1234 lines
131 KiB
XML
1234 lines
131 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6042436" ID-GBIF-Dataset="38f37f62-465c-4b02-ac7c-974bb0b90869" ID-GBIF-Taxon="140417374" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6042436" checkinTime="1516619260691" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dieter Slos, Walter Sudhaus, Lewis Stevens, Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" docDate="2017" docId="AA740057FFD7C568FCBAFBDFFE45FA34" docLanguage="en" docName="BMCZoology.s40850-017-0013-2.pdf" docOrigin="BMC Zoology 2 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Caenorhabditis monodelphis Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter 2017" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="564D782FFFD5C562FFF8FFF3FFB1FFB1" masterDocTitle="Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp. n.: defining the stem morphology and genomics of the genus Caenorhabditis" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1644562738094" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp. n.: defining the stem morphology and genomics of the genus Caenorhabditis</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dieter Slos</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Walter Sudhaus</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lewis Stevens</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wim Bert</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mark Blaxter</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>BMC Zoology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2017-02-23</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>15</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1186/s40850-017-0013-2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">38f37f62-465c-4b02-ac7c-974bb0b90869</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1156816</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0E6F137B-9975-4A8E-91F2-D588A572076E</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6042436" ID-GBIF-Taxon="140417374" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6042436" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA740057FFD7C568FCBAFBDFFE45FA34" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AA740057FFD7C568FCBAFBDFFE45FA34" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection box="[834,1398,1063,1093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[813,1436,972,1093]" box="[834,1398,1063,1093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[834,1145,1068,1092]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis">
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<emphasis box="[834,1145,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Caenorhabditis monodelphis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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1 sp. n. Slos & Sudhaus
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[834,1414,1132,1348]" box="[834,1169,1132,1156]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading box="[834,1169,1132,1156]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
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=
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[857,1020,1132,1156]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[857,1020,1132,1156]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. SB341 [
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<bibRefCitation author="Kiontke K & Gavin NP & Raynes Y & Roehrig C & Piano F & Fitch DHA." box="[1148,1161,1133,1156]" journalOrPublisher="Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="9003 - 8" part="101" refString="7. Kiontke K, Gavin NP, Raynes Y, Roehrig C, Piano F, Fitch DHA. Caenorhabditis phylogeny predicts convergence of hermaphroditism and extensive intron loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101: 9003 - 8." title="Caenorhabditis phylogeny predicts convergence of hermaphroditism and extensive intron loss" type="journal article" year="2004">7</bibRefCitation>
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]
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="2.[834,1414,1132,1348]" box="[834,1414,1164,1188]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[857,1020,1164,1188]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[857,1020,1164,1188]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. SB341 and
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<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1186,1349,1164,1188]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus" status="sp. n.">
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||
<emphasis box="[1186,1349,1164,1188]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1357,1414,1165,1188]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="2.[834,1414,1132,1348]" box="[834,951,1196,1220]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
SB341 [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kiontke K & Fitch DHA." box="[917,943,1196,1220]" journalOrPublisher="WormBook" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="36. Kiontke K, Fitch DHA. The phylogenetic relationships of Caenorhabditis and other rhabditids. In: Community TCeR: WormBook, editor. WormBook. 2005." title="36" type="book" volumeTitle="Community TCeR: WormBook, editor" year="2005">36</bibRefCitation>
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]
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="2.[834,1414,1132,1348]" box="[834,1321,1228,1252]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[857,1020,1228,1252]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus" status="sp. n.">
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<emphasis box="[857,1020,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1028,1085,1229,1252]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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1 (SB341) and (lapse)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[834,1414,1132,1348]" box="[834,1224,1260,1284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[834,997,1260,1284]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus" status="sp. n.">
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<emphasis box="[834,997,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1005,1062,1261,1284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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4 (SB341) [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kiontke K & Sudhaus W." box="[1190,1216,1260,1284]" journalOrPublisher="WormBook" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="10. Kiontke K, Sudhaus W. Ecology of Caenorhabditis species. In: Community TCeR: WormBook, editor. WormBook. 2006." title="10" type="book" volumeTitle="Community TCeR: WormBook, editor" year="2006">10</bibRefCitation>
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||
]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[834,1414,1132,1348]" box="[834,1255,1292,1316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[857,1020,1292,1316]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[857,1020,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
sp. 1 SB3 41 [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kiontke K & Barriere A & Kolotuev I & Podbilewicz B & Sommer R & Fitch DHA" box="[1168,1181,1292,1316]" journalOrPublisher="Curr Biol" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1925 - 37" part="17" refString="6. Kiontke K, Barriere A, Kolotuev I, Podbilewicz B, Sommer R, Fitch DHA, et al. Trends, stasis, and drift in the evolution of nematode vulva development. Curr Biol. 2007; 17: 1925 - 37." title="Trends, stasis, and drift in the evolution of nematode vulva development" type="journal article" year="2007">6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nuez I & Felix M-A." box="[1195,1208,1292,1316]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="29811" part="7" refString="8. Nuez I, Felix M-A. Evolution of susceptibility to ingested double-stranded RNAs in Caenorhabditis nematodes. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7: e 29811." title="Evolution of susceptibility to ingested double-stranded RNAs in Caenorhabditis nematodes" type="journal article" year="2012">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Felix M-A." box="[1221,1247,1292,1316]" journalOrPublisher="Curr Biol" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="103 - 14" part="17" refString="37. Felix M-A. Cryptic quantitative evolution of the vulva intercellular signaling network in Caenorhabditis. Curr Biol. 2007; 17: 103 - 14." title="Cryptic quantitative evolution of the vulva intercellular signaling network in Caenorhabditis" type="journal article" year="2007">37</bibRefCitation>
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||
]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[834,1414,1132,1348]" box="[834,1202,1324,1348]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[857,1020,1324,1348]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[857,1020,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
sp. 4 SB3 41 [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Akimkina T & Yook K & Curnock S & Hodgkin J." box="[1168,1194,1324,1348]" journalOrPublisher="FEMS Microbiol Lett" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="145 - 51" part="264" refString="38. Akimkina T, Yook K, Curnock S, Hodgkin J. Genome characterization, analysis of virulence and transformation of Microbacterium nematophilum, a coryneform pathogen of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2006; 264: 145 - 51." title="Genome characterization, analysis of virulence and transformation of Microbacterium nematophilum, a coryneform pathogen of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans" type="journal article" year="2006">38</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[834,1136,1389,1413]" box="[834,1136,1389,1413]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading box="[834,1136,1389,1413]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
|
||
(
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||
<figureCitation box="[841,912,1389,1413]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="3.[167,198,1554,1573]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[339,1248,253,1536]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1 Line drawings of Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp. n. a Female,schematic overview.b-i Male, b: Male, lateral;c Anterior end in ventral view; d Tail in lateral view; e Tail in ventral view;f Pharyngeal region;g Gubernaculum in ventral view; h Gubernaculum in lateral view;i Spiculum in lateral view" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156818/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[926,940,1389,1413]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="4.[167,198,561,580]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[177,750,253,543]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2 Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp. n., mature spermatozoa in female post-uterine sac, TEM. Arrows=sperm cells" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156820/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[952,965,1389,1413]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="5.[167,198,1686,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[170,1417,253,1668]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3 Light microscopic images of Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp.n. a General overview of a dauer larva;b: Ventral view of female reproductive system;c Detailed ventral view of vulva;d Anterior region of male;e Male tail in ventral view,showing seven ventral (v1-7) and two dorsal (ad,pd) genital papillae.The phasmids are not visible in this plane;f Male tail in lateral view;g Detail of the spicule;h Detail of the gubernaculum" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156822/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation box="[1021,1035,1389,1413]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="6.[167,198,1602,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[170,1417,253,1584]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4 Scanning electron micrographs of Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp.n. a,d Anterior end of female; b,c Anterior end of male; e Female vulva; f,g Lateral field of female and male, respectively; h Female anus and tail; i,j Male bursa with genital papillae indicated;k Detail of cloacal region with postcloacal sensillae;l Detail of male spiculum" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156824/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation box="[1048,1126,1389,1413]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[151,210,237,258]" captionText="Table 1 Measurements (in μm) of heat relaxed specimens of Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp.n." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Table 1</tableCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[813,1437,1454,1957]" box="[813,871,1454,1476]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[813,871,1454,1476]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="6">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,871,1454,1476]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Adult</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[813,1437,1454,1957]" lastBlockId="4.[151,775,653,773]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Small species (female 0.7 2 - 1.0 4 mm, male 0.6 5
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<emphasis box="[1420,1436,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">–</emphasis>
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||
0.7 7 mm); cuticle thin, ca. 1 μm wide and finely annulated, 0.8 μm wide at midbody. Lateral field inconspicuous, about 9% of body width, consisting one ridge that can be traced anteriorly to the level of the median bulb and posteriorly at level of rectum in females and about 1½ spicules length anterior of the cloacal aperture in males. Six lips slightly protruding, each with one apical papilliform labial sensillum and a second circle of four sublateral cephalic sensilla in both sexes; amphids opening on the lateral lips, hardly discernible. Buccal tube long and slender, more than twice the width in lip region, pharyngeal sleeve envelopes nearly half of the stoma, the anterior as well as the posterior end of the tube appear slightly thickened, cheilostom inconspicuous, arcade cells forming the gymnostom sometimes visible; glottoid apparatus completely absent. Pharynx with a prominent median bulb, diameter more than 90% of diameter of terminal bulb; terminal bulb pyriform, with double chambered haustrulum, the anterior chamber smallish; cardia conspicuous, opens funnel-like in intestine. Nerve ring encircles isthmus in its anterior part in living specimens, more to the middle of the isthmus in heat relaxed or preserved specimens; deirids usually conspicuous in the lateral field at level of beginning of terminal bulb, sometimes not visible in heat relaxed animals; pore of excretory-secretory system hard to discern posterior of deirid level. Two gland cells ventral and slightly posterior of terminal bulb conspicuous in live specimens. Lateral canals visible in live specimens extending anteriorly to two stoma length from the anterior end and ending at rectum level in the female. Postdeirids usually very conspicuous dorsally of the lateral field at about 7 5% of body length in both sexes and about half the length between vulva and beginning of rectum (or at level of posterior end of uterus remnant) in females, sometimes not visible in heat relaxed specimens.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156818/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[151,1437,236,1638]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,220,1554,1573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</emphasis>
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Line drawings of
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<emphasis box="[375,611,1553,1573]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Caenorhabditis monodelphis</emphasis>
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sp. n.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[667,678,1554,1573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
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Female, schematic overview.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[934,958,1554,1573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b -i</emphasis>
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Male,
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1015,1027,1554,1573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
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: Male, lateral;
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1148,1158,1554,1573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
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Anterior end in ventral view;
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,179,1580,1599]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">d</emphasis>
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Tail in lateral view;
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[349,360,1580,1599]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">e</emphasis>
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Tail in ventral view;
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[536,543,1580,1599]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">f</emphasis>
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Pharyngeal region;
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[714,726,1580,1599]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">g</emphasis>
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Gubernaculum in ventral view;
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1001,1013,1580,1599]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">h</emphasis>
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Gubernaculum in lateral view;
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1280,1285,1580,1599]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">i</emphasis>
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Spiculum in lateral view
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[151,775,236,619]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,220,561,580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</emphasis>
|
||
Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp. n., mature spermatozoa in female post-uterine sac, TEM.
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,479,586,606]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Arrows</emphasis>
|
||
= sperm cells
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[151,775,814,1701]" box="[151,227,814,836]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[151,227,814,836]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,227,814,836]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Female</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[151,775,814,1701]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Maximum body diameter clearly anterior of the vulva, vulva position 65% body length, a transverse slit, bordered in both ends by cuticular longitudinal flaps, vulva lips moderately protruding, four diagonal vulval muscles conspicuous; one pseudocoelomocyte exists anterior of gonad flexure ventrally. Genital tracts asymmetrical; posterior branch rudimentary, sac like, on the left hand side of intestine, without flexure, almost as long as body diameter at the level of the vulva, containing spermatozoa (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[207,272,1133,1157]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="4.[167,198,561,580]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[177,750,253,543]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2 Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp. n., mature spermatozoa in female post-uterine sac, TEM. Arrows=sperm cells" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
); anterior branch right of intestine, reflexed dorsally close to the pharynx, flexure more than half the length of the gonad (measured from vulva to flexure); at the flexure oocytes in several rows, downstream in one row, oocytes predominantly growing in the last position, where granules are stored inside; sphincter between oviduct and uterus, only a few sperm cells in oviduct, most of them in uterus and blind sac; oviparous, one egg at a time in uterus (rarely two), segmentation starts in the uterus. Rectum a little S-shaped, rectal gland cells very small, posterior anal lip slightly protuberant. Tail short, panagrolaimid, dorsally convex, with offset tip tapering, smooth to somewhat telescope-like by cuticle forming a sleeve-like structure; tail tip with tiny hooks, mostly one dorsal, but also subventral (compare with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fuchs" authorityYear="1930" box="[614,761,1580,1604]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Poikilolaimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[614,761,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Poikilolaimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); opening of phasmids located at 60
|
||
<emphasis box="[549,565,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">–</emphasis>
|
||
65% of tail length, shortly anterior of tip, phasmid glands not reaching anus level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[151,776,1742,1957]" box="[151,202,1742,1764]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[151,202,1742,1764]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,202,1742,1764]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Male</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[151,776,1742,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Testis right of intestine, ventrally reflexed in a certain distance posterior of pharynx; flexure relatively short. One pseudocoelomocyte between pharynx and flexure ventrally. Bursa well developed, peloderan, anteriorly open, with smooth margin and sometimes terminally indented, posterior part of velum transversely striated.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[813,1437,237,773]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Nine pairs of genital papillae (GP) present, two of them anterior of the cloaca, genital papilla 1 (GP1) and GP2 spaced, GP3 to GP6 and GP7 to GP9 clustered, GP5 and GP7 point to the dorsal side of the velum, GP6 slightly bottle shaped, GP8 and GP9 fused at base, GP2 and GP8 not reaching the margin of velum. Phasmids forming small tubercles to the ventral side posterior of the last GP; formula of GPs: v1,v2/(v3,v4,ad,v5) (pd,v6,v7)ph. Precloacal sensillum small, precloacal lip simple (according to type A of W Sudhaus and K Kiontke [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sudhaus W & Kiontke K." box="[1322,1348,525,549]" journalOrPublisher="J Zool Syst Evol Res" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="217 - 33" part="34" refString="39. Sudhaus W, Kiontke K. Phylogeny of Rhabditis subgenus Caenorhabditis (Rhabditidae, Nematoda). J Zool Syst Evol Res. 1996; 34: 217 - 33." title="Phylogeny of Rhabditis subgenus Caenorhabditis (Rhabditidae, Nematoda)" type="journal article" year="1996">39</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]), postcloacal sensilla long filamentous. Spicules short and stout, tawny, separate, slightly curved, with prominent head; shaft with a transverse seam, with a prominent longitudinal ridge, a dorsal lamella, and an oval
|
||
<emphasis box="[1378,1388,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">“</emphasis>
|
||
window
|
||
<emphasis box="[858,868,684,708]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">”</emphasis>
|
||
, the tip notched. Gubernaculum dorsally projecting, flexible, in the distal part following the contour of the spicules, spoon shaped in ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[813,1437,816,1095]" box="[813,936,816,838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[813,936,816,838]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,936,816,838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dauer larva</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[813,1437,816,1095]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Unsheathed, mouth closed; stoma long, slender. Pharyngeal sleeve covering about half of the stoma; pharynx with welldeveloped median and terminal bulbs; corpus length ca. 52% of pharynx length. Nerve ring somewhat in the middle between the middle and terminal bulb. Genital primordium at about 60% of body length, elongated oval in shape. Tail conical. Amphids, lateral lines, position excretory pore, deirids and phasmids not observed.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[813,1436,1166,1285]" box="[813,922,1166,1188]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[813,922,1166,1188]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,922,1166,1188]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Aberration</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[813,1436,1166,1285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
In one female a second set of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1150,1160,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">“</emphasis>
|
||
sensilla
|
||
<emphasis box="[1239,1249,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">”</emphasis>
|
||
were observed a short distance posterior to postdeirids, possibly a duplication of the postdeirids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[813,1437,1355,1666]" box="[813,1063,1355,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[813,1063,1355,1377]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,1063,1355,1377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type carrier and locality</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[813,1437,1355,1666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Holotype and paratypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1122,1437,1385,1409]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1122,1437,1385,1409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Caenorhabditis monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[813,875,1418,1442]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
were isolated from the tunnels of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1284,1436,1418,1441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1796" box="[1284,1318,1418,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Ciidae" genus="Cis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cis</taxonomicName>
|
||
castaneus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Herbst, 1793) (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1819" box="[985,1054,1450,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Ciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[1068,1185,1450,1474]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the bracket fungus
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1080,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[813,939,1481,1505]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Ganodermataceae" genus="Ganoderma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Ganoderma</taxonomicName>
|
||
applanatum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1096,1219,1482,1506]" class="Agaricomycetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="order">Polyporales</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on a stump of the common beech (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1016,1192,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1016,1078,1514,1537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fagus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sylvatica
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) a few centimetres above the ground in Berlin-Grunewald in April 2 0 0 1. The same sample included individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1297,1436,1577,1601]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Diploscapter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1297,1436,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diploscapter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[860,937,1609,1633]" class="Chromadorea" family="Plectidae" genus="Plectus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araeolaimida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[860,937,1609,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Plectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<emphasis box="[997,1211,1609,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1976" box="[997,1094,1609,1633]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Oscheius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Oscheius</taxonomicName>
|
||
dolichura
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and one individual dorylaimid and mononchid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[813,1437,1710,1957]" box="[813,954,1710,1732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[813,954,1710,1732]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,954,1710,1732]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[813,1437,1710,1957]" lastBlockId="5.[151,775,1805,1957]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holotype male (collection number WT 3684) and five female and four male paratypes (WT 3685, WT 3686) are deposited in the National Plant Protection Organization Wageningen, The Netherlands. In addition, four female and four male paratypes, are deposited in the collection of Museum Voor Dierkunde at Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, five female and three male paratypes in Museum für Naturkunde an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Additional paratypes are available in the UGent Nematode Collection (slides UGnem158, 159 & 160) of the Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156822/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[151,1437,236,1770]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,220,1686,1705]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</emphasis>
|
||
Light microscopic images of
|
||
<emphasis box="[475,710,1685,1705]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Caenorhabditis monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[767,778,1686,1705]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a</emphasis>
|
||
General overview of a dauer larva;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1081,1093,1686,1705]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">b</emphasis>
|
||
: Ventral view of female reproductive system;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[233,243,1712,1731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">c</emphasis>
|
||
Detailed ventral view of vulva;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[502,514,1712,1731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">d</emphasis>
|
||
Anterior region of male;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[722,733,1712,1731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">e</emphasis>
|
||
Male tail in ventral view, showing seven ventral (v1-7) and two dorsal (ad, pd) genital papillae. The phasmids are not visible in this plane;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[654,661,1739,1758]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">f</emphasis>
|
||
Male tail in lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,875,1739,1758]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">g</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of the spicule;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1055,1067,1739,1758]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">h</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of the gubernaculum
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[813,1437,1806,1957]" box="[813,1088,1806,1828]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[813,1088,1806,1828]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,1088,1806,1828]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis and relationship</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[813,1437,1806,1957]" lastBlockId="6.[151,775,1772,1956]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[813,1126,1836,1860]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1126,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Caenorhabditis monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1135,1195,1837,1861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can be recognised as a
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[836,1003,1868,1892]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[836,1003,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the thickened GP6 and the clearly visible postdeirids.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1094,1399,1900,1924]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1094,1399,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Caenorhabditis monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is distinguished from all other described
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1273,1436,1932,1956]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1273,1436,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by the presence of a monodelphic genital tract in the female with a blind sac posterior the vulva, a panagrolaimid female tail shape, adults with only one ridge on the lateral field, a very long and slender stoma without visible glottoid apparatus and male with short, stout spicule with bifurcate tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156824/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[151,1437,236,1686]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,220,1602,1621]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron micrographs of
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,758,1601,1621]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Caenorhabditis monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[815,826,1602,1621]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,841,1602,1621]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">d</emphasis>
|
||
Anterior end of female;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1052,1064,1602,1621]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1068,1078,1602,1621]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">c</emphasis>
|
||
Anterior end of male;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1273,1284,1602,1621]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e</emphasis>
|
||
Female vulva;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,174,1628,1647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">f</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,189,1628,1647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">g</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral field of female and male, respectively;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[587,599,1628,1647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">h</emphasis>
|
||
Female anus and tail;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[793,798,1628,1647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">i</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[802,808,1628,1647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">j</emphasis>
|
||
Male bursa with genital papillae indicated;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1181,1192,1628,1647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">k</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of cloacal region with postcloacal sensillae;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[392,397,1655,1674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">l</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of male spiculum
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[813,1437,1773,1956]" box="[813,1023,1773,1795]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[813,1023,1773,1795]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,1023,1773,1795]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ecology and biology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[813,1437,1773,1956]" lastBlockId="7.[813,1437,237,837]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[813,1132,1803,1827]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1132,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Caenorhabditis monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1147,1213,1804,1828]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is a gonochoristic species with both males and females. Females are oviparous and carry only one egg (rarely two eggs). Development from egg to adult took about 5
|
||
<emphasis box="[1157,1173,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">–</emphasis>
|
||
6 days in juice prepared from brown algae at room temperature. Development from dauer larva to adults was completed in less than 3 days at 20 ̊C on NA seeded with OP50. The lifespan of adults is at minimum 1 4 days for males and 1 7 days for females. One pair of adults produced 1 6 7 offspring in 8 days and the daily production of fertile eggs was 6
|
||
<emphasis box="[732,748,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">–</emphasis>
|
||
3 1 (mean 1 8;
|
||
<emphasis box="[930,944,237,260]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 1 4). After the reproductive phase, females lived 9
|
||
<emphasis box="[886,902,268,292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">–</emphasis>
|
||
1 4 days (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1002,1016,269,292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 3) with males present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,741,237,288]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,230,237,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 1</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements (in μm) of heat relaxed specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,416,266,288]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,416,266,288]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Caenorhabditis monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[423,474,267,288]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<table box="[151,775,304,1702]" gridcols="4" gridrows="35" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,304,323]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,304,323]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Character</th>
|
||
<th box="[433,522,304,323]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Female</th>
|
||
<th box="[569,649,304,323]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Male</th>
|
||
<th box="[696,775,304,323]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dauer</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,339,358]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,339,358]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">N</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,339,358]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1 1</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,339,358]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1 0</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,339,358]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1 0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,376,395]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,376,395]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,376,395]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">870 ± 105</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,376,395]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">694 ± 36</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,376,395]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">456 ± 24</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,413,432]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,413,432]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,413,432]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">17.1 ± 0.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,413,432]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">22 ± 1.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,413,432]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">23 ± 1.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,451,470]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,451,470]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,451,470]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4.9 ± 0.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,451,470]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4.1 ± 0.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,451,470]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3.6 ± 0.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,488,507]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,488,507]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,488,507]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">20.5 ± 2.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,488,507]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">22 ± 2.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,488,507]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9.8 ± 0.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,525,544]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,525,544]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
c
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,165,525,544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">’</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,525,544]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1.99 ± 0.17</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,525,544]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1.8 ± 0.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,525,544]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3.9 ± 0.30</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,563,582]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,563,582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">V</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,563,582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">65 ± 1.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,563,582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,563,582]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,600,619]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,600,619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Body width</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,600,619]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">51 ± 6.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,600,619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">32 ± 3</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,600,619]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">20 ± 0.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,637,656]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,637,656]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Stoma length</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,637,656]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">27 ± 2.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,637,656]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">27 ± 2</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,637,656]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">21 ± 1.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,675,694]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,675,694]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Stoma diameter</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,675,694]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1.9 ± 0.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,675,694]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1.2 ± 0.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,675,694]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">0.6 ± 0.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,712,731]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,712,731]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cheilostom</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,712,731]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2.5 ± 0.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,712,731]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2.4 ± 0.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,712,731]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,749,768]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,749,768]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gymnostom</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,749,768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">10 ± 0.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,749,768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9.7 ± 0.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,749,768]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,787,806]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,787,806]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Stegostom</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,787,806]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">15 ± 1.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,787,806]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">15 ± 1.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,787,806]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,824,843]" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,824,843]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pharyngeal sleeve</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,824,843]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">12.42 ± 1.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,824,843]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">13 ± 1.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,824,843]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,861,880]" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,861,880]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pharynx length</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,861,880]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">150 ± 6.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,861,880]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">141 ± 9.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,861,880]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">107 ± 3.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,899,918]" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,899,918]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Procorpus length</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,899,918]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">55 ± 3.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,899,918]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">52 ± 3.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,899,918]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,936,955]" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,936,955]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Metacorpus length</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,936,955]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">26 ± 2.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,936,955]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">22.8 ± 1.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,936,955]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,973,992]" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,973,992]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Isthmus length</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,973,992]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">39 ± 3.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,973,992]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">40 ± 4.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,973,992]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1011,1030]" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1011,1030]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nerve ring to terminal bulb</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1011,1030]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11 ± 4.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1011,1030]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">19 ± 3.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1011,1030]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1048,1067]" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1048,1067]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Terminal bulb length</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1048,1067]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">30 ± 1.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1048,1067]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">27 ± 1.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1048,1067]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1085,1104]" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1085,1104]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diameter of median bulb</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1085,1104]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">22 ± 2.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1085,1104]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">17 ± 1.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1085,1104]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9 ± 0.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1123,1142]" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1123,1142]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diameter of terminal bulb</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1123,1142]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">25 ± 2</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1123,1142]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">19 ± 1</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1123,1142]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11 ± 0.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1160,1179]" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1160,1179]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Anterior end to deirid</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1160,1179]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">150 ± 8</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1160,1179]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">150 ± 8.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1160,1179]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1197,1216]" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1197,1216]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Postdeirid to anus</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1197,1216]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">170 ± 29.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1197,1216]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">141 ± 14</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1197,1216]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1235,1254]" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1235,1254]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length intestine</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1235,1254]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">651 ± 100</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1235,1254]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">494 ± 32</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1235,1254]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1272,1291]" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1272,1291]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rectum length</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1272,1291]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">25 ± 2.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1272,1291]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">24 ± 1.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1272,1291]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1309,1328]" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1309,1328]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Anal body width</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1309,1328]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">22 ± 2.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1309,1328]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">17 ± 1.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1309,1328]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">12 ± 0.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1347,1366]" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1347,1366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tail length</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1347,1366]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">43 ± 4.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1347,1366]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">32 ± 3.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1347,1366]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">46 ± 2.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1384,1440]" gridrow="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1384,1440]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Anus to phasmid distance Gonad length a</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1384,1440]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">26 ± 2.2 303 ± 68</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1384,1440]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">- 342 ± 44</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1384,1440]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">- -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1459,1478]" gridrow="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1459,1478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gonad flexure length</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1459,1478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">226 ± 67</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1459,1478]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">46 ± 6.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1459,1478]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1496,1515]" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1496,1515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Postuterine sac</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1496,1515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">45 ± 6.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1496,1515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1496,1515]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1533,1627]" gridrow="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1533,1627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sperm diameter Egg length b Egg diameter b</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1533,1627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">- 53 ± 3.1 29 ± 2.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1533,1627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9.8 ± 1.3 - -</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1533,1627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">- - -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1645,1664]" gridrow="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1645,1664]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spicule length</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1645,1664]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1645,1664]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">25 ± 1</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1645,1664]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,775,1683,1702]" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<th box="[151,386,1683,1702]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gubernaculum length</th>
|
||
<td box="[433,522,1683,1702]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
<td box="[569,649,1683,1702]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">15 ± 0.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[696,775,1683,1702]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[813,1437,237,837]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[834,1147,300,324]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[834,1147,300,324]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Caenorhabditis monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1157,1217,301,325]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has until now only been found in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[982,1111,332,356]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Ganodermataceae" genus="Ganoderma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[982,1111,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ganoderma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1173,1241,333,356]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Polyporaceae" genus="Fomes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1173,1241,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fomes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Germany and Belgium in relation with the ciid beetle
|
||
<emphasis box="[1279,1431,364,388]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1796" box="[1279,1313,364,387]" class="Insecta" family="Ciidae" genus="Cis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cis</taxonomicName>
|
||
castaneus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. The
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[862,989,396,420]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Ganodermataceae" genus="Ganoderma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[862,989,396,420]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ganoderma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
carrying
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1091,1255,396,420]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1091,1255,396,420]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1263,1320,397,421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from Oslo was not investigated for the presence of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1262,1398,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. castaneus</emphasis>
|
||
. In fungal fruiting bodies lacking the beetle
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1268,1436,460,484]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1268,1436,460,484]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[813,869,493,517]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was not found. Dauers of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1151,1315,492,516]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1151,1315,492,516]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1322,1379,493,517]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
were found under the elytra of the beetle, but were not found internally when the beetle was further dissected. These findings indicate a phoretic association with the beetle. As only dauer larvae were isolated from beetles, while adults and larvae were present in the fruiting bodies, we infer that
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[868,1039,684,708]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[868,1039,684,708]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1052,1115,685,709]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
exit from dauer within the mushroom, develop to adulthood and start to reproduce. The food source of the species in natural conditions is not known, but they survive and reproduce easily on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1368,1436,780,804]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">E. coli</emphasis>
|
||
OP50 in culture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[813,1437,878,1957]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,1392,878,900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Genome sequence of an inbred strain of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1236,1392,878,900]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus" status="sp. n.">Caenorhabditis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,1008,910,932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[813,945,910,932]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">monodelphis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[953,1008,910,932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[813,1437,878,1957]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
We sequenced the genome of an inbred strain (JU1677) of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[842,1010,972,996]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[842,1010,972,996]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1018,1076,973,997]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
using Illumina sequencing technology to ~110x coverage. The genome was assembled into 6,864 scaffolds, spanning 115.1 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 49.4 kb (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[987,1069,1069,1093]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[151,210,237,258]" captionText="Table 2 Genome assembly statistics for C. monodelphis sp.n. and other Caenorhabditis species" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). CEGMA (Core Eukaryotic Gene Mapping Approach) [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Parra G & Bradnam K & Korf I. CEGMA" box="[1045,1074,1101,1125]" journalOrPublisher="Bioinformatics" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1061 - 7" part="23" refString="40. Parra G, Bradnam K, Korf I. CEGMA: a pipeline to accurately annotate core genes in eukaryotic genomes. Bioinformatics. 2007; 23: 1061 - 7." title="a pipeline to accurately annotate core genes in eukaryotic genomes" type="journal article" year="2007">40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] scores suggested the assembly is of high completeness. We predicted 17,180 protein coding gene models using RNA-Seq evidence. These statistics, and the overall gene content and structure of the assembly were largely in keeping with those determined for other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[813,976,1260,1284]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,976,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The genome was larger than that of
|
||
<emphasis box="[845,955,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1016,1135,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. briggsae</emphasis>
|
||
, which are hermaphroditic species, but smaller than that of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1160,1276,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. remanei</emphasis>
|
||
, a gonochoristic species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[813,1437,878,1957]" lastBlockId="8.[151,774,716,773]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
We carried out preliminary comparisons of the structure and content of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1037,1207,1420,1444]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1037,1207,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1219,1281,1421,1445]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
genome with those of other sequenced
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1120,1283,1452,1476]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1120,1283,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The number of genes identified was lower than estimates for most other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[941,1104,1516,1540]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[941,1104,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. To compare the gene structures of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[960,1127,1548,1572]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[960,1127,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1137,1196,1549,1573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
to that of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1321,1430,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
, we identified 6,174 orthologous gene pairs and calculated gene structure statistics (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1076,1156,1613,1637]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[151,210,1567,1588]" captionText="Table 3 Gene structure comparison of orthologous gene pairs from C. monodelphis sp.N. and C. elegans" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1167,1227,1613,1637]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="9.[167,198,1491,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[339,1248,253,1473]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5 Comparison of exon counts in single-copy orthologues between C.monodelphis sp. n. and C.elegans.a Exon counts in 6,174 single-copy orthologous gene pairs.C.monodelphis sp.n.genes which had transcripts with CDS lengths 20% longer (orange) or shorter (black) than C.elegans were defined as outliers.Linear regression lines are shown.Inset:Frequency histogram of log2 ratio of C.monodelphis sp.n.exon counts to C.elegans exon counts.b Comparison of gene structures of five orthologous gene pairs. Three gene pairs were selected at random and a further two were selected because they showed a large divergence in exon count" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156826/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
.). To minimize bias from erroneous gene predictions (such as merged or split genes), orthologous gene pairs which differed in CDS length by 20% were considered outliers.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1268,1436,1708,1732]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1268,1436,1708,1732]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[813,869,1741,1765]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
genes were typically longer than their orthologues in
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,933,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. elegans.</emphasis>
|
||
We also found a clear trend toward more coding exons per gene in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1106,1277,1804,1828]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1106,1277,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1287,1347,1805,1829]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
than in
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,925,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[944,1018,1837,1861]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="9.[167,198,1491,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[339,1248,253,1473]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5 Comparison of exon counts in single-copy orthologues between C.monodelphis sp. n. and C.elegans.a Exon counts in 6,174 single-copy orthologous gene pairs.C.monodelphis sp.n.genes which had transcripts with CDS lengths 20% longer (orange) or shorter (black) than C.elegans were defined as outliers.Linear regression lines are shown.Inset:Frequency histogram of log2 ratio of C.monodelphis sp.n.exon counts to C.elegans exon counts.b Comparison of gene structures of five orthologous gene pairs. Three gene pairs were selected at random and a further two were selected because they showed a large divergence in exon count" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156826/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5a</figureCitation>
|
||
). A few examples of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1263,1436,1836,1860]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1263,1436,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[813,872,1869,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
gene models compared to those of orthologues in
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,923,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
are shown (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1062,1137,1901,1925]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="9.[167,198,1491,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[339,1248,253,1473]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5 Comparison of exon counts in single-copy orthologues between C.monodelphis sp. n. and C.elegans.a Exon counts in 6,174 single-copy orthologous gene pairs.C.monodelphis sp.n.genes which had transcripts with CDS lengths 20% longer (orange) or shorter (black) than C.elegans were defined as outliers.Linear regression lines are shown.Inset:Frequency histogram of log2 ratio of C.monodelphis sp.n.exon counts to C.elegans exon counts.b Comparison of gene structures of five orthologous gene pairs. Three gene pairs were selected at random and a further two were selected because they showed a large divergence in exon count" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156826/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although introns are, on average, shorter in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1013,1174,1932,1956]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1013,1174,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1181,1237,1933,1957]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
than in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1326,1436,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. elegans,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,314,716,740]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,314,716,740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genes typically have a longer total span of introns than
|
||
<emphasis box="[286,389,748,772]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
transcripts (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[520,598,749,773]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[151,210,1567,1588]" captionText="Table 3 Gene structure comparison of orthologous gene pairs from C. monodelphis sp.N. and C. elegans" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[610,668,749,773]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="9.[167,198,1491,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[339,1248,253,1473]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5 Comparison of exon counts in single-copy orthologues between C.monodelphis sp. n. and C.elegans.a Exon counts in 6,174 single-copy orthologous gene pairs.C.monodelphis sp.n.genes which had transcripts with CDS lengths 20% longer (orange) or shorter (black) than C.elegans were defined as outliers.Linear regression lines are shown.Inset:Frequency histogram of log2 ratio of C.monodelphis sp.n.exon counts to C.elegans exon counts.b Comparison of gene structures of five orthologous gene pairs. Three gene pairs were selected at random and a further two were selected because they showed a large divergence in exon count" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156826/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,705,1715,1759]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<tableNote pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[151,775,304,1702]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
a from anus to flexure in the female; from cloaca to flexure in the male b
|
||
<emphasis box="[159,169,1742,1759]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 7
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption box="[151,1066,236,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[151,1066,236,258]" box="[151,1066,236,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,230,237,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 2</emphasis>
|
||
Genome assembly statistics for
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[542,685,236,258]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[542,685,236,258]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[692,743,237,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[851,990,236,258]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,990,236,258]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<table box="[151,1436,273,651]" gridcols="9" gridrows="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<tr box="[151,1436,273,293]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,309,273,293]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Species</th>
|
||
<emphasis box="[327,1399,273,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[327,454,273,293]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[327,454,273,293]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis">C. monodelphis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[472,588,273,293]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. brenneri</th>
|
||
<th box="[606,737,273,293]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. briggsae</th>
|
||
<th box="[755,886,273,293]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. elegans</th>
|
||
<th box="[904,1020,273,293]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. japonica</th>
|
||
<th box="[1038,1154,273,293]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. remanei</th>
|
||
<th box="[1171,1287,273,293]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. sinica</th>
|
||
<th box="[1305,1436,273,293]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. tropicalis</th>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,1436,309,328]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,309,309,328]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Version</th>
|
||
<td box="[327,454,309,328]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,588,309,328]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">WS254</td>
|
||
<td box="[606,737,309,328]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">WS254</td>
|
||
<td box="[755,886,309,328]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">WS254</td>
|
||
<td box="[904,1020,309,328]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">WS254</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1154,309,328]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">WS254</td>
|
||
<td box="[1171,1287,309,328]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">WS254</td>
|
||
<td box="[1305,1436,309,328]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">WS254</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,1436,347,366]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,309,347,366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mating type</th>
|
||
<td box="[327,454,347,366]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">gonochoristic</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,588,347,366]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">gonochoristic</td>
|
||
<td box="[606,737,347,366]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">hermaphroditic</td>
|
||
<td box="[755,886,347,366]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">hermaphroditic</td>
|
||
<td box="[904,1020,347,366]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">gonochoristic</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1154,347,366]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">gonochoristic</td>
|
||
<td box="[1171,1287,347,366]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">gonochoristic</td>
|
||
<td box="[1305,1436,347,366]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">hermaphroditic</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,1436,384,403]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,309,384,403]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Strain</th>
|
||
<td box="[327,454,384,403]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">JU1667</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,588,384,403]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">PB2801</td>
|
||
<td box="[606,737,384,403]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AF16</td>
|
||
<td box="[755,886,384,403]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N2</td>
|
||
<td box="[904,1020,384,403]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">DF5081</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1154,384,403]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">PB4641</td>
|
||
<td box="[1171,1287,384,403]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">JU800</td>
|
||
<td box="[1305,1436,384,403]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">JU1373</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,1436,421,478]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,309,421,478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Span (Mb) Scaffolds (n)a</th>
|
||
<td box="[327,454,421,478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">115.12 6,864</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,588,421,478]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">190.37 3,305</td>
|
||
<td box="[606,737,421,478]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">108.38 367</td>
|
||
<td box="[755,886,421,478]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">100.29 7</td>
|
||
<td box="[904,1020,421,478]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">166.25 18,808</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1154,421,478]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">118.55 1,591</td>
|
||
<td box="[1171,1287,421,478]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">130.76 11,966</td>
|
||
<td box="[1305,1436,421,478]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">79.32 660</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,1436,496,515]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,309,496,515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N50 (kb)</th>
|
||
<td box="[327,454,496,515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">49.4</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,588,496,515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">381.96</td>
|
||
<td box="[606,737,496,515]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">17,485.44</td>
|
||
<td box="[755,886,496,515]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">17,493.82</td>
|
||
<td box="[904,1020,496,515]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">94.15</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1154,496,515]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1,522.09</td>
|
||
<td box="[1171,1287,496,515]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">25,564</td>
|
||
<td box="[1305,1436,496,515]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">20,921.87</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,1436,533,552]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,309,533,552]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Genes (n)</th>
|
||
<td box="[327,454,533,552]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">17,180</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,588,533,552]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">30,660</td>
|
||
<td box="[606,737,533,552]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">21,814</td>
|
||
<td box="[755,886,533,552]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">20,362</td>
|
||
<td box="[904,1020,533,552]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">29,964</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1154,533,552]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">26,226</td>
|
||
<td box="[1171,1287,533,552]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">34,696</td>
|
||
<td box="[1305,1436,533,552]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">22,326</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,1436,571,590]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,309,571,590]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">GC (%)</th>
|
||
<td box="[327,454,571,590]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">43.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,588,571,590]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">38.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[606,737,571,590]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">37.4</td>
|
||
<td box="[755,886,571,590]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">35.4</td>
|
||
<td box="[904,1020,571,590]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">39.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1154,571,590]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">37.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1171,1287,571,590]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">39.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1305,1436,571,590]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">37.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,1436,608,651]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,309,608,651]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">CEGMA complete/ partial (%)</th>
|
||
<td box="[327,454,608,651]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">89.11/ 97.98</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,588,608,651]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">98.39/ 99.60</td>
|
||
<td box="[606,737,608,651]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">97.98/ 99.19</td>
|
||
<td box="[755,886,608,651]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">96.77/ 99.19</td>
|
||
<td box="[904,1020,608,651]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">78.63/ 97.18</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1154,608,651]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">94.35/ 98.79</td>
|
||
<td box="[1171,1287,608,651]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">95.56/ 99.60</td>
|
||
<td box="[1305,1436,608,651]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">97.18/ 98.79</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[151,558,664,685]" box="[151,558,664,685]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<tableNote box="[151,558,664,685]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[151,1436,273,651]" targetPageId="8">a Scaffolds shorter than 500 bp were not considered</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[151,775,814,1541]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,624,814,836]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,311,814,836]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">C. monodelphis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[318,374,814,836]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is sister to other known
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,307,846,868]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,307,846,868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[151,775,814,1541]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
We clustered a total of 634,56 4 protein sequences from
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,321,908,932]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,321,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[331,392,909,933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, twenty-two other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[608,775,908,932]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[608,775,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, and two rhabditomorph outgroup species (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="1976" box="[683,774,940,964]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Oscheius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Oscheius</taxonomicName>
|
||
tipulae
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; data courtesy of M. A. Félix, and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Poinar" authorityYear="1976" box="[612,774,972,996]" class="Chromadorea" family="Heterorhabditidae" genus="Heterorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Heterorhabditis</taxonomicName>
|
||
bacteriophora
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) to define putative orthologues. We identified 34,425 putatively orthologous groups containing at least two members, 303 of which were either single copy or absent across all 25 species. These single copy orthologues were aligned, and the alignments concatenated and used to perform maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference analysis using RAxML and PhyloBayes, respectively. Both analysis methods resulted in an identical topology, with the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[304,470,1260,1284]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[304,470,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[482,542,1261,1285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
arising basally to all other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[221,380,1292,1316]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[221,380,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[490,556,1293,1317]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionStartId="10.[167,198,809,828]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[339,1248,253,791]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 6 Phylogenetic relationships of Caenorhabditis species and two outgroup species.Maximum-likelihood based tree from RAxML.Bootstrap support values (1000 replicates) were 100 all branches,unless noted otherwise as numbers on branches.Bayesian Posterior Probabilities were 1 for all branches and are not shown.Coloured boxes indicate supergroups,as defined in [3]. Strain names from which protein sequence were derived are noted" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156828/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). All branches had maximal support except for three nodes within the
|
||
<emphasis box="[696,774,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Elegans</emphasis>
|
||
super-group. Our analysis included data from several new and currently undescribed putative species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<emphasis box="[294,316,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 21 which is the sister taxon to the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Drosophilae</emphasis>
|
||
plus
|
||
<emphasis box="[305,383,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Elegans</emphasis>
|
||
super-groups and
|
||
<emphasis box="[597,620,1452,1475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 31 which forms the first branch in the
|
||
<emphasis box="[457,535,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Elegans</emphasis>
|
||
super-group.
|
||
<emphasis box="[683,706,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 38 is placed within the
|
||
<emphasis box="[372,496,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Drosophilae</emphasis>
|
||
super-group, while
|
||
<emphasis box="[714,737,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C.</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[813,1436,716,837]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
26,
|
||
<emphasis box="[852,875,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 32 (sister to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1062,1137,716,740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. afra</emphasis>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1204,1227,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. 40 (sister to
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. sinica</emphasis>
|
||
) are all members of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1148,1226,748,772]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Elegans</emphasis>
|
||
super-group. From these analyses we conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1150,1310,780,804]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1150,1310,780,804]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1317,1372,781,805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is sister to all other known
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1048,1207,812,836]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1048,1207,812,836]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[813,1437,878,1957]" box="[813,1173,878,900]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[813,1173,878,900]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,1173,878,900]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Stemspecies pattern reconstruction</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[813,1437,878,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Our phylogenetic analyses were based on species with whole genome data available, and thus did not include the full known diversity of the genus. The stemspecies pattern was reconstructed based on ingroup and outgroup comparison. Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[903,1070,1068,1092]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[903,1070,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species using a small number of marker genes [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Girard LR & Fiedler TJ & Harris TW & Carvalho F & Antoshechkin I & Han M & et al." box="[982,995,1101,1125]" journalOrPublisher="Nucleic Acids Res" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="472 - 5" part="35" refString="1. Girard LR, Fiedler TJ, Harris TW, Carvalho F, Antoshechkin I, Han M, et al. WormBook: the online review of Caenorhabditis elegans biology. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007; 35: D 472 - 5." title="WormBook: the online review of Caenorhabditis elegans biology" type="journal article" year="2007">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
0] placed
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1108,1279,1100,1124]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1108,1279,1100,1124]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1290,1351,1101,1125]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. sonorae</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Abebe E & Mekete T & Thomas WK. A" box="[912,925,1133,1157]" journalOrPublisher="Afr J Biotechnol" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="312 - 23" part="10" refString="4. Abebe E, Mekete T, Thomas WK. A critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy. Afr J Biotechnol. 2013; 10: 312 - 23." title="critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy" type="journal article" year="2013">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Girard LR & Fiedler TJ & Harris TW & Carvalho F & Antoshechkin I & Han M & et al." box="[925,938,1133,1157]" journalOrPublisher="Nucleic Acids Res" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="472 - 5" part="35" refString="1. Girard LR, Fiedler TJ, Harris TW, Carvalho F, Antoshechkin I, Han M, et al. WormBook: the online review of Caenorhabditis elegans biology. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007; 35: D 472 - 5." title="WormBook: the online review of Caenorhabditis elegans biology" type="journal article" year="2007">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] as sister species, again arising at the base of the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[813,1437,878,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The following morphological synapomorphies can be hypothesised to support a
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[1123,1296,1228,1252]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1123,1296,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1308,1371,1229,1253]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">– C. sonorae</emphasis>
|
||
clade: mouth opening triangular (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1283,1361,1261,1285]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="6.[167,198,1602,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[170,1417,253,1584]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4 Scanning electron micrographs of Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp.n. a,d Anterior end of female; b,c Anterior end of male; e Female vulva; f,g Lateral field of female and male, respectively; h Female anus and tail; i,j Male bursa with genital papillae indicated;k Detail of cloacal region with postcloacal sensillae;l Detail of male spiculum" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156824/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4b</figureCitation>
|
||
), spicule having a complicated tip (notched or dentated) and a longish thin walled
|
||
<emphasis box="[1037,1047,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">“</emphasis>
|
||
window
|
||
<emphasis box="[1132,1142,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">”</emphasis>
|
||
in the blade (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1305,1386,1325,1349]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="3.[167,198,1554,1573]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[339,1248,253,1536]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1 Line drawings of Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp. n. a Female,schematic overview.b-i Male, b: Male, lateral;c Anterior end in ventral view; d Tail in lateral view; e Tail in ventral view;f Pharyngeal region;g Gubernaculum in ventral view; h Gubernaculum in lateral view;i Spiculum in lateral view" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156818/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 1i</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1402,1423,1325,1349]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="6.[167,198,1602,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[170,1417,253,1584]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4 Scanning electron micrographs of Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp.n. a,d Anterior end of female; b,c Anterior end of male; e Female vulva; f,g Lateral field of female and male, respectively; h Female anus and tail; i,j Male bursa with genital papillae indicated;k Detail of cloacal region with postcloacal sensillae;l Detail of male spiculum" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156824/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4l</figureCitation>
|
||
), postcloacal sensilla being filiform (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1206,1284,1357,1381]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="6.[167,198,1602,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[170,1417,253,1584]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4 Scanning electron micrographs of Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp.n. a,d Anterior end of female; b,c Anterior end of male; e Female vulva; f,g Lateral field of female and male, respectively; h Female anus and tail; i,j Male bursa with genital papillae indicated;k Detail of cloacal region with postcloacal sensillae;l Detail of male spiculum" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156824/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4k</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the female tail shortened to less than three times anal body width. Other similarities between both these species are plesiomorphic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[813,1437,878,1957]" lastBlockId="9.[151,775,1677,1957]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[834,1001,1484,1508]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[834,1001,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its sister group constitute the monophylum Anarhabditis within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chitwood" authorityYear="1933" box="[1261,1381,1517,1541]" class="Chromadorea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Rhabditina">Rhabditina</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For convenience, we will call the sister clade of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Protoscapter" authorityName="Protoscapter" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
Protoscapter
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1024,1089,1581,1605]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionStartId="11.[167,198,736,755]" captionTargetBox="[151,775,236,736]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[176,750,253,719]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 7 Stemspecies pattern reconstruction.Legend for thecladogram: Black squares indicate the following apomorphies:1) Glottoid apparatus transformed,sectors of metastegostom not spherically protruding;− median bulb prominent oval;− GP3 shifted posterior of cloacal level (only two precloacal papillae present);− GP7–9 clustered;− spiculum blade dorsally velum-like.2) GPs 3–6 clustered,but with small gaps in between; − GP6 thickened, its tip embedded within the bursa velum; − posterior part of bursa velum with “wash-board pattern” (transverse striae);− spiculum shaftwith transverse seam;− dauerlarvae unsheathed.3) Stoma triangular in cross section;− spiculum terminally notched or dentated and with an oval “window” in the blade; − postcloacal sensilla filiform; − shortening of the female tail. 4) Adult cuticle lateral with 3 longitudinal ridges;− sexual dimorphism in cephalic sensilla:they are lost in the female (not projecting to the exterior);− each sector of metastegostom with a triangular flap projecting into the buccal cavity;− precloacal lip anteriorly framed.5) Gymnostom extended and stegostom shortened,sothat only a remnant of the pharyngeal sleeve is present;− gubernaculum distally forked (only presumed for P.tristis)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156830/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
): it comprises
|
||
<emphasis box="[1256,1431,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1266,1421,1580,1604]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Protorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Protorhabditis</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Timm" authorityYear="1961" box="[813,1009,1612,1636]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Prodontorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1009,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Prodontorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1023,1159,1612,1636]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Diploscapter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1023,1159,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diploscapter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ahmad, Shah & Mahamood" authorityYear="2007" box="[1217,1378,1612,1636]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Sclerorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1217,1378,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sclerorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Abebe E & Mekete T & Thomas WK. A" box="[1396,1409,1613,1637]" journalOrPublisher="Afr J Biotechnol" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="312 - 23" part="10" refString="4. Abebe E, Mekete T, Thomas WK. A critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy. Afr J Biotechnol. 2013; 10: 312 - 23." title="critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy" type="journal article" year="2013">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Felix M-A & Braendle C & Cutter AD. A" box="[1409,1422,1613,1637]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="94723" part="9" refString="2. Felix M-A, Braendle C, Cutter AD. A streamlined system for species diagnosis in Caenorhabditis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with name designations for 15 distinct biological species. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9: e 94723." title="streamlined system for species diagnosis in Caenorhabditis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with name designations for 15 distinct biological species" type="journal article" year="2014">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. To reconstruct the characters of the stemspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is necessary to consider the morphologies of all these taxa, and not only the taxa for which we have molecular data.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1009,1184,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1019,1174,1740,1764]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Protorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Protorhabditis</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is paraphyletic. The
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,935,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oxyuroides</emphasis>
|
||
group is sister taxon of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Timm" authorityYear="1961" box="[1240,1436,1772,1796]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Prodontorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1240,1436,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Prodontorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Abebe E & Mekete T & Thomas WK. A" box="[821,834,1805,1829]" journalOrPublisher="Afr J Biotechnol" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="312 - 23" part="10" refString="4. Abebe E, Mekete T, Thomas WK. A critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy. Afr J Biotechnol. 2013; 10: 312 - 23." title="critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy" type="journal article" year="2013">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kiontke K & Felix M-A & Ailion M & Rockman M & Braendle C & Penigault J-B & et al." box="[834,847,1805,1829]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evol Biol" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="339" part="11" refString="3. Kiontke K, Felix M-A, Ailion M, Rockman M, Braendle C, Penigault J-B, et al. A phylogeny and molecular barcodes for Caenorhabditis, with numerous new species from rotting fruits. BMC Evol Biol. 2011; 11: 339." title="A phylogeny and molecular barcodes for Caenorhabditis, with numerous new species from rotting fruits" type="journal article" year="2011">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Abebe E & Mekete T & Thomas WK. A" box="[863,876,1805,1829]" journalOrPublisher="Afr J Biotechnol" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="312 - 23" part="10" refString="4. Abebe E, Mekete T, Thomas WK. A critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy. Afr J Biotechnol. 2013; 10: 312 - 23." title="critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy" type="journal article" year="2013">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Abebe E & Mekete T & Thomas WK. A" box="[876,889,1805,1829]" journalOrPublisher="Afr J Biotechnol" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="312 - 23" part="10" refString="4. Abebe E, Mekete T, Thomas WK. A critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy. Afr J Biotechnol. 2013; 10: 312 - 23." title="critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy" type="journal article" year="2013">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], and the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1009,1100,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xylocola</emphasis>
|
||
group may be sister taxon of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[813,949,1836,1860]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Diploscapter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,949,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diploscapter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ahmad, Shah & Mahamood" authorityYear="2007" box="[958,1119,1836,1860]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Sclerorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[958,1119,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sclerorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the two species
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1053,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[813,968,1868,1892]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Protorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Protorhabditis</taxonomicName>
|
||
elaphri
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Hirschmann in Osche, 1952) and
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,902,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. tristis</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Abebe E & Mekete T & Thomas WK. A" box="[920,933,1901,1925]" journalOrPublisher="Afr J Biotechnol" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="312 - 23" part="10" refString="4. Abebe E, Mekete T, Thomas WK. A critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy. Afr J Biotechnol. 2013; 10: 312 - 23." title="critique of current methods in nematode taxonomy" type="journal article" year="2013">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Huys R & Llewellyn-Hughes J & Olson PD & Nagasawa K." box="[933,946,1901,1925]" journalOrPublisher="Biol J Linn Soc" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="403 - 25" part="87" refString="5. Huys R, Llewellyn-Hughes J, Olson PD, Nagasawa K. Small subunit rDNA and Bayesian inference reveal Pectenophilus ornatus (Copepoda incertae sedis) as highly transformed Mytilicolidae, and support assignment of Chondracanthidae and Xarifiidae to Lichomolgoidea (Cyclopoida). Biol J Linn Soc. 2006; 87: 403 - 25." title="Small subunit rDNA and Bayesian inference reveal Pectenophilus ornatus (Copepoda incertae sedis) as highly transformed Mytilicolidae, and support assignment of Chondracanthidae and Xarifiidae to Lichomolgoidea (Cyclopoida)" type="journal article" year="2006">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] appear to represent basal branches in Protoscapter (compare [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sudhaus W." box="[1039,1067,1933,1957]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 229" part="43" refString="43. Sudhaus W. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Phylogenie, Systematik, Okologie, Biologie und Ethologie der Rhabditidae (Nematoda). Zoologica. 1976; 43: 1 - 229." title="Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Phylogenie, Systematik, Okologie, Biologie und Ethologie der Rhabditidae (Nematoda)" type="journal article" year="1976">43</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]). These last two species, despite the paucity of information available for them, are crucial for comparisons that will illuminate the stemspecies patterns of Anarhabditis, Protoscapter and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[590,757,1740,1764]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[590,757,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Caenorhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[151,757,1567,1618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,230,1567,1588]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 3</emphasis>
|
||
Gene structure comparison of orthologous gene pairs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[204,347,1596,1618]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. N.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[204,347,1596,1618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[354,408,1597,1618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. N.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and C. elegans
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<table box="[151,774,1633,1874]" gridcols="3" gridrows="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<paragraph box="[468,774,1633,1653]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<tr box="[151,774,1633,1653]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th box="[468,647,1633,1653]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter, 2017" authorityName="Dieter Slos & Walter Sudhaus & Lewis Stevens & Wim Bert & Mark Blaxter" authorityYear="2017" box="[468,595,1633,1653]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="monodelphis" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[468,595,1633,1653]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[601,647,1634,1653]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[692,774,1633,1653]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. elegans</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<table box="[151,733,1669,1874]" gridcols="3" gridrows="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<tr box="[151,733,1669,1688]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,421,1669,1688]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gene length (bp)</th>
|
||
<th box="[468,509,1669,1688]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3359</th>
|
||
<th box="[692,733,1669,1688]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2854</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,733,1706,1725]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,421,1706,1725]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Coding exon length (bp)</th>
|
||
<td box="[468,509,1706,1725]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">109</td>
|
||
<td box="[692,733,1706,1725]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">144</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,733,1743,1800]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,421,1743,1800]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Coding exon count (n) CDS span (bp)a</th>
|
||
<td box="[468,509,1743,1800]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">10 1167</td>
|
||
<td box="[692,733,1743,1800]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">6 1182</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,733,1818,1837]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,421,1818,1837]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Intron length (bp)</th>
|
||
<td box="[468,509,1818,1837]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">69</td>
|
||
<td box="[692,733,1818,1837]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">76</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[151,733,1855,1874]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<th box="[151,421,1855,1874]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Total intron span per gene (bp)</th>
|
||
<td box="[468,509,1855,1874]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1918</td>
|
||
<td box="[692,733,1855,1874]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1187</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<tableNote pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[151,774,1633,1874]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[151,682,1892,1954]" box="[151,327,1892,1909]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">All values are medians</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[151,682,1892,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">a orthologous gene pairs which differed in CDS length by 20% were not included</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156826/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1436,236,1629]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,220,1491,1510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of exon counts in single-copy orthologues between
|
||
<emphasis box="[787,914,1490,1510]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
sp. n. and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1009,1098,1490,1510]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. elegans.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1102,1113,1491,1510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">a</emphasis>
|
||
Exon counts in 6,174 single-copy orthologous gene pairs.
|
||
<emphasis box="[376,504,1517,1537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
sp. n. genes which had transcripts with CDS lengths 20% longer (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1072,1129,1517,1537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">orange</emphasis>
|
||
) or shorter (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1237,1280,1517,1537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">black</emphasis>
|
||
) than
|
||
<emphasis box="[1336,1419,1517,1537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
were defined as outliers. Linear regression lines are shown. Inset: Frequency histogram of log2 ratio of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1028,1152,1543,1563]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. monodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
sp. n. exon counts to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1336,1416,1543,1563]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
exon counts.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[278,290,1571,1590]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">b</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of gene structures of five orthologous gene pairs. Three gene pairs were selected at random and a further two were selected because they showed a large divergence in exon count
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[151,775,1677,1957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
By ingroup comparison we reconstruct the following characters of the stemspecies of Anarhabditis without differentiating them into apo- or plesiomorphies (on apomorphies see the legend of
|
||
<figureCitation box="[492,554,1869,1893]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionStartId="11.[167,198,736,755]" captionTargetBox="[151,775,236,736]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[176,750,253,719]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 7 Stemspecies pattern reconstruction.Legend for thecladogram: Black squares indicate the following apomorphies:1) Glottoid apparatus transformed,sectors of metastegostom not spherically protruding;− median bulb prominent oval;− GP3 shifted posterior of cloacal level (only two precloacal papillae present);− GP7–9 clustered;− spiculum blade dorsally velum-like.2) GPs 3–6 clustered,but with small gaps in between; − GP6 thickened, its tip embedded within the bursa velum; − posterior part of bursa velum with “wash-board pattern” (transverse striae);− spiculum shaftwith transverse seam;− dauerlarvae unsheathed.3) Stoma triangular in cross section;− spiculum terminally notched or dentated and with an oval “window” in the blade; − postcloacal sensilla filiform; − shortening of the female tail. 4) Adult cuticle lateral with 3 longitudinal ridges;− sexual dimorphism in cephalic sensilla:they are lost in the female (not projecting to the exterior);− each sector of metastegostom with a triangular flap projecting into the buccal cavity;− precloacal lip anteriorly framed.5) Gymnostom extended and stegostom shortened,sothat only a remnant of the pharyngeal sleeve is present;− gubernaculum distally forked (only presumed for P.tristis)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1156830/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[151,775,1677,1957]" lastBlockId="10.[151,775,973,1413]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis box="[172,188,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">–</emphasis>
|
||
adults of small size (less than 1 mm); − lips not offset from anterior end; − four cephalic sensilla present in male and female; − stoma with pharyngeal sleeve (stegostom length nearly that of gymnostom); − median bulb of pharynx strongly developed, corpus intima with transverse ridging, terminal bulb with double haustrulum; − gonochoristic; − female tail elongate conoid; − gonads amphidelphic, the anterior branch right and the posterior left of intestine; − vulva at midbody, a transverse slit; − oviparous, usually only one egg at a time in the uteri; − male gonad on the right side, reflexed to the ventral; − bursa peloderan and anteriorly open, oval-shaped in ventral view, with smooth margin, terminally not notched; − 9 pairs of even genital papillae, two precloacal largely spaced, GP3
|
||
<emphasis box="[282,297,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</emphasis>
|
||
6 evenly spaced, the last three GPs forming a tight cluster; GP1, GP5 and GP7 terminate on the dorsal surface of the bursa velum; − phasmids open behind GP9, inconspicuous; − bursa formula thus v1,v2/v3,v4,ad,v5 (pd,v6,v7)ph; − male tail tip present; − 1 + 2 circumcloacal sensilla inconspicuous, precloacal lip simple; − spicules separate, stout, head not rounded, behind the shaft a slight ventral projection, dorsal part of blade weakly cuticularised (velum), its tip possibly not even (argued below); − gubernaculum simple spatulate; − dauerlarvae with double cuticle (ensheathed), not waving.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |