270 lines
36 KiB
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270 lines
36 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E0C40163C52187E85B4CB780BFEC72FC">Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 5. Rodents</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8AD6E92E75A80EEB2A4761A1601CEB0D">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6461A2768325E22E5444A0C9A9FD4A82">Jansa, Sharon A.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C3269992FF83FFECFD425890FB35FF2D" box="[691,1206,226,250]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF83FFECFD425890FB35FF2D" ID-CoL="7WTGJ" authority="(Olfers, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[691,1206,226,250]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus" subGenus="Hadrosciurus">
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<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFD425890FC81FF2E" box="[691,770,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sciurus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFCE35890FC22FF2D" box="[786,929,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hadrosciurus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFC435890FB94FF2D" box="[946,1047,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">spadiceus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFBD75890FB2DFF2D" author="Olfers, I. von" box="[1062,1198,226,250]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="192 - 237" refId="ref89505" refString="Olfers, I. von. 1818. Bemerkungen zu Illiger's Ueberblick der Saugthiere nach ihrer Vertheilung uber die Welttheile, rucksichtlich der Sudamericanischen Arten (Species). In W. L. von Eschwege (editor), Journal von Brasilien, oder Vermischte nachrichten aus Brasilien, auf wissenschaftlichen Reisen gesammelt, Abhandlung 10: 192 - 237. Weimar: Im Verlage des Gr. H. S. priv. Landes-Industries-Comptoirs." type="journal article" year="1818">Olfers, 1818</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3269992FF83FFEDFD165961FBD0FCFB" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B83CA19FF83FFECFD165961FB02FEFC" blockId="32.[743,1153,275,299]" box="[743,1153,275,299]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<heading id="D0CB7D75FF83FFECFD165961FB02FEFC" box="[743,1153,275,299]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" reason="2">
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||
<figureCitation id="1307D69CFF83FFECFD165961FCDEFEFC" box="[743,861,275,299]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[108,150,1005,1026]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,979]" captionTargetId="figure-271@12.[108,1212,224,979]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 4. Dorsal views of the forelimbs and head of Sciurus pyrrhinus (A, AMNH 73874) and a red-phase specimen of S. spadiceus (B, AMNH 73870). Whereas postauricular patches are always conspicuous in S. pyrrhinus, they are inconspicuous or absent in S. spadiceus. Head coloration (grizzled reddish in S. pyrrhinus, blackish in S. spadiceus) and forelimb coloration (clear orange in S. phyrrhinus, grizzled reddish in S. spadiceus) are other distinguishing external characters." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figures 4B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1307D69CFF83FFECFC985966FC0BFEFC" box="[873,904,276,299]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[107,149,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[120,1203,229,957]" captionTargetId="figure-203@15.[107,1211,224,963]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 7. Anterodorsolateral view of the orbit in Sciurus pyrrhinus (A, AMNH 73864) and S. spadiceus (B, AMNH 272860) illustrating species differences in foraminal size and configuration. Abbreviations: als, alisphenoid; dpl, dorsal palatine foramen; fro, frontal; jug, jugal; max, maxillary; of, optic foramen; ors, orbitosphenoid; pal, palatine; spf, sphenofrontal foramen; spl, sphenopalatine foramen." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">7B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1307D69CFF83FFECFC625961FC36FEFC" box="[915,949,275,299]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[108,150,1662,1683]" captionTargetBox="[137,1181,227,1630]" captionTargetId="figure-11@16.[108,1212,224,1636]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 8. Dorsal cranial views illustrating size and other diagnostic features of five sympatric species of squirrels from the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve: Sciurus spadiceus (A, AMNH 268253), S. pyrrhinus (B, MUSM 13354), S. pachecoi (C, AMNH 73917), S. flaviventer (D, AMNH 268250), and Sciurillus pusillus (E, AMNH 272807)." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">8A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1307D69CFF83FFECFC315961FBA1FEFC" box="[960,1058,275,299]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[108,149,1618,1639]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-49@19.[108,1212,224,1592]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 10. Dorsal and ventral cranial views of Sciurus pachecoi (A, D, AMNH 73917), S. pyrrhinus (B, E, MUSM 13354), and S. spadiceus (C, F, AMNH 268253). All views about ×1.2." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">10C, 10F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1307D69CFF83FFECFBDC5961FBD8FEFC" box="[1069,1115,275,299]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[108,150,1363,1384]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,1335]" captionTargetId="figure-182@20.[108,1212,224,1335]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 11. Lateral cranial views of Sciurus pachecoi (A, AMNH 73917), S. pyrrhinus (B, MUSM 13354), and S. spadiceus (C, AMNH 268253). All views about ×1.1." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">11C</figureCitation>
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, 13
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B83CA19FF83FFECFD3D5937FBC3FD3E" blockId="32.[684,1213,325,1738]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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VOUCHER MATERIAL (
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<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFC205934FC67FE8A" box="[977,996,326,349]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
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= 41): Boca Río Yaquerana (FMNH 88969–88971), Bombo (AMNH 98424, 98425), Marupa (AMNH 98434, 98435), Nuevo
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<collectingRegion id="49F804FBFF83FFECFCBC59DAFC2AFE17" box="[845,937,424,448]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" name="San Juan/Laventille" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">San Juan</collectingRegion>
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(AMNH 268253, 272825, 272860; MUSM 13355), Orosa (AMNH 73863, 73866, 73867, 73870, 73875–73888, 74059, 74061, 74063), Quebrada Esperanza (FMNH 88972, 88973), Quebrada Vainilla (LSUMZ 28413, 28414), Río Blanco (AMNH 98406),
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<collectingRegion id="49F804FBFF83FFECFBAA5A3CFD71FD51" country="Trinidad and Tobago" name="San Fernando" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">San Fernando</collectingRegion>
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||
(FMNH 88967, 88968), Santa Cecilia (FMNH 87170, 87171). Additionally,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFBAC5AFDFD70FD1E" author="Pavlinov, I. J." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="296 - 299" refId="ref90512" refString="Pavlinov, I. J. 1994. Mammals of Peruvian Amazonia in collection of Zoological Museum of Moscow [in Russian]. In V. E. Sokolov (editor), Mammals of Peruvian Amazonia: 296 - 299. Moscow: Nauka." type="book chapter" year="1994">Pavlinov (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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reported three ZMMU specimens from Jenaro Herrera that we have not seen.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B83CA19FF83FFECFD3D5A81FCB9FC25" blockId="32.[684,1213,325,1738]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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UNVOUCHERED OBSERVATIONS: Actiamë (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFD455B66FCE5FCFB" author="Amanzo, J." box="[692,870,788,812]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref84909" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="F32B8A89FF83FFECFC8F5B66FC59FCFB" box="[894,986,788,812]" name="Anguilla" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Anguila</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFC1F5B66FD69FC9A" author="Escobedo-Torres, M." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="320 - 328" refId="ref86907" refString="Escobedo-Torres, M. 2015. Mamiferos / Mammals. In N. Pitman et al. (editors), Peru: Tapiche-Blanco (Rapid Biological and Social Inventories Report 27): 142 - 151, 320 - 328, and 472 - 485. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2015">Escobedo-Torres, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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), Choncó (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFC725B47FBC1FC9A" author="Amanzo, J." box="[899,1090,821,845]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref84909" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Divisor (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFD455B24FC48FCB9" author="Jorge, M. L. S. P. & P. M. Velazco" box="[692,971,854,878]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="274 - 284" refId="ref88350" refString="Jorge, M. L. S. P., and P. M. Velazco. 2006. Mammals. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Sierra del Divisor (Rapid Biological Inventories 17): 196 - 204, 274 - 284. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Jorge and Velazco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Itia Tëbu (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFBA55B24FD6BFC58" author="Amanzo, J." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref84909" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Río Yavarí (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFC755B05FBFCFC58" author="Salovaara, K. & R. Bodmer & M. Recharte & C. Reyes" box="[900,1151,887,911]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="156 - 164" refId="ref91568" refString="Salovaara, K., R. Bodmer, M. Recharte, and C. Reyes F. 2003. Diversity and abundance of mammals. In N. Pitman et al. (editors), Peru: Yavari (Rapid Biological Inventories 11): 156 - 164. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2003">Salovaara et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
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||
), Río Yavarí-Mirím (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFCA65BEAFBCCFC67" author="Salovaara, K. & R. Bodmer & M. Recharte & C. Reyes" box="[855,1103,920,944]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="156 - 164" refId="ref91568" refString="Salovaara, K., R. Bodmer, M. Recharte, and C. Reyes F. 2003. Diversity and abundance of mammals. In N. Pitman et al. (editors), Peru: Yavari (Rapid Biological Inventories 11): 156 - 164. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2003">Salovaara et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
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||
), Tapiche (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFD455BCBFC4CFC06" author="Jorge, M. L. S. P. & P. M. Velazco" box="[692,975,953,977]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="274 - 284" refId="ref88350" refString="Jorge, M. L. S. P., and P. M. Velazco. 2006. Mammals. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Sierra del Divisor (Rapid Biological Inventories 17): 196 - 204, 274 - 284. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Jorge and Velazco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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),
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||
<collectingCountry id="F32B8A89FF83FFECFC155BCBFBDBFC06" box="[996,1112,953,977]" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">San Pedro</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFB995BCBFD66FC25" author="Valqui, M." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="343 - 349" refId="ref92716" refString="Valqui, M. 1999. Inventario de mamiferos de San Pedro del Rio Blanco, Loreto, Peru. Colaboracion entre la poblacion local y profesionales. In Manejo y conservacion de fauna silvestre en America Latina: 343 - 349. Santa Cruz (Bolivia): Museo Noel Kempff Mercado." type="book chapter" year="1999">Valqui, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF83FFECFD035BA8FCADFC25" author="Valqui, M. H." box="[754,814,986,1010]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref92770" refString="Valqui, M. H. 2001. Mammal diversity and ecology of terrestrial small rodents in western Amazonia. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville." type="book" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B83CA19FF83FFECFD3D5B89FB99F91D" blockId="32.[684,1213,325,1738]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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||
IDENTIFICATION:
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF83FFECFC7D5B8EFBC4FBC4" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[908,1095,1019,1043]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
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||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFC7D5B8EFBC4FBC4" box="[908,1095,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sciurus spadiceus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
is another large (
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||
<quantity id="4CC467FCFF83FFECFD005C6EFCE4FBE2" box="[753,871,1052,1077]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.115" metricValueMax="6.83" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="g" value="611.5" valueMax="683.0" valueMin="540.0">540–683 g</quantity>
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||
) squirrel, equivalent in size to sympatric
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF83FFECFCD25C4CFC2AFB82" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[803,937,1085,1109]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
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||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFCD25C4CFC2AFB82" box="[803,937,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. pyrrhinus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, but differing from that species in several external and craniodental traits (table 2). The most conspicuous difference is coloration: whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF83FFECFC965CD3FC6BFB6F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[871,1000,1184,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFC965CD3FC6BFB6F" box="[871,1000,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is consistently reddish in our region, most individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF83FFECFB585CB0FC91FB2C" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFB585CB0FC91FB2C" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(30 of 38 examined skins and fluid-preserved specimens) are melanistic, with black or grizzled-blackish fur. Red-phase individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF83FFECFD5D5D34FCAEFA89" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[684,813,1350,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFD5D5D34FCAEFA89" box="[684,813,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be mistaken for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF83FFECFBC95D34FB3FFA89" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[1080,1212,1350,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFBC95D34FB3FFA89" box="[1080,1212,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at a distance, but the crown of the head is darker in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF83FFECFD3F5DFAFCD6FA77" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[718,853,1416,1440]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFD3F5DFAFCD6FA77" box="[718,853,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and postauricular patches are absent or indistinct (fig. 4B); additionally, the dorsal fur of red-phase
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF83FFECFC5C5DB9FBAEFA35" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[941,1069,1482,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFC5C5DB9FBAEFA35" box="[941,1069,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is duller and more conspicuously grizzled than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF83FFECFB845D9EFD73F9F3" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFB845D9EFD73F9F3" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the distal limbs and feet are grizzled reddish rather than clear red or orange (fig. 13). As in other species in the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF83FFECFBA35E3CFD5FF950" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hadrosciurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFBA35E3CFD5FF950" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hadrosciurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, most females with countable mammae (
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF83FFECFB585E02FB3FF950" box="[1193,1212,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 14) have eight teats (one fluid-preserved specimen, AMNH 272860, has seven).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FF82FFEDFF7D5890FEE0FC25" blockId="33.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFF7D5890FEC5FF2D" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[140,326,226,250]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFF7D5890FEC5FF2D" box="[140,326,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sciurus spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a visibly longer rostrum than other squirrels in our region (figs. 8, 10), and diastemal length (LD, table 7) is sufficient to distinguish skulls of this species from those of sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFF145914FEEFFEA9" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[229,364,358,382]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFF145914FEEFFEA9" box="[229,364,358,382]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, the right and left temporalis scars converge to form a small but distinct sagittal crest on the interparietal of most specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFE7E59BBFD93FE36" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[399,528,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFE7E59BBFD93FE36" box="[399,528,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(29 of 32 scored for this character; fig. 8A), another unusual trait. Other distinctive cranial features include consistently large sphenopalatine vacuities in the roof of the mesopterygoid fossa and a large sphenopalatine foramen in the orbit that is usually confluent with the dorsal palatine foramen (in 37 of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3A0190FF82FFEDFEE95AC3FE31FD1F" box="[280,434,688,713]" count="40" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="generic">40 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
) and that usually exceeds the optic foramen in diameter (fig. 7B). An accessory oval foramen is present bilaterally in most specimens (33 of 37), and most specimens (33 of 40) exhibit bilateral alisphenoid-parietal contact. The lower incisors are remarkably deep in proportion to their width and, as in other species of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFDDE5BEAFF34FC06" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hadrosciurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFDDE5BEAFF34FC06" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hadrosciurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only a single premolar is present in each upper cheektooth row.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FF82FFEDFF7D5B89FC3FFDB2" blockId="33.[108,637,226,1738]" lastBlockId="33.[684,1213,226,1242]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA sequences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF82FFEDFF825C6EFECAFBE3" author="Abreu, E. F. de, Jr." box="[115,329,1052,1076]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref84707" refString="Abreu, E. F. de, Jr., et al. 2020 b. Museomics of tree squirrels: a dense taxon sampling of mitogenomes reveals hidden diversity, phenotypic convergence, and the need of a taxonomic overhaul. BMC Evolutionary Biology 20: 77 (25 pp.)." type="book" year="2020">Abreu et al., 2020b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFE155C6FFF19FB82" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFE155C6FFF19FB82" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sciurus spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits little phylogeographic structure across its enormous geographic range, so it seems unlikely that the subspecies recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF82FFEDFF9D5CD3FE37FB6F" author="Vivo, M. de & A. P. Carmignotto" box="[108,436,1184,1209]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref92892" refString="Vivo, M. de, and A. P. Carmignotto. 2015. Family Sciuridae G. Fischer, 1817. In J. L. Patton, U. F. J. Pardinas, and G. D'Elia (editors), Mammals of South America, vol. 2: Rodents: 1 - 48. Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book chapter" year="2015">Vivo and Carmignotto (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are evolutionarily significant taxa. However, it is relevant to point out that the trinomial nomenclature proposed by those authors is based on the assumption that the type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFECA5D57FE3AFAEA" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[315,441,1317,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFECA5D57FE3AFAEA" box="[315,441,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the Brazilian state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F804FBFF82FFEDFF345D34FED6FA89" box="[197,341,1350,1374]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
|
||
, which cannot possibly be correct.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF82FFEDFF375D15FED4FAA8" author="Olfers, I. von" box="[198,343,1383,1407]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="192 - 237" refId="ref89505" refString="Olfers, I. von. 1818. Bemerkungen zu Illiger's Ueberblick der Saugthiere nach ihrer Vertheilung uber die Welttheile, rucksichtlich der Sudamericanischen Arten (Species). In W. L. von Eschwege (editor), Journal von Brasilien, oder Vermischte nachrichten aus Brasilien, auf wissenschaftlichen Reisen gesammelt, Abhandlung 10: 192 - 237. Weimar: Im Verlage des Gr. H. S. priv. Landes-Industries-Comptoirs." type="journal article" year="1818">Olfers (1818)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFD985D15FF52FA77" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFD985D15FF52FA77" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on ZMB material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B8A89FF82FFEDFE2E5DFAFDA2FA77" box="[479,545,1416,1440]" name="Brazil" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but the only specimens of Brazilian mammals in the ZMB collection prior to 1818 were either collected by Francisco Agostinho Gomes in the Atlantic Forest or by Friedrich Wilhelm Sieber in eastern Amazonia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF82FFEDFECF5E5FFDF2F992" author="Voss, R. S. & R. Angermann" box="[318,625,1581,1606]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref93167" refString="Voss, R. S., and R. Angermann. 1997. Revisionary notes on Neotropical porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). I. Type material described by Olfers (1818) and Kuhl (1820) in the Berlin Zoological Museum. American Museum Novitates 3214: 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1997">Voss and Angermann, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The likeliest place where Olfers’ type material was collected—consistent with the geographic range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFF265EE3FEDEF97E" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[215,349,1681,1705]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFF265EE3FEDEF97E" box="[215,349,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF82FFEDFE815EE3FF26F91E" author="Vivo, M. de & A. P. Carmignotto" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref92892" refString="Vivo, M. de, and A. P. Carmignotto. 2015. Family Sciuridae G. Fischer, 1817. In J. L. Patton, U. F. J. Pardinas, and G. D'Elia (editors), Mammals of South America, vol. 2: Rodents: 1 - 48. Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book chapter" year="2015">Vivo and Carmignotto, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: map 7) and Sieber’s known itinerary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF82FFEDFD425890FC08FF2D" author="Papavero, N." box="[691,907,226,250]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref89821" refString="Papavero, N. 1971. Essays on Neotropical dipterology, with special reference to collectors (1750 - 1905), 2 vols. Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo." type="book" year="1971">Papavero, 1971: 48</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)—is somewhere along the right (south) bank of the Amazon west of the Tapajós or along the left (west) bank of the Tapajós itself. In fact, Olfers’ (1818: 208) description
|
||
<superScript id="7C496751FF82FFEDFB5A5930FB3FFE84" attach="left" box="[1195,1212,322,339]" fontSize="7" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">10</superScript>
|
||
better fits the coloration of specimens from the lower Tapajós (in the AMNH) than that of specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F804FBFF82FFEDFCC159DBFC3CFE17" box="[816,959,424,448]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
|
||
(as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF82FFEDFB7859DAFC29FE36" author="Vivo, M. de & A. P. Carmignotto" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref92892" refString="Vivo, M. de, and A. P. Carmignotto. 2015. Family Sciuridae G. Fischer, 1817. In J. L. Patton, U. F. J. Pardinas, and G. D'Elia (editors), Mammals of South America, vol. 2: Rodents: 1 - 48. Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book chapter" year="2015">Vivo and Carmignotto, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is not known whether Olfers’ type material still exists at the ZMB (C. Funk, personal commun.), but, if it cannot be found, a
|
||
<typeStatus id="548774BBFF82FFEDFCE45A5FFCEEFD92" box="[789,877,557,581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
should be selected to fix the application of this name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FF82FFEDFD3D5A1DFC60FD1F" blockId="33.[684,1213,226,1242]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
ETHNOBIOLOGY: See the account for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFB9C5A1DFC90FD70" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFB9C5A1DFC90FD70" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sciurus pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(above), which the Matses do not recognize as a different species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FF82FFEDFD3D5AA0FBD0FCFB" blockId="33.[684,1213,226,1242]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
MATSES NATURAL HISTORY: See the account for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFD255A81FC11FCDC" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[724,914,755,779]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFD255A81FC11FCDC" box="[724,914,755,779]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sciurus pyrrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(above), which the Matses do not recognize as a different species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3269992FF82FFEDFD3D5B47FC1EFB0D" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B83CA19FF82FFEDFD3D5B47FC1EFB0D" blockId="33.[684,1213,226,1242]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
REMARKS: The
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3A0190FF82FFEDFC835B47FB94FC9A" box="[882,1047,821,845]" count="4" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFBCB5B47FD6DFCB9" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFBCB5B47FD6DFCB9" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sciurus spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
accompanied by habitat information from our region were all shot in the daytime by Matses hunters. Of these, one was shot in secondary upland forest (probably an abandoned swidden), one was shot in a palm swamp, and two were shot in primary riparian (probably seasonally inundated) forest. As for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFC355C6FFBB8FBE3" authorityName="Voss & Fleck & Jansa" authorityYear="2019" box="[964,1083,1052,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pachecoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFC355C6FFBB8FBE3" box="[964,1083,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. pachecoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3CB19AFF82FFEDFB855C6FFD6CFB82" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadiceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948160BFF82FFEDFB855C6FFD6CFB82" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. spadiceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above), the large Orosa series was probably collected in seasonally inundated forest, but the specimens from Quebrada Vainilla were apparently taken in primary terra firme forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFADB7E8FF82FFEDFD425CB0FC13FB0D" author="Robbins, M. B. & A. P. Capparella & R. S. Ridgely & S. W. Cardiff" box="[691,912,1218,1242]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="145 - 159" refId="ref91281" refString="Robbins, M. B., A. P. Capparella, R. S. Ridgely, and S. W. Cardiff. 1991. Avifauna of the Rio Maniti and Quebrada Vainilla, Peru. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 143: 145 - 159." type="journal article" year="1991">Robbins et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |