1089 lines
190 KiB
XML
1089 lines
190 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FD9455D166194FB78C01B6E38A6C5E26">Molecular systematics of the heteronemertean genus Dushia (Nemertea Pilidiophora), with descriptions of D. wijnhoffae sp. nov. and D. nigra species complex comb. nov.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E6B7B589B23FED0D3DE848F0E695D296">Schwartz, Megan L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="730F69966C588AF2F84119249A16728C">Norenburg, Jon L.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF73C289FCDEFD50" blockId="11.[151,876,694,756]" box="[151,876,694,721]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FF73C289FDA3FD51" authority="(Stimpson, 1855)" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[151,529,694,721]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF73C289FE8AFD51" bold="true" box="[151,312,694,721]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Dushia nigra</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FEA3C289FDBBFD51" author="Stimpson, W." box="[327,521,694,720]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="375 - 384" refId="ref17526" refString="Stimpson, W. (1855) Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 375 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51444" type="journal article" year="1855">Stimpson, 1855</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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species complex comb. nov.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3006539FFFACC29FF73C2E5FDEAFD75" box="[151,600,729,756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF73C2E5FDEAFD75" blockId="11.[151,876,694,756]" box="[151,600,729,756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFACC29FF7BC2E5FF53FD75" box="[159,225,730,756]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1282,1307]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,306,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1387,306,1254]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Images of Dushia spp., taken in life. (A) Dushia wijnhoffae Schwartz & Norenburg sp. nov. from Puerto Rico. (B–F) Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov.: (B) black form, ICHUM 3457, from Onna, Okinawa, Japan; (C) orange form, from Nakijin, Okinawa, caudal cirrus not pictured; (D) brown form, from Kakeroma, Japan; (E, F) black form from Okinawa, showing body fragments regenerating caudal cirrus, 3 days (E) and 10 days (F) after amputation. Scale bars: A–D = 1 cm, E, F = 500 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organs; cc, caudal cirrus; cf, horizontal cephalic furrow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527359/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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B–D, 4A–F, 5A–F, 6A–F, 7A–C)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006539FFFACC29FF73C321FDA4FB8C" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF73C321FD98FCB6" blockId="11.[151,1007,798,1037]" box="[151,554,798,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FF73C321FD94FCB6" ID-CoL="003a7ccf-f57c-491e-a7ef-1d39b50c40c3" authority="Stimpson, 1855, p. 382" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityPageNumber="382" authorityYear="1855" box="[151,550,798,823]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Meckelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF73C321FE83FCB7" box="[151,305,798,822]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Meckelia nigra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FEDCC321FE6BFCB6" author="Stimpson, W." box="[312,473,798,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="375 - 384" refId="ref17526" refString="Stimpson, W. (1855) Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 375 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51444" type="journal article" year="1855">Stimpson, 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 382
|
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF73C302FD8EFCD4" blockId="11.[151,1007,798,1037]" box="[151,572,828,853]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FF73C302FD8AFCD4" ID-CoL="fd6d4918-b252-4fbf-9509-1727cdbf9bc6" authority="Stimpson, 1855, p. 382" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityPageNumber="382" authorityYear="1855" box="[151,568,828,853]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Meckelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF73C302FEF1FCD4" box="[151,323,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Meckelia rubella</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FEAEC303FE59FCD4" author="Stimpson, W." box="[330,491,828,853]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="375 - 384" refId="ref17526" refString="Stimpson, W. (1855) Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 375 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51444" type="journal article" year="1855">Stimpson, 1855</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 382
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF73C363FDE3FCF5" blockId="11.[151,1007,798,1037]" box="[151,593,859,884]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FF73C363FDFFFCF5" authority=": Stimpson 1857, p. 161" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityPageNumber="161" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,589,859,884]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF73C363FEE5FCF5" box="[151,343,860,884]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Cerebratulus niger</emphasis>
|
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:
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FE81C364FDB2FCF5" author="Stimpson, W." box="[357,512,859,884]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="159 - 165" refId="ref17578" refString="Stimpson, W. (1857) Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum Septentrionalem, a Republica Federata missa, Cadwaladaro Ringgold et Johanne Rodgers Ducibus, observavit et descripsit. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9, 159 - 165. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51447" type="journal article" year="1857">Stimpson 1857</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 161
|
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF73C344FDE5FC12" blockId="11.[151,1007,798,1037]" box="[151,599,890,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FF73C344FDE1FC12" ID-CoL="5e76f4a9-e127-407d-accb-94ec181bee1c" authority=": Stimpson 1857, p. 162" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityPageNumber="162" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,595,890,915]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Serpentaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF73C344FEECFC13" box="[151,350,890,914]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Serpentaria rubella</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FE88C345FDB5FC12" author="Stimpson, W." box="[364,519,890,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="159 - 165" refId="ref17578" refString="Stimpson, W. (1857) Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum Septentrionalem, a Republica Federata missa, Cadwaladaro Ringgold et Johanne Rodgers Ducibus, observavit et descripsit. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9, 159 - 165. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51447" type="journal article" year="1857">Stimpson 1857</bibRefCitation>
|
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, p. 162
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF73C3A6FC8FFC30" blockId="11.[151,1007,798,1037]" box="[151,829,920,946]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FF73C3A6FDE2FC30" authority=": Burger 1904, p. 112" authorityName="Burger" authorityPageNumber="112" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,592,921,946]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rubellus">
|
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<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF73C3A6FEC7FC30" box="[151,373,921,945]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Cerebratulus rubellus</emphasis>
|
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:
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FE67C3A5FDB6FC30" author="Burger, O." box="[387,516,921,946]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="1 - 151" refId="ref13853" refString="Burger, O. (1904) Nemertini. Das Tierreich, 20, 1 - 151. https: // doi. org / 10.1039 / pl 9042000151" type="journal article" year="1904">Bürger 1904</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 112
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FDBEC3A7FD5FFC30" author="Kajihara, H." box="[602,749,920,945]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="419 - 444" refId="ref15556" refString="Kajihara, H. (2017) Species diversity of Japanese ribbon worms (Nemertea). In: Motokawa, M. & Kajihara, H. (Eds), Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. Springer Japan, Tokyo, pp. 419 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 4 - 431 - 56432 - 4 _ 16" type="book chapter" year="2017">Kajihara 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
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, p. 427.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF73C386FDE7FC51" blockId="11.[151,1007,798,1037]" box="[151,597,951,976]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FF73C386FDE3FC51" authority="Yamaoka, 1939, p. 286" authorityName="Yamaoka" authorityPageNumber="286" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,593,951,976]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Micrura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="formosana">
|
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<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF73C386FEECFC51" box="[151,350,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Micrura formosana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FE80C388FDB6FC51" author="Yamaoka T." box="[356,516,951,976]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="283 - 289" refId="ref18054" refString="Yamaoka T. (1939) Two nemerteans from Formosa. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 18, 283 - 289." type="journal article" year="1939">Yamaoka, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
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, p. 286
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF73C3E8FC5DFC6E" blockId="11.[151,1007,798,1037]" box="[151,1007,982,1007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FF73C3E8FDAAFC6E" authority="Iwata, 1952, p. 139" authorityName="Iwata" authorityPageNumber="139" authorityYear="1952" box="[151,536,982,1007]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Micrura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF73C3E8FEF9FC6F" box="[151,331,983,1006]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Micrura japonica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FEB5C3E8FE79FC6E" author="Iwata, F." box="[337,459,982,1007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="126 - 148" refId="ref15358" refString="Iwata, F. (1952) Nemertini from the coasts of Kyusyu. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 11, 126 - 148." type="journal article" year="1952">Iwata, 1952</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 139
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</taxonomicName>
|
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FDC6C3E9FD06FC6E" author="Kajihara, H." box="[546,692,982,1007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="287 - 326" refId="ref15467" refString="Kajihara, H. (2007) A taxonomic catalogue of Japanese nemerteans (phylum Nemertea). Zoological Science, 24, 287 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 24.287" type="journal article" year="2007">Kajihara 2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
, p. 301;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FCE8C3E9FC2CFC6E" author="Kajihara, H." box="[780,926,982,1007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="419 - 444" refId="ref15556" refString="Kajihara, H. (2017) Species diversity of Japanese ribbon worms (Nemertea). In: Motokawa, M. & Kajihara, H. (Eds), Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. Springer Japan, Tokyo, pp. 419 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 4 - 431 - 56432 - 4 _ 16" type="book chapter" year="2017">Kajihara 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 431.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF73C3CAFDA4FB8C" blockId="11.[151,1007,798,1037]" box="[151,534,1012,1037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FF73C3CAFF52FB8C" authorityName=", Diva Correa" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,224,1013,1037]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF73C3CAFF52FB8C" box="[151,224,1013,1037]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Dushia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFACC29FEF5C3CBFE77FB8C" author="Chernyshev, A. V." box="[273,453,1012,1037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" pagination="279 - 314" refId="ref14020" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2016) Nemerteans of the coastal waters of Vietnam. In: Adrianov, A. V. & Lutaenko, K. A. (Eds), Biodiversity of the Western Part of the South China Sea. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 279 - 314." type="book chapter" year="2016">Chernyshev 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 292.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3006539FFFACC37FF73C403FCC8FCDE" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF73C403FD8DFA8B" blockId="11.[151,1437,1083,2010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF73C403FE7FFBD4" box="[151,461,1084,1110]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
|
||
Composition.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FED2C403FE7FFBD4" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[310,461,1084,1110]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">Dushia nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
species complex
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FD7DC403FCA9FBD7" bold="true" box="[665,795,1084,1110]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
is comprised of at least two cryptic species, three color morphs (orange, brown, and black), and four nominal species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FC9CC45FFB94FBF8" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1855" box="[888,1062,1120,1146]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Meckelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FC9CC45FFB94FBF8" box="[888,1062,1120,1146]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Meckelia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FBD3C45FFB4BFBFB" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1855" box="[1079,1273,1120,1146]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Meckelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FBD3C45FFB4BFBFB" box="[1079,1273,1120,1146]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Meckelia rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FAEFC45FFF5CFB1C" authorityName="Yamaoka" authorityYear="1939" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Micrura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="formosana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FAEFC45FFF5CFB1C" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Micrura formosana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFACC29FECBC4BBFE45FB1C" authorityName="Iwata" authorityYear="1952" box="[303,503,1156,1181]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Micrura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FECBC4BBFE45FB1C" box="[303,503,1156,1181]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Micrura japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). These cryptic species cannot be separated by external or internal morphological characters. At least a part—or possibly even all—of the four nominal species are likely to be synonymous. Future DNA taxonomic studies based on materials from wider geographic areas would be necessary to reveal actual genetic diversity of this complex (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF23C52BFE7BFAF4" blockId="11.[151,1437,1083,2010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF23C52BFE10FAAF" box="[199,418,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
Unless otherwise mentioned, the following description is based on ICHUM 3456, collected on
|
||
<date id="FFA41072FFFACC29FF5DC507FEC4FAD3" box="[185,374,1335,1362]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" value="2004-10-14">14 October 2004</date>
|
||
, among sand on a rocky beach in Seragaki, Onna, Kunigami,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFFACC29FBFAC508FB34FAD0" box="[1054,1158,1335,1361]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFFACC29FB6BC507FB60FAD3" box="[1167,1234,1336,1362]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 45 slides in serial transverse plane of section.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF23C5BFFCFEF8A7" blockId="11.[151,1437,1083,2010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF23C5BFFE19FA1B" box="[199,427,1408,1434]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Additional material.</emphasis>
|
||
Several specimens were collected from the beach in the vicinity of Sesoko Marine Laboratory, and in Nakijin,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFFACC29FE7CC59CFDB2FA3C" box="[408,512,1443,1469]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFFACC29FDE9C59BFDE2FA3F" box="[525,592,1444,1470]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, under rocks in sand in the mid- to high-tide line in
|
||
<date id="FFA41072FFFACC29FB44C59CFAA0FA3F" box="[1184,1298,1443,1470]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" value="1999-07">July 1999</date>
|
||
. From these samples,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B723CEFFFFACC29FF1BC5F7FB2DFA60" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790586" box="[255,1183,1479,1506]" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="USNM 1098170" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC9EC9FFFACC29FF1BC5F7FE0BFA63" box="[255,441,1480,1506]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="Museum">USNM 1098170</specimenCode>
|
||
consists of serial transverse sections of whole specimen, 29 slides
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B723CEFFFFACC29FB4EC5F7FB6AF984" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790576" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="USNM 1098171" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC9EC9FFFACC29FB4EC5F7FAD6FA63" box="[1194,1380,1480,1506]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="Museum">USNM 1098171</specimenCode>
|
||
consists of 9 slides, serial transverse sections of midbody and 9 slides in the frontal plane of midbody
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B723CEFFFFACC29FB07C5D3FB1BF9A8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790583" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="USNM 1097172" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC9EC9FFFACC29FB07C5D3FA2EF987" box="[1251,1436,1516,1542]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="Museum">USNM 1097172</specimenCode>
|
||
consists of 49 slides, some are frontal sections and others are transverse of a single specimen
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B723CEFFFFACC29FB51C62FFAF3F9CF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790573" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="USNM 1107399" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC9EC9FFFACC29FB51C62FFAC3F9AB" box="[1205,1393,1552,1578]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="Museum">USNM 1107399</specimenCode>
|
||
, serial frontal sections of anterior (4 slides) and serial transverse sections of mid-body and hind-end (36 slides)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B723CEFFFFACC29FAAFC60BFE7AF9F0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790580" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="USNM 1011553" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC9EC9FFFACC29FAAFC60BFF49F9F3" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="Museum">USNM 1011553</specimenCode>
|
||
, one anterior end
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B723CEFFFFACC29FE32C667FC18F9F0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790578" box="[470,938,1623,1650]" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="USNM 1011554" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC9EC9FFFACC29FE32C667FD27F9F3" box="[470,661,1623,1650]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="Museum">USNM 1011554</specimenCode>
|
||
, single whole specimen
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B723CEFFFFACC29FC5DC667FEBDF914" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790574" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="USNM 1107396-1107398" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC9EC9FFFACC29FC5DC667FB54F9F0" box="[953,1254,1623,1650]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" type="Museum">USNM 1107396–1107398</specimenCode>
|
||
, three complete specimens
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B723CEFFFFACC29FEF8C643FC57F93B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790572" collectionCode="ICHUM" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="ICHUM 3457" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC9EC9FFFACC29FEF8C643FE0CF917" box="[284,446,1659,1686]" collectionCode="ICHUM" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dk9x-54ca" name="Invertebrate Collection of the Hokkaido University Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">ICHUM 3457</specimenCode>
|
||
, serial transverse sections, 82 slides, collection data same as ICHUM 3456, and serial sections (some are transverse and others are longitudinal ones) deposited as
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B723CEFFFFACC29FC08C69FFCFAF8A7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446790582" collectingDate="2018-02" collectingDateMax="2018-05" collectingDateMin="2018-02" collectionCode="ICHUM" collectorName="Svetlana Maslakova" county="Kakeroma" location="Pelorus Island" municipality="Four" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="ICHUM 5504-5511" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Okinawa">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC9EC9FFFACC29FC08C69FFB62F93B" box="[1004,1232,1695,1722]" collectionCode="ICHUM" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dk9x-54ca" name="Invertebrate Collection of the Hokkaido University Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">ICHUM 5504–5511</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected in
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62C44E3EFFFACC29FA80C6A0FF6FF95F" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Kakeroma</collectingCounty>
|
||
in
|
||
<date id="FFA41072FFFACC29FEE4C6FCFE16F95F" box="[256,420,1731,1758]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" value="2018-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFE0E99AFFFACC29FEE4C6FCFE16F95F" box="[256,420,1731,1758]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" value="2018-02">February 2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
and in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFFACC29FE12C6FCFDE9F95C" box="[502,603,1731,1757]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<date id="FFA41072FFFACC29FD9AC6FBFD41F95F" box="[638,755,1732,1758]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" value="2018-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFE0E99AFFFACC29FD9AC6FBFD41F95F" box="[638,755,1732,1758]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" value="2018-05">May 2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, were also examined.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC1ACC8FFFACC29FC0DC6FBFBACF95F" box="[1001,1054,1732,1758]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Four</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
unsectioned specimens, orange in color when alive, collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="26EF5364FFFACC29FE14C6D8FD61F880" box="[496,723,1767,1793]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Svetlana Maslakova</collectorName>
|
||
from
|
||
<location id="8EC56069FFFACC29FCFCC6D8FC05F880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387A4FFFACC37FF73C289FCC8FCDE:8EC56069FFFACC29FCFCC6D8FC05F880" box="[792,951,1767,1793]" county="Kakeroma" municipality="Four" name="Pelorus Island" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" stateProvince="Okinawa">Pelorus Island</location>
|
||
in the
|
||
<location id="8EC56069FFFACC29FBE1C6D8FB38F880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387A4FFFACC37FF73C289FCC8FCDE:8EC56069FFFACC29FBE1C6D8FB38F880" box="[1029,1162,1767,1793]" county="Kakeroma" municipality="Four" name="Palm Island" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" stateProvince="Okinawa">Palm Island</location>
|
||
group,
|
||
<location id="8EC56069FFFACC29FB05C6D8FADAF880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387A4FFFACC37FF73C289FCC8FCDE:8EC56069FFFACC29FB05C6D8FADAF880" box="[1249,1384,1767,1793]" county="Kakeroma" municipality="Four" name="Queensland" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" stateProvince="Okinawa">Queensland</location>
|
||
, and preserved in 70% ethanol, are deposited under MTQ G20038
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC29FF23C70FFC09F834" blockId="11.[151,1437,1083,2010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF23C70FFEF2F8C8" box="[199,320,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Heteronemertean with mostly black (but also sometimes orange or brown) body, and head with white tip on the both dorsal and ventral surface; head shape is retuse at the anterior and ending in truncate, horizontal and lateral cephalic furrows; foregut region moderately rounded, intestinal region moderately dorsoventrally flattened without sharp lateral margins; caudal cirrus present; ocelli absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFACC2EFF23C7FFFC18FE0A" blockId="11.[151,1437,1083,2010]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,153,1995]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FF23C7FFFEFBF858" box="[199,329,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFACC29FEAAC7FFFDA4F85B" bold="true" box="[334,534,1983,2010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">External features.</emphasis>
|
||
The living worm is contractile, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B57FFFACC29FC69C7FFFC70F85B" box="[909,962,1984,2010]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B57FFFACC29FBE6C780FBE1F85B" box="[1026,1107,1983,2010]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="344" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide when extended (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFACC29FADAC780FA3CF85B" box="[1342,1422,1983,2010]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1282,1307]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,306,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1387,306,1254]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Images of Dushia spp., taken in life. (A) Dushia wijnhoffae Schwartz & Norenburg sp. nov. from Puerto Rico. (B–F) Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov.: (B) black form, ICHUM 3457, from Onna, Okinawa, Japan; (C) orange form, from Nakijin, Okinawa, caudal cirrus not pictured; (D) brown form, from Kakeroma, Japan; (E, F) black form from Okinawa, showing body fragments regenerating caudal cirrus, 3 days (E) and 10 days (F) after amputation. Scale bars: A–D = 1 cm, E, F = 500 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organs; cc, caudal cirrus; cf, horizontal cephalic furrow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527359/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="344">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The body is uniformly black without any mottles, bands, or stripes; other specimens assume orange (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFB4CC0A6FB45FF32" box="[1192,1271,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1282,1307]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,306,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1387,306,1254]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Images of Dushia spp., taken in life. (A) Dushia wijnhoffae Schwartz & Norenburg sp. nov. from Puerto Rico. (B–F) Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov.: (B) black form, ICHUM 3457, from Onna, Okinawa, Japan; (C) orange form, from Nakijin, Okinawa, caudal cirrus not pictured; (D) brown form, from Kakeroma, Japan; (E, F) black form from Okinawa, showing body fragments regenerating caudal cirrus, 3 days (E) and 10 days (F) after amputation. Scale bars: A–D = 1 cm, E, F = 500 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organs; cc, caudal cirrus; cf, horizontal cephalic furrow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527359/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
) or brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFA96C0A6FF0AFF56" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1282,1307]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,306,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1387,306,1254]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Images of Dushia spp., taken in life. (A) Dushia wijnhoffae Schwartz & Norenburg sp. nov. from Puerto Rico. (B–F) Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov.: (B) black form, ICHUM 3457, from Onna, Okinawa, Japan; (C) orange form, from Nakijin, Okinawa, caudal cirrus not pictured; (D) brown form, from Kakeroma, Japan; (E, F) black form from Okinawa, showing body fragments regenerating caudal cirrus, 3 days (E) and 10 days (F) after amputation. Scale bars: A–D = 1 cm, E, F = 500 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organs; cc, caudal cirrus; cf, horizontal cephalic furrow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527359/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
) body color. The head is slightly wider than the body, overall oblong with an anteriorly tapered point that is retuse. The posterior portion of the lateral, horizontal cephalic furrows flare slightly but are truncated. The cerebral ganglia are visible as a reddish hue at the widest portion of the head. Horizontal cephalic furrows are deep and extend on both sides of the head, reaching to the anterior end of the mouth opening. The lateral margins of the furrows are closed except at where it flares open at the tip of the snout and at the posterior margin. The tip of the head is whitish and the lateral sides of the head and the edges of the mouth are paler. The tail is rounded, possessing a white caudal cirrus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFDCC2EFF23C1AAFB79FD2A" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFDCC2EFF23C1AAFD93FE2E" bold="true" box="[199,545,405,431]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Body wall and musculature.</emphasis>
|
||
The ciliated epidermis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFCA5C1AAFC2EFE2E" box="[833,924,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars:A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm.Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527365/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) contains numerous red and gold to yellow goblet-shaped cells. Below the epidermis is a thin basal lamina. The basal lamina rests on cutis (= dermis), which consists of three components: from exterior inward, a thin, mostly 1–3 muscle fibers thick, diagonal muscle layer with fibers oriented as a lattice, a thin, 1–5 fibers thick, dermal longitudinal muscle layer, and a glandular layer containing acidophilic and basophilic components (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFD0CC21AFCDAFDBE" box="[744,872,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars:A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm.Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527365/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dark pigments are non-cellular and distributed between the basement membrane of the epidermis to the mcm. The body wall below the cutis is typically three tiers of muscles with a thick layer of longitudinal muscles (olm), a thick layer of middle circular muscles (mcm) upon which the nerve cords run laterally, and a variable-sized inner longitudinal layer (ilm) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFB81C2AEFB0CFD2A" box="[1125,1214,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars:A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm.Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527365/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFDCC2EFF23C28AFBCAFC96" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">
|
||
Precerebral body-wall musculature consists of three muscle layers; these are, from exterior inward, an outer longitudinal muscle layer, a middle circular muscle layer, and an inner longitudinal muscle layer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFB39C2E6FA8AFD72" box="[1245,1336,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars:A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm.Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527365/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The inner longitudinal muscles are peripheral to the cephalic blood vessels and rhynchodaeum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFDCC2EFF23C31EFAEEFC4A" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">
|
||
The outer longitudinal muscles on the periphery of the brain are enclosed by connective tissues, forming discrete bundles around the brain; these bundles lead to the proboscis insertion just in front of the brain (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFB52C37AFAB9FCDE" box="[1206,1291,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars:A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm.Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527365/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The middle circular muscle layer in the precerebral region disappears at the proboscis insertion, posteriorly becoming evident again from the posterior brain region backward. In the anterior mouth region, horizontal muscles run above the dorsal wall of buccal cavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFED2C38EFE3AFC4A" box="[310,392,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars:A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm.Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527365/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
); these fibers become less distinct posteriorly and disappear in the posterior mouth region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFDCC2EFF23C3EAFAA7FBDA" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">The foregut region of approximately eight serial sections in ICHUM 3456 had a band of mcm fibers, which separate the main trunk and looped around the lnc and insert on the opposite side into the mcm. This arrangement was pronounced on one side of the animal and consisted only of a few fibers on the opposite side. Most likely this is a mutation as it was not found in any other specimens examined and was only present in a short stretch of the worm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFDCC2EFF23C45AFCB6FB6A" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">
|
||
The intestinal diverticula are marked by a thin layer of dv musculature. In sexually mature, gravid specimens, the dv musculature forms a wall of fibers inserting into the mcm dorsally and ventrally and is more extensively developed. It also contains several longitudinal fibers which are associated with the gonad epithelium; however, these fibers are not present in immature specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFD79C4EEFD45FB6A" box="[669,759,1232,1259]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1618,1643]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[158,1429,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527369/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFDCC2EFF23C4CEFDF4FA13" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFDCC2EFF23C4CEFE77FA8D" bold="true" box="[199,453,1265,1292]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Proboscis apparatus.</emphasis>
|
||
The rhynchodaeum opens subterminally and ventrally as a thin slit (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFB0BC4CDFAFBFA8D" box="[1263,1353,1265,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1618,1643]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[158,1429,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527369/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and a rhynchodeal sphincter is present just in front of the proboscis insertion. The rhynchodaeum is unciliated for most of the length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFEFCC50AFEC0FACE" box="[280,370,1333,1359]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars:A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm.Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527365/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
), except at its intersection with the epidermis at the anterior (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFBCDC50AFB30FACE" box="[1065,1154,1332,1359]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1618,1643]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[158,1429,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527369/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The musculature of the rhynchocoel consists of inner longitudinal and outer circular muscle layers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFC11C569FBFEFAF1" box="[1013,1100,1365,1392]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1618,1643]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[158,1429,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527369/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
) that are not interwoven with the body wall muscle layers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFE3BC547FD8BFA13" box="[479,569,1399,1426]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1704,1729]" captionTargetBox="[185,1400,181,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[185,1401,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov. Photomicrographs of transverse sections (A–D) (ICHUM 3457) and frontal sections (E, F) (USNM 1107399). (A) Ventral rhynchocoel wall in foregut region. (B) Dorsal ganglion showing Bürger type III neural cells and neurocord cells. (C) Neurocord cells. (D) Transverse section of cephalic furrow posterior to cerebral organ opening showing ciliated cells with elongated cilia (arrow heads) and gland cells (asterisks). (E) Frontal section of intestinal regions showing arrangement of gonads and intestinal diverticula. (F) Spermatozoa. Scale bars: A, B, D, E = 100 µm, C = 50 µm, F = 3 µm. Abbreviations: b3, Bürger type III neural cell; cf, cephalic furrow; cu, cutis; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscle; fg, foregut lumen; go, gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscle; in, lumen of the intestine;; lnc, lateral nerve cord; mcm, middle circular muscle; nc, neurocord cell; olm, outer longitudinal muscle; pr, proboscis; rc, rhynchocoel; rcc, rhynchocoel circular muscle; rcl, rhynchocoel longitudinal muscle, rv, rhynchocoel villus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527373/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFDCC2EFF23C5A6FDE0F996" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">
|
||
The proboscis insertion is just anterior to the cerebral ganglia and laterally fenestrated to allow two cephalic blood vessels to pass through (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFE12C585FDFDFA55" box="[502,591,1466,1492]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars:A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm.Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527365/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The proboscis is thin anteriorly and a pair of proboscis nerves is evident (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFF44C5E3FF4BFA77" box="[160,249,1499,1526]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1618,1643]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[158,1429,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527369/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
) Posteriorly, the main part of the proboscis is stouter, with its epithelium differentiated, and the nerves forming a complete sheath (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFE34C5C2FDF7F996" box="[464,581,1532,1559]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1618,1643]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[158,1429,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527369/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 5E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFDCC2EFF23C621FCA8F8A3" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">
|
||
The main proboscis is unbranched and consists of nine layers; these are, from exterior inward when protruded, an epithelium containing acido- and basophilic glandular cells and pseudocnidae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFBCFC67FFB2CF9DB" box="[1067,1182,1599,1626]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1618,1643]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[158,1429,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527369/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 5E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), a thin connective tissue layer, an outer longitudinal muscle layer, a neural sheath, a circular muscle layer, a diagonal muscle layer, an inner longitudinal muscle layer, an inner circular muscle layer, and an endothelium. Two muscle crosses are present between the inner circular and the diagonal muscle layers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFCC3C69BFCCFF93F" box="[807,893,1699,1726]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1618,1643]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[158,1429,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527369/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Figs 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFC6CC69BFC24F93F" box="[904,918,1700,1726]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,555,580]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,182,530]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[175,1411,181,530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse section of proboscis (A), showing two, unequal muscle crosses (B, C); post-overlapping parts of muscle crosses are indicated by arrowheads ICHUM 3457. Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B, C = 200 µm. Abbreviations: ge, glandular epithelium; isl, inner strand of proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pd, proboscis diagonal muscle layer; pic, proboscis inner circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; poc, proboscis outer circular muscle layer; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527375" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527375/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">7</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C). The inner strands of the proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer are different in size between the two muscle crosses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFBF7C6FAFB3FF95E" box="[1043,1165,1733,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,555,580]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,182,530]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[175,1411,181,530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse section of proboscis (A), showing two, unequal muscle crosses (B, C); post-overlapping parts of muscle crosses are indicated by arrowheads ICHUM 3457. Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B, C = 200 µm. Abbreviations: ge, glandular epithelium; isl, inner strand of proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pd, proboscis diagonal muscle layer; pic, proboscis inner circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; poc, proboscis outer circular muscle layer; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527375" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527375/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 7B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); the muscle crosses are thus unequal. There is no pre-overlapping part of the muscle cross (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFDCC2EFC56C6D9FBC9F881" author="Chernyshev, A. V." box="[946,1147,1765,1792]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345" pagination="547 - 561" refId="ref13977" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2015) CLSM analysis of the phalloidin-stained muscle system of the nemertean proboscis and rhynchocoel. Zoological Science, 32, 547 - 561. https: // doi. org / 10.2108 / zs 140267" type="journal article" year="2015">Chernyshev 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and thus no outer strand of inner longitudinal muscle layer is present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFFDCC2EFD70C737FCBFF8A3" box="[660,781,1800,1826]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,555,580]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,182,530]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[175,1411,181,530]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse section of proboscis (A), showing two, unequal muscle crosses (B, C); post-overlapping parts of muscle crosses are indicated by arrowheads ICHUM 3457. Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B, C = 200 µm. Abbreviations: ge, glandular epithelium; isl, inner strand of proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pd, proboscis diagonal muscle layer; pic, proboscis inner circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; poc, proboscis outer circular muscle layer; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527375" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527375/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Fig. 7B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFDCC2EFF23C717FDE2F84A" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFDCC2EFF23C717FE2FF8C2" bold="true" box="[199,413,1832,1859]" pageId="12" pageNumber="345">Alimentary canal.</emphasis>
|
||
The mouth is a short ventral slit posterior to the horizontal cephalic furrows without obvious salivary gland cells. Foregut and intestinal musculature consist of a few sparsely distributed strands of longitudinal muscle fibers; no circular muscle fibers were observed, and there is no distinct layer of muscles present. The junction of the foregut and intestine is not marked by a distinctive sphincter and no caeca are present. The anus opens dorsally at the root of the caudal cirrus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF65663AFFFCCC2FFF73C6B1FBDAF846" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527365" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527365/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="346" startId="13.[151,250,1678,1703]" targetBox="[151,1436,182,1653]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFCCC2FFF73C6B1FBDAF846" blockId="13.[151,1437,1678,1991]" pageId="13" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFCCC2FFF73C6B1FEA7F926" bold="true" box="[151,277,1678,1703]" pageId="13" pageNumber="346">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFCCC2FFEF9C6B0FDEDF926" authority="(Stimpson, 1855)" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1855" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[285,607,1678,1703]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="13" pageNumber="346" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFCCC2FFEF9C6B0FE14F926" box="[285,422,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="346">Dushia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFCCC2FFE51C6B1FDEAF926" author="Stimpson, W." box="[437,600,1678,1703]" pageId="13" pageNumber="346" pagination="375 - 384" refId="ref17526" refString="Stimpson, W. (1855) Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 375 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51444" type="journal article" year="1855">Stimpson, 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFCCC2FFCFDC6B0FC3CF926" bold="true" box="[793,910,1679,1703]" pageId="13" pageNumber="346">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
, transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars: A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm. Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF65663AFFFFCC2CFF73C66DFAFCF80A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527369" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527369/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="347" startId="14.[151,250,1618,1643]" targetBox="[160,1427,181,1591]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFFCC2CFF73C66DFAFCF80A" blockId="14.[151,1437,1618,1931]" pageId="14" pageNumber="347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFFCC2CFF73C66DFEA7F9EB" bold="true" box="[151,277,1618,1643]" pageId="14" pageNumber="347">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFFCC2CFEF9C66DFDEDF9EA" authority="(Stimpson, 1855)" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1855" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[285,607,1618,1643]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="14" pageNumber="347" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFFCC2CFEF9C66DFE14F9EB" box="[285,422,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="347">Dushia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFFCC2CFE51C66DFDEAF9EA" author="Stimpson, W." box="[437,600,1618,1643]" pageId="14" pageNumber="347" pagination="375 - 384" refId="ref17526" refString="Stimpson, W. (1855) Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 375 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51444" type="journal article" year="1855">Stimpson, 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFFCC2CFCFDC66DFC3CF9EB" bold="true" box="[793,910,1618,1642]" pageId="14" pageNumber="347">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
, transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF65663AFFFECC2DFF73C697FB1DF860" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527373" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527373/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" startId="15.[151,250,1704,1729]" targetBox="[185,1400,181,1677]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFFECC2DFF73C697FB1DF860" blockId="15.[151,1437,1704,2017]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFECC2DFF73C697FEA5F940" bold="true" box="[151,279,1704,1729]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFFECC2DFEC5C697FDDBF940" authority="(Stimpson, 1855)" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1855" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[289,617,1704,1729]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFECC2DFEC5C697FE19F941" box="[289,427,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">Dushia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFFECC2DFE58C697FDD0F940" author="Stimpson, W." box="[444,610,1704,1729]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" pagination="375 - 384" refId="ref17526" refString="Stimpson, W. (1855) Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 375 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51444" type="journal article" year="1855">Stimpson, 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFFECC2DFCCCC696FC12F940" bold="true" box="[808,928,1705,1729]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
Photomicrographs of transverse sections (A–D) (ICHUM 3457) and frontal sections (E, F) (USNM 1107399). (A) Ventral rhynchocoel wall in foregut region. (B) Dorsal ganglion showing Bürger type III neural cells and neurocord cells. (C) Neurocord cells. (D) Transverse section of cephalic furrow posterior to cerebral organ opening showing ciliated cells with elongated cilia (arrow heads) and gland cells (asterisks). (E) Frontal section of intestinal regions showing arrangement of gonads and intestinal diverticula. (F) Spermatozoa. Scale bars: A, B, D, E = 100 µm, C = 50 µm, F = 3 µm. Abbreviations: b3, Bürger type III neural cell; cf, cephalic furrow; cu, cutis; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscle; fg, foregut lumen; go, gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscle; in, lumen of the intestine;; lnc, lateral nerve cord; mcm, middle circular muscle; nc, neurocord cell; olm, outer longitudinal muscle; pr, proboscis; rc, rhynchocoel; rcc, rhynchocoel circular muscle; rcl, rhynchocoel longitudinal muscle, rv, rhynchocoel villus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF65663AFFE1CC32FF73C214FBD0FD55" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527375" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527375/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" startId="16.[151,250,555,580]" targetBox="[175,1411,182,530]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE1CC32FF73C214FBD0FD55" blockId="16.[151,1437,555,724]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE1CC32FF73C214FEA7FDC5" bold="true" box="[151,277,555,580]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE1CC32FEF9C213FDECFDC5" authority="(Stimpson, 1855)" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1855" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[285,606,555,580]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE1CC32FEF9C213FE17FDC5" box="[285,421,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Dushia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE1CC32FE50C214FDEAFDC5" author="Stimpson, W." box="[436,600,555,580]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" pagination="375 - 384" refId="ref17526" refString="Stimpson, W. (1855) Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 375 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51444" type="journal article" year="1855">Stimpson, 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE1CC32FCF3C213FC3FFDC5" bold="true" box="[791,909,556,580]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
, transverse section of proboscis (A), showing two, unequal muscle crosses (B, C); post-overlapping parts of muscle crosses are indicated by arrowheads ICHUM 3457. Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B, C = 200 µm. Abbreviations: ge, glandular epithelium; isl, inner strand of proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pd, proboscis diagonal muscle layer; pic, proboscis inner circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; poc, proboscis outer circular muscle layer; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE1CC32FF23C33EFD13FC2D" blockId="16.[151,1437,769,2021]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE1CC32FF23C33EFE06FC9D" bold="true" box="[199,436,769,796]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Circulatory system.</emphasis>
|
||
A single pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE1CC32FC42C33DFC4CFC9D" box="[934,1022,769,796]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1618,1643]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[158,1429,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527369/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is divided into one mid-dorsal and two lateral vessels flanking the rhynchodaeum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE1CC32FD5DC319FCA4FCC1" box="[697,790,806,832]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars:A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm.Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527365/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
); the mid-dorsal vessel terminates blindly anterior to the proboscis insertion. Posterior to the proboscis insertion, at the level of the brain commissures, the two lateral vessels ventrally anastomose to form a U-shaped vessel, from which a mid-dorsal vessel originates and posteriorly enters the rhynchocoel wall to form a vascular villus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE1CC32FF23C388FABBFB99" blockId="16.[151,1437,769,2021]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">In the anterior foregut region, the lateral vessels are situated laterally to the rhynchocoel wall, branching to give rise to ramified blood vascular plexus surrounding the foregut. Posteriorly, the lateral vessels gradually move to the position ventral and lateral to the foregut, with the vascular plexus converging into the lateral vessels.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE1CC32FF23C41DFAA2FB4D" blockId="16.[151,1437,769,2021]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">At the posterior of the foregut the rhynchocoelic villus leaves the floor of the rhynchocoel to become a middorsal vessel between the foregut and rhynchocoel. In the intestinal region, vascular system consists of a mid-dorsal vessel, situated below rhynchocoel and above intestine, and a pair of lateral vessels, running in connective tissue inside the body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer. The lateral vessel is linked to the mid-dorsal vessel by transverse connectives, running along the lateral and dorsolateral sides of the intestine in connective tissue.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE1CC32FF23C4E8FF7BFA6C" blockId="16.[151,1437,769,2021]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE1CC32FF23C4E8FE2DFB70" bold="true" box="[199,415,1239,1265]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Excretory system.</emphasis>
|
||
Nephridial tubules run inside blood vessels, distributed from just posterior to the cerebral organs to the level of the posterior foregut region. Although the tubules are found in almost every section throughout the distribution area, not all of them are continuous, i.e., the nephridial system is compartmentalized into several sub-systems. The tubules in each sub-system are often ramified and convoluted, mostly attached to the distal wall of the blood vessel. The tubules lead to efferent canals, each dorsolaterally passing through the body wall and opening to a nephridiopore in the epidermis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE1CC32FDC8C5B5FD36FA25" box="[556,644,1418,1444]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars:A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm.Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527365/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Approximately 30 nephridiopores are found on each side; the number of the efferent canals from each single sub-system is uncertain, but apparently plural canals lead from one sub-system.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE1CC32FF23C5C8FA9AF88D" blockId="16.[151,1437,769,2021]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE1CC32FF23C5C8FDECF990" bold="true" box="[199,606,1527,1553]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Nervous system and sense organs.</emphasis>
|
||
The central nervous system consists of paired dorsal and ventral cerebral ganglia connected by transverse commissures (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE1CC32FD44C625FD4AF9B5" box="[672,760,1561,1588]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1618,1643]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[158,1429,181,1592]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527369/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal ganglia are larger than the ventral and are forked posteriorly into an upper and lower neuropil. The ventral commissure is thicker (
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B57FFE1CC32FBC9C602FBCBF9D8" box="[1069,1145,1597,1625]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 µm</quantity>
|
||
) than the dorsal (
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B57FFE1CC32FAA5C601FA22F9D8" box="[1345,1424,1598,1625]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 µm</quantity>
|
||
). Bürger
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A18810FFE1CC32FF0FC65CFEA9F9FC" box="[235,283,1635,1661]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">type</typeStatus>
|
||
I, II, III and neurocord cells can be found in both pairs of ganglia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE1CC32FC1AC65DFBC4F9FD" box="[1022,1142,1634,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1704,1729]" captionTargetBox="[185,1400,181,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[185,1401,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov. Photomicrographs of transverse sections (A–D) (ICHUM 3457) and frontal sections (E, F) (USNM 1107399). (A) Ventral rhynchocoel wall in foregut region. (B) Dorsal ganglion showing Bürger type III neural cells and neurocord cells. (C) Neurocord cells. (D) Transverse section of cephalic furrow posterior to cerebral organ opening showing ciliated cells with elongated cilia (arrow heads) and gland cells (asterisks). (E) Frontal section of intestinal regions showing arrangement of gonads and intestinal diverticula. (F) Spermatozoa. Scale bars: A, B, D, E = 100 µm, C = 50 µm, F = 3 µm. Abbreviations: b3, Bürger type III neural cell; cf, cephalic furrow; cu, cutis; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscle; fg, foregut lumen; go, gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscle; in, lumen of the intestine;; lnc, lateral nerve cord; mcm, middle circular muscle; nc, neurocord cell; olm, outer longitudinal muscle; pr, proboscis; rc, rhynchocoel; rcc, rhynchocoel circular muscle; rcl, rhynchocoel longitudinal muscle, rv, rhynchocoel villus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527373/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Fig. 6B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). A nerve stem arises from lateral side of the dorsal ganglion on each side and runs forward; it is ramified anteriorly, giving rise to many nerve branches in the body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer. A neural sheath encircles the body-wall mcm layer, with a mid-dorsal bulge. A mid-dorsal rhynchocoel nerve is present above the rhynchocoel circular muscle layer. A pair of foregut nerves originates from medial surface of the ventral ganglia and extends into the foregut wall.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE1CC32FF23C729FEC3F865" blockId="16.[151,1437,769,2021]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">
|
||
Three apical organs are present at the anterior tip of the snout. The horizontal cephalic furrows begin at the anterior end of the head and terminate at the level of the anterior most portion of the mouth. The cerebral organ canal opens at a pit anterior to the end of the furrows and is surrounded by an upraised “U” shaped ridge of ciliated cells that appear neuroglandular. The cilia on these cells are much longer than in other portions of the furrow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE1CC32FAD1C7BDFA3DF81C" box="[1333,1423,1922,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1704,1729]" captionTargetBox="[185,1400,181,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[185,1401,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov. Photomicrographs of transverse sections (A–D) (ICHUM 3457) and frontal sections (E, F) (USNM 1107399). (A) Ventral rhynchocoel wall in foregut region. (B) Dorsal ganglion showing Bürger type III neural cells and neurocord cells. (C) Neurocord cells. (D) Transverse section of cephalic furrow posterior to cerebral organ opening showing ciliated cells with elongated cilia (arrow heads) and gland cells (asterisks). (E) Frontal section of intestinal regions showing arrangement of gonads and intestinal diverticula. (F) Spermatozoa. Scale bars: A, B, D, E = 100 µm, C = 50 µm, F = 3 µm. Abbreviations: b3, Bürger type III neural cell; cf, cephalic furrow; cu, cutis; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscle; fg, foregut lumen; go, gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscle; in, lumen of the intestine;; lnc, lateral nerve cord; mcm, middle circular muscle; nc, neurocord cell; olm, outer longitudinal muscle; pr, proboscis; rc, rhynchocoel; rcc, rhynchocoel circular muscle; rcl, rhynchocoel longitudinal muscle, rv, rhynchocoel villus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527373/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The neuroglandular cerebral organs adjoin the dorsal ganglia and are typical in construction for heteronemerteans. There are no ocelli.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE0CC33FF23C0A7FC34FEE6" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,791]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FF23C0A7FE74FF32" bold="true" box="[199,454,152,179]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Reproductive system.</emphasis>
|
||
The gonads are arranged serially between the intestinal lateral diverticula as a single row on each side of the intestine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE0CC33FE32C083FD9EFF56" box="[470,556,188,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1704,1729]" captionTargetBox="[185,1400,181,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[185,1401,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov. Photomicrographs of transverse sections (A–D) (ICHUM 3457) and frontal sections (E, F) (USNM 1107399). (A) Ventral rhynchocoel wall in foregut region. (B) Dorsal ganglion showing Bürger type III neural cells and neurocord cells. (C) Neurocord cells. (D) Transverse section of cephalic furrow posterior to cerebral organ opening showing ciliated cells with elongated cilia (arrow heads) and gland cells (asterisks). (E) Frontal section of intestinal regions showing arrangement of gonads and intestinal diverticula. (F) Spermatozoa. Scale bars: A, B, D, E = 100 µm, C = 50 µm, F = 3 µm. Abbreviations: b3, Bürger type III neural cell; cf, cephalic furrow; cu, cutis; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscle; fg, foregut lumen; go, gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscle; in, lumen of the intestine;; lnc, lateral nerve cord; mcm, middle circular muscle; nc, neurocord cell; olm, outer longitudinal muscle; pr, proboscis; rc, rhynchocoel; rcc, rhynchocoel circular muscle; rcl, rhynchocoel longitudinal muscle, rv, rhynchocoel villus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527373/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each gonad is bordered by the dv fibers of the diverticula, as well as a longitudinal layer of muscle fibers which encircle the basal lamina of the gonad wall. A single gonoduct extends from each gonad to the exterior through a dorsolateral gonopore. Primary spermatocytes develop from the wall of the gonad closest to the lateral nerve cord and maturate inward, towards the lumen of the gonad into conical spermatozoa. The head of spermatozoa, in histological sections, were
|
||
<quantity id="4CE29B57FFE0CC33FD3DC172FCA6FEE6" box="[729,788,333,359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 µm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE0CC33FCC7C173FCCAFEE6" box="[803,888,332,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1704,1729]" captionTargetBox="[185,1400,181,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[185,1401,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov. Photomicrographs of transverse sections (A–D) (ICHUM 3457) and frontal sections (E, F) (USNM 1107399). (A) Ventral rhynchocoel wall in foregut region. (B) Dorsal ganglion showing Bürger type III neural cells and neurocord cells. (C) Neurocord cells. (D) Transverse section of cephalic furrow posterior to cerebral organ opening showing ciliated cells with elongated cilia (arrow heads) and gland cells (asterisks). (E) Frontal section of intestinal regions showing arrangement of gonads and intestinal diverticula. (F) Spermatozoa. Scale bars: A, B, D, E = 100 µm, C = 50 µm, F = 3 µm. Abbreviations: b3, Bürger type III neural cell; cf, cephalic furrow; cu, cutis; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscle; fg, foregut lumen; go, gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscle; in, lumen of the intestine;; lnc, lateral nerve cord; mcm, middle circular muscle; nc, neurocord cell; olm, outer longitudinal muscle; pr, proboscis; rc, rhynchocoel; rcc, rhynchocoel circular muscle; rcl, rhynchocoel longitudinal muscle, rv, rhynchocoel villus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527373/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE0CC33FF23C14FFED5FE2F" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,791]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">
|
||
Body fragments (including ones without head) capable of posterior regeneration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE0CC33FBA8C14FFB2CFE0A" box="[1100,1182,368,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1282,1307]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,306,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1387,306,1254]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Images of Dushia spp., taken in life. (A) Dushia wijnhoffae Schwartz & Norenburg sp. nov. from Puerto Rico. (B–F) Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov.: (B) black form, ICHUM 3457, from Onna, Okinawa, Japan; (C) orange form, from Nakijin, Okinawa, caudal cirrus not pictured; (D) brown form, from Kakeroma, Japan; (E, F) black form from Okinawa, showing body fragments regenerating caudal cirrus, 3 days (E) and 10 days (F) after amputation. Scale bars: A–D = 1 cm, E, F = 500 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organs; cc, caudal cirrus; cf, horizontal cephalic furrow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527359/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
) but no anterior regeneration confirmed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE0CC33FF23C187FB80FC97" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,791]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FF23C187FE6FFE53" box="[199,477,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE0CC33FD73C187FC98FE53" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[663,810,440,466]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FD73C187FC98FE53" box="[663,810,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Dushia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex comb. nov. are found intertidally under stones embedded in coarse sand, co-occurring with the ophiuroid cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE0CC33FC41C1E3FA2AFE76" authority="(Lamarck, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[933,1432,476,503]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiocomidae" genus="Ophiocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="scolopendrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FC41C1E3FB62FE77" box="[933,1232,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Ophiocoma scolopendrina</emphasis>
|
||
(Lamarck, 1816)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Specimens have been collected or observed from the following locations in the West Pacific: Sado,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FB1FC23FFAE2FD9B" box="[1275,1360,512,538]" country="Japan" name="Niigata" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Niigata</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FAB8C23EFA2EFD9A" box="[1372,1436,513,539]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FF7BC21AFE93FDBF" author="Iwata, F." box="[159,289,548,575]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="166 - 169" refId="ref15419" refString="Iwata, F. (1960) Nemertini. In: Okada, T. & Uchida, T. (Eds.), Encyclopaedia Zoologica Illustrated in Colours Vol. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, pp. 166 - 169. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1960">Iwata 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FEC9C21AFDF4FDBE" author="Honma, Y. & Kitami, T." box="[301,582,548,575]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="7 - 81" refId="ref15133" refString="Honma, Y. & Kitami, T. (1978) Fauna and flora in the waters adjacent to the Sado Marine Biological Station, Niigata University. Annual Report of the Sado Marine Biological Station, Niigata University, 8, 7 - 81." type="journal article" year="1978">Honma and Kitami 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Hayama,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FD22C21AFC8DFDBE" box="[710,831,549,575]" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Kanagawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FCAEC21AFC38FDBE" box="[842,906,549,575]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FC7CC21AFBA9FDBE" author="Iwata, F." box="[920,1051,548,575]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref15393" refString="Iwata, F. (1957) Nemerteans from Sagami Bay. Publications from the Akkeshi Marine Biological Station, 7, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1957">Iwata 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Niisaki,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FB6AC21AFAB5FDBE" box="[1166,1287,549,575]" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Kanagawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FAF6C21AFAE0FDBE" box="[1298,1362,549,575]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FA85C21BFEE7FDE2" author="Saito, M. & Suzuki, H." pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="31 - 48" refId="ref17130" refString="Saito, M. & Suzuki, H. (1974) Fauna in the littoral zone of Niisaki Beach in the western part of Sagami Bay, I. Science Reports of the Yokohama National University, Section II, Biological and Geological Sciences, 21, 31 - 48." type="journal article" year="1974">Saito and Suzuki 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Shimoda,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FE3DC277FDF6FDE3" box="[473,580,584,610]" country="Japan" name="Shizuoka" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Shizuoka</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FDABC276FD3DFDE2" box="[591,655,585,611]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FD78C276FCACFDE2" author="Iwata, F." box="[668,798,584,611]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="126 - 148" refId="ref15358" refString="Iwata, F. (1952) Nemertini from the coasts of Kyusyu. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 11, 126 - 148." type="journal article" year="1952">Iwata 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Fukue, Goto Islands,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FBFBC277FB38FDE3" box="[1055,1162,584,610]" country="Japan" name="Nagasaki" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Nagasaki</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FB70C276FB66FDE2" box="[1172,1236,585,611]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FB05C276FAD1FDE2" author="Iwata, F." box="[1249,1379,584,611]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="126 - 148" refId="ref15358" refString="Iwata, F. (1952) Nemertini from the coasts of Kyusyu. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 11, 126 - 148." type="journal article" year="1952">Iwata 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Tomioka,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FF0EC252FED9FD06" box="[234,363,621,647]" country="Japan" name="Kumamoto" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Kumamoto</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FE90C252FE06FD06" box="[372,436,621,647]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FE25C252FDF1FD06" author="Iwata, F." box="[449,579,620,647]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="126 - 148" refId="ref15358" refString="Iwata, F. (1952) Nemertini from the coasts of Kyusyu. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 11, 126 - 148." type="journal article" year="1952">Iwata 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Sakurajima,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FD06C253FCD6FD07" box="[738,868,620,646]" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Kagoshima</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FC8AC252FC1CFD06" box="[878,942,621,647]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FC5FC252FB8EFD06" author="Iwata, F." box="[955,1084,620,647]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="166 - 169" refId="ref15419" refString="Iwata, F. (1960) Nemertini. In: Okada, T. & Uchida, T. (Eds.), Encyclopaedia Zoologica Illustrated in Colours Vol. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, pp. 166 - 169. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1960">Iwata 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Kakeroma,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FB34C253FAE0FD07" box="[1232,1362,620,646]" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Kagoshima</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FAB8C252FA2EFD06" box="[1372,1436,621,647]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(present study);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FEABC2AFFE06FD2B" box="[335,436,656,682]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Nakijin, Bisezaki, Sesoko, and Seragaki),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FC47C2AEFC51FD2A" box="[931,995,657,683]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FC17C2AFFB2AFD2A" author="Kajihara, H." box="[1011,1176,656,683]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="419 - 444" refId="ref15556" refString="Kajihara, H. (2017) Species diversity of Japanese ribbon worms (Nemertea). In: Motokawa, M. & Kajihara, H. (Eds), Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. Springer Japan, Tokyo, pp. 419 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 4 - 431 - 56432 - 4 _ 16" type="book chapter" year="2017">Kajihara 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study); Su’ao,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FF73C28BFF5BFD4F" box="[151,233,692,718]" name="Taiwan" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(as Suô,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FEB5C28BFE4FFD4E" author="Yamaoka T." box="[337,509,692,719]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="283 - 289" refId="ref18054" refString="Yamaoka T. (1939) Two nemerteans from Formosa. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 18, 283 - 289." type="journal article" year="1939">Yamaoka 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FDF5C28BFDE6FD4F" box="[529,596,692,718]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FD87C28BFCA0FD4E" author="Stimpson, W." box="[611,786,692,719]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="375 - 384" refId="ref17526" refString="Stimpson, W. (1855) Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 375 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51444" type="journal article" year="1855">Stimpson 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FCC1C28BFC36FD4F" box="[805,900,692,718]" name="Vietnam" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Van Phong Bay, Nha Trang Bay, and Hon Cau Island) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FF17C2E7FE0CFD72" author="Chernyshev, A. V." box="[243,446,728,755]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="279 - 314" refId="ref14020" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2016) Nemerteans of the coastal waters of Vietnam. In: Adrianov, A. V. & Lutaenko, K. A. (Eds), Biodiversity of the Western Part of the South China Sea. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 279 - 314." type="book chapter" year="2016">Chernyshev 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Occurrence of the orange form in Pelorus Island,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FC1CC2E7FBCDFD73" box="[1016,1151,728,754]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE0CC33FB6CC2E7FB5DFD73" box="[1160,1263,728,754]" name="Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(present study) was only confirmed by external appearance of the body but not by molecular data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF65663AFFE0CC33FF73C56EFF63FA7B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527377" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527377" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527377/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" startId="17.[151,250,1361,1386]" targetBox="[360,1228,817,1333]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE0CC33FF73C56EFF63FA7B" blockId="17.[151,1437,1361,1530]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FF73C56EFEA1FAEB" bold="true" box="[151,275,1361,1386]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Three haplotype networks (A–C) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE0CC33FD6EC56DFCA2FAE8" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[650,784,1362,1386]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FD6EC56DFCA2FAE8" box="[650,784,1362,1386]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Dushia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FC27C56DFB84FAEB" bold="true" box="[963,1078,1362,1386]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
, generated by statistical parsimony analysis using partial sequence (513 bp) of the cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FD14C549FD49FA0C" box="[752,763,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">c</emphasis>
|
||
oxidase subunit I gene from 10 specimens collected in Kakeroma, Japan (solid), nine specimens in Okinawa, Japan (oblique stripes); and one specimen from Van Phong Bay, Vietnam (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FAACC5A6FEB6FA57" author="Chernyshev, A. V." pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="279 - 314" refId="ref14020" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2016) Nemerteans of the coastal waters of Vietnam. In: Adrianov, A. V. & Lutaenko, K. A. (Eds), Biodiversity of the Western Part of the South China Sea. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 279 - 314." type="book chapter" year="2016">Chernyshev 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FEF4C582FE5BFA57" author="Sundberg, P. & Kvist, S. & Strand, M." box="[272,489,1469,1494]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="0155541" refId="ref17689" refString="Sundberg, P., Kvist, S. & Strand, M. (2016) Evaluating the utility of single-locus DNA barcoding for the identification of ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea). PLoS ONE, 11, e 0155541. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0155541" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Sundberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FE9CC581FE15FA57" box="[376,423,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (vertical stripe). Three kinds of colorations (black, brown, and orange) indicate their body color.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE0CC33FF23C617FE38F873" blockId="17.[151,1437,1576,2034]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FF23C617FE06F9C3" box="[199,436,1576,1602]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Species delimitation.</emphasis>
|
||
The specimens included in the TCS analysis formed three networks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE0CC33FB3FC617FA90F9C3" box="[1243,1314,1576,1602]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1361,1386]" captionTargetBox="[360,1228,817,1333]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[356,1232,812,1336]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Three haplotype networks (A–C) of Dushia nigra species complex comb. nov., generated by statistical parsimony analysis using partial sequence (513 bp) of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene from 10 specimens collected in Kakeroma, Japan (solid), nine specimens in Okinawa, Japan (oblique stripes); and one specimen from Van Phong Bay, Vietnam (Chernyshev 2016; Sundberg et al. 2016) (vertical stripe). Three kinds of colorations (black, brown, and orange) indicate their body color." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527377" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527377/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Network A consisted of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD3BFFE0CC33FEA1C673FE6DF9E7" box="[325,479,1612,1638]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
having black, brown, and orange body color, collected in Kakeroma and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FAD4C673FA2BF9E7" box="[1328,1433,1612,1638]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Network B was comprised of four black individuals from Kakeroma,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FC2EC64FFB80F90B" box="[970,1074,1648,1674]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Van Phong Bay. Network C was formed by two black individuals from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF850FFE0CC33FD4CC6ABFCA3F92F" box="[680,785,1684,1710]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Among them, the maximum genetic distance was 0.168 (K2P) and 0.148 (p-distance) with respect to the 513-bp COI sequence, observed between specimens in Networks A and C (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6980309FFE0CC33FEE1C6E3FEEFF977" box="[261,349,1756,1782]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[151,244,152,179]" captionTargetBox="[163,1383,266,501]" captionText="TABLE 3. Range of within-Network genetic distance (on diagonal, the values were the same in terms of uncorrected p-distance and K2P) and average between-Network genetic distances (K2P below diagonal; uncorrected p-distance above diagonal)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C0A7FE7EFF7D" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" tableUuid="DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C0A7FE7EFF7D">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). Average genetic distances in terms of uncorrected p-distance among the networks varied from 0.022 (Networks A–B), 0.139 (Networks B–C), and 0.147 (Networks A–C); mean within-network distances were 0.003 (Network A), 0.002 (Network B), and 0.010 (Network C), both in terms of uncorrected p-distance and K
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1CFD3BFFE0CC33FA98C71BFA2FF8BF" box="[1404,1437,1828,1854]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" type="generic">2P.</specimenCount>
|
||
Networks A–C differed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE0CC33FE08C776FD34F8E3" authority="Hookabe & Schwartz & Kajihara & Norenburg, 2019" authorityName="Hookabe & Schwartz & Kajihara & Norenburg" authorityYear="2019" box="[492,646,1864,1890]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="wijnhoffae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FE08C776FD34F8E3" box="[492,646,1864,1890]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">D. wijnhoffae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FD74C777FD5EF8E3" bold="true" box="[656,748,1864,1890]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25D57DBFFE0CC33FD74C777FD5EF8E3" box="[656,748,1864,1890]" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
by
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2E5075FFE0CC33FCFFC777FCEBF8E3" box="[795,857,1864,1890]" degrees="0.198" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" precision="55" value="0.198">0.198</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2E5075FFE0CC33FCBDC777FC14F8E3" box="[857,934,1864,1890]" degrees="0.200" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" precision="55" value="-0.2">–0.200</geoCoordinate>
|
||
p-distances (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6980309FFE0CC33FBDBC777FB2AF8E3" box="[1087,1176,1864,1890]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[151,244,152,179]" captionTargetBox="[163,1383,266,501]" captionText="TABLE 3. Range of within-Network genetic distance (on diagonal, the values were the same in terms of uncorrected p-distance and K2P) and average between-Network genetic distances (K2P below diagonal; uncorrected p-distance above diagonal)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C0A7FE7EFF7D" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" tableUuid="DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C0A7FE7EFF7D">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). The ABGD and PTP analyses resulted in two groups (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE0CC33FDECC753FDFEF807" box="[520,588,1900,1926]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1807,1832]" captionTargetBox="[210,1373,467,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[203,1385,453,1782]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. A phylogenetic tree of Dushia nigra species complex comb. nov., resulting from the maximum-likelihood analysis ofpartial sequence (513 bp) of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene from 10 specimens collected in Kakeroma, Japan, nine specimens in Okinawa, Japan; and one specimen from Van Phong Bay, Vietnam (Chernyshev 2016; Sundberg et al. 2016); Dushia wijnhoffae sp. nov. is used as an outgroup. Text colors represent body colors of specimens, and numbers near nodes indicate maximum-likelihood bootstrap support value. Vertical bars indicate the results of TCS, ABGD, and PTP analyses." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527379" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527379/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE0CC33FD46C752FCB0F807" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[674,770,1901,1926]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FD46C752FCB0F807" box="[674,770,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">D. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex. These results suggest presence of at least two cryptic species among the complex, one represented by Network A + B and the other by Network C;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE0CC33FAC8C7AFFED6F84F" author="Hiebert, T. C. & Maslakova, S." pageId="17" pageNumber="350" pagination="615 - 637" refId="ref15256" refString="Hiebert, T. C. & Maslakova, S. (2015) Integrative taxonomy of the Micrura alaskensis Coe, 1901 species complex (Nemertea: Heteronemertea), with descriptions of a new genus Maculaura gen. nov. and four new species from the NE Pacific. Zoological Science, 32, 615 - 637. https: // doi. org / 10.2108 / zs 150011" type="journal article" year="2015">Hiebert & Maslakova (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discovered
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2E5075FFE0CC33FE08C78BFD99F84F" box="[492,555,1972,1998]" degrees="0.129" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" precision="55" value="0.129">0.129</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2E5075FFE0CC33FDCFC78BFDCAF84F" box="[555,632,1972,1998]" degrees="0.180" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" precision="55" value="-0.18">–0.180</geoCoordinate>
|
||
uncorrected p-distance for COI among five species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE0CC33FB06C78BFAECF84F" baseAuthorityName="Hiebert & Maslakova" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1250,1374,1972,1998]" class="Pilidiophora" family="Lineidae" genus="Maculaura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="17" pageNumber="350" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE0CC33FB06C78BFAECF84F" box="[1250,1374,1972,1998]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="350">Maculaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Northeast Pacific.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C0A7FE7EFF7D" ID-Table-UUID="DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C0A7FE7EFF7D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C0A7FE7EFF7D" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" startId="18.[151,244,152,179]" targetBox="[163,1383,266,501]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE3CC30FF73C0A7FE7EFF7D" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,252]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF73C0A7FEA0FF32" bold="true" box="[151,274,152,179]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6980309FFE3CC30FF73C0A7FEBEFF32" box="[151,268,152,179]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[151,244,152,179]" captionTargetBox="[163,1383,266,501]" captionText="TABLE 3. Range of within-Network genetic distance (on diagonal, the values were the same in terms of uncorrected p-distance and K2P) and average between-Network genetic distances (K2P below diagonal; uncorrected p-distance above diagonal)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C0A7FE7EFF7D" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" tableUuid="DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C0A7FE7EFF7D">TABLE 3</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Range of within-Network genetic distance (on diagonal, the values were the same in terms of uncorrected p-distance and K2P) and average between-Network genetic distances (K2P below diagonal; uncorrected p-distance above diagonal).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE3CC30FD0DC133FA9CFE75" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<table id="F91AC412FFE333DDFF47C135FAD5FE74" box="[163,1383,266,501]" gridcols="6" gridrows="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C135FAD5FECA" box="[163,1383,266,331]" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFDB9C135FC5EFECA" box="[605,1004,266,331]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FD0DC133FC8DFEA2" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[745,831,268,291]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FD0DC133FC8DFEA2" box="[745,831,268,291]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">D. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex A B
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBCFC135FBD6FECA" box="[1067,1124,266,331]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">C</th>
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFB39C135FAD5FECA" box="[1245,1383,266,331]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FB39C11FFAD5FEB6" authorityName="Hookabe & Schwartz & Kajihara & Norenburg" authorityYear="2019" box="[1245,1383,287,311]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="wijnhoffae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FB39C11FFAD5FEB6" box="[1245,1383,287,311]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">D. wijnhoffae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C164FAD5FEF2" box="[163,1383,347,371]" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFE37C164FE57FEF2" box="[467,485,347,371]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFDB9C164FD69FEF2" box="[605,731,347,371]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.000–0.010</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCDDC164FC5EFEF2" box="[825,1004,347,371]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.022</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBCFC164FBD6FEF2" box="[1067,1124,347,371]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.147</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFB39C164FAD5FEF2" box="[1245,1383,347,371]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.198</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C1B8FAD5FE21" box="[163,1383,391,416]" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C1B8FEE4FE21" box="[163,342,391,416]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C1B7FF4AFE1E" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[163,248,392,415]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C1B7FF4AFE1E" box="[163,248,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">D. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFE37C1B8FE57FE21" box="[467,485,391,416]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">B</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFDB9C1B8FD69FE21" box="[605,731,391,416]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.023</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCDDC1B8FC5EFE21" box="[825,1004,391,416]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.002–0.004</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBCFC1B8FBD6FE21" box="[1067,1124,391,416]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.139</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFB39C1B8FAD5FE21" box="[1245,1383,391,416]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.199</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C18CFAD5FE4D" box="[163,1383,435,460]" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFE37C18CFE57FE4D" box="[467,485,435,460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">C</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFDB9C18CFD69FE4D" box="[605,731,435,460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.166</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCDDC18CFC5EFE4D" box="[825,1004,435,460]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.155</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBCFC18CFBD6FE4D" box="[1067,1124,435,460]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.001</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFB39C18CFAD5FE4D" box="[1245,1383,435,460]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.200</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C1E3FAD5FE74" box="[163,1383,476,501]" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C1E3FEE4FE74" box="[163,342,476,501]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C1E2FE9EFE74" authorityName="Hookabe & Schwartz & Kajihara & Norenburg" authorityYear="2019" box="[163,300,477,501]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="wijnhoffae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C1E2FE9EFE74" box="[163,300,477,501]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">D. wijnhoffae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFDB9C1E3FD69FE74" box="[605,731,476,501]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.233</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCDDC1E3FC5EFE74" box="[825,1004,476,501]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.234</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBCFC1E3FBD6FE74" box="[1067,1124,476,501]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">0.235</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFB39C1E3FAD5FE74" box="[1245,1383,476,501]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C21BFBCCFDE2" ID-Table-UUID="DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C21BFBCCFDE2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C21BFBCCFDE2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" startId="18.[151,244,548,575]" targetBox="[163,1383,266,501]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE3CC30FF73C21BFBCCFDE2" blockId="18.[151,1436,548,612]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF73C21BFEA2FDBE" bold="true" box="[151,272,548,575]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6980309FFE3CC30FF73C21BFEB8FDBE" box="[151,266,548,575]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="18.[151,244,548,575]" captionTargetBox="[163,1383,266,501]" captionText="TABLE 4. Lineid heteronemertean species that occur intertidially in the Indo-Pacific, with a body color being uniformly red, brown, or blackish (not whitish or greenish), having non-branched proboscis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C21BFBCCFDE2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" tableUuid="DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C21BFBCCFDE2">TABLE 4</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Lineid heteronemertean species that occur intertidially in the Indo-Pacific, with a body color being uniformly red, brown, or blackish (not whitish or greenish), having non-branched proboscis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE3CC30FF47C2BEFAAEF915" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<table id="F91AC412FFE333DDFF47C24DFA23F915" box="[163,1425,626,1684]" gridcols="5" gridrows="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C24DFA23FD29" box="[163,1425,626,680]" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C24DFDE0FD29" box="[163,594,626,680]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Species</th>
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C24DFD55FD29" box="[640,743,626,680]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Locality</th>
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C24DFC3AFD29" box="[780,904,626,680]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Body length (cm)</th>
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C24DFB9AFD29" box="[944,1064,626,680]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Body width (mm)</th>
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C24DFA23FD29" box="[1100,1425,626,680]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Body color</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C287FA23FD6F" box="[163,1425,696,750]" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C287FDE0FD6F" box="[163,594,696,750]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C2F8FD98FD61" authority="Punnett, 1900 b" authorityName="Punnett" authorityYear="1900" box="[163,554,711,736]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bedfordii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C2F8FE38FD5E" box="[163,394,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Cerebratulus bedfordii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FE74C2F7FD98FD61" author="Punnett, R. C." box="[400,554,711,736]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="111 - 139" refId="ref16658" refString="Punnett, R. C. (1900 b) On a collection of nemerteans from Singapore. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 44, 111 - 139." type="journal article" year="1900">Punnett, 1900b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C287FD55FD6F" box="[640,743,696,750]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Singapore</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C287FC3AFD6F" box="[780,904,696,750]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">16</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C287FB9AFD6F" box="[944,1064,696,750]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">3</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C287FA23FD6F" box="[1100,1425,696,750]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">pale dirty brown after preservation</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C2C1FA23FCB5" box="[163,1425,766,820]" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C2C1FDE0FCB5" box="[163,594,766,820]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C332FD9EFCA4" authority="Punnett, 1900 b" authorityName="Punnett" authorityYear="1900" box="[163,556,780,805]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C332FE3EFCA4" box="[163,396,781,805]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Cerebratulus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FE76C332FD9EFCA4" author="Punnett, R. C." box="[402,556,780,805]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="111 - 139" refId="ref16658" refString="Punnett, R. C. (1900 b) On a collection of nemerteans from Singapore. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 44, 111 - 139." type="journal article" year="1900">Punnett, 1900b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C2C1FD55FCB5" box="[640,743,766,820]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Singapore</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C2C1FC3AFCB5" box="[780,904,766,820]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">12</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C2C1FB9AFCB5" box="[944,1064,766,820]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">4</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C2C1FA23FCB5" box="[1100,1425,766,820]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">darkish chocolate in life, slightly paler ventrally</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C37CFA23FCDD" box="[163,1425,835,860]" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C37CFDE0FCDD" box="[163,594,835,860]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C37BFD90FCDD" authority="Punnett, 1900 b" authorityName="Punnett" authorityYear="1900" box="[163,546,835,860]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="erythrus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C37BFE30FCDD" box="[163,386,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Cerebratulus erythrus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FE6CC37BFD90FCDD" author="Punnett, R. C." box="[392,546,835,860]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="111 - 139" refId="ref16658" refString="Punnett, R. C. (1900 b) On a collection of nemerteans from Singapore. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 44, 111 - 139." type="journal article" year="1900">Punnett, 1900b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C37CFD55FCDD" box="[640,743,835,860]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Singapore</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C37CFC3AFCDD" box="[780,904,835,860]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">7</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C37CFB9AFCDD" box="[944,1064,835,860]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">?</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C37CFA23FCDD" box="[1100,1425,835,860]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">bright red in life</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C354FA23FC23" box="[163,1425,875,930]" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C354FDE0FC23" box="[163,594,875,930]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C344FDA5FC12" authority="Punnett, 1903" authorityName="Punnett" authorityYear="1903" box="[163,535,891,915]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="ischurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C344FE36FC12" box="[163,388,891,915]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Cerebratulus ischurus</emphasis>
|
||
Punnett, 1903
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C354FD55FC23" box="[640,743,875,930]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Maldive Islands</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C354FC3AFC23" box="[780,904,875,930]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">21 (anterior fragment)</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C354FB9AFC23" box="[944,1064,875,930]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">7</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C354FA23FC23" box="[1100,1425,875,930]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">uniform pale dirty brown</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C38EFA23FC4B" box="[163,1425,945,970]" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C38EFDE0FC4B" box="[163,594,945,970]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C38DFD88FC4B" authority="Staub, 1900" authorityName="Staub" authorityYear="1900" box="[163,570,945,970]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="latistomachus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C38DFE09FC4B" box="[163,443,946,970]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Cerebratulus latistomachus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FE25C38EFD88FC4B" author="Staub, J." box="[449,570,945,970]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="76 - 98" refId="ref17463" refString="Staub, J. (1900) Neue Nemertinen aus Amboina. Denkschriften der Medizinischnaturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 8, 76 - 98." type="journal article" year="1900">Staub, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C38EFD55FC4B" box="[640,743,945,970]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Ambon</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C38EFC3AFC4B" box="[780,904,945,970]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C38EFB9AFC4B" box="[944,1064,945,970]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">2–3</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C38EFA23FC4B" box="[1100,1425,945,970]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">dark yellow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C3E6FA23FBAC" box="[163,1425,985,1069]" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C3E6FDE0FBAC" box="[163,594,985,1069]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C3C8FE44FB8E" authority="Burger, 1890" authorityName="Burger" authorityYear="1890" box="[163,502,1015,1040]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="pullus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C3C8FEDEFB8E" box="[163,364,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Cerebratulus pullus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FE96C3C7FE44FB8E" author="Burger, O." box="[370,502,1015,1040]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="1 - 277" refId="ref13709" refString="Burger, O. (1890) Untersuchungen uber die Anatomie und Histologie der Nemertinen nebst Beitragen zur Systematik. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 50, 1 - 277." type="journal article" year="1890">Bürger, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C3E6FD55FBAC" box="[640,743,985,1069]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Ambon</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C3E6FC3AFBAC" box="[780,904,985,1069]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">11</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C3E6FB9AFBAC" box="[944,1064,985,1069]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">6–7</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C3E6FA23FBAC" box="[1100,1425,985,1069]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">dorsally brown with bluish- black hue in some places, ventrally evenly light brown</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C403FA23FBF3" box="[163,1425,1084,1138]" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C403FDE0FBF3" box="[163,594,1084,1138]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C474FD96FBE5" authority="Punnett, 1900 b" authorityName="Punnett" authorityYear="1900" box="[163,548,1099,1124]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C474FE36FBE2" box="[163,388,1099,1123]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Cerebratulus robustus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FE6EC473FD96FBE5" author="Punnett, R. C." box="[394,548,1099,1124]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="111 - 139" refId="ref16658" refString="Punnett, R. C. (1900 b) On a collection of nemerteans from Singapore. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 44, 111 - 139." type="journal article" year="1900">Punnett, 1900b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C403FD55FBF3" box="[640,743,1084,1138]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Singapore</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C403FC3AFBF3" box="[780,904,1084,1138]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">7</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C403FB9AFBF3" box="[944,1064,1084,1138]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">7</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C403FA23FBF3" box="[1100,1425,1084,1138]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">uniform pale buffish brown after preservation</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C4BDFA23FB39" box="[163,1425,1154,1208]" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C4BDFDE0FB39" box="[163,594,1154,1208]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C4AEFE4FFB28" authority="Burger, 1890" authorityName="Burger" authorityYear="1890" box="[163,509,1169,1194]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rubens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C4AEFEC1FB28" box="[163,371,1169,1193]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Cerebratulus rubens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FE9DC4ADFE4FFB28" author="Burger, O." box="[377,509,1169,1194]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="1 - 277" refId="ref13709" refString="Burger, O. (1890) Untersuchungen uber die Anatomie und Histologie der Nemertinen nebst Beitragen zur Systematik. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 50, 1 - 277." type="journal article" year="1890">Bürger, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C4BDFD55FB39" box="[640,743,1154,1208]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Sulawesi</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C4BDFC3AFB39" box="[780,904,1154,1208]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">5.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C4BDFB9AFB39" box="[944,1064,1154,1208]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">3</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C4BDFA23FB39" box="[1100,1425,1154,1208]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">dorsoventrallynotdifferentiated, brownish to reddish brown</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C4F8FA23FB61" box="[163,1425,1223,1248]" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C4F8FDE0FB61" box="[163,594,1223,1248]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C4F7FD96FB61" authority="Punnett, 1900 b" authorityName="Punnett" authorityYear="1900" box="[163,548,1223,1248]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="sordidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C4F7FE36FB61" box="[163,388,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Cerebratulus sordidus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FE6EC4F7FD96FB61" author="Punnett, R. C." box="[394,548,1223,1248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="111 - 139" refId="ref16658" refString="Punnett, R. C. (1900 b) On a collection of nemerteans from Singapore. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 44, 111 - 139." type="journal article" year="1900">Punnett, 1900b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C4F8FD55FB61" box="[640,743,1223,1248]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Singapore</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C4F8FC3AFB61" box="[780,904,1223,1248]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">6</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C4F8FB9AFB61" box="[944,1064,1223,1248]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">?</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C4F8FA23FB61" box="[1100,1425,1223,1248]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">dirty yellow-brown in life</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C4CFFA23FAA7" box="[163,1425,1264,1318]" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C4CFFDE0FAA7" box="[163,594,1264,1318]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C4C0FE49FA96" authority="Burger, 1890" authorityName="Burger" authorityYear="1890" box="[163,507,1279,1303]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="spadix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C4C0FEC2FA96" box="[163,368,1279,1303]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Cerebratulus spadix</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FE92C4C0FE49FA96" author="Burger, O." box="[374,507,1279,1303]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="1 - 277" refId="ref13709" refString="Burger, O. (1890) Untersuchungen uber die Anatomie und Histologie der Nemertinen nebst Beitragen zur Systematik. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 50, 1 - 277." type="journal article" year="1890">Bürger, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C4CFFD55FAA7" box="[640,743,1264,1318]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Ambon</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C4CFFC3AFAA7" box="[780,904,1264,1318]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">6</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C4CFFB9AFAA7" box="[944,1064,1264,1318]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">2–2.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C4CFFA23FAA7" box="[1100,1425,1264,1318]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">dorsoventrally uniformly coffee brown color</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C509FA23FAEA" box="[163,1425,1334,1387]" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C509FDE0FAEA" box="[163,594,1334,1387]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C57BFD8DFADC" authority="Punnett, 1900 c" authorityName="Punnett" authorityYear="1900" box="[163,575,1348,1373]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="torresianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C57BFE12FADD" box="[163,416,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Cerebratulus torresianus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FE42C57AFD8DFADC" author="Punnett, R. C." box="[422,575,1349,1373]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="825 - 831" refId="ref16688" refString="Punnett, R. C. (1900 c) On some nemerteans from Torres Straits. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900, 825 - 831." type="journal article" year="1900">Punnett, 1900c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C509FD55FAEA" box="[640,743,1334,1387]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Torres Straits</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C509FC3AFAEA" box="[780,904,1334,1387]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">?</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C509FB9AFAEA" box="[944,1064,1334,1387]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">?</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C509FA23FAEA" box="[1100,1425,1334,1387]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">uniform brown in life</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C544FA23F988" box="[163,1425,1403,1545]" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C544FDE0F988" box="[163,594,1403,1545]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C588FE51FA4F" authority="Punnett, 1900 a" authorityName="Punnett" authorityYear="1900" box="[163,483,1462,1486]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C588FEF7FA4F" box="[163,325,1462,1486]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Lineus australis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FEAFC588FE51FA4F" author="Punnett, R. C." box="[331,483,1462,1486]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="569 - 584" refId="ref16602" refString="Punnett, R. C. (1900 a) On some South Pacific nemertines collected by Dr Willey. Zoological Results based on Material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere, Collected during the Years 1895, 1896 and 1897 by Arthur Willey, 5, 569 - 584." type="journal article" year="1900">Punnett, 1900a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C544FD55F988" box="[640,743,1403,1545]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">New Caledonia</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C544FC3AF988" box="[780,904,1403,1545]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">?</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C544FB9AF988" box="[944,1064,1403,1545]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">?</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C544FA23F988" box="[1100,1425,1403,1545]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">uniformly dirty brown in preserved state; a lighter area extending along edges of cephalic slits and around proboscis pore</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C627FA23F9B0" box="[163,1425,1560,1585]" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C627FDE0F9B0" box="[163,594,1560,1585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C625FDE0F9B0" authority="Punnett & Cooper, 1909" authorityName="Punnett & Cooper" authorityYear="1909" box="[163,594,1561,1585]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="crosslandi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C625FEE7F9B0" box="[163,341,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Lineus crosslandi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FEBFC626FDE0F9B0" author="Punnett, R. C. & Cooper, C. F." box="[347,594,1561,1585]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref16719" refString="Punnett, R. C. & Cooper, C. F. (1909) On some nemerteans from the eastern Indian Ocean. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2, 13, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1909. tb 00405. x" type="journal article" year="1909">Punnett & Cooper, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C627FD55F9B0" box="[640,743,1560,1585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Zanzibar</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C627FC3AF9B0" box="[780,904,1560,1585]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">6.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C627FB9AF9B0" box="[944,1064,1560,1585]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">3</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C627FA23F9B0" box="[1100,1425,1560,1585]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">reddish after preservation</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352A34F0FFE333DDFF47C67EFA23F915" box="[163,1425,1601,1684]" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<th id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFF47C67EFDE0F915" box="[163,594,1601,1684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF47C660FE23F9F6" authority="Coe, 1947" authorityName="Coe" authorityYear="1947" box="[163,401,1631,1655]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Lineus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="hiatti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF47C660FF55F9F7" box="[163,231,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Lineus</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF08C660FE90F9F6" box="[236,290,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">hiatti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FECCC660FE23F9F6" author="Coe, W. R." box="[296,401,1631,1655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="101 - 106" refId="ref14281" refString="Coe, W. R. (1947) Nemerteans of the Hawaiian and Marshall Islands. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 19, 101 - 106." type="journal article" year="1947">Coe, 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFD64C67EFD55F915" box="[640,743,1601,1684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Hawaii</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFCE8C67EFC3AF915" box="[780,904,1601,1684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">15</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFC54C67EFB9AF915" box="[944,1064,1601,1684]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">4</td>
|
||
<td id="76FB5D8CFFE333DDFBA8C67EFA23F915" box="[1100,1425,1601,1684]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">brown in life; margins of cephalic grooves and extreme tip of head pale gray</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE3CC31FF23C6FBFAAFFE0A" blockId="18.[151,1436,1732,2011]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,153,395]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF23C6FBFEDEF95F" box="[199,364,1732,1758]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Nomenclature.</emphasis>
|
||
Our earlier interpretation in 1999 when we had only the black and orange forms was that the former would represent ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FE48C6D7FDF3F880" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[428,577,1768,1794]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FE48C6D7FDF3F880" box="[428,577,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Dushia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ and the latter ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FD0BC6D7FC25F883" box="[751,919,1768,1794]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FD0BC6D7FC25F883" box="[751,919,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Dushia rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’, and ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FC02C6D7FBF6F880" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[998,1092,1768,1793]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FC02C6D7FBF6F880" box="[998,1092,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">D. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ might be a senior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF73C733FD96F8A7" authority="Yamaoka, 1939" authorityName="Yamaoka" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,548,1804,1830]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Micrura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="formosana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF73C733FEC0F8A7" box="[151,370,1804,1830]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Micrura formosana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FE93C733FD96F8A7" author="Yamaoka T." box="[375,548,1804,1830]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="283 - 289" refId="ref18054" refString="Yamaoka T. (1939) Two nemerteans from Formosa. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 18, 283 - 289." type="journal article" year="1939">Yamaoka, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FDB3C733FC1AF8A7" authority="Iwata, 1952" authorityName="Iwata" authorityYear="1952" box="[599,936,1803,1830]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Micrura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FDB3C733FCAEF8A4" box="[599,796,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Micrura japonica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE3CC30FCC6C733FC1AF8A7" author="Iwata, F." box="[802,936,1803,1830]" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" pagination="126 - 148" refId="ref15358" refString="Iwata, F. (1952) Nemertini from the coasts of Kyusyu. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 11, 126 - 148." type="journal article" year="1952">Iwata, 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Later, a preliminary COI analysis upon finding the third, brown form from Kakeroma, suggested that all the three color forms formed a single species, which could have been referred to as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FE10C76BFD3AF8EC" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[500,648,1876,1902]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FE10C76BFD3AF8EC" box="[500,648,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Dushia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’, with all the four nominal species (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FBFDC76BFBF6F8EC" box="[1049,1092,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Me.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FBAEC76BFB0DF8EC" authority=", Me." authorityName="Me." box="[1098,1215,1876,1902]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FBAEC76BFB35F8EC" box="[1098,1159,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">nigra</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FB70C76BFB0DF8EC" box="[1172,1215,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Me.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FB21C76BFAA4F8EF" box="[1221,1302,1876,1902]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FB21C76BFAA4F8EF" box="[1221,1302,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FAC0C76BFF7EF810" authorityName="Yamaoka" authorityYear="1939" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Micrura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="formosana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FAC0C76BFF7EF810" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">Mi. formosana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE3CC30FF3FC747FED1F810" authorityName="Iwata" authorityYear="1952" box="[219,355,1912,1937]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Micrura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="18" pageNumber="351" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF3FC747FED1F810" box="[219,355,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">M. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) possibly being synonymous. However, the final analysis with expanded dataset from Okinawa showed
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FF10C7A3FF4EF834" box="[244,252,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">i</emphasis>
|
||
) a single locality can harbor individuals from three Networks, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE3CC30FC09C7A3FC4FF834" box="[1005,1021,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="351">ii</emphasis>
|
||
) a single Network may contain three different color morphs (i.e., orange, brown, black). In future studies, individuals from multiple Networks may occur in a single
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A18810FFE2CC31FEEAC0A6FE8CFF32" box="[270,318,153,179]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of any of the four nominal species. This would complicate an objective allocation of the four available names (i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE2CC31FE68C082FDB6FF56" authorityName="Yamaoka" authorityYear="1939" box="[396,516,189,215]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Micrura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="formosana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FE68C082FDB6FF56" box="[396,516,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">formosana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE2CC31FDF7C081FDC7FF56" authorityName="Iwata" authorityYear="1952" box="[531,629,190,215]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Micrura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FDF7C081FDC7FF56" box="[531,629,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE2CC31FD67C081FD72FF56" authorityName="Me." box="[643,704,190,215]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FD67C081FD72FF56" box="[643,704,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE2CC31FD1AC082FCFDFF56" box="[766,847,189,215]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FD1AC082FCFDFF56" box="[766,847,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to each of the Networks discovered in the analysis. Furthermore, the exact
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A18810FFE2CC31FE45C0DEFE63FF7A" box="[417,465,225,251]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities for
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FD95C0DDFD53FF7A" box="[625,737,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">
|
||
Me.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE2CC31FD40C0DDFD53FF7A" authorityName="Me." box="[676,737,226,251]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FCFEC0DDFC2CFF7A" box="[794,926,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">
|
||
Me.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE2CC31FCA9C0DEFC2CFF7A" box="[845,926,225,251]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rubella">rubella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are not pinpointed, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE2CC31FB41C0DEFAD0FF7A" author="Stimpson, W." box="[1189,1378,224,251]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" pagination="375 - 384" refId="ref17526" refString="Stimpson, W. (1855) Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 375 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51444" type="journal article" year="1855">Stimpson (1855)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
only noted “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE2CC31FF02C13AFE82FE9E" box="[230,304,261,287]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
”, although these must be somewhere along the southeast Chinese coast from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE2CC31FB6AC13AFAA3FE9E" box="[1166,1297,261,287]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
to Shanghai (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE2CC31FF7BC116FED6FEC2" author="Habersham, A. W." box="[159,356,296,323]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" refId="ref15034" refString="Habersham, A. W. (1858) The North Pacific Surveying and Exploring Expedition; Or, My Last Cruise. Where We Went and What We Saw: Being an Account of Visits to the Malay and Loo-Choo Islands, the Coasts of China, Formosa, Japan, Kamtschatka, Siberia, and the Mouth of the Amoor River. J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia and Trubner & Co., London, 507 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 123286" type="book" year="1858">Habersham 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If the same taxonomic species turns out to contain the two nominal species
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FB2FC115FA88FEC2" box="[1227,1338,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">
|
||
Me.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE2CC31FB19C115FA88FEC2" authorityName="Me." box="[1277,1338,298,323]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FA95C115FF5AFEE6" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">
|
||
Me.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE2CC31FF73C172FF5AFEE6" box="[151,232,333,359]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="rubella">rubella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, nomenclatural precedence should be given to one of them by the act of the First Reviser under Article 24.2.2 of the Code (ICZN 1999), because these two names were published in the same work (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE2CC31FB85C14EFAA2FE0A" author="Stimpson, W." box="[1121,1296,368,395]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" pagination="375 - 384" refId="ref17526" refString="Stimpson, W. (1855) Descriptions of some of the new marine Invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 375 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51444" type="journal article" year="1855">Stimpson 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF65663AFFE2CC31FF73C730FAC2F839" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527379" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527379" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527379/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" startId="19.[151,250,1807,1832]" targetBox="[210,1373,467,1774]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE2CC31FF73C730FAC2F839" blockId="19.[151,1437,1807,1976]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FF73C730FEA0F8A9" bold="true" box="[151,274,1807,1832]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
A phylogenetic tree of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE2CC31FE19C72FFD31F8A9" authorityName="Me." box="[509,643,1808,1832]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FE19C72FFD31F8A9" box="[509,643,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">Dushia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FCD1C72FFC1AF8A9" bold="true" box="[821,936,1808,1832]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
, resulting from the maximum-likelihood analysis ofpartial sequence (513 bp) of the cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FD97C70AFDCCF8CD" box="[627,638,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">c</emphasis>
|
||
oxidase subunit I gene from 10 specimens collected in Kakeroma, Japan, nine specimens in Okinawa, Japan; and one specimen from Van Phong Bay, Vietnam (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE2CC31FC08C768FB14F8F1" author="Chernyshev, A. V." box="[1004,1190,1879,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" pagination="279 - 314" refId="ref14020" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2016) Nemerteans of the coastal waters of Vietnam. In: Adrianov, A. V. & Lutaenko, K. A. (Eds), Biodiversity of the Western Part of the South China Sea. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 279 - 314." type="book chapter" year="2016">Chernyshev 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE2CC31FB56C768FA23F8F1" author="Sundberg, P. & Kvist, S. & Strand, M." box="[1202,1425,1879,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" pagination="0155541" refId="ref17689" refString="Sundberg, P., Kvist, S. & Strand, M. (2016) Evaluating the utility of single-locus DNA barcoding for the identification of ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea). PLoS ONE, 11, e 0155541. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0155541" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Sundberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FAF8C766FAF9F8F1" box="[1308,1355,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE2CC31FF73C743FEE1F815" authority="Hookabe & Schwartz & Kajihara & Norenburg, 2019" authorityName="Hookabe & Schwartz & Kajihara & Norenburg" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,339,1916,1940]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="wijnhoffae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FF73C743FEE1F815" box="[151,339,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">Dushia wijnhoffae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE2CC31FEBFC743FE1CF815" bold="true" box="[347,430,1916,1940]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25D57DBFFE2CC31FEBFC743FE1CF815" box="[347,430,1916,1940]" pageId="19" pageNumber="352" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is used as an outgroup. Text colors represent body colors of specimens, and numbers near nodes indicate maximum-likelihood bootstrap support value. Vertical bars indicate the results of TCS, ABGD, and PTP analyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF65663AFFE5CC36FF73C748FF6CF87D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527381" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3527381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527381/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="353" startId="20.[151,250,1911,1936]" targetBox="[293,1294,195,1881]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE5CC36FF73C748FF6CF87D" blockId="20.[151,1437,1911,2044]" pageId="20" pageNumber="353">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE5CC36FF73C748FEADF811" bold="true" box="[151,287,1911,1936]" pageId="20" pageNumber="353">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
A Bayesian tree of 42 species of the heteronemertean family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE5CC36FC6FC748FC56F811" authorityName="McIntosh" authorityYear="1874" box="[907,996,1911,1936]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="353" phylum="Nemertea" rank="family">Lineidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on concatenated 16 rRNA, COI, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and histone H3 genes. Support values were generated by a separate partitioned ML bootstrap (BS) analysis with 1000 replicates and posterior probability (PP) of a separate partitioned Bayesian analysis; node support is indicated by BS/PP.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE4CC37FF23C0A6FB0BFDE2" blockId="21.[151,1437,153,863]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FF23C0A6FEFBFF32" bold="true" box="[199,329,153,179]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">Phylogeny.</emphasis>
|
||
In the resulting phylogenetic tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13212A37FFE4CC37FD3DC0A6FC9EFF32" box="[729,812,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1911,1936]" captionTargetBox="[293,1294,195,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[280,1307,181,1886]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. A Bayesian tree of 42 species of the heteronemertean family Lineidae based on concatenated 16 rRNA, COI, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and histone H3 genes. Support values were generated by a separate partitioned ML bootstrap (BS) analysis with 1000 replicates and posterior probability (PP) of a separate partitioned Bayesian analysis; node support is indicated by BS/PP." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3527381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3527381/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE4CC37FCA7C0A6FBA0FF32" authority="Hookabe & Schwartz & Kajihara & Norenburg, 2019" authorityName="Hookabe & Schwartz & Kajihara & Norenburg" authorityYear="2019" box="[835,1042,153,179]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="wijnhoffae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FCA7C0A6FBA0FF32" box="[835,1042,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">Dushia wijnhoffae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FBFEC0A6FBC7FF32" bold="true" box="[1050,1141,153,179]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25D57DBFFE4CC37FBFEC0A6FBC7FF32" box="[1050,1141,153,179]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE4CC37FB49C0A6FAF6FF32" authorityName="Me." box="[1197,1348,153,179]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FB49C0A6FAF6FF32" box="[1197,1348,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">Dushia nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FEE5C082FE36FF56" bold="true" box="[257,388,189,215]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
showed a sister-taxon relation with full support values (100% bootstrap in ML; 1.0 posterior probability in BI), corroborating our taxonomic placement of the latter in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE4CC37FB60C0DEFB67FF7A" authorityName=", Diva Correa" authorityYear="1963" box="[1156,1237,225,251]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FB60C0DEFB67FF7A" box="[1156,1237,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">Dushia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They are further nested within a more extensive, well supported clade along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE4CC37FC89C13AFADFFE9E" authority="Kajihara, 2015" authorityName="Kajihara" authorityYear="2015" box="[877,1389,260,287]" class="Anopla" family="Gorgonorhynchidae" genus="Gorgonorhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="albocinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FC89C13AFB0DFE9E" box="[877,1215,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">Gorgonorhynchus albocinctus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE4CC37FB22C13AFADFFE9E" author="Kajihara, H." box="[1222,1389,260,287]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" pagination="92 - 102" refId="ref15506" refString="Kajihara, H. (2015) A histology-free description of the branched-proboscis ribbonworm Gorgonorhynchus albocinctus sp. nov. (Nemertea: Heteronemertea). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 43, 92 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 199852" type="journal article" year="2015">Kajihara, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE4CC37FF73C116FCF5FEC2" authority="(Coe, 1901) sensu Kvist et al. (2014)" authorityName="sensu Kvist et al." authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Coe" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[151,839,297,323]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="leucopsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FF73C116FE28FEC2" box="[151,410,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">Cerebratulus leucopsis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE4CC37FE4EC116FD92FEC2" author="Coe, W. R." box="[426,544,297,323]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" pagination="223 - 229" refId="ref14210" refString="Coe, W. R. (1901) The nemerteans of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries for 1900, 2, 223 - 229." type="journal article" year="1901">Coe, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FDD4C115FDDCFEC2" box="[560,622,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE4CC37FD92C116FCF5FEC2" author="Kvist, S. & Laumer, C. E. & Junoy, J. & Giribet, G." box="[630,839,297,323]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" pagination="287 - 308" refId="ref16053" refString="Kvist, S., Laumer, C. E., Junoy, J., & Giribet, G. (2014) New insights into the phylogeny, systematics and DNA barcoding of Nemertea. Invertebrate Systematics, 28, 287 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 13061" type="journal article" year="2014">Kvist et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The latter is represented by a specimen deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Harvard University, with the catalogue number MCZ IZ 135331. However, judging from the images taken in life and available at the MCZ (https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu), the specimen is not likely to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE4CC37FE2DC1AAFDE2FE2E" authorityName="sensu Kvist et al." authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Coe" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[457,592,405,431]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Cerebratulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="leucopsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FE2DC1AAFDE2FE2E" box="[457,592,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">C. leucopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as it had a uniformly pale orange body color. On the other hand,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE4CC37FAFBC1AAFA2EFE2E" author="Coe, W. R." box="[1311,1436,405,431]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" pagination="223 - 229" refId="ref14210" refString="Coe, W. R. (1901) The nemerteans of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries for 1900, 2, 223 - 229." type="journal article" year="1901">Coe (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
originally described that “As preserved in formalin the color is homogeneous slaty blue or purplish, with a tinge of gray, except on the head. The color of the head is similar to that of the body, but is clearer and not so grayish. The tip of the snout, both above and below, is pure white (at least after preservation in formalin)”. Our phylogeny indicates that branched proboscis has evolved independently multiple times in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE4CC37FC08C21AFB10FDBE" authorityName="Burger" authorityYear="1892" box="[1004,1186,549,575]" class="Anopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" phylum="Nemertea" rank="order">Heteronemertea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE4CC37FB36C21AFEAAFDE2" authorityName="Kajihara" authorityYear="2015" class="Anopla" family="Gorgonorhynchidae" genus="Gorgonorhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="albocinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FB36C21AFEAAFDE2" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">Gorgonorhynchus albocinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE4CC37FEABC276FC7BFDE2" authority="(Yin & Zeng, 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Yin & Zeng" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[335,969,585,611]" class="Anopla" family="Polybrachiorhynchidae" genus="Polydendrorhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="zhanjiangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FEABC276FD51FDE2" box="[335,739,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">Polydendrorhynchus zhanjiangensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE4CC37FD16C276FC73FDE2" author="Yin, Z. & Zeng, F." box="[754,961,585,611]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" pagination="51 - 58" refId="ref18075" refString="Yin, Z. & Zeng, F. (1984) The study of a new species of genus Dendrorhynchus - Dendrorhynchus zhanjiangensis, of lineid heteronemertean, possessing multibranched proboscis. Marine Science Bulletin, 3, 51 - 58." type="journal article" year="1984">Yin & Zeng, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not form a clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA536B2FFE4CC37FF23C252FCC8FCDE" blockId="21.[151,1437,153,863]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">
|
||
The western Pacific and Caribbean distribution of the genus may indicate that the lineage predates the rise of the Panamanian isthmus and spans the Pacific. Unfortunately, nemerteans are undersampled, especially from the Pacific coasts of the South and Central America, as well as the Pacific Islands including Polynesia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7622FFE4CC37FB7AC28AFAADFD4E" box="[1182,1311,693,719]" name="Micronesia" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Melanesia. From the Indo-Pacific, at least 14 nominal species have been described that possess a uniformly colored body without any distinctive color pattern, and are thus potentially members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D31FFE4CC37FC38C2C2FB9FFC96" authorityName=", Diva Correa" authorityYear="1963" box="[988,1069,765,791]" class="Anopla" family="Lineidae" genus="Dushia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Heteronemertea" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EEAA0FFE4CC37FC38C2C2FB9FFC96" box="[988,1069,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">Dushia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE4CC37FBDFC2C2FB7EFC96" author="Burger, O." box="[1083,1228,765,791]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" pagination="1 - 277" refId="ref13709" refString="Burger, O. (1890) Untersuchungen uber die Anatomie und Histologie der Nemertinen nebst Beitragen zur Systematik. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 50, 1 - 277." type="journal article" year="1890">Bürger 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE4CC37FB3CC2C2FACEFC96" author="Punnett, R. C." box="[1240,1404,765,791]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" pagination="569 - 584" refId="ref16602" refString="Punnett, R. C. (1900 a) On some South Pacific nemertines collected by Dr Willey. Zoological Results based on Material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere, Collected during the Years 1895, 1896 and 1897 by Arthur Willey, 5, 569 - 584." type="journal article" year="1900">Punnett 1900a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b, c, 1903;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE4CC37FF1CC31EFECBFCBA" author="Staub, J." box="[248,377,801,827]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" pagination="76 - 98" refId="ref17463" refString="Staub, J. (1900) Neue Nemertinen aus Amboina. Denkschriften der Medizinischnaturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 8, 76 - 98." type="journal article" year="1900">Staub 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE4CC37FE60C31EFD23FCBA" author="Punnett, R. C. & Cooper, C. F." box="[388,657,801,827]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref16719" refString="Punnett, R. C. & Cooper, C. F. (1909) On some nemerteans from the eastern Indian Ocean. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2, 13, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1909. tb 00405. x" type="journal article" year="1909">Punnett & Cooper 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B43FFE4CC37FD78C31EFCB9FCBA" author="Coe, W. R." box="[668,779,801,827]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" pagination="101 - 106" refId="ref14281" refString="Coe, W. R. (1947) Nemerteans of the Hawaiian and Marshall Islands. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 19, 101 - 106." type="journal article" year="1947">Coe 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6980309FFE4CC37FCF2C31EFCD9FCBA" box="[790,875,801,827]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="18.[151,244,548,575]" captionTargetBox="[163,1383,266,501]" captionText="TABLE 4. Lineid heteronemertean species that occur intertidially in the Indo-Pacific, with a body color being uniformly red, brown, or blackish (not whitish or greenish), having non-branched proboscis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C21BFBCCFDE2" pageId="21" pageNumber="354" tableUuid="DF65663AFFE3CC30FF73C21BFBCCFDE2">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Thorough investigations at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A18810FFE4CC37FB3DC31EFABBFCBA" box="[1241,1289,801,827]" pageId="21" pageNumber="354">type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities for those nominal species may reveal their actual systematic position.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |