" author="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="27 - 46" refId="ref63666" refString="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R. (1991 a) An annotated key to the cultivated species of Coccothrinax. Principes 35: 27 - 46." type="journal article" year="1991">Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a)</bibRefCitation>
gave a key to the species in cultivation, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FCE7FB54FB848D1D" author="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R." box="[831,1149,1260,1287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="91 - 101" refId="ref63696" refString="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R. (1991 b) Preliminary classificatory studies in Coccothrinax (Palmae: Coryphoideae). Selbyana 12: 91 - 101." type="journal article" year="1991">Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991b)</bibRefCitation>
discussed the morphology of the genus in some detail and gave a preliminary classification. Most recently, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FBCCFAA9FB668D31" author="Craft, P." box="[1044,1183,1296,1322]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref61560" refString="Craft, P. (2017) The Palms of Cuba. Palm Nut Pages, Florida, 232 pp." type="book" year="2017">Craft (2017)</bibRefCitation>
has given an illustrated account of the Cuban species, with descriptions and distribution maps but without a key, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FB7CFA8CFAC88D55" author="Moya, C." box="[1188,1329,1332,1359]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref63249" refString="Moya, C. (2020) An annotated checklist of Cuban palms 2. Coccothrinax, Pt. 1: 1816 - 1939. Nomenclature, typification, and distribution. PalmArbor 4: 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="2020">Moya (2020</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FAE5FA8DFA8F8D55" author="Moya, C." box="[1341,1398,1332,1358]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref63288" refString="Moya, C. (2021) An annotated checklist of Cuban palms 6. Coccothrinax, Pt. 2. 1972 - 1995. Nomenclature, typification, and distribution. PalmArbor 3: 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
) has brought nomenclature and typification of Cuban species up to date. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FC4FFAE1FAFB8D69" author="Fernandez, E. &amp; Gottschalk, A." box="[919,1282,1368,1394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref61896" refString="Fernandez, E. &amp; Gottschalk, A. (2017) Palmas de Espanola. Grupo Sid, 159 pp." type="book" year="2017">Fernández &amp; Gottschalk (2017)</bibRefCitation>
have given an illustrated account of Hispaniolan species, also without a key. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FCE5FAC4FBFF8D8D" author="Zona, S. &amp; Verdecia, R. &amp; Leiva, A. &amp; Lewis, C. &amp; Maunder, M." box="[829,1030,1404,1431]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="300 - 305" refId="ref65264" refString="Zona, S., Verdecia, R., Leiva, A., Lewis, C. &amp; Maunder, M. (2007) The conservation status of West Indian palms (Arecaceae). Oryx 41: 300 - 305. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0030605307000404" type="journal article" year="2007">
Zona 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FCA5FAC4FC4C8D8D" box="[893,949,1404,1430]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
have assessed the conservation status of all species, and Jestrow 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FE6CFA18FE0D8DA1" box="[436,500,1440,1466]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et. al.</emphasis>
(2018) have discussed the conservation status of endangered species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF81F68FF65FA7DFCA08EE5" blockId="7.[136,1452,1044,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Currently 61 species of 
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<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FE11FA7DFD988DC5" box="[457,609,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are recognized (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FCC4FA7DFC4B8DC5" author="POWO" box="[796,946,1476,1502]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref63984" refString="POWO (2023) Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet. Available from: http: // www. plantsoftheworldonline. org / (accessed 24 May 2023)" type="url" year="2023">POWO 2023</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FC65FA7DFB438DC5" author="Henderson, A. &amp; Fernandez, E. &amp; Montero, O. &amp; Clase, T. &amp; Gratacos, X. &amp; Bacon, C." box="[957,1210,1476,1502]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="101 - 111" refId="ref62198" refString="Henderson, A., Fernandez, E., Montero, O., Clase, T., Gratacos, X. &amp; Bacon, C. (2023) Five new species of Coccothrinax (Cryosophileae, Coryphoideae, Arecaceae) from Hispaniola. Phytotaxa 589 (2): 101 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 589.2.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
Henderson 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FBE6FA7CFB8F8DC5" box="[1086,1142,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
2023
</bibRefCitation>
). Most recent authors agree that a modern revision is needed. However, the genus is considered difficult taxonomically (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FB11FA50FB088E19" box="[1225,1265,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">e.g.</emphasis>
Bailey in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FABAFA51FECB8E3D" author="Bailey, L. &amp; Moore, H." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="92 - 205" refId="ref60849" refString="Bailey, L. &amp; Moore, H. (1949) Palmae incertae et novae. Gentes Herbarum 8: 92 - 205." type="journal article" year="1949">Bailey &amp; Moore 1949</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FE9DF9B5FE338E3D" author="Leon" box="[325,458,1548,1574]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="107 - 156" refId="ref62742" refString="Leon (1939) Contribucion al estudio de las palmas de Cuba. III. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural &quot; Felipe Poey &quot; 13: 107 - 156." type="journal article" year="1939">
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFF81F68FE9DF9B5FE868E3D" box="[325,383,1548,1574]" country="Nicaragua" name="Leon" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">León</collectingRegion>
(1939
</bibRefCitation>
, page.153) wrote: ‘las formas múltiples que occurren en muchas especies de este género, la variación considerable que se observa no sólo en la follaje, sino también en las diferentes partes de la inflorescencia y de la misma flor, por una parte dificultan grandemente el estudio de los Coccothrinaces…’ [The multiple forms that occur in many species of this genus, the considerable variation that is observed not only in the foliage, but also in the different parts of the inflorescence and of the same flower, on the one hand greatly hinder the study of Coccothrinaces]. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FF50F979FE728EC1" author="Tomlinson, P. &amp; Horn, J. &amp; Fisher, J." box="[136,395,1728,1754]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref65075" refString="Tomlinson, P., Horn, J. &amp; Fisher, J. (2011) The anatomy of palms. Oxford University Press, New York, 251 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / acprof: osobl / 9780199558926.001.0001" type="book" year="2011">
Tomlinson 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FEDDF978FEC58EC1" box="[261,316,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
considered 
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<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FDC8F979FD518EC1" box="[528,680,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be the most variable genus anatomically of any genus of subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF81F68FF50F95DFED18EE5" box="[136,296,1764,1790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coryphoideae">Coryphoideae</taxonomicName>
, and one of the most variable in the whole family.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3006547FFF81F60FF50F8D5FC018ACF" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF81F68FF50F8D5FEDA8F9D" blockId="7.[136,291,1900,1926]" box="[136,291,1900,1926]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FF50F8D5FEDA8F9D" bold="true" box="[136,291,1900,1926]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Morphology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF81F68FF50F80CFCDE800D" blockId="7.[136,1452,1972,2071]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
In the following discussion, morphology is treated in detail and several attributes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF81F68FBC7F80DFB4E8FD5" authorityName="Sargent" authorityYear="1899" box="[1055,1207,1972,1998]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FBC7F80DFB4E8FD5" box="[1055,1207,1972,1998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
not used in delimiting species are discussed. 
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detailed discussion of morphology is given in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FC67F860FAF98FE9" author="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R." box="[959,1280,2008,2035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="27 - 46" refId="ref63666" refString="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R. (1991 a) An annotated key to the cultivated species of Coccothrinax. Principes 35: 27 - 46." type="journal article" year="1991">Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a)</bibRefCitation>
and a detailed generic description can be found in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF81F68FDC1F845FCDA800D" author="Dransfield, J. &amp; Uhl, N. &amp; Asmussen, C. &amp; Baker, W. &amp; Harley, M. &amp; Lewis, C." box="[537,803,2044,2070]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref61780" refString="Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W., Harley, M. &amp; Lewis, C. (2008) Genera Palmarum. The Evolution and Classification of Palms. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, U. K., 732 pp." type="book" year="2008">
Dransfield 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF81F68FD4EF844FD36800D" box="[662,719,2044,2070]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF71F67FF65FF27FCE489E7" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Stems are recorded as 0.03–20.0 m long and 2.9–50.0 cm diameter. The shortest stems are found in the mainland 
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFF71F67FF50FF7BFF2088C7" box="[136,217,194,220]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Florida</collectingRegion>
population of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FEAFFF7AFDFB88C7" box="[375,514,195,221]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FEAFFF7AFDFB88C7" box="[375,514,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the tallest in Hispaniola populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FC39FF7AFB9A88C7" box="[993,1123,195,221]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FC39FF7AFB9A88C7" box="[993,1123,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. argentea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Stem diameter is remarkably variable. Stems of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FEB8FF5EFE1C891B" box="[352,485,231,257]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FEB8FF5EFE1C891B" box="[352,485,231,257]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. argentea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be slender and flexible (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FCE4FF5FFC6D891B" box="[828,916,230,256]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,191,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-16@9.[150,1434,189,1889]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1.A. Stems slender and flexible (C.argentea). B. Stems swollen (C. spissa). C. Stems covered with persistent dead leaves, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves (C. borhidiana). D. Leaf sheath not split at the base, with solid, central part and fibrous margins (C. argentata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389311/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
) while those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FB8AFF5EFB40891B" authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1939" box="[1106,1209,231,257]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spissa">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FB8AFF5EFB40891B" box="[1106,1209,231,257]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. spissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
maybe swollen (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FAA6FF5FFF53893F" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,191,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-16@9.[150,1434,189,1889]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1.A. Stems slender and flexible (C.argentea). B. Stems swollen (C. spissa). C. Stems covered with persistent dead leaves, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves (C. borhidiana). D. Leaf sheath not split at the base, with solid, central part and fibrous margins (C. argentata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389311/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Within species, stems of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FE01FEB2FDC7893F" authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1939" box="[473,574,267,293]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spissa">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FE01FEB2FDC7893F" box="[473,574,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. spissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be swollen or not swollen within the same population. Stems are usually solitary and only four species (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FE3CFE96FBC98953" box="[484,1072,302,329]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FE3CFE96FDA78953" authorityName="Borhidi &amp; Muniz" authorityYear="1985" box="[484,606,302,329]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fagildei">C. fagildei</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FDB1FE96FD0B8953" authorityName="Mejia &amp; Garcia" authorityYear="2013" box="[617,754,303,329]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jimenezii">C. jimenezii</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FD26FE96FC4F8953" box="[766,950,302,329]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudorigida">C. pseudorigida</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FC19FE96FBC98953" box="[961,1072,302,329]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pumila">C. pumila</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) are recorded as having clustered stems. Specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FEACFEEAFDF98977" box="[372,512,339,365]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FEACFEEAFDF98977" box="[372,512,339,365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from mainland 
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFF71F67FD6BFEEBFCFD8977" box="[691,772,338,364]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Florida</collectingRegion>
are scored as having solitary stems, but according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF71F67FA81FEEBFF2A898B" author="Presley, J." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="485 - 488" refId="ref64026" refString="Presley, J. (1934) Offshoots on the Florida silver palm. Journal of Heredity 25: 485 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. jhered. a 103867" type="journal article" year="1934">Presley (1934)</bibRefCitation>
they can have shoots at the base or on the stems. Rarely, specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FBCFFECEFB67898B" box="[1047,1182,375,401]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FBCFFECEFB67898B" box="[1047,1182,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. argentea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are recorded as having clustered stems. In three species (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FE24FE22FC1389AF" box="[508,1002,410,437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FE24FE22FD6289AF" box="[508,667,410,437]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borhidiana">C. borhidiana</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FD7DFE22FCD589AF" box="[677,812,411,437]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="garciana">C. garciana</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FCEEFE22FC1389AF" box="[822,1002,410,437]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudorigida">C. pseudorigida</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), stems are covered with persistent dead leaves, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FDEBFE07FD7389C3" box="[563,650,446,472]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,191,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-16@9.[150,1434,189,1889]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1.A. Stems slender and flexible (C.argentea). B. Stems swollen (C. spissa). C. Stems covered with persistent dead leaves, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves (C. borhidiana). D. Leaf sheath not split at the base, with solid, central part and fibrous margins (C. argentata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389311/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
). Other species may have such skirts, for example 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FB67FE06FACC89C3" authorityName="Borhidi &amp; Muniz" authorityYear="1985" box="[1215,1333,446,473]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fagildei">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FB67FE06FACC89C3" box="[1215,1333,446,473]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. fagildei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
illustrated in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF71F67FF7DFE5AFEC389E7" author="Moya, C." box="[165,314,482,509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref63288" refString="Moya, C. (2021) An annotated checklist of Cuban palms 6. Coccothrinax, Pt. 2. 1972 - 1995. Nomenclature, typification, and distribution. PalmArbor 3: 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="2021">Moya (2021)</bibRefCitation>
, but this cannot be scored from specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF71F67FF65FDBFFF3C8B92" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The central, solid part of the leaf sheath of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FD65FDBFFCAC8A3B" authorityName="Sargent" authorityYear="1899" box="[701,853,518,544]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FD65FDBFFCAC8A3B" box="[701,853,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not split at the base (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FBACFDBFFB378A3B" box="[1140,1230,518,544]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,191,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-16@9.[150,1434,189,1889]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1.A. Stems slender and flexible (C.argentea). B. Stems swollen (C. spissa). C. Stems covered with persistent dead leaves, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves (C. borhidiana). D. Leaf sheath not split at the base, with solid, central part and fibrous margins (C. argentata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389311/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
) (rarely specimens appear to have a short split, but this may be an artefact of pressing and drying). Apart from the central, solid part, leaf sheaths are fibrous, and here fibers are scored as seven different states: thin (usually &lt;
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diameter), closely woven, forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FCC3FDCBFC8C8A97" box="[795,885,626,652]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-27@10.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), closely woven, forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices (C. argentea). B. Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices (C. crinita). C. Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely (rarely closely) woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices (C. miraguama). D. Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers (C. salvatoris)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389315/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
); thin (usually &lt;
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF71F67FBF5FDCBFB7A8A96" box="[1069,1155,626,653]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
diameter), closely woven, not forming persistent ligules and soon disintegrating at the apices; thin (usually &lt;
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF71F67FBF5FD2FFB7D8AAA" box="[1069,1156,662,689]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
diameter), flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FD6CFD03FCF68ACF" box="[692,783,698,724]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-27@10.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), closely woven, forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices (C. argentea). B. Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices (C. crinita). C. Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely (rarely closely) woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices (C. miraguama). D. Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers (C. salvatoris)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389315/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
); stout (usually&gt; 
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diameter), woody, loosely (rarely closely) woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FD0EFD67FCD78AE3" box="[726,814,734,760]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-27@10.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), closely woven, forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices (C. argentea). B. Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices (C. crinita). C. Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely (rarely closely) woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices (C. miraguama). D. Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers (C. salvatoris)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389315/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
); stout (usually&gt; 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF71F67FC29FD67FBD48AE2" box="[1009,1069,734,761]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
diameter), woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FD17FCBBFCBF8B06" box="[719,838,770,797]" form="erect" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="form">form erect</taxonomicName>
, spine-like fibers (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FBCEFCBBFB888B07" box="[1046,1137,770,796]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-27@10.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), closely woven, forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices (C. argentea). B. Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices (C. crinita). C. Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely (rarely closely) woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices (C. miraguama). D. Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers (C. salvatoris)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389315/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
); stout (usually 
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diameter), loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, initially forming ligules at the apices; and thin (usually ca. 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF71F67FF69FCF3FEF08B7E" box="[177,265,842,869]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
diameter), curled toward the apex, loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, truncate at the apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF71F67FF65FC2BFF188C27" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Leaf sheath fibers are usually arranged in two layers, one perpendicular to the other, but in a few species three layers are present. However, this does not appear consistent within species. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FBCBFC0EFB4E8BCB" authorityName=", Ekman" authorityYear="1001" box="[1043,1207,951,977]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miraguama">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FBCBFC0EFB4E8BCB" box="[1043,1207,951,977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. miraguama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals can have either two or three layers. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF71F67FE75FC62FD1C8BEF" author="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R." box="[429,741,986,1013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="27 - 46" refId="ref63666" refString="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R. (1991 a) An annotated key to the cultivated species of Coccothrinax. Principes 35: 27 - 46." type="journal article" year="1991">Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a)</bibRefCitation>
considered that 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FC45FC62FBC78BEF" authorityName=", Ekman" authorityYear="1001" box="[925,1086,987,1013]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miraguama">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FC45FC62FBC78BEF" box="[925,1086,987,1013]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. miraguama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens can have three layers nearer the base of the sheath and two layers nearer the apex. This variable is therefore not used here to delimit species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF71F67FF65FBFFFD0E8DBF" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Petiole width ranges from 
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wide, on a specimen from the mainland 
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFF71F67FBD8FBFFFBA88C7B" box="[1024,1105,1094,1120]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Florida</collectingRegion>
population of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FB21FBFEFA7F8C7B" box="[1273,1414,1095,1121]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FB21FBFEFA7F8C7B" box="[1273,1414,1095,1121]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF71F67FF50FBD3FF178C9E" box="[136,238,1130,1157]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6399999999999997" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="26.4">26.4 mm</quantity>
wide from a specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FDC7FBD2FD7F8C9F" authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1939" box="[543,646,1131,1157]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spissa">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FDC7FBD2FD7F8C9F" box="[543,646,1131,1157]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. spissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. At the apex of the petiole is a hastula. As noted above in the general morphology section, hastulas are too variable to be useful taxonomically. The shape of the adaxial hastula varies from rounded to acuminate to cuspidate (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FDC6FB0BFD808CD7" box="[542,633,1202,1228]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Adaxial hastula cuspidate, palman relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a distinct pulvinus (C. ekmanii). B. Abaxial hastula (C. ekmanii). C. Costa short, abaxial. (C. argentea). D. Leaf blades wedge-shaped (C. jimenezii)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389319/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
), and sometimes may be briefly bifid at the apex. The abaxial hastula is much less developed, usually forming a low ridge (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FD0EFB6FFCC98CEB" box="[726,816,1238,1264]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Adaxial hastula cuspidate, palman relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a distinct pulvinus (C. ekmanii). B. Abaxial hastula (C. ekmanii). C. Costa short, abaxial. (C. argentea). D. Leaf blades wedge-shaped (C. jimenezii)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389319/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Palman length ranges from 1.0–43.0 cm. As noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF71F67FF50FB42FE358D0F" author="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R." box="[136,460,1274,1301]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="27 - 46" refId="ref63666" refString="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R. (1991 a) An annotated key to the cultivated species of Coccothrinax. Principes 35: 27 - 46." type="journal article" year="1991">Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a)</bibRefCitation>
, occasionally the central adaxial vein is abnormally long, and then the palman length is measured along the adjacent adaxial vein. Palmans may be relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a distinct pulvinus (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FDDFFAFBFD998D47" box="[519,608,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Adaxial hastula cuspidate, palman relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a distinct pulvinus (C. ekmanii). B. Abaxial hastula (C. ekmanii). C. Costa short, abaxial. (C. argentea). D. Leaf blades wedge-shaped (C. jimenezii)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389319/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). In this case, palmans appear somewhat sunken in relation to the rest of the leaf. Alternatively, palmans may be relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins, and not lower than the rest of the leaf. Rarely, a short costa is present abaxially (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FD49FA33FD138DBF" box="[657,746,1418,1444]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Adaxial hastula cuspidate, palman relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a distinct pulvinus (C. ekmanii). B. Abaxial hastula (C. ekmanii). C. Costa short, abaxial. (C. argentea). D. Leaf blades wedge-shaped (C. jimenezii)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389319/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF71F67FF65FA16FBB08E67" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF71F67FF65FA16FE0E8DD3" author="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R." box="[189,503,1454,1481]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="27 - 46" refId="ref63666" refString="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R. (1991 a) An annotated key to the cultivated species of Coccothrinax. Principes 35: 27 - 46." type="journal article" year="1991">Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a)</bibRefCitation>
, based on living plants, described the outline of the leaf blade as a series of fractions, 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FF50FA6AFF528DF7" box="[136,171,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">i.e.</emphasis>
4/4 orbicular, 3/4 orbicular, 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FE2CFA6AFDEC8DF7" box="[500,533,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">etc</emphasis>
. However this has been found to be somewhat impractical and difficult to score from specimens. Here, leaf blades are described as either wedge-shaped (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FC61FA4FFBE98E0B" box="[953,1040,1526,1552]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Adaxial hastula cuspidate, palman relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a distinct pulvinus (C. ekmanii). B. Abaxial hastula (C. ekmanii). C. Costa short, abaxial. (C. argentea). D. Leaf blades wedge-shaped (C. jimenezii)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389319/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
) or not wedge-shaped. Nine species, from 
<collectingCountry id="F30D765CFFF71F67FF1EF9A3FEF88E2F" box="[198,257,1562,1588]" name="Cuba" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cuba</collectingCountry>
and Hispaniola, are scored as having wedge-shaped leaf blades. In these species, it is only the adults that have wedge-shaped blades, especially those in more exposed places. Species with wedge-shaped blades tend to have fewer segments per leaf, a mean of 23, as opposed to 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF71F67FD38F9DBFCE08E67" box="[736,793,1634,1660]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.144" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="36.0">36 in</quantity>
non-wedge-shaped blades.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF71F63FF65F93FFCFF893F" blockId="8.[136,1452,158,2093]" lastBlockId="12.[136,1452,158,1985]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Segment shape, taken from those segments from the middle of the leaf, is described by four states. In the first state, the segments are relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, with a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, and the apices are thin, deeply splitting and breaking off. The mean size of this 
<typeStatus id="54A1886EFFF71F67FE90F94AFE818F16" box="[328,376,1779,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
of segment is 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF71F67FDC0F94BFD888F16" box="[536,625,1778,1805]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.63" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="56.3">56.3 cm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF71F67FD05F94BFCD18F16" box="[733,808,1778,1805]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="2.6">2.6 cm</quantity>
wide. In the second state, found in several Cuban species, the segments are relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting. The mean size of this 
<typeStatus id="54A1886EFFF71F67FBA3F882FB528F4E" box="[1147,1195,1851,1877]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
of segment is 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF71F67FA89F883FA528F4E" box="[1361,1451,1850,1877]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.29" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="42.9">42.9 cm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF71F67FF37F8E7FEC28F62" box="[239,315,1886,1913]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="2.6">2.6 cm</quantity>
wide. However, two, somewhat different apices occur in this 
<typeStatus id="54A1886EFFF71F67FC32F8E6FBE38F62" box="[1002,1050,1887,1913]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
of segment, short and elongate, and these can appear quite distinct. In fact, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF71F67FDE3F83BFD3C8F87" author="Leon" box="[571,709,1922,1948]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="107 - 156" refId="ref62742" refString="Leon (1939) Contribucion al estudio de las palmas de Cuba. III. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural &quot; Felipe Poey &quot; 13: 107 - 156." type="journal article" year="1939">
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFF71F67FDE3F83BFD8C8F87" box="[571,629,1922,1948]" country="Nicaragua" name="Leon" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">León</collectingRegion>
(1939)
</bibRefCitation>
used them to distinguish species, for example 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FB15F83AFA978F87" authorityName=", Ekman" authorityYear="1001" box="[1229,1390,1923,1949]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miraguama">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FB15F83AFA978F87" box="[1229,1390,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. miraguama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FF50F81EFED88FDB" box="[136,289,1959,1985]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yuraguana">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FF50F81EFED88FDB" box="[136,289,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. yuraguana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the distinction between these 
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD45FFF71F67FD35F81EFCA08FDA" box="[749,857,1959,1985]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of apex is more complex and may also be influenced by habitat. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF71F67FED0F872FE658FFF" author="Moya, C." box="[264,412,1994,2021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref63249" refString="Moya, C. (2020) An annotated checklist of Cuban palms 2. Coccothrinax, Pt. 1: 1816 - 1939. Nomenclature, typification, and distribution. PalmArbor 4: 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="2020">Moya (2020)</bibRefCitation>
illustrated this in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF71F67FDB4F872FCFD8FFF" authorityName="Sargent ex Beccari" authorityYear="1907" box="[620,772,1995,2021]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminata">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF71F67FDB4F872FCFD8FFF" box="[620,772,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. acuminata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with plants with short segment apices (his 
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FB22F873FAC38FFF" box="[1274,1338,1994,2020]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,191,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-16@9.[150,1434,189,1889]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1.A. Stems slender and flexible (C.argentea). B. Stems swollen (C. spissa). C. Stems covered with persistent dead leaves, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves (C. borhidiana). D. Leaf sheath not split at the base, with solid, central part and fibrous margins (C. argentata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389311/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) growing in open habitats and those with long apices (his 
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF71F67FD6CF857FD008013" box="[692,761,2030,2056]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-27@10.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), closely woven, forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices (C. argentea). B. Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices (C. crinita). C. Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely (rarely closely) woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices (C. miraguama). D. Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers (C. salvatoris)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389315/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) growing in shaded habitats. In the third leaf segment state, segments are tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, and with the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting. The mean size of this 
<typeStatus id="54A1886EFFF31F63FC29FF26FBD888A2" box="[1009,1057,159,185]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
of segment is 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF31F63FB1AFF27FAE288A2" box="[1218,1307,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="41.8">41.8 cm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF31F63FA50FF27FF5388C6" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="3.5">3.5 cm</quantity>
wide. In the fourth leaf segment state, found only in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FD20FF7AFC9A88C7" authorityName="Beccari" authorityYear="1907" baseAuthorityName="Hoyt" box="[760,867,195,221]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crinita">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FD20FF7AFC9A88C7" box="[760,867,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. crinita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, middle leaf segments are relatively long and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) about the middle, stiff and leathery, and the apices are elongate beyond the shoulder and briefly split. Mean size is 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF31F63FE73FEB3FDFC893E" box="[427,517,266,293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.74" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="77.4">77.4 cm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF31F63FDACFEB3FD39893E" box="[628,704,266,293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="3.9">3.9 cm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF656644FFF61F66FF50F8C4FA6A8FAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389311" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8389311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389311/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[136,229,1917,1939]" targetBox="[151,1433,191,1888]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF61F66FF50F8C4FA6A8FAD" blockId="9.[136,1451,1917,1975]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF61F66FF50F8C4FF0F8F89" bold="true" box="[136,246,1917,1939]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF61F66FF27F8C4FEEE8F89" bold="true" box="[255,279,1917,1938]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A.</emphasis>
Stems slender and flexible (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF61F66FDF9F8C7FD768F88" box="[545,655,1918,1939]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF61F66FDF9F8C7FD768F88" box="[545,655,1918,1939]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. argentea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF61F66FD7AF8C4FD4B8F89" bold="true" box="[674,690,1917,1938]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
. Stems swollen (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF61F66FC8BF8C7FC508F88" authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1939" box="[851,937,1918,1939]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spissa">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF61F66FC8BF8C7FC508F88" box="[851,937,1918,1939]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. spissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF61F66FC63F8C4FC358F88" bold="true" box="[955,972,1917,1939]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
. Stems covered with persistent dead leaves, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF61F66FEB7F81BFE0C8FAD" box="[367,501,1953,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="borhidiana">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF61F66FEB7F81BFE0C8FAD" box="[367,501,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. borhidiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF61F66FDD1F818FDE38FAD" bold="true" box="[521,538,1953,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D</emphasis>
. Leaf sheath not split at the base, with solid, central part and fibrous margins (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF61F66FAD4F81BFA7D8FAC" box="[1292,1412,1954,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF61F66FAD4F81BFA7D8FAC" box="[1292,1412,1954,1975]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF51F65FF50F8C4FE438039" blockId="10.[136,1452,1917,2083]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF51F65FF50F8C4FF038F89" bold="true" box="[136,250,1917,1939]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF51F65FEDFF8C4FEE68F89" bold="true" box="[263,287,1917,1938]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A.</emphasis>
Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), closely woven, forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF51F65FA4DF8C7FF258FAC" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF51F65FA4DF8C7FF258FAC" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. argentea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF51F65FF28F818FEF98FAD" bold="true" box="[240,256,1953,1974]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
. Sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF51F65FAFDF81BFA798FAC" authorityName="Beccari" authorityYear="1907" baseAuthorityName="Hoyt" box="[1317,1408,1954,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crinita">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF51F65FAFDF81BFA798FAC" box="[1317,1408,1954,1975]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. crinita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF51F65FA4CF818FA528FAC" bold="true" box="[1428,1451,1953,1975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C.</emphasis>
Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely (rarely closely) woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF51F65FACCF87FFA678FC0" authorityName=", Ekman" authorityYear="1001" box="[1300,1438,1990,2011]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miraguama">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF51F65FACCF87FFA678FC0" box="[1300,1438,1990,2011]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. miraguama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF51F65FF50F850FF608FE5" bold="true" box="[136,153,2025,2046]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
. Sheath fibers stout (usually&gt;1 mm diameter), woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF51F65FA9AF850FA518FE4" box="[1346,1448,2025,2047]" form="erect" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="form">form erect</taxonomicName>
, spine-like fibers (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF51F65FEE9F7B7FE558039" box="[305,428,2061,2083]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salvatoris">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF51F65FEE9F7B7FE558039" box="[305,428,2061,2083]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. salvatoris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF656644FFF41F64FF50F8C4FA9C8FAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389319" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8389319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389319/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[136,229,1917,1939]" targetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF41F64FF50F8C4FA9C8FAD" blockId="11.[136,1452,1917,1975]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF41F64FF50F8C4FF0E8F89" bold="true" box="[136,247,1917,1939]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF41F64FED9F8C4FEE08F89" bold="true" box="[257,281,1917,1938]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A.</emphasis>
Adaxial hastula cuspidate, palman relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a distinct pulvinus (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF41F64FF48F81BFF018FAD" box="[144,248,1953,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ekmanii">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF41F64FF48F81BFF018FAD" box="[144,248,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. ekmanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF41F64FED4F818FEE58FAD" bold="true" box="[268,284,1953,1974]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B</emphasis>
. Abaxial hastula (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF41F64FE13F81BFDCA8FAD" box="[459,563,1953,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ekmanii">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF41F64FE13F81BFDCA8FAD" box="[459,563,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. ekmanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF41F64FD9FF818FDA78FAC" bold="true" box="[583,606,1953,1975]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C.</emphasis>
Costa short, abaxial. (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF41F64FCEEF81BFC5F8FAC" box="[822,934,1954,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF41F64FCEEF81BFC5F8FAC" box="[822,934,1954,1975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. argentea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF41F64FC62F818FC328FAD" bold="true" box="[954,971,1953,1974]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D</emphasis>
. Leaf blades wedge-shaped (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF41F64FB3CF81BFAAE8FAC" authorityName="Mejia &amp; Garcia" authorityYear="2013" box="[1252,1367,1954,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jimenezii">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF41F64FB3CF81BFAAE8FAC" box="[1252,1367,1954,1975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. jimenezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF31F63FF65FE96FB558A5E" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
In a few species (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FE5BFE96FD428953" box="[387,699,302,329]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FE5BFE96FDEB8953" box="[387,530,302,329]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">C. orientalis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FDC6FE96FD428953" box="[542,699,303,329]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunquensis">C. yunquensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), the middle leaf segments are blunt and rounded at the apices and only briefly splitting. However, this is difficult to score. In some species it appears that leaves from younger plants may have blunt segment apices, while adults have normal attenuate apices. Leaf segments may not be waxy adaxially or may have a deciduous, thin layer of wax abaxially. Rarely segments may have a persistent, dense, whitish layer of wax adaxially. This is a difficult variable to score and the amount of wax varies within species, and presumably also with the age of the leaves, with wax wearing off from older leaves. Some specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FB87FE5AFAF889E7" authorityName=", Ekman" authorityYear="1001" box="[1119,1281,483,509]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miraguama">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FB87FE5AFAF889E7" box="[1119,1281,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. miraguama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to have little or no wax abaxially, others appear to have more wax. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF31F63FCC5FDBFFC518A3B" author="Craft, P." box="[797,936,518,544]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref61560" refString="Craft, P. (2017) The Palms of Cuba. Palm Nut Pages, Florida, 232 pp." type="book" year="2017">Craft (2017)</bibRefCitation>
wrote that some forms of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FB16FDBEFAA58A3B" box="[1230,1372,518,545]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salvatoris">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FB16FDBEFAA58A3B" box="[1230,1372,518,545]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. salvatoris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a layer of wax abaxially. Only four species are scored as having a dense, persistent layer of wax.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF31F63FF65FDF7FA9C8B93" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Leaf segments are usually indumentose abaxially. This is scored as four states. Segments may be densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a conspicuous, reddish-brown, pale brown, or greenish elliptic center (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FD30FD2EFC588AAB" box="[744,929,663,689]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FCCEFD2EFC588AAB" box="[790,929,663,689]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">C. argentata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF31F63FC76FD2FFBFF8AAB" box="[942,1030,662,688]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[136,229,1879,1901]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1848]" captionTargetId="figure-16@13.[164,1423,191,1853]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4.A. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a conspicuous, reddish-brown, pale brown, or greenish elliptic center (C. argentata, Small &amp; Nash s.n.). B. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center (C. miraguama, Ekman 1001). C. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semipersistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, without an obvious center (C. argentea, Zanoni 31892). D. Leaf segments with transverse veinlets visible adaxially (C. barbadensis, Wessels Boer 1659). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389321" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389321/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
); densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown or reddish-brown center (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FE2BFD66FD3A8AE3" box="[499,707,735,761]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FDFAFD66FD3A8AE3" authorityName=", Ekman" authorityYear="1001" box="[546,707,735,761]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miraguama">C. miraguama</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF31F63FD09FD67FCD18AE3" box="[721,808,734,760]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[136,229,1879,1901]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1848]" captionTargetId="figure-16@13.[164,1423,191,1853]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4.A. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a conspicuous, reddish-brown, pale brown, or greenish elliptic center (C. argentata, Small &amp; Nash s.n.). B. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center (C. miraguama, Ekman 1001). C. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semipersistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, without an obvious center (C. argentea, Zanoni 31892). D. Leaf segments with transverse veinlets visible adaxially (C. barbadensis, Wessels Boer 1659). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389321" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389321/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
); densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FC62FCBAFB978B07" box="[954,1134,771,797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FC32FCBAFB978B07" box="[1002,1134,771,797]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">C. argentea</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF31F63FBA6FCBBFB2E8B07" box="[1150,1239,770,796]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[136,229,1879,1901]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1848]" captionTargetId="figure-16@13.[164,1423,191,1853]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4.A. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a conspicuous, reddish-brown, pale brown, or greenish elliptic center (C. argentata, Small &amp; Nash s.n.). B. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center (C. miraguama, Ekman 1001). C. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semipersistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, without an obvious center (C. argentea, Zanoni 31892). D. Leaf segments with transverse veinlets visible adaxially (C. barbadensis, Wessels Boer 1659). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389321" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389321/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
); or segments may be without indumentum abaxially (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FDC8FC9EFD2E8B5B" box="[528,727,806,833]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FDE7FC9EFD2E8B5B" box="[575,727,806,833]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bonettiana">C. bonettiana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). However, indumentum is often difficult to score. There may be intermediate states or indumentum may wear off from older leaves. Leaf segments in most species are ribbed abaxially as a result of their anatomy, although one species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FD64FCD6FCCC8B93" box="[700,821,878,905]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ekmanii">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FD64FCD6FCCC8B93" box="[700,821,878,905]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. ekmanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, appears not to be ribbed (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF31F63FB86FCD7FAA38B93" author="Tomlinson, P. &amp; Horn, J. &amp; Fisher, J." box="[1118,1370,878,904]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref65075" refString="Tomlinson, P., Horn, J. &amp; Fisher, J. (2011) The anatomy of palms. Oxford University Press, New York, 251 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / acprof: osobl / 9780199558926.001.0001" type="book" year="2011">
Tomlinson 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FB07FCD6FAEE8B93" box="[1247,1303,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF31F63FF65FC2AFD888C02" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
In several species leaf segments have well-developed transverse veinlets (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF31F63FBCEFC2BFB8D8BB7" box="[1046,1140,914,940]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[136,229,1879,1901]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,196,1848]" captionTargetId="figure-16@13.[164,1423,191,1853]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4.A. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a conspicuous, reddish-brown, pale brown, or greenish elliptic center (C. argentata, Small &amp; Nash s.n.). B. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center (C. miraguama, Ekman 1001). C. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semipersistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, without an obvious center (C. argentea, Zanoni 31892). D. Leaf segments with transverse veinlets visible adaxially (C. barbadensis, Wessels Boer 1659). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389321" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389321/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). However, these are often difficult to see unless the leaf segments are illuminated from behind. It seems possible that transverse veinlets are more obvious in juvenile and younger leaves and obscure in older leaves, more obvious in fresh rather than dried leaves, and more obvious at the apices of the segments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF31F63FF65FB9BFB178E43" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Inflorescences are scored either as erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF31F63FEE0FBFFFE688C7A" box="[312,401,1094,1121]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-27@14.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (C. torrida). B. Inflorescences erect amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence (C. garciana). C. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (C. landestoyii). D. Flowers solitary, spirally arranged, borne on pedicels, the anthers coiled and twisted (C. argentata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389325/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
), or as erect amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF31F63FAA6FBFFFF528C9E" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-27@14.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (C. torrida). B. Inflorescences erect amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence (C. garciana). C. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (C. landestoyii). D. Flowers solitary, spirally arranged, borne on pedicels, the anthers coiled and twisted (C. argentata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389325/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
), or as curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF31F63FA9DFBD3FA668C9E" box="[1349,1439,1130,1157]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-27@14.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (C. torrida). B. Inflorescences erect amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence (C. garciana). C. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (C. landestoyii). D. Flowers solitary, spirally arranged, borne on pedicels, the anthers coiled and twisted (C. argentata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389325/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
). Inflorescences are usually branched to two orders, rarely some individuals have inflorescences branched to three orders (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FF49FB0AFF438CD7" box="[145,186,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">e.g.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FF18FB0AFE898CD7" authority=", Zona" authorityName="Zona" box="[192,368,1202,1229]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torrida">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FF18FB0AFED08CD7" box="[192,297,1202,1229]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C torrida</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FEEEFB0AFE898CD7" box="[310,368,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FEAEFB0BFE598CD7" box="[374,416,1202,1228]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">842</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FE77FB0AFCEF8CD7" box="[431,790,1202,1229]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FE77FB0AFD2E8CD7" authority=", Broadway" authorityName="Broadway" box="[431,727,1202,1229]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barbadensis">C. barbadensis, Broadway</taxonomicName>
3067
</emphasis>
). In both these specimens, relatively well-developed bracts subtend proximal rachillae. Rachis bracts are either narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FE97FB42FD638D0F" box="[335,666,1274,1301]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FEA7FB42FDEC8D0F" box="[383,533,1274,1301]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boschiana">C. boschiana</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FDF8FB42FD638D0F" box="[544,666,1274,1301]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ekmanii">C. ekmanii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), or as somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FDE1FAA6FC708D23" box="[569,905,1311,1337]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FDB1FAA6FD008D23" box="[617,761,1311,1337]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">C. argentata</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FCDDFAA6FC708D23" box="[773,905,1311,1337]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">C. argentea</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). Rarely they are scored as swollen, woody, and not or sparsely tomentose. The number of partial inflorescences on an inflorescence ranges from 2–7. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FACBFAFBFF138D9B" authorityName="Beccari" authorityYear="1908" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparia">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FACBFAFBFF138D9B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Coccothrinax scoparia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consistently has two partial inflorescences. In species with elongate inflorescences, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FB2FFADEFA858D9B" box="[1271,1404,1383,1409]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="garciana">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FB2FFADEFA858D9B" box="[1271,1404,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. garciana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FF50FA32FEC48DBF" box="[136,317,1418,1445]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudorigida">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FF50FA32FEC48DBF" box="[136,317,1418,1445]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. pseudorigida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there are two to four partials. On the other hand, species such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FBFBFA32FB498DBF" box="[1059,1200,1419,1445]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FBFBFA32FB498DBF" box="[1059,1200,1419,1445]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have up to seven partial inflorescences. The longest rachillae are found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FCDEFA16FC928DD3" authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1939" box="[774,875,1455,1481]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spissa">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FCDEFA16FC928DD3" box="[774,875,1455,1481]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. spissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a mean length of 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF31F63FBAEFA17FB2A8DD2" box="[1142,1235,1454,1481]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="13.6">13.6 cm</quantity>
, and the shortest in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FF50FA6AFEF58DF7" authorityName="Beccari" authorityYear="1908" box="[136,268,1491,1517]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparia">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FF50FA6AFEF58DF7" box="[136,268,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. scoparia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a mean length of 4.0 cm. Rachillae are usually straight, rarely recurved. They may be more or less evenly spaced, seldom in pairs, or unevenly spaced, some in groups. In the latter case, usually in species with larger inflorescences, rachises are often somewhat flattened in cross-section. Rachillae at or near anthesis may be glabrous, or uneven, with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF31F63FF65F9DBFE868FDA" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Flowers are solitary, spirally arranged along the rachillae, and are borne on pedicels (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF31F63FBA1F9DBFB2A8E66" box="[1145,1235,1634,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-27@14.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (C. torrida). B. Inflorescences erect amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence (C. garciana). C. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (C. landestoyii). D. Flowers solitary, spirally arranged, borne on pedicels, the anthers coiled and twisted (C. argentata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389325/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
). Pedicel length, in fruiting specimens, ranges from 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF31F63FE37F93FFD8C8EBA" box="[495,629,1670,1697]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="6.2" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="3.15" valueMax="6.2" valueMin="0.1">0.1–6.2 mm</quantity>
long. Pedicels are subtended by bracteoles, and these bracteoles are borne either at the base of the pedicel or sometimes on the pedicel itself (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FCBFF912FBC48EDF" box="[871,1085,1706,1733]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FC4DF912FBC48EDF" box="[917,1085,1706,1733]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barbadensis">C. barbadensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). The flowers themselves appear quite variable. Perianth lobes vary from small and narrow (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FCC4F976FC298EF3" box="[796,976,1743,1769]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FC93F976FC298EF3" box="[843,976,1743,1769]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="garciana">C. garciana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) to large and broad (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FB62F976FAB48EF3" box="[1210,1357,1743,1769]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FB31F976FAB48EF3" authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1939" box="[1257,1357,1743,1769]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spissa">C. spissa</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). In one species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FF31F94AFE978F17" authorityName="Beccari" authorityYear="1908" box="[233,366,1779,1805]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparia">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FF31F94AFE978F17" box="[233,366,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. scoparia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the lobes may be laciniate (illustrated in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF31F63FC8BF94BFC158F17" author="Beccari, O." box="[851,1004,1778,1804]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 353" refId="ref60970" refString="Beccari, O. (1931) Asiatic palms - Corypheae. Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden Calcutta 13: 1 - 353." type="journal article" year="1931">Beccari 1931</bibRefCitation>
, plate 31 IV). Perhaps most distinctive are the perianths of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF31F63FEAAF8AEFE1D8F2B" box="[370,484,1814,1841]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torrida">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FEAAF8AEFE1D8F2B" box="[370,484,1814,1841]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. torrida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which have a narrow base and deeply split lobes. Stamens are elongate and spread irregularly at anthesis, with latrorse anthers. Stamen number ranges from 5–13. Filaments are usually wider at the base and there fused into a shallow to deep cupule. The amount of basal fusion in filaments has sometimes been used to distinguish species (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF31F63FEB1F83AFE688F87" box="[361,401,1923,1948]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF31F63FE4FF83BFDF68F87" author="Leon" box="[407,527,1922,1948]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="107 - 156" refId="ref62742" refString="Leon (1939) Contribucion al estudio de las palmas de Cuba. III. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural &quot; Felipe Poey &quot; 13: 107 - 156." type="journal article" year="1939">
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFF31F63FE4FF83BFE288F87" box="[407,465,1922,1948]" country="Nicaragua" name="Leon" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">León</collectingRegion>
1939
</bibRefCitation>
) but it does not appear to have any taxonomic significance.Anthers are often coiled and twisted (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF31F63FEC0F81FFE888FDA" box="[280,369,1958,1985]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-27@14.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (C. torrida). B. Inflorescences erect amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence (C. garciana). C. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (C. landestoyii). D. Flowers solitary, spirally arranged, borne on pedicels, the anthers coiled and twisted (C. argentata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389325/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF656644FFF21F62FF50F8EEFCBB803A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389321" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8389321" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389321/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[136,229,1879,1901]" targetBox="[166,1421,196,1848]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF21F62FF50F8EEFCBB803A" blockId="13.[136,1452,1879,2081]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF21F62FF50F8EEFF018F77" bold="true" box="[136,248,1879,1901]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF21F62FEDCF8EEFEEC8F77" bold="true" box="[260,277,1879,1900]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a conspicuous, reddish-brown, pale brown, or greenish elliptic center (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF21F62FCBEF8C2FB678F8A" box="[870,1182,1915,1937]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF21F62FCBEF8C2FB8C8F8B" authority=", Small &amp; Nash" authorityName="Small &amp; Nash" box="[870,1141,1915,1937]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">C. argentata, Small &amp; Nash</taxonomicName>
s.n.
</emphasis>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF21F62FB6AF8C2FB3B8F8B" bold="true" box="[1202,1218,1915,1936]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF21F62FEA9F87AFD7C8FC3" authority=", Ekman 1001" authorityName=", Ekman" authorityYear="1001" box="[369,645,1987,2009]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miraguama">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF21F62FEA9F87AFD7C8FC3" box="[369,645,1987,2009]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C. miraguama, Ekman 1001</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF21F62FD43F87AFD558FC2" bold="true" box="[667,684,1987,2009]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C</emphasis>
. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semipersistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, without an obvious center (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF21F62FCD2F85EFBF38FE7" box="[778,1034,2023,2045]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF21F62FCD2F85EFC308FE6" authority=", Zanoni" authorityName="Zanoni" box="[778,969,2023,2045]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">C. argentea, Zanoni</taxonomicName>
31892
</emphasis>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF21F62FBC6F85EFBD68FE7" bold="true" box="[1054,1071,2023,2044]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D</emphasis>
. Leaf segments with transverse veinlets visible adaxially (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF21F62FEECF7B2FD7F803B" authority=", Wessels Boer 1659" authorityName=", Wessels Boer" authorityYear="1659" box="[308,646,2059,2081]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barbadensis">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF21F62FEECF7B2FD7F803B" box="[308,646,2059,2081]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C. barbadensis, Wessels Boer 1659</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Scale bar = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF656644FFF11F61FF50F8C4FC648FE5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389325" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8389325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389325/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[136,229,1917,1939]" targetBox="[151,1433,194,1891]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF11F61FF50F8C4FC648FE5" blockId="14.[136,1452,1917,2047]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF11F61FF50F8C4FF0F8F89" bold="true" box="[136,246,1917,1939]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF11F61FED9F8C4FEEB8F89" bold="true" box="[257,274,1917,1938]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A</emphasis>
. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF11F61FAE7F8C7FA648F89" box="[1343,1437,1917,1939]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torrida">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF11F61FAE7F8C7FA648F89" box="[1343,1437,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. torrida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF11F61FF50F818FF618FAD" bold="true" box="[136,152,1953,1974]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B</emphasis>
. Inflorescences erect amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF11F61FBADF81BFB138FAC" box="[1141,1258,1954,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="garciana">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF11F61FBADF81BFB138FAC" box="[1141,1258,1954,1975]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. garciana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF11F61FAD8F818FAE88FAC" bold="true" box="[1280,1297,1953,1975]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF11F61FB93F87FFB2B8FC1" box="[1099,1234,1989,2011]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="landestoyii">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF11F61FB93F87FFB2B8FC1" box="[1099,1234,1989,2011]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. landestoyii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF11F61FB31F87CFB038FC1" bold="true" box="[1257,1274,1989,2010]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D</emphasis>
. Flowers solitary, spirally arranged, borne on pedicels, the anthers coiled and twisted (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF11F61FCCFF853FC768FE4" box="[791,911,2026,2047]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF11F61FCCFF853FC768FE4" box="[791,911,2026,2047]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF01F60FF65FF27FCDA898A" blockId="15.[136,1452,158,725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Fruits of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FEFBFF27FE4288A3" authorityName="Sargent" authorityYear="1899" box="[291,443,158,184]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FEFBFF27FE4288A3" box="[291,443,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
range in size from 3.0– 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF01F60FD1BFF27FCDC88A2" box="[707,805,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.64" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="16.4">16.4 mm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="4CE29B29FFF01F60FC4AFF27FBDF88A2" box="[914,1062,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" metricValueMax="15.4" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="9.6" valueMax="15.4" valueMin="3.8">3.8–15.4 mm</quantity>
diameter and are typically globose or nearly so. The largest fruits are found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FDBEFF7AFD1188C7" authorityName="Burret" authorityYear="1929" box="[614,744,195,221]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FDBEFF7AFD1188C7" box="[614,744,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. montana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the smallest in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FC1BFF7AFB9D88C7" box="[963,1124,195,221]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="samanensis">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FC1BFF7AFB9D88C7" box="[963,1124,195,221]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. samanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fruit color is not discernible from herbarium specimens and is taken from specimen labels. Quite a range is found but usually fruits are described as black or various shades of purple. 
<collectionCode id="ED0BAE09FFF01F60FDF1FEB3FDC5893F" box="[553,572,266,292]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
few species (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FD0EFEB2FC73893F" box="[726,906,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FCDEFEB2FC73893F" authorityName="Burret" authorityYear="1929" box="[774,906,267,293]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montana">C. montana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) are reported to have white fruits. Fruit surfaces are usually smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF01F60FCDCFE97FCA78953" box="[772,862,302,328]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,194,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-27@16.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers (C. barbadensis, Beck 1704). B. Fruits surfaces muricate (C. boschiana, García 6059). C. Seeds light brown, with irregular, shallow grooves radiating from the base but not reaching the apex and not separating, top view (C. argentea, Taylor 123). D. Seeds dark brown, with more or less regular grooves radiating from the base and separating almost to the apex into segments, bottom view (C. argentea, Zanoni 32904). Scale bar = 2.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389327/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
), or rarely are densely muricate (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF01F60FB0AFE97FAD28953" box="[1234,1323,302,328]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,194,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-27@16.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers (C. barbadensis, Beck 1704). B. Fruits surfaces muricate (C. boschiana, García 6059). C. Seeds light brown, with irregular, shallow grooves radiating from the base but not reaching the apex and not separating, top view (C. argentea, Taylor 123). D. Seeds dark brown, with more or less regular grooves radiating from the base and separating almost to the apex into segments, bottom view (C. argentea, Zanoni 32904). Scale bar = 2.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389327/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). The latter kind of fruits are usually smaller than others and dry light brown. Some species (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FBC2FEEAFAD88977" box="[1050,1313,339,365]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FB92FEEAFAD88977" box="[1098,1313,339,365]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montgomeryana">C. montgomeryana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) have small and nearly muricate fruits, apparently an intermediate state.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF01F60FF65FE23FC378A3B" blockId="15.[136,1452,158,725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Seed surfaces of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FEA5FE23FDEC89AF" authorityName="Sargent" authorityYear="1899" box="[381,533,410,436]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FEA5FE23FDEC89AF" box="[381,533,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are either deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices, or lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator. Rarely seed surfaces appear almost smooth or scarcely lobed (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FEE1FE5AFE2289E7" box="[313,475,483,509]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="samanensis">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FEE1FE5AFE2289E7" box="[313,475,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. samanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Embryos are apical or subapical (but note that both Bailey in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF01F60FB7AFE5BFA5289E7" author="Bailey, L. &amp; Moore, H." box="[1186,1451,482,509]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="92 - 205" refId="ref60849" refString="Bailey, L. &amp; Moore, H. (1949) Palmae incertae et novae. Gentes Herbarum 8: 92 - 205." type="journal article" year="1949">Bailey &amp; Moore (1949)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF01F60FF6FFDBFFE328A3B" author="Muniz, O. &amp; Borhidi, A." box="[183,459,518,544]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="439 - 454" refId="ref63543" refString="Muniz, O. &amp; Borhidi, A. (1981 publ. 1982) Palmas nuevas del genero Coccothrinax Sarg. en Cuba. Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 27: 439 - 454." type="journal article" year="1981">Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981)</bibRefCitation>
erroneously considered embryos to be basal).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF01F60FF65FD93FC018ACF" blockId="15.[136,1452,158,725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Seeds from herbarium specimens can be divided into two states. In the first, seeds are light brown, with irregular, shallow lobes radiating from the base but not reaching the apex of the seed and not separating (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF01F60FB73FDF7FAFA8A73" box="[1195,1283,590,616]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,194,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-27@16.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers (C. barbadensis, Beck 1704). B. Fruits surfaces muricate (C. boschiana, García 6059). C. Seeds light brown, with irregular, shallow grooves radiating from the base but not reaching the apex and not separating, top view (C. argentea, Taylor 123). D. Seeds dark brown, with more or less regular grooves radiating from the base and separating almost to the apex into segments, bottom view (C. argentea, Zanoni 32904). Scale bar = 2.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389327/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
). In the second state, seeds are dark brown, with the deep lobes separating almost to the apex (
<figureCitation id="13212A49FFF01F60FC26FDCBFBA18A97" box="[1022,1112,626,652]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[136,229,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,194,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-27@16.[150,1434,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers (C. barbadensis, Beck 1704). B. Fruits surfaces muricate (C. boschiana, García 6059). C. Seeds light brown, with irregular, shallow grooves radiating from the base but not reaching the apex and not separating, top view (C. argentea, Taylor 123). D. Seeds dark brown, with more or less regular grooves radiating from the base and separating almost to the apex into segments, bottom view (C. argentea, Zanoni 32904). Scale bar = 2.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389327/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). Mayté Pernús Alvarez (pers. comm.) believes these states are based on differences in moisture content, and the separating lobes are caused by dehydration of the seeds. This variable is thus not used here to delimit species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3006547FFF01F7EFF50FC95FE098CEB" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF01F60FF50FC95FF1A8B5D" blockId="15.[136,227,812,838]" box="[136,227,812,838]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0ED81A0FFF01F60FF50FC95FF1A8B5D" bold="true" box="[136,227,812,838]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FF50FC95FF1A8B5D" bold="true" box="[136,227,812,838]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Results</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF01F60FF50FCCDFA7E8BA9" blockId="15.[136,1452,884,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Of the 61 preliminary species examined, 39 phylogenetic species are recognized. However, numerous difficulties in delimiting species and subspecies using the methods in the Materials and Methods section were found, as follows.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF01F60FF50FC04FBBE8DD4" blockId="15.[136,1452,884,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Two phylogenetic species are widespread— 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FD5CFC05FC6A8BCD" box="[644,915,956,982]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FD5CFC05FC6A8BCD" box="[644,915,956,982]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Coccothrinax argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the western Caribbean and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FB26FC05FA528BCD" authorityName=", Wessels Boer" authorityYear="1659" box="[1278,1451,956,982]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barbadensis">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FB26FC05FA528BCD" box="[1278,1451,956,982]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. barbadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the eastern Caribbean. Previous authors have recognized several different species within these two areas, each endemic to a particular island, or group of islands, or mainland area. Here, the two species are considered to comprise numerous, disjunct populations, with each island/mainland area having its own population. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FB46FB91FA528C59" box="[1182,1451,1064,1090]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FB46FB91FA528C59" box="[1182,1451,1064,1090]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Coccothrinax argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs on approximately 40 different islands as well as mainland Florida and 
<collectingCountry id="F30D765CFFF01F60FC2FFBF5FBB68C7D" box="[1015,1103,1100,1126]" name="Mexico" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FB54FBF5FACE8C7D" authorityName=", Wessels Boer" authorityYear="1659" box="[1164,1335,1100,1126]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barbadensis">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FB54FBF5FACE8C7D" box="[1164,1335,1100,1126]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. barbadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs on approximately 25 different islands as well as the larger islands of Hispaniola and 
<collectingCountry id="F30D765CFFF01F60FBDEFBC8FB758C91" box="[1030,1164,1136,1163]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
, and mainland 
<collectingCountry id="F30D765CFFF01F60FAE9FBC9FA518C91" box="[1329,1448,1136,1162]" name="Venezuela" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
. Generally there are too few specimens from each island/mainland area to test for quantitative differences but it seems likely that each island has its own distinct population, and mainland areas may have more than one population. For example, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF01F60FF20FB64FE328CED" author="Zona, S. &amp; Hass, M. &amp; Fickerova, M. &amp; Mardonovich, S. &amp; Sanderford, K &amp; Francisco-Ortega, J. &amp; Jestrow, B." box="[248,459,1244,1271]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="153 - 161" refId="ref65320" refString="Zona, S., Hass, M., Fickerova, M., Mardonovich, S., Sanderford, K, Francisco-Ortega, J. &amp; Jestrow, B. (2018) Mainland and island populations of Coccothrinax argentata (Arecaceae): revisiting a common garden experiment in its 18 th year. Systematic Botany 43: 153 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364418 x 696969" type="journal article" year="2018">
Zona 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FEE3FB64FE8F8CED" box="[315,374,1244,1270]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
showed that there were two distinct populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FBF0FB65FB418CED" box="[1064,1208,1244,1270]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FBF0FB65FB418CED" box="[1064,1208,1244,1270]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in mainland Florida. Furthermore, it appears that widespread species on larger islands (
<collectingCountry id="F30D765CFFF01F60FCA1FAB9FC418D01" box="[889,952,1280,1306]" name="Cuba" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, Hispaniola, 
<collectingCountry id="F30D765CFFF01F60FB95FAB8FB2E8D01" box="[1101,1239,1280,1307]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F30D765CFFF01F60FB3BFAB9FABD8D01" box="[1251,1348,1280,1306]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
) are also made up of several, distinct, disjunct populations, each occurring in a different habitat or on a different substrate. Such areas may themselves be thought of as islands, in this case islands of some distinct substrate such as serpentine soils or limestone mogotes. Examples are 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FDDBFAD5FD5D8D9D" authorityName=", Ekman" authorityYear="1001" box="[515,676,1388,1414]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miraguama">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FDDBFAD5FD5D8D9D" box="[515,676,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. miraguama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FD69FAD5FCCC8D9D" box="[689,821,1388,1414]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="clarensis">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FD69FAD5FCCC8D9D" box="[689,821,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. clarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FCA8FAD5FC078D9D" box="[880,1022,1388,1414]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salvatoris">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FCA8FAD5FC078D9D" box="[880,1022,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. salvatoris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F30D765CFFF01F60FBF8FAD5FBA78D9D" box="[1056,1118,1388,1414]" name="Cuba" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, as noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF01F60FB34FAD5FA818D9D" author="Leon" box="[1260,1400,1388,1414]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="107 - 156" refId="ref62742" refString="Leon (1939) Contribucion al estudio de las palmas de Cuba. III. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural &quot; Felipe Poey &quot; 13: 107 - 156." type="journal article" year="1939">León (1939)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FF50FA29FEF58DB1" box="[136,268,1424,1450]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FF50FA29FEF58DB1" box="[136,268,1424,1450]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. argentea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Hispaniola, as discussed later under that species. Finally, even within species considered to be narrow endemics there may be distinct populations, such as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FD28FA0DFC7D8DD5" box="[752,900,1460,1486]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boschiana">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FD28FA0DFC7D8DD5" box="[752,900,1460,1486]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. boschiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FC62FA0DFBB98DD5" authorityName="Mejia &amp; Garcia" authorityYear="2013" box="[954,1088,1460,1486]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jimenezii">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FC62FA0DFBB98DD5" box="[954,1088,1460,1486]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. jimenezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF01F60FF65FA60FEF18EF5" blockId="15.[136,1452,884,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
In summary, two 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FE58FA61FD898DE9" box="[384,624,1496,1522]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FE58FA61FDE18DE9" box="[384,536,1496,1522]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FD58FA61FC3D8DE9" box="[640,964,1496,1522]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FD58FA61FCE98DE9" box="[640,784,1496,1522]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">C. argentata</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FCC2FA61FC3D8DE9" authorityName=", Wessels Boer" authorityYear="1659" box="[794,964,1496,1522]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barbadensis">C. barbadensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) are widespread and made up of numerous, disjunct, different, usually insular populations. 
<collectionCode id="ED0BAE09FFF01F60FD43FA45FD578E0D" box="[667,686,1532,1558]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
few other species are widespread in 
<collectingCountry id="F30D765CFFF01F60FB88FA45FB728E0D" box="[1104,1163,1532,1558]" name="Cuba" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cuba</collectingCountry>
and Hispaniola. This is a problem at the subspecies level. In the Materials and Methods section it was stated that if subgroups of phylogenetic species could be delimited by geographic/elevation disjunctions, and these subgroups differed in quantitative variables, then a phylogenetic subspecies concept could be applied. But as noted above, just within 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FBB0F9D1FB0D8E99" box="[1128,1268,1640,1666]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FBB0F9D1FB0D8E99" box="[1128,1268,1640,1666]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FAF1F9D1FA558E99" box="[1321,1452,1640,1666]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FAF1F9D1FA558E99" box="[1321,1452,1640,1666]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. argentea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there are dozens of disjunct, potentially different populations. The majority are represented by few specimens, too few to test for differences, and recognition of such populations as subspecies would lead to an unwieldly number of subspecies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFF01F60FF65F941FD248FF1" blockId="15.[136,1452,884,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Further complications result from hybridization. There is evidence for extensive hybridization between species. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF01F60FF50F8A5FEE08F2D" author="Craft, P." box="[136,281,1820,1846]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref61560" refString="Craft, P. (2017) The Palms of Cuba. Palm Nut Pages, Florida, 232 pp." type="book" year="2017">Craft (2017)</bibRefCitation>
reported that 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FE1FF8A5FD448F2D" box="[455,701,1820,1846]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FE1FF8A5FDA68F2D" box="[455,607,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
commonly hybridize in cultivation and noted several naturally occurring hybrids in 
<collectingCountry id="F30D765CFFF01F60FEB5F8F9FE558F41" box="[365,428,1856,1882]" name="Cuba" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cuba</collectingCountry>
. These can occur between apparently unrelated species. For example, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF01F60FB74F8F9FAB08F40" author="Suarez, D." box="[1196,1353,1856,1883]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="9 - 14" refId="ref64932" refString="Suarez, D. (2015) Coccothrinax × angelae (Arecaceae), nuevo hibrido natural del genero para Cuba. Revista del Jardin Botanico Nacional, Universidad de la Habana 36: 9 - 14." type="journal article" year="2015">Suárez (2015)</bibRefCitation>
reported a naturally occurring hybrid between 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FDE8F8DDFD658F65" authorityName="Beccari" authorityYear="1907" baseAuthorityName="Hoyt" box="[560,668,1892,1918]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crinita">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FDE8F8DDFD658F65" box="[560,668,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. crinita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FD0BF8DDFC8F8F65" authorityName=", Ekman" authorityYear="1001" box="[723,886,1892,1918]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miraguama">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FD0BF8DDFC8F8F65" box="[723,886,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. miraguama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Even intergeneric hybrids between 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FACBF8DDFA528F65" authorityName="Sargent" authorityYear="1899" box="[1299,1451,1892,1918]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FACBF8DDFA528F65" box="[1299,1451,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FF6FF831FEB58FB9" authorityName="Lewis &amp; Zona" authorityYear="2008" box="[183,332,1928,1954]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Leucothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FF6FF831FEB58FB9" box="[183,332,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Leucothrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFF01F60FEA2F831FE2A8FB9" authorityName="Linnaeus f. ex Swartz" authorityYear="1788" box="[378,467,1928,1954]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Thrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFF01F60FEA2F831FE2A8FB9" box="[378,467,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Thrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) have been reported (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF01F60FD1DF831FC918FB9" author="Nauman, C." box="[709,872,1928,1954]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="195 - 196" refId="ref63609" refString="Nauman, C. (1989) Intergeneric hybridization between Coccothrinax Sargent and Thrinax Swartz (Palmae: Coryphoideae). American Journal of Botany 75: 195 - 196." type="journal article" year="1989">Nauman 1989</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFF01F60FCAAF831FC578FB9" author="Nauman, C." box="[882,942,1928,1954]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="191 - 198" refId="ref63640" refString="Nauman, C. (1990) Intergeneric hybridization between Coccothrinax and Thrinax (Palmae: Coryphoideae). Principes 34: 191 - 198." type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
). Hybrids cause taxonomic problems because they are difficult to detect from specimens and may be part of the reason that several qualitative variables are difficult to score and consequently species difficult to delimit.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF656644FFEF1F7FFF50F8C4FB6F8FE4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8389327" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8389327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8389327/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[136,229,1917,1939]" targetBox="[151,1426,194,1858]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFEF1F7FFF50F8C4FB6F8FE4" blockId="16.[136,1452,1917,2047]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEF1F7FFF50F8C4FF008F89" bold="true" box="[136,249,1917,1939]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEF1F7FFEDEF8C4FEEE8F89" bold="true" box="[262,279,1917,1938]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
. Fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers (
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFEF1F7FFCBEF8C7FB928F89" authority=", Beck 1704" authorityName="Beck" authorityYear="1704" box="[870,1131,1917,1939]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barbadensis">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEF1F7FFCBEF8C7FB928F89" box="[870,1131,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. barbadensis, Beck 1704</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEF1F7FFB58F8C4FB698F89" bold="true" box="[1152,1168,1917,1938]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
. Fruits surfaces muricate (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEF1F7FFA4DF8C7FE8A8FAD" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFEF1F7FFA4DF8C7FEC28FAC" authority=", Garcia" authorityName="Garcia" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boschiana">C. boschiana, García</taxonomicName>
6059
</emphasis>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEF1F7FFE51F818FE638FAC" bold="true" box="[393,410,1953,1975]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
. Seeds light brown, with irregular, shallow grooves radiating from the base but not reaching the apex and not separating, top view (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEF1F7FFE58F87FFD9E8FC1" box="[384,615,1989,2011]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFEF1F7FFE58F87FFDC58FC1" authority=", Taylor" authorityName="Taylor" box="[384,572,1989,2011]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">C. argentea, Taylor</taxonomicName>
123
</emphasis>
). 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEF1F7FFDA4F87CFD748FC1" bold="true" box="[636,653,1989,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
. Seeds dark brown, with more or less regular grooves radiating from the base and separating almost to the apex into segments, bottom view (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEF1F7FFD65F853FC398FE5" box="[701,960,2025,2047]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFEF1F7FFD65F853FC878FE4" authority=", Zanoni" authorityName="Zanoni" box="[701,894,2026,2047]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">C. argentea, Zanoni</taxonomicName>
32904
</emphasis>
). Scale bar = 2.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFEE1F7EFF65FF27FE2F898B" blockId="17.[136,1452,158,1265]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Another complication results from dispersal. The wide distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFEE1F7EFC2AFF27FB1F88A3" box="[1010,1254,158,184]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEE1F7EFC2AFF27FB7388A3" box="[1010,1162,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
on almost every island in the Caribbean is evidence of successful dispersal, including long distance dispersal to such isolated islands as 
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFEE1F7EFF50FF5FFEF5891B" box="[136,268,230,256]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">San Andrés</collectingRegion>
, Providencia, and Islas del Cisne. The relatively small seeds are dispersed by birds, bats, deer, and turtles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFEE1F7EFF48FEB3FE5E893F" author="Zona, S. &amp; Henderson, A." box="[144,423,266,292]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="6 - 21" refId="ref65237" refString="Zona, S. &amp; Henderson, A. (1989) A review of animal-mediated dispersal in palms. Selbyana 11: 6 - 21." type="journal article" year="1989">Zona &amp; Henderson 1989</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFEE1F7EFE69FEB3FD8A893F" author="Davis, A. &amp; Lewis, C. &amp; Francisco-Ortega, J. &amp; Zona, S." box="[433,627,266,292]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="103 - 111" refId="ref61625" refString="Davis, A., Lewis, C., Francisco-Ortega, J. &amp; Zona, S. (2007) Differentation among insular and continental populations of Coccothrinax argentata (Arecaceae): evidence from DNA markers and a common garden experiment. Taxon 56: 103 - 111." type="journal article" year="2007">
Davis 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEE1F7EFE21FEB2FDC9893F" box="[505,560,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
). Dispersal causes taxonomic problems if plants from one population have dispersed to another. For example, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFEE1F7EFDD5FE96FD2D8953" author="Zona, S. &amp; Hass, M. &amp; Fickerova, M. &amp; Mardonovich, S. &amp; Sanderford, K &amp; Francisco-Ortega, J. &amp; Jestrow, B." box="[525,724,302,329]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="153 - 161" refId="ref65320" refString="Zona, S., Hass, M., Fickerova, M., Mardonovich, S., Sanderford, K, Francisco-Ortega, J. &amp; Jestrow, B. (2018) Mainland and island populations of Coccothrinax argentata (Arecaceae): revisiting a common garden experiment in its 18 th year. Systematic Botany 43: 153 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364418 x 696969" type="journal article" year="2018">
Zona 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEE1F7EFD94FE96FD7D8953" box="[588,644,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
found that an aberrant specimen from mainland 
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFEE1F7EFB37FE97FAB98953" box="[1263,1344,302,328]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Florida</collectingRegion>
appeared similar to specimens from the 
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFEE1F7EFE05FEEBFDD78977" box="[477,558,338,364]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Florida</collectingRegion>
Keys and considered that it could be explained as a result of dispersal from the 
<collectingRegion id="49DEF82EFFEE1F7EFF50FECFFF20898B" box="[136,217,374,400]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Florida</collectingRegion>
Keys to the mainland.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFEE1F7EFF65FE23FE548B5B" blockId="17.[136,1452,158,1265]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Thus it can be seen that population structure, hybridization, and dispersal complicate the taxonomy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFEE1F7EFAD4FE23FA5D89AF" authorityName="Sargent" authorityYear="1899" box="[1292,1444,410,436]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEE1F7EFAD4FE23FA5D89AF" box="[1292,1444,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This means that qualitative variables are difficult to define and score from specimens and relatively few variables have been found in this study. Several potential qualitative variables were not used because of their infraspecific variability (
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEE1F7EFED3FDBEFED58A3B" box="[267,300,519,544]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">e.g</emphasis>
., hastula shape, pedicel shape). Some qualitative variables that were used are difficult to score because of intermediate states. There is also the problem of changes during development or aging. Indumentum, for example, can wear off as leaves age, and transverse veinlets may be most easily scored from younger leaves. Other variables, such as those based on stem branching are problematic because they can only be scored from labels, where such data are usually lacking. Other authors have experienced the same problem. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFEE1F7EFC2CFD2EFACD8AAB" author="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R." box="[1012,1332,662,689]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="91 - 101" refId="ref63696" refString="Nauman, C. &amp; Sanders, R. (1991 b) Preliminary classificatory studies in Coccothrinax (Palmae: Coryphoideae). Selbyana 12: 91 - 101." type="journal article" year="1991">Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991b)</bibRefCitation>
scored 22 morphological variables for their study of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFEE1F7EFD83FD03FD0A8ACF" authorityName="Sargent" authorityYear="1899" box="[603,755,698,724]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEE1F7EFD83FD03FD0A8ACF" box="[603,755,698,724]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
phylogeny, and noted that most were highly homoplasious and only four were reliable for classificatory purposes at the infrageneric level (elongate sheath fibers, spine-like sheath fibers, transverse veinlets, muricate fruits). In the present study, only about seven of 22 qualitative variables used are unambiguously scoreable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFEE1F7EFF65FCF3FEE58BCB" blockId="17.[136,1452,158,1265]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
These problems are compounded by the limitations of the available specimens.As in many palm genera, specimens are relatively few and often fragmentary because the plants are large in size and difficult to collect. 
<typeStatus id="54A1886EFFEE1F7EFB03FCD6FAEA8B92" box="[1243,1299,879,905]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Type</typeStatus>
specimens of some species are either non-existent or fragmentary. Some areas are poorly collected. In consequence there are many missing data.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA536CCFFEE1F7EFF65FC62FE098CEB" blockId="17.[136,1452,158,1265]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
In summary, population structure, dispersal, hybridization, and the limitations of herbarium specimens means that relatively few qualitative variables have been found, their states are difficult to define, they are often difficult to score because of intermediates between states, and there are many missing data. All these problems mean that a specimenbased revision using morphology and employing the Phylogenetic Species Concept is problematic. Molecular data are needed to understand 
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D4FFFEE1F7EFEA0FBD3FDE98C9F" authorityName="Sargent" authorityYear="1899" box="[376,528,1130,1156]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Coccothrinax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEE1F7EFEA0FBD3FDE98C9F" box="[376,528,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Coccothrinax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not only to delimit species and identify hybrids but to resolve species relationships. Two studies, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFEE1F7EFEC5FB37FE128CB3" author="Cano, A. &amp; Bacon, C. &amp; Stauffer, F. &amp; Antonelli, A. &amp; Serrano-Serrano, M. &amp; Perret, M." box="[285,491,1166,1192]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref61331" refString="Cano, A., Bacon, C., Stauffer, F., Antonelli, A., Serrano-Serrano, M. &amp; Perret, M. (2018). The roles of dispersal and mass extinction in shaping palm diversity across the Caribbean. Journal of Biogeography 2018: 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13225" type="journal article" year="2018">
Cano 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEE1F7EFEB8FB36FE608CB3" box="[352,409,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B3DFFEE1F7EFDFAFB37FCFF8CB3" author="Roncal, J. &amp; Zona, S. &amp; Lewis, C." box="[546,774,1166,1192]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="78 - 102" refId="ref64525" refString="Roncal, J., Zona, S. &amp; Lewis, C. (2008) Molecular phylogenetic studies of Caribbean palms (Arecaceae) and their relationships to biogeography and conservation. Botanical Review 74: 78 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12229 - 008 - 9005 - 9" type="journal article" year="2008">
Roncal 
<emphasis id="B96EEADEFFEE1F7EFDA1FB36FD4B8CB3" box="[633,690,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
, have begun to understand relationships based on molecular data, but included rather few species. Nevertheless, the present study will at least provide hypotheses of species that can be tested by molecular data.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>