287 lines
37 KiB
XML
287 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D739DBC0269778F627B1E787D82C7402">Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 5. Rodents</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C3269992FFBFFFD0FF805905FDF4FE58" box="[113,631,374,399]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FF805905FDF4FE58" ID-CoL="7WTFV" authority="Thomas, 1898" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[113,631,374,399]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus" subGenus="Hadrosciurus">
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<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FF805905FF43FE59" box="[113,192,375,398]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sciurus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FF215904FEDCFE59" box="[208,351,374,398]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hadrosciurus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FE815904FE54FE59" box="[368,471,374,398]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">pyrrhinus</emphasis>
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Thomas, 1898
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3269992FFBFFFD1FF5759DAFB3FF913" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBFFFD0FF5759DAFDC1FE17" blockId="28.[166,578,424,448]" box="[166,578,424,448]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<heading id="D0CB7D75FFBFFFD0FF5759DAFDC1FE17" box="[166,578,424,448]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="2">
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<figureCitation id="1307D69CFFBFFFD0FF5759DAFE9CFE17" box="[166,287,424,448]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[108,150,1005,1026]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,979]" captionTargetId="figure-271@12.[108,1212,224,979]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. Dorsal views of the forelimbs and head of Sciurus pyrrhinus (A, AMNH 73874) and a red-phase specimen of S. spadiceus (B, AMNH 73870). Whereas postauricular patches are always conspicuous in S. pyrrhinus, they are inconspicuous or absent in S. spadiceus. Head coloration (grizzled reddish in S. pyrrhinus, blackish in S. spadiceus) and forelimb coloration (clear orange in S. phyrrhinus, grizzled reddish in S. spadiceus) are other distinguishing external characters." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figures 4A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1307D69CFFBFFFD0FEDA59DAFECEFE17" box="[299,333,424,448]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[107,149,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[120,1203,229,957]" captionTargetId="figure-203@15.[107,1211,224,963]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 7. Anterodorsolateral view of the orbit in Sciurus pyrrhinus (A, AMNH 73864) and S. spadiceus (B, AMNH 272860) illustrating species differences in foraminal size and configuration. Abbreviations: als, alisphenoid; dpl, dorsal palatine foramen; fro, frontal; jug, jugal; max, maxillary; of, optic foramen; ors, orbitosphenoid; pal, palatine; spf, sphenofrontal foramen; spl, sphenopalatine foramen." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">7A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1307D69CFFBFFFD0FEA959DAFEF4FE17" box="[344,375,424,448]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[108,150,1662,1683]" captionTargetBox="[137,1181,227,1630]" captionTargetId="figure-11@16.[108,1212,224,1636]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 8. Dorsal cranial views illustrating size and other diagnostic features of five sympatric species of squirrels from the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve: Sciurus spadiceus (A, AMNH 268253), S. pyrrhinus (B, MUSM 13354), S. pachecoi (C, AMNH 73917), S. flaviventer (D, AMNH 268250), and Sciurillus pusillus (E, AMNH 272807)." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">8B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1307D69CFFBFFFD0FE7359DAFE65FE17" box="[386,486,424,448]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[108,149,1618,1639]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-49@19.[108,1212,224,1592]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 10. Dorsal and ventral cranial views of Sciurus pachecoi (A, D, AMNH 73917), S. pyrrhinus (B, E, MUSM 13354), and S. spadiceus (C, F, AMNH 268253). All views about ×1.2." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">10B, 10E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1307D69CFFBFFFD0FE0059DAFD9FFE17" box="[497,540,424,448]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[108,150,1363,1384]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,1335]" captionTargetId="figure-182@20.[108,1212,224,1335]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 11. Lateral cranial views of Sciurus pachecoi (A, AMNH 73917), S. pyrrhinus (B, MUSM 13354), and S. spadiceus (C, AMNH 268253). All views about ×1.1." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">11B</figureCitation>
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, 13
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBFFFD0FF7D59A8FE93FD40" blockId="28.[108,637,474,1357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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VOUCHER MATERIAL (
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<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FE7959A8FE18FE26" box="[392,411,474,497]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N</emphasis>
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= 22): Jenaro Herrera (MUSM 23833), Marupa (AMNH 98430), Nuevo
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<collectingRegion id="49F804FBFFBFFFD0FF385A6EFEBBFDE4" box="[201,312,540,564]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" name="San Juan/Laventille" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">San Juan</collectingRegion>
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(AMNH 272859; MUSM 11192, 13354), Orosa (AMNH 73864, 73865, 73868, 73869, 73871–73874, 73877, 74057, 74059–74065).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBFFFD0FF7D5AD2FF76FCEB" blockId="28.[108,637,474,1357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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UNVOUCHERED OBSERVATIONS: Choncó (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FF855AB3FE9AFD0E" author="Amanzo, J." box="[116,281,705,729]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref84909" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Itia Tëbu (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FE6C5AB3FDC0FD0E" author="Amanzo, J." box="[413,579,705,729]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref84909" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Río Yavarí (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FF4F5A90FE2BFD2D" author="Salovaara, K. & R. Bodmer & M. Recharte & C. Reyes" box="[190,424,738,762]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="156 - 164" refId="ref91568" refString="Salovaara, K., R. Bodmer, M. Recharte, and C. Reyes F. 2003. Diversity and abundance of mammals. In N. Pitman et al. (editors), Peru: Yavari (Rapid Biological Inventories 11): 156 - 164. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2003">Salovaara et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
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), Río Yavarí-Mirím (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FF855B71FEFCFCCC" author="Salovaara, K. & R. Bodmer & M. Recharte & C. Reyes" box="[116,383,771,795]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="156 - 164" refId="ref91568" refString="Salovaara, K., R. Bodmer, M. Recharte, and C. Reyes F. 2003. Diversity and abundance of mammals. In N. Pitman et al. (editors), Peru: Yavari (Rapid Biological Inventories 11): 156 - 164. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2003">Salovaara et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="F32B8A89FFBFFFD0FE685B71FD90FCCC" box="[409,531,771,795]" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">San Pedro</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FDD85B71FF20FCEB" author="Valqui, M." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="343 - 349" refId="ref92716" refString="Valqui, M. 1999. Inventario de mamiferos de San Pedro del Rio Blanco, Loreto, Peru. Colaboracion entre la poblacion local y profesionales. In Manejo y conservacion de fauna silvestre en America Latina: 343 - 349. Santa Cruz (Bolivia): Museo Noel Kempff Mercado." type="book chapter" year="1999">Valqui, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FF5E5B56FF6AFCEB" author="Valqui, M. H." box="[175,233,804,828]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref92770" refString="Valqui, M. H. 2001. Mammal diversity and ecology of terrestrial small rodents in western Amazonia. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBFFFD0FF7D5B34FDDEFA9A" blockId="28.[108,637,474,1357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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IDENTIFICATION: Specimens and sightings of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FF9D5B15FEA7FCA9" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[108,292,870,894]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
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<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FF9D5B15FEA7FCA9" box="[108,292,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sciurus pyrrhinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from our region have long been identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FF0D5BFAFE0BFC48" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1842" box="[252,392,904,927]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="igniventris">
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||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FF0D5BFAFE0BFC48" box="[252,392,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">S. igniventris</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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(e.g., by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FE035BFAFDFBFC77" author="Patton, J. L." box="[498,632,904,928]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="53 - 72" refId="ref89858" refString="Patton, J. L. 1984. Systematic status of large squirrels (subgenus Urosciurus) of the western Amazon Basin. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 19: 53 - 72." type="journal article" year="1984">Patton 1984</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FF9D5BDBFED8FC16" author="Salovaara, K. & R. Bodmer & M. Recharte & C. Reyes" box="[108,347,937,961]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="156 - 164" refId="ref91568" refString="Salovaara, K., R. Bodmer, M. Recharte, and C. Reyes F. 2003. Diversity and abundance of mammals. In N. Pitman et al. (editors), Peru: Yavari (Rapid Biological Inventories 11): 156 - 164. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2003">Salovaara et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FE9B5BDBFD8FFC16" author="Amanzo, J." box="[362,524,937,961]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref84909" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FDEA5BDBFECDFC35" author="Sanchez-Vendizu, P. & L. Graham-Angeles & S. Diaz & V. Pacheco" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref91672" refString="Sanchez-Vendizu, P., L. Graham-Angeles, S. Diaz, and V. Pacheco. 2021. Diversidad y estado de conservacion de pequenos mamiferos de Loreto, Peru. Revista Peruana de Biologia 28 (especial): e 21907 (56 pp.)." type="book" year="2021">Sánchez-Vendizú et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Although we follow
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FDB85BB8FEF2FBD4" author="Vivo, M. de & A. P. Carmignotto" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref92892" refString="Vivo, M. de, and A. P. Carmignotto. 2015. Family Sciuridae G. Fischer, 1817. In J. L. Patton, U. F. J. Pardinas, and G. D'Elia (editors), Mammals of South America, vol. 2: Rodents: 1 - 48. Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book chapter" year="2015">Vivo and Carmignotto (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FE565B99FDFFFBD4" author="Abreu, E. F. de, Jr." box="[423,636,1003,1027]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref84707" refString="Abreu, E. F. de, Jr., et al. 2020 b. Museomics of tree squirrels: a dense taxon sampling of mitogenomes reveals hidden diversity, phenotypic convergence, and the need of a taxonomic overhaul. BMC Evolutionary Biology 20: 77 (25 pp.)." type="book" year="2020">Abreu et al. (2020b)</bibRefCitation>
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||
by treating
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<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FF1B5C7EFEE9FBF3" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[234,362,1036,1060]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
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||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FF1B5C7EFEE9FBF3" box="[234,362,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">S. pyrrhinus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FE555C7EFDAEFBF3" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1842" box="[420,557,1036,1060]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="igniventris">
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||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FE555C7EFDAEFBF3" box="[420,557,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">S. igniventris</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
as distinct species, we are not convinced that they are consistently diagnosable morphologically. Additional analyses of sequence data and close study of pelage traits are needed to better document current taxonomic distinctions. As recognized in this report,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FF4D5CA1FEF6FB3D" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[188,373,1234,1258]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FF4D5CA1FEF6FB3D" box="[188,373,1234,1258]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sciurus pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a geographically variable species that occurs north and south of the Amazon and includes the nominal taxa
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FDC65D66FE93FA9A" authority="Thomas, 1900 a" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cocalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FDC65D66FDFFFAFB" box="[567,636,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">cocalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FF9D5D47FE93FA9A" author="Thomas, O." box="[108,272,1333,1357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="137 - 139" refId="ref92319" refString="Thomas, O. 1900 a. On giant squirrels from the Amazonian region. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (ser. 7) 6: 137 - 139." type="journal article" year="1900">Thomas, 1900a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FEB85D47FE39FA9A" box="[329,442,1333,1357]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">fulminatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FE305D47FDDAFA9A" author="Thomas, O." box="[449,601,1333,1357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="635 - 639" refId="ref92517" refString="Thomas, O. 1926. On some mammals from the middle Amazons. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (ser. 9) 17: 635 - 639." type="journal article" year="1926">Thomas, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBFFFD0FF7D5D0FFE5BF91E" blockId="28.[108,637,1405,1737]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<superScript id="7C496751FFBFFFD0FF7D5D0FFF10FA5E" attach="right" box="[140,147,1405,1417]" fontSize="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">8</superScript>
|
||
The type series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FEC45D0CFE55FA47" authorityName=", Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[309,470,1406,1424]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Macroxus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irroratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FEC45D0CFE55FA47" box="[309,470,1406,1424]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Macroxus irroratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected by E. Bartlett on the “Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F804FBFFBFFFD0FECE5DE4FE03FA7E" box="[319,384,1430,1449]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
|
||
” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FE645DE4FDA5FA7E" author="Gray, J. E." box="[405,550,1430,1449]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="415 - 434" refId="ref87566" refString="Gray, J. E. 1867. Synopsis of the species of American squirrels in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (ser. 3) 20: 415 - 434." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray, 1867: 431</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FDC95DE4FF42FA16" author="Thomas, O." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="40 - 44" refId="ref92284" refString="Thomas, O. 1899. On some small mammals from the district of Cuzco, Peru. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (ser. 7) 3: 40 - 44." type="journal article" year="1899">Thomas (1899: 40)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
remarked that these specimens were “probably from near Sarayacu” (a town on the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F804FBFFBFFFD0FE7E5DB4FE53FA0E" box="[399,464,1478,1497]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
|
||
in modern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F804FBFFBFFFD0FDB25DB4FDFFFA0E" box="[579,636,1478,1497]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||
department), but he cited no evidence for this inference, and none has come to light subsequently. In the absence of other indications, it would seem reasonable to assume that Bartlett’s “Upper
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F804FBFFBFFFD0FF5E5E54FF6CF9EE" box="[175,239,1574,1593]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
|
||
” corresponds to the “Alto
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F804FBFFBFFFD0FE3F5E54FD8DF9EE" box="[462,526,1574,1593]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
|
||
” of Peruvian usage, a term that denotes the river above its confluence with the Río Pachitea, a left-bank tributary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBFFFD0FE455E24FDF0F9BE" author="Faura-Gaig, G. S." box="[436,627,1622,1641]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref86995" refString="Faura-Gaig, G. S. 1964. Los rios de la Amazonia peruana. Callao: Colegio Militar Leoncino Prado." type="book" year="1964">Faura-Gaig, 1964: 287</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This portion of the river lies entirely within the modern department of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F804FBFFBFFFD0FF1F5EF4FEB3F94E" box="[238,304,1670,1689]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
|
||
. BMNH 66.3.28.8 is currently labelled as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548774BBFFBFFFD0FF525EECFF71F966" box="[163,242,1694,1713]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but we can find no published record that any of Gray’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="548774BBFFBFFFD0FF4C5EC4FE84F91E" box="[189,263,1718,1737]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
has been so designated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBFFFD0FD3D5890FCCDFCDD" blockId="28.[684,1213,226,1737]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FC895890FBC0FF2D" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[888,1091,226,250]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FC895890FBC0FF2D" box="[888,1091,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sciurus pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve are large (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC467FCFFBFFFD0FBCD5971FB37FECC" box="[1084,1204,259,283]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.8" metricValueMax="7.15" metricValueMin="6.45" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="g" value="680.0" valueMax="715.0" valueMin="645.0">645–715 g</quantity>
|
||
) squirrels that are uniformly grizzled reddish or reddish brown from crown to rump (none of the skins from our region are melanistic). Additionally, all examined specimens have bright orange postauricular patches (fig. 4A). The fore- and hind feet are always covered with self-orange fur, and the ventral pelage is uniformly pale orange. The fur at the base of the tail is often much darker than the dorsal body fur (almost blackish in some individuals), but the rest of the tail is conspicuously orange, although variously streaked or mottled with black in some specimens. Every examined parous female specimen with countable mammae in our material (
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FB845AA0FB0BFD3E" box="[1141,1160,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 7) has eight teats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBFFFD0FD3D5B66FB8DFA89" blockId="28.[684,1213,226,1737]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Skulls of this species have a relatively short, broad rostrum and, like other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FD5D5B24FCC3FCB9" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1915" box="[684,832,854,878]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Hadrosciurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FD5D5B24FCC3FCB9" box="[684,832,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hadrosciurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, only a single premolar in each upper cheektooth row. None of the specimens that we scored for cranial character variation has a distinct sagittal crest on the interparietal, and all of them have separate (not confluent) sphenopalatine and dorsal palatine foramina (fig. 7A). Additionally, most specimens (17 out of 18 scored) exhibit bilateral alisphenoid-parietal contact (AMNH 272859 has narrow squamosal-frontal contact on the right side), and most (13 of 19) have an accessory oval foramen on each side (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3A0190FFBFFFD0FBEE5CB0FB3FFB0D" box="[1055,1212,1218,1242]" count="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
lack this foramen on one or both sides). The sphenopalatine vacuities in the roof of the mesopterygoid fossa are very small or absent in all the specimens we examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBFFFD0FD3D5D15FB3FF9B1" blockId="28.[684,1213,226,1737]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The only other squirrel in our region with which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FD095DFAFC34FA77" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[760,951,1416,1440]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FD095DFAFC34FA77" box="[760,951,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sciurus pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could possibly be confused is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FCF85DDBFC0BFA16" box="[777,904,1449,1473]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FCF85DDBFC0BFA16" box="[777,904,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although these species are similar in size (table 7), they are easily distinguished with specimens in hand.
|
||
<superScript id="7C496751FFBFFFD0FBC05D9BFBB9FA2D" attach="left" box="[1073,1082,1513,1530]" fontSize="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">9</superScript>
|
||
Red-phase specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FCA05E7FFC5BF9F3" box="[849,984,1548,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FCA05E7FFC5BF9F3" box="[849,984,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have much darker (sometimes almost blackish) fur on the crown of the head, lack conspicuous postauricular patches,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBFFFD0FD3D5EF7FC31F91E" blockId="28.[684,1213,226,1737]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<superScript id="7C496751FFBFFFD0FD3D5EF7FD50F946" attach="right" box="[716,723,1669,1681]" fontSize="5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">9</superScript>
|
||
Field identifications of free-ranging individuals are more problematic, although blackish individuals in our region seem to always be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBFFFD0FCEA5EC4FC2EF91E" box="[795,941,1718,1737]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBFFFD0FCEA5EC4FC2EF91E" box="[795,941,1718,1737]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sciurus spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF439A91FFBEFFD1FF9D5CDAFB22FB0C" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[108,149,1192,1213]" targetBox="[108,1212,229,1164]" targetPageId="29" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBEFFD1FF9D5CDAFB22FB0C" blockId="29.[108,1212,1190,1244]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
FIG. 15. Ventral views of skins of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBEFFD1FE4B5CD4FDDEFB69" authorityName="Voss & Fleck & Jansa" authorityYear="2019" box="[442,605,1190,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pachecoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBEFFD1FE4B5CD4FDDEFB69" box="[442,605,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sciurus pachecoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(left three specimens: LSUMZ 28416; AMNH 75278, 74081) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBEFFD1FF685CB6FF76FB0C" box="[153,245,1220,1243]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ignitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBEFFD1FF685CB6FF76FB0C" box="[153,245,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">S. ignitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(right three specimens: AMNH 76326; KU 140267, 140173) from Loreto department, Peru.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBEFFD1FF9D5C8CFBCEFAAE" blockId="29.[108,637,1278,1732]" lastBlockId="29.[684,1212,1278,1732]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
have grizzled-brownish (rather than self-orange) fore- and hind feet, and have more abundantly black-streaked tails. Skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBEFFD1FE4C5D32FDC3FA8F" box="[445,576,1344,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBEFFD1FE4C5D32FDC3FA8F" box="[445,576,1344,1368]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have longer and narrower rostrums than skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBEFFD1FD985D13FF52FA4D" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBEFFD1FD985D13FF52FA4D" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">S. pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a difference that is visually obvious in side by side cranial comparisons (figs. 8, 10), and which is reflected in nonoverlapping measurements of diastemal length (LD, table 7). Additionally, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBEFFD1FF4F5E75FEBFF9C9" box="[190,316,1542,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBEFFD1FF4F5E75FEBFF9C9" box="[190,316,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the left and right temporalis scars usually converge to form a distinct sagittal crest on the interparietal bone (fig. 8A), the sphenopalatine and dorsal palatine foramina in the medial wall of the orbit are usually confluent (fig. 7B), and the sphenopalatine openings in the roof of the mesopterygoid fossa are always large. On average,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBEFFD1FCFF5D6DFC11FAE0" box="[782,914,1311,1335]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBEFFD1FCFF5D6DFC11FAE0" box="[782,914,1311,1335]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has deeper lower incisors than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBEFFD1FD145D32FCE7FA8F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[741,868,1344,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBEFFD1FD145D32FCE7FA8F" box="[741,868,1344,1368]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">S. pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although there is some species overlap in this dimension (DI, table 7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FFBEFFD1FD3D5DF0FB3FF913" blockId="29.[684,1212,1278,1732]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Of the two subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBEFFD1FC065DF1FB3FFA4D" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[1015,1212,1410,1434]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBEFFD1FC065DF1FB3FFA4D" box="[1015,1212,1410,1434]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sciurus pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBEFFD1FCB85DD1FB0FFA6C" author="Vivo, M. de & A. P. Carmignotto" box="[841,1164,1443,1467]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref92892" refString="Vivo, M. de, and A. P. Carmignotto. 2015. Family Sciuridae G. Fischer, 1817. In J. L. Patton, U. F. J. Pardinas, and G. D'Elia (editors), Mammals of South America, vol. 2: Rodents: 1 - 48. Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book chapter" year="2015">Vivo and Carmignotto (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, our material closely resembles
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBEFFD1FC3D5DB7FBF2FA0B" box="[972,1137,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">S. p. fulminatus</emphasis>
|
||
in size and pelage traits based on our examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548774BBFFBEFFD1FD265E74FCB5F9C9" box="[727,822,1542,1566]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(BMNH 20.7.1.1) and other specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBEFFD1FCD15E55FC1BF9E8" box="[800,920,1575,1599]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">fulminatus</emphasis>
|
||
, which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FFBEFFD1FBF75E55FB3FF9E8" author="Thomas, O." box="[1030,1212,1575,1599]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="635 - 639" refId="ref92517" refString="Thomas, O. 1926. On some mammals from the middle Amazons. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (ser. 9) 17: 635 - 639." type="journal article" year="1926">Thomas (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described from the lower Rio Negro, Amazonas state,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B8A89FFBEFFD1FD005E18FCB6F955" box="[753,821,1642,1666]" name="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. By contrast, our material differs from the type (BMNH 97.10.3.12) and other specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFFBEFFD1FCB85EDEFC6EF913" box="[841,1005,1708,1732]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
S. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFFBEFFD1FC755EDEFC6EF913" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[900,1005,1708,1732]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">pyrrhinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from the Andean
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |