509 lines
81 KiB
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509 lines
81 KiB
XML
<document id="05E7F0BF3BAB96B4BEC275931CB3DC87" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad082" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11240235" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1716361652215" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kok, Philippe J. R. & Means, D. Bruce" docDate="2024" docId="03D3A81AE51AFFB6F6BA51A8FEA8B119" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad082.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 200 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad082" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.5:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Paikwaophis kruki Kok & Means 2024, gen. nov., sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="528" masterDocId="FFEAD062E513FFA1F50C554EFFA4B220" masterDocTitle="Hiding in the mists: molecular phylogenetic position and description of a new genus and species of snake (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) from the remote cloud forest of the Lost World" masterLastPageNumber="531" masterPageNumber="505" pageNumber="514" updateTime="1716545453482" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:title id="6CFF2F44502A430E73FCCDADF290AA91">Hiding in the mists: molecular phylogenetic position and description of a new genus and species of snake (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) from the remote cloud forest of the Lost World</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="D32380B61D5EB2086B79E2D727D06602" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="EA124B1370E36B7EAD67927BBEEC673C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BBD90423A24E23F351370D9EC1E4F598">Kok, Philippe J. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4BA7BF02ADB594522902B502969EA1A4">Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 12 / 16 Banacha Street, Łódź 90 - 237, Poland & Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5221D756A1448891DE4ACD4B23D0E118" type="email">philippe.kok@biol.uni.lodz.pl</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="FFCFBEC5CB8A4C07FE7C51D3987646C2" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="2944A105F5C046010F457AC2F04D7E8C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="25674C21B3813D3F785733B21DDCA8A9">Means, D. Bruce</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0AD8DBC2A86051020AB4DB0823B77D52">Coastal Plains Institute and Land Conservancy, 46 Kinsey Road, Crawfordville, FL 32327, United States & Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32304, United States</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A6A4728A83108554D007AEFC4203783C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="290A46C5E1902D2DFE92DC838EB28A09">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="87097613C48653A581897B72B7BB118B">
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<mods:date id="DDC2B1B17ECD9075BD52088734A1F730">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="148DFE02BCE8622022ADFCDFF78E456A">Zool. J. Linn. Soc.</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="59F92D38D1BFE2DB3D812D43684CA4A4">2023-08-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0FF7A3046D1962052080A0ED87722C2C">200</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="C95730A05F42A443028AE47270F0D89A">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad082</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="4897AFDA7F12CC3225A6AF32DDD2C2B0" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1701A3A3A96794E58F2D529184CF82D7" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D3A81AE51AFFB6F6BA51A8FEA8B119" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D3A81AE51AFFB6F6BA51A8FEA8B119" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D3A81AE51AFFB6F6BA51A8FEA8B119" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="528" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
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<subSubSection id="C3604A87E51AFFA8F6BA51A8FA83B720" box="[950,1319,1254,1281]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51AFFA8F6BA51A8FA83B720" blockId="9.[810,1459,1254,1348]" box="[950,1319,1254,1281]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
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<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51AFFA8F6BA51A8FA83B720" bold="true" box="[950,1319,1254,1281]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE51AFFA8F6BA51A8FBD5B721" ID-CoL="C7X6Q" authority="Kok & Means, 2024" authorityName="Kok & Means" authorityYear="2024" box="[950,1137,1254,1281]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki" status="gen. nov., sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51AFFA8F6BA51A8FBD5B721" bold="true" box="[950,1137,1254,1281]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D7865E51AFFA8F17951A8FA83B720" box="[1141,1319,1254,1280]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" rank="species">gen. nov., sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3604A87E51AFFA8F6265043FB02B764" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51AFFA8F6265043FB02B764" blockId="9.[810,1459,1254,1348]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
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Zoobank registration:
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<uri id="FFEB150EE51AFFA8F1365043FB02B764" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid id="FFDC23D9E51AFFA8F0345043FB02B764" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">A7918471- 9399-4AEA-AD08-D176E13D53ED</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3604A87E51AFFA8F626502BFBA3B479" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51AFFA8F626502BFBA3B479" blockId="9.[810,1459,1381,1625]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
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<materialsCitation id="3B121351E51AFFA8F626502BFBA3B479" collectingDate="2021-02-24" collectionCode="RBINS" collectorName="D. Bruce Means & Sloth Camp'" country="Guyana" elevation="1180" latitude="5.247074" location="Paikwa River" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-60.70547" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" specimenCode="RBINS 2734" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cuyuni-Mazaruni" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51AFFA8F626502BFBB6B75E" box="[810,1042,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
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<typeStatus id="54C1A7AEE51AFFA8F626502BFC22B75D" box="[810,902,1381,1405]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="DBDCB177E51AFFA8F69C5028FBB6B75E" box="[912,1042,1382,1406]" collectionCode="RBINS" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" name="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" type="Museum">RBINS 2734</specimenCode>
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</emphasis>
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(field number CPI11310;
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<figureCitation id="13410589E51AFFA8F02D502BFA20B75E" box="[1313,1412,1381,1406]" captionStart-0="Figure 4" captionStart-1="Figure 5" captionStart-2="Figure 6" captionStart-3="Figure 7" captionStart-4="Figure 8" captionStart-5="Figure 9" captionStart-6="Figure 10" captionStart-7="Figure 11" captionStart-8="Figure 12" captionStart-9="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="11.[113,178,1879,1903]" captionStartId-1="12.[133,198,1779,1803]" captionStartId-2="13.[113,178,1879,1903]" captionStartId-3="14.[129,194,1879,1903]" captionStartId-4="15.[115,180,1545,1569]" captionStartId-5="16.[129,194,1089,1113]" captionStartId-6="17.[113,178,1087,1111]" captionStartId-7="18.[128,193,1087,1111]" captionStartId-8="19.[113,178,1442,1466]" captionStartId-9="20.[129,194,1880,1904]" captionTargetBox-0="[146,1426,163,1851]" captionTargetBox-1="[325,1285,144,1751]" captionTargetBox-2="[146,1426,144,1851]" captionTargetBox-3="[161,1441,144,1851]" captionTargetBox-4="[114,1458,144,1517]" captionTargetBox-5="[129,1473,145,1060]" captionTargetBox-6="[114,1458,144,1059]" captionTargetBox-7="[129,1473,144,1059]" captionTargetBox-8="[114,1458,144,1414]" captionTargetBox-9="[161,1441,145,1852]" captionTargetId-0="figure-6@11.[146,1426,144,1851]" captionTargetId-1="figure-76@12.[325,1285,144,1751]" captionTargetId-2="figure-6@13.[146,1426,144,1851]" captionTargetId-3="figure-10@14.[161,1441,144,1851]" captionTargetId-4="figure-157@15.[114,1458,144,1517]" captionTargetId-5="figure-462@16.[129,1473,145,1060]" captionTargetId-6="figure-486@17.[114,1458,144,1059]" captionTargetId-7="figure-470@18.[129,1473,144,1059]" captionTargetId-8="figure-183@19.[114,1458,144,1414]" captionTargetId-9="figure-11@20.[161,1441,145,1852]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionTargetPageId-6="17" captionTargetPageId-7="18" captionTargetPageId-8="19" captionTargetPageId-9="20" captionText-0="Figure 4. Holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734). A, dorsal view in life (photograph by D.B.M.). B, dorsolateral view of anterior body in life (photograph by D.B.M.). C, ventral view in preservative (photograph by P.J.R.K.)." captionText-1="Figure 5. Pholidosis of the head of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) (photographs by P.J.R.K.)." captionText-2="Figure 6. Three-dimensional model of the complete skeleton of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery.A, dorsal view. B, ventral view." captionText-3="Figure 7. Three-dimensional model of the skull of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, lateral view.C, ventral view.Abbreviations:bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; col, columella; cp, compound bone; cps, conchal process of septomaxilla; d, dentary; ecp, ectopterygoid; exo, exoccipital; f, frontal; mx, maxillary; na, nasal; occ, occipital; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; psp, parasphenoid rostrum; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; smx, septomaxilla; so, supraoccipital; st, supratemporal; su, supraorbital; v, vomer." captionText-4="Figure 8. Three-dimensional model of the premaxilla of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view.C, lateral view. D, anterior view.E, posterior view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process of premaxilla; pc, premaxillary channel; tp, transverse process of premaxilla; vp, vomerine process of premaxilla.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-5="Figure 9. Three-dimensional model of the left maxilla of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, labial view. B, lingual view.C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: ep, ectopterygoid process; pp, palatine process. The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-6="Figure 10. Three-dimensional model of the left palatine and pterygoid of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, labial view.B, lingual view.C, ventral view. D, dorsal view. Abbreviations: chp, choanal process of the palatine; mp, maxillary process of palatine; PA, palatine; PT, pterygoid.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-7="Figure 11. Three-dimensional model of the left mandible of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery.A, labial view.B, lingual view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view.Abbreviations: AN, angular; CP, compound bone; D, dentary; dpd, dorsal process of dentary; mf, mandibular fossa; pcr, prearticular crest; rp, retroarticular process of compound bone; sac, surangular crest of compound bone; SP, splenial; vpd, ventral process of dentary.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-8="Figure 12. A, D, three-dimensional model of a mid-body vertebra of: A, the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734); and D, Xenopholis scalaris (NHMUK 2023.3195) based on μCT imagery. B, C, E, F, three-dimensional model of the last maxillary tooth of: (B, C) the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734); and (E, F) X. scalaris (NHMUK 2023.3195) based on μCT imagery.Abbreviation:MX, maxillary. The white arrow points to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-9="Figure 13. Three-dimensional model of the skull of: A, the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734); and B, Xenopholis scalaris (NHMUK 2023.3195) in frontal view, based on μCT imagery. Abbreviation:lf, lacrimal foramen." pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Figs 4–13</figureCitation>
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), an immature female, collected by
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<collectorName id="268F7CDAE51AFFA8F16B50CBFAA8B7BC" box="[1127,1292,1413,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">D. Bruce Means</collectorName>
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on
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<date id="FFC43FCCE51AFFA8F03850CBFCFAB79C" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" value="2021-02-24">
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<collectingDate id="EF80C624E51AFFA8F03850CBFCFAB79C" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" value="2021-02-24">24 February 2021</collectingDate>
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</date>
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at ‘
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<collectorName id="268F7CDAE51AFFA8F68050EAFBB7B79C" box="[908,1043,1444,1468]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Sloth Camp’</collectorName>
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[
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4E7FCBE51AFFA8F12850EAFB17B79C" box="[1060,1203,1444,1468]" degrees="5.247074" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" precision="1" value="5.247074">5.247074° N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4E7FCBE51AFFA8F1CE50EAFAC4B79C" box="[1218,1376,1444,1468]" degrees="60.705471" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" precision="1" value="-60.70547">60.705471° W</geoCoordinate>
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; ~
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<quantity id="4C82B4E9E51AFFA8F07150EAFC9BB7FB" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" unit="m" value="1180.0">
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<elevation id="0057FE3FE51AFFA8F07150EAFC9BB7FB" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" unit="m" value="1180.0">1180 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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elevation;
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<collectingRegion id="49BED7EEE51AFFA8F6B4508DFB6EB7FB" box="[952,1226,1475,1499]" country="Guyana" name="Cuyuni-Mazaruni" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Cuyuni-Mazaruni District</collectingRegion>
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(Region 7),
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<collectingCountry id="F36D599CE51AFFA8F050508AFA0BB7FC" box="[1372,1455,1476,1500]" name="Guyana" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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, South America], which is located on a broad ridge running downhill along the west fork of the
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<location id="8EA54FD7E51AFFA8F1B1534CFAEDB43A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D3A81AE51AFFB6F6BA51A8FEA8B119:8EA54FD7E51AFFA8F1B1534CFAEDB43A" box="[1213,1353,1538,1562]" country="Guyana" latitude="5.247074" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-60.70547" name="Paikwa River" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" stateProvince="Cuyuni-Mazaruni">Paikwa River</location>
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from the bottom of the talus slope below the vertical cliff wall of Wei-Assipu-tepui (
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<figureCitation id="13410589E51AFFA8F6B1530FFC52B479" box="[957,1014,1601,1625]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,727,751]" captionTargetBox="[113,1457,144,715]" captionTargetId="figure-588@3.[113,1457,144,715]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Left, terra typica of Paikwaophis kruki. Right, the Eastern Tepui Chain in Guyana as seen from the summit of Roraima-tepui, facing east (10 March 2019), with the type locality of Paikwaophis kruki depicted as a red dot. Photograph by P.J.R.K." pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3604A87E51AFFA8F6265334FBD7B50F" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51AFFA8F6265334FBD7B50F" blockId="9.[810,1459,1658,1839]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
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<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51AFFA8F6265334FC3DB4B2" box="[810,921,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Etymology:</emphasis>
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The specific epithet
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE51AFFA8F18F5334FB19B4B2" authorityName="Kok & Means" authorityYear="2024" box="[1155,1213,1658,1682]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
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‘
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<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51AFFA8F1855334FB19B4B2" box="[1161,1213,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">kruki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’ is a noun in the genitive case, honouring Professor Andrzej Kruk (born 1971), the current Dean of the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection at the University of
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<collectingRegion id="49BED7EEE51AFFA8F1675396FB06B4D0" box="[1131,1186,1752,1776]" country="Poland" name="Lodzkie" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Łódź</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36D599CE51AFFA8F1A15396FB53B4D0" box="[1197,1271,1752,1776]" name="Poland" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Poland</collectingCountry>
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, for his friendship and his influential contribution in enhancing the quality of research at the University of
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<collectingRegion id="49BED7EEE51AFFA8F13B5259FBCBB50F" box="[1079,1135,1815,1839]" country="Poland" name="Lodzkie" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Łódź</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3604A87E51AFFA8F626521FFA2AB549" box="[810,1422,1872,1897]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51AFFA8F626521FFA2AB549" blockId="9.[810,1422,1872,1897]" box="[810,1422,1872,1897]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51AFFA8F626521FFC34B548" box="[810,912,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
The species diagnosis is the same as for the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3604A87E51AFFB6F62652C4FEA8B119" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="528" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51AFFAEF62652C4FDA2B4FE" blockId="9.[810,1458,1929,1985]" lastBlockId="15.[113,762,1702,1977]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51AFFA8F62652C4FBBCB581" box="[810,1048,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="514">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C1A7AEE51AFFA8F6B352C7FBB0B581" box="[959,1044,1929,1953]" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The specimen is a small immature female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13410589E51AFFA8F66152E7FC75B5E1" box="[877,977,1961,1985]" captionStart-0="Figure 4" captionStart-1="Figure 5" captionStart-2="Figure 6" captionStart-3="Figure 7" captionStart-4="Figure 8" captionStart-5="Figure 9" captionStart-6="Figure 10" captionStart-7="Figure 11" captionStart-8="Figure 12" captionStart-9="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="11.[113,178,1879,1903]" captionStartId-1="12.[133,198,1779,1803]" captionStartId-2="13.[113,178,1879,1903]" captionStartId-3="14.[129,194,1879,1903]" captionStartId-4="15.[115,180,1545,1569]" captionStartId-5="16.[129,194,1089,1113]" captionStartId-6="17.[113,178,1087,1111]" captionStartId-7="18.[128,193,1087,1111]" captionStartId-8="19.[113,178,1442,1466]" captionStartId-9="20.[129,194,1880,1904]" captionTargetBox-0="[146,1426,163,1851]" captionTargetBox-1="[325,1285,144,1751]" captionTargetBox-2="[146,1426,144,1851]" captionTargetBox-3="[161,1441,144,1851]" captionTargetBox-4="[114,1458,144,1517]" captionTargetBox-5="[129,1473,145,1060]" captionTargetBox-6="[114,1458,144,1059]" captionTargetBox-7="[129,1473,144,1059]" captionTargetBox-8="[114,1458,144,1414]" captionTargetBox-9="[161,1441,145,1852]" captionTargetId-0="figure-6@11.[146,1426,144,1851]" captionTargetId-1="figure-76@12.[325,1285,144,1751]" captionTargetId-2="figure-6@13.[146,1426,144,1851]" captionTargetId-3="figure-10@14.[161,1441,144,1851]" captionTargetId-4="figure-157@15.[114,1458,144,1517]" captionTargetId-5="figure-462@16.[129,1473,145,1060]" captionTargetId-6="figure-486@17.[114,1458,144,1059]" captionTargetId-7="figure-470@18.[129,1473,144,1059]" captionTargetId-8="figure-183@19.[114,1458,144,1414]" captionTargetId-9="figure-11@20.[161,1441,145,1852]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionTargetPageId-6="17" captionTargetPageId-7="18" captionTargetPageId-8="19" captionTargetPageId-9="20" captionText-0="Figure 4. Holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734). A, dorsal view in life (photograph by D.B.M.). B, dorsolateral view of anterior body in life (photograph by D.B.M.). C, ventral view in preservative (photograph by P.J.R.K.)." captionText-1="Figure 5. Pholidosis of the head of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) (photographs by P.J.R.K.)." captionText-2="Figure 6. Three-dimensional model of the complete skeleton of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery.A, dorsal view. B, ventral view." captionText-3="Figure 7. Three-dimensional model of the skull of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, lateral view.C, ventral view.Abbreviations:bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; col, columella; cp, compound bone; cps, conchal process of septomaxilla; d, dentary; ecp, ectopterygoid; exo, exoccipital; f, frontal; mx, maxillary; na, nasal; occ, occipital; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; psp, parasphenoid rostrum; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; smx, septomaxilla; so, supraoccipital; st, supratemporal; su, supraorbital; v, vomer." captionText-4="Figure 8. Three-dimensional model of the premaxilla of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view.C, lateral view. D, anterior view.E, posterior view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process of premaxilla; pc, premaxillary channel; tp, transverse process of premaxilla; vp, vomerine process of premaxilla.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-5="Figure 9. Three-dimensional model of the left maxilla of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, labial view. B, lingual view.C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: ep, ectopterygoid process; pp, palatine process. The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-6="Figure 10. Three-dimensional model of the left palatine and pterygoid of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, labial view.B, lingual view.C, ventral view. D, dorsal view. Abbreviations: chp, choanal process of the palatine; mp, maxillary process of palatine; PA, palatine; PT, pterygoid.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-7="Figure 11. Three-dimensional model of the left mandible of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery.A, labial view.B, lingual view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view.Abbreviations: AN, angular; CP, compound bone; D, dentary; dpd, dorsal process of dentary; mf, mandibular fossa; pcr, prearticular crest; rp, retroarticular process of compound bone; sac, surangular crest of compound bone; SP, splenial; vpd, ventral process of dentary.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-8="Figure 12. A, D, three-dimensional model of a mid-body vertebra of: A, the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734); and D, Xenopholis scalaris (NHMUK 2023.3195) based on μCT imagery. B, C, E, F, three-dimensional model of the last maxillary tooth of: (B, C) the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734); and (E, F) X. scalaris (NHMUK 2023.3195) based on μCT imagery.Abbreviation:MX, maxillary. The white arrow points to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-9="Figure 13. Three-dimensional model of the skull of: A, the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734); and B, Xenopholis scalaris (NHMUK 2023.3195) in frontal view, based on μCT imagery. Abbreviation:lf, lacrimal foramen." pageId="9" pageNumber="514">Figs 4–13</figureCitation>
|
||
), with TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E51AFFA8F14952E7FB39B5E0" box="[1093,1181,1961,1985]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
|
||
, TaL
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E51AFFA8F1DB52E7FA84B5E0" box="[1239,1312,1961,1985]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="514" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
(13% of TL); HL
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E51FFFADF5A25217FEA5B550" box="[174,257,1881,1905]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" unit="mm" value="7.1">7.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(4% of TL); HW
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E51FFFADF4DE5217FD81B550" box="[466,549,1881,1905]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
(66% of HL); snout short and blunt, SnL
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E51FFFADF4535236FE0BB5AF" box="[351,431,1912,1936]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(30% of HL); ED 1.0 mm; DSN
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E51FFFADF58D52D9FF71B58F" box="[129,213,1943,1967]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; and DNE
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E51FFFADF45E52D9FE03B58F" box="[338,423,1943,1967]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Head poorly distinct from neck; body robust, slightly wider than high. Dorsal scales rhomboid, smooth, lacking keels or apical pits, DSR 17-17-17. There are 171 ventrals, an undivided anal scale and 38 paired subcaudals. Dentition diacranterian, aglyphous opisthodont. Prediastemal maxillary teeth 7, postdiastemal teeth 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E519FFABF58D523AFEE1B5C1" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" startId="10.[129,194,1908,1932]" targetBox="[132,1470,147,1878]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE519FFABF58D523AFEE1B5C1" blockId="10.[129,1466,1908,2017]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE519FFABF58D523AFF7CB5AC" bold="true" box="[129,216,1908,1932]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic relationships of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE519FFABF75A523BFD65B5AD" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[598,705,1909,1933]" family="Dipsadidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dipsadidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
inferred from a concatenated dataset of six genes (four mtDNA and two nuDNA genes; 3772 bp) using Bayesian inference. Statistical supports for both Bayesian and maximum likelihood (IQ-TREE) analyses are provided at nodes (see key, lower right inset). Photographs are by D.B.M. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE519FFABF7E952E2FC3FB5E4" authorityName="Kok & Means" authorityYear="2024" box="[741,923,1964,1988]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE519FFABF7E952E2FC3FB5E4" bold="true" box="[741,923,1964,1988]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and courtesy of the Reptiles of Ecuador book project (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE519FFABF5875287FE91B5C1" baseAuthorityName="Wucherer" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[139,309,1993,2017]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Xenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scalaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE519FFABF5875287FE91B5C1" box="[139,309,1993,2017]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Xenopholis scalaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E518FFAAF57D5219FC17B5AB" pageId="11" pageNumber="516" startId="11.[113,178,1879,1903]" targetBox="[146,1426,163,1851]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE518FFAAF57D5219FC17B5AB" blockId="11.[113,1444,1879,1931]" pageId="11" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE518FFAAF57D5219FF6DB54F" bold="true" box="[113,201,1879,1903]" pageId="11" pageNumber="516">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE518FFAAF44A5219FD2AB54F" authority="(RBINS 2734)" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[326,654,1879,1903]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE518FFAAF44A5219FE58B54F" bold="true" box="[326,508,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="516">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE518FFAAF7075219FD27B54F" box="[523,643,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="516">RBINS 2734</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, dorsal view in life (photograph by D.B.M.). B, dorsolateral view of anterior body in life (photograph by D.B.M.). C, ventral view in preservative (photograph by P.J.R.K.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E51FFFADF58953BDFB0BB52C" box="[133,1199,1779,1804]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" startId="12.[133,198,1779,1803]" targetBox="[325,1285,144,1751]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51FFFADF58953BDFB0BB52C" blockId="12.[133,1199,1779,1804]" box="[133,1199,1779,1804]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51FFFADF58953BDFF79B52C" bold="true" box="[133,221,1779,1804]" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Pholidosis of the head of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE51FFFADF76953BDFC09B52C" authority="(RBINS 2734)" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[613,941,1779,1804]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51FFFADF76953BDFCB8B52B" bold="true" box="[613,796,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51FFFADF62653BAFC06B52C" box="[810,930,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="517">RBINS 2734</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(photographs by P.J.R.K.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E51EFFACF57D5219FED0B5AB" pageId="13" pageNumber="518" startId="13.[113,178,1879,1903]" targetBox="[146,1426,144,1851]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51EFFACF57D5219FED0B5AB" blockId="13.[113,1442,1878,1931]" pageId="13" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51EFFACF57D5219FF6DB54F" bold="true" box="[113,201,1879,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="518">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Three-dimensional model of the complete skeleton of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE51EFFACF66C5218FB0CB54F" authority="(RBINS 2734)" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[864,1192,1878,1903]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51EFFACF66C5218FBB3B54E" bold="true" box="[864,1047,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="518">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51EFFACF12A5219FB3AB54F" box="[1062,1182,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="518">RBINS 2734</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E51DFFAFF58D5219FD17B5FF" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" startId="14.[129,194,1879,1903]" targetBox="[161,1441,144,1851]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51DFFAFF58D5219FA01B54F" blockId="14.[129,1445,1879,2015]" box="[129,1445,1879,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51DFFAFF58D5219FF7CB54F" bold="true" box="[129,216,1879,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Three-dimensional model of the skull of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE51DFFAFF7FC5219FB93B54F" authority="(RBINS 2734)" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[752,1079,1879,1903]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51DFFAFF7FC5219FC02B54F" bold="true" box="[752,934,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51DFFAFF6B95219FB89B54F" box="[949,1069,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">RBINS 2734</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51DFFAFF58D523AFD17B5FF" blockId="14.[129,1445,1879,2015]" pageId="14" pageNumber="519">B, lateral view. C, ventral view. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; col, columella; cp, compound bone; cps, conchal process of septomaxilla; d, dentary; ecp, ectopterygoid; exo, exoccipital; f, frontal; mx, maxillary; na, nasal; occ, occipital; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; psp, parasphenoid rostrum; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; smx, septomaxilla; so, supraoccipital; st, supratemporal; su, supraorbital; v, vomer.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E51CFFAEF57F5347FA27B479" pageId="15" pageNumber="520" startId="15.[115,180,1545,1569]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,1517]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51CFFAEF57F5347FA27B479" blockId="15.[113,1433,1545,1625]" pageId="15" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51CFFAEF57F5347FF6EB401" bold="true" box="[115,202,1545,1569]" pageId="15" pageNumber="520">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Three-dimensional model of the premaxilla of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE51CFFAEF6165347FBC5B401" authority="(RBINS 2734)" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[794,1121,1545,1569]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51CFFAEF6165347FC74B401" bold="true" box="[794,976,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="520">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE51CFFAEF6D35344FBF3B401" box="[991,1111,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="520">RBINS 2734</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. D, anterior view. E, posterior view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process of premaxilla; pc, premaxillary channel; tp, transverse process of premaxilla; vp, vomerine process of premaxilla. The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE51CFFB1F58153ABFB5FB712" blockId="15.[113,762,1702,1977]" lastBlockId="16.[825,1474,1243,1330]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="521" pageId="15" pageNumber="520">
|
||
Rostral 3.6 times wider than high (RW
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E51CFFAEF76B53ABFD66B4DD" box="[615,706,1765,1789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="520" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, RH
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E51CFFAEF57D524AFF69B53D" box="[113,205,1796,1821]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="520" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), visible from above, contacting first supralabials, nasals and internasals. Paired internasals 1.3 times wider than long, laterally in contact with nasals. Paired prefrontals large, 1.5 times broader than long, laterally contacting nasals, second supralabials and preoculars. Frontal subtriangular, anteriorly convex, with dorsal termination acute, ~1.2 times longer than wide, laterally in contact with supraoculars, laterodorsally in contact with parietals. Elongate single supraocular ~2 times longer than wide. Parietals large, ~2 times longer than wide, median suture ~1.5 times shorter than frontal length. Nostrils located in anterior portion of undivided nasals, which are 2 times longer than high. Nasals in contact with rostral, internasals, first and second supralabials and prefrontals. Loreal absent, seemingly fused with prefrontal. Eyes moderate in size, with vertically oval pupils, poorly visible in ventral view, surrounded by one preocular, one supraocular, two postoculars and third and fourth supralabials. No subocular. Preocular ~2 times higher than long. Supralabials 7/7, with numerous minute sensory pits, irregularly increasing in size posteriorly; last one ~2 times longer, but as high as first; second supralabial contacting nasal, prefrontal and preocular; third contacting preocular and eye; fourth contacting eye and lower postocular; fifth contacting lower postocular and anterior temporal; sixth contacting anterior and lower posterior temporals; seventh contacting lower posterior temporal and first scale of dorsolateral and lateral body scale row. Temporals 1 + 2 + 3; first and second temporals about twice as long as high; third temporals almost as long as high. Mental triangular, as long as wide, separated from chinshields by first pair of infralabials, which are in contact with each other along the ventral midline. Infralabials 7/7, with numerous minute sensory pits; fourth the largest, second the smallest; first to fourth contacting anterior pair of chinshields (fourth in point contact); fourth infralabial contacting posterior chinshield and first gular. Two pairs of chinshields; anterior chinshields projecting frontolaterally, about twice as wide as long and ~1.6 times shorter than posterior chinshields; posterior chinshields ~2.5 times longer than wide, laterally contacting fourth infralabial, posteriorly separated from first preventral by two rows of gulars. Anterior row of gulars consists of six scales; second row consists of seven scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E503FFB1F58D510FFE3AB6B1" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" startId="16.[129,194,1089,1113]" targetBox="[129,1473,145,1060]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE503FFB1F58D510FFE3AB6B1" blockId="16.[129,1452,1088,1169]" pageId="16" pageNumber="521">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE503FFB1F58D510FFF7DB679" bold="true" box="[129,217,1089,1113]" pageId="16" pageNumber="521">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Three-dimensional model of the left maxilla of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE503FFB1F621510EFBD0B679" authority="(RBINS 2734)" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[813,1140,1088,1113]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE503FFB1F621510EFC47B678" bold="true" box="[813,995,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="521">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE503FFB1F6FE510FFBCEB679" box="[1010,1130,1089,1113]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="521">RBINS 2734</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on μCT imagery. A, labial view. B, lingual view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: ep, ectopterygoid process; pp, palatine process. The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE503FFB1F635501DFAC5B7C9" blockId="16.[825,1474,1363,1513]" pageId="16" pageNumber="521">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE503FFB1F635501DFB5EB74B" box="[825,1274,1363,1387]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="521">Summary of morphometric and meristic data:</emphasis>
|
||
SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E503FFB1F039501DFA2AB74B" box="[1333,1422,1363,1387]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.56" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="156.0">156 mm</quantity>
|
||
; TaL
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E503FFB1F635503DFC23B7AA" box="[825,903,1395,1419]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
; TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E503FFB1F6B7503DFBB2B7AA" box="[955,1046,1395,1419]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
|
||
; HL
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E503FFB1F141503DFB04B7AA" box="[1101,1184,1395,1419]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="7.1">7.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; HW
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E503FFB1F1ED503DFA90B7AA" box="[1249,1332,1395,1419]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; ED 1.0 mm; DSN
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E503FFB1F67A50DCFC6EB789" box="[886,970,1426,1450]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; DNE
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E503FFB1F11B50DCFBCFB789" box="[1047,1131,1426,1450]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; SnL
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E503FFB1F1A650DCFB5AB789" box="[1194,1278,1426,1450]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; RW
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E503FFB1F03050DCFA34B789" box="[1340,1424,1426,1450]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; RH
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E503FFB1F63550FFFC2FB7E9" box="[825,907,1457,1481]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; DSR 17-17-17; SL 7/7; IL 7/7; PrO 1; PtO 2; SuO 1; IN 2; LoR 0; TMP 1 + 2 + 3; CS 2 + 2; V 171; SC 38.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE503FFB0F635535EFEE2B52B" blockId="16.[825,1474,1552,1952]" lastBlockId="17.[113,763,1215,1803]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="522" pageId="16" pageNumber="521">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE503FFB1F635535EFBEAB408" box="[825,1102,1552,1576]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="521">
|
||
Coloration of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C1A7AEE503FFB1F6CC535EFBB6B408" box="[960,1042,1552,1576]" pageId="16" pageNumber="521" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in life
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13410589E503FFB1F153535EFB60B407" box="[1119,1220,1552,1576]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1879,1903]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,163,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[146,1426,144,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734). A, dorsal view in life (photograph by D.B.M.). B, dorsolateral view of anterior body in life (photograph by D.B.M.). C, ventral view in preservative (photograph by P.J.R.K.)." pageId="16" pageNumber="521">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
): The top of the head is boldly marked with a dense light yellowish cream colour from the rounded tip of the snout distally to the ends of the parietal shields, and laterally ending abruptly where the top of the head makes a sharp downturn to the vertical sides of the face. Dense black pigment surrounds the nostrils, completely colouring the small rostral, and makes two similar-sized black spots at the distal edges of the prefrontals. Small black specks are scattered loosely on the frontal and parietal scales and in some of the depressions between the head scales. The sides of the face are coal black beginning on the loreal and anterior-most labial in front of the eye and sweeping backwards from the orbit to become a two- to three-scale-wide dorsolateral intense black stripe all the way onto the tail. The eye is entirely embedded in the black lateral stripe. The iris is dark reddish orange or rust coloured. Also beginning on the upper labials are three or four light blue spots that fuse posteriorly and become a very distinct ventrolateral stripe including the ventral-most dorsal scale and a small lateralmost portion of the adjacent ventral scales, running in parallel with the wider black stripe all the way onto the sides of the tail. The ventral pattern is a shiny, slick black colour beginning at the base of the chin and running all the way to the tip of the tail. A bold white to very light blue midventral stripe about one-fifth the width of the black ventral scales begins on the second ventral scale and runs all the way to the anal scale. The undersurface of the chin is densely black, but the chinshields have small whitish blotches, and each lower labial has a bold white oval spot. The dorsal pattern consists of a thin, one-scale-wide, continuous, black line in the middle of an eight- or nine-scale light brown stripe. The main impressions of the colour pattern are a light brown snake with a boldly whitish head and a light bluish streak on dense black sides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E502FFB0F57D5171FBEEB6AF" pageId="17" pageNumber="522" startId="17.[113,178,1087,1111]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,1059]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE502FFB0F57D5171FBEEB6AF" blockId="17.[113,1418,1087,1167]" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE502FFB0F57D5171FF72B677" bold="true" box="[113,214,1087,1111]" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Three-dimensional model of the left palatine and pterygoid of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE502FFB0F6B45171FAA4B677" authority="(RBINS 2734)" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[952,1280,1087,1111]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE502FFB0F6B45171FBCBB677" bold="true" box="[952,1135,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE502FFB0F171510EFB51B677" box="[1149,1269,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">RBINS 2734</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on μCT imagery. A, labial view. B, lingual view. C, ventral view. D, dorsal view. Abbreviations: chp, choanal process of the palatine; mp, maxillary process of palatine; PA, palatine; PT, pterygoid. The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE502FFB0F57D526BFB80B736" blockId="17.[113,763,1829,1978]" lastBlockId="17.[810,1459,1215,1302]" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE502FFB0F57D526BFDADB51D" box="[113,521,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">
|
||
Coloration of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C1A7AEE502FFB0F42D526BFED7B51D" box="[289,371,1829,1853]" pageId="17" pageNumber="522" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in preservative
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13410589E502FFB0F717526BFDCCB51D" box="[539,616,1829,1853]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1879,1903]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,163,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[146,1426,144,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734). A, dorsal view in life (photograph by D.B.M.). B, dorsolateral view of anterior body in life (photograph by D.B.M.). C, ventral view in preservative (photograph by P.J.R.K.)." pageId="17" pageNumber="522">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13410589E502FFB0F779526BFD26B51D" box="[629,642,1829,1853]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[133,198,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[325,1285,144,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-76@12.[325,1285,144,1751]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Pholidosis of the head of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) (photographs by P.J.R.K.)." pageId="17" pageNumber="522">5</figureCitation>
|
||
): After 22 months in ethanol preservative, the overall coloration of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C1A7AEE502FFB0F57D522AFF69B55C" box="[113,205,1892,1916]" pageId="17" pageNumber="522" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
appears only slightly faded from the condition of the live snake. The light brown dorsal colour has faded slightly, but the black-pigmented venter, lateral and middorsal stripes and chin are essentially the same. The blue colour of the lateral and midventral stripes has disappeared from the remaining underlying white colour.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE502FFB0F6265079FCDAB74E" blockId="17.[810,1459,1335,1390]" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE502FFB0F6265079FC2DB76F" box="[810,905,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">Osteology</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13410589E502FFB0F6905079FBA6B76F" box="[924,1026,1335,1359]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStart-4="Figure 10" captionStart-5="Figure 11" captionStart-6="Figure 12" captionStart-7="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="13.[113,178,1879,1903]" captionStartId-1="14.[129,194,1879,1903]" captionStartId-2="15.[115,180,1545,1569]" captionStartId-3="16.[129,194,1089,1113]" captionStartId-4="17.[113,178,1087,1111]" captionStartId-5="18.[128,193,1087,1111]" captionStartId-6="19.[113,178,1442,1466]" captionStartId-7="20.[129,194,1880,1904]" captionTargetBox-0="[146,1426,144,1851]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1441,144,1851]" captionTargetBox-2="[114,1458,144,1517]" captionTargetBox-3="[129,1473,145,1060]" captionTargetBox-4="[114,1458,144,1059]" captionTargetBox-5="[129,1473,144,1059]" captionTargetBox-6="[114,1458,144,1414]" captionTargetBox-7="[161,1441,145,1852]" captionTargetId-0="figure-6@13.[146,1426,144,1851]" captionTargetId-1="figure-10@14.[161,1441,144,1851]" captionTargetId-2="figure-157@15.[114,1458,144,1517]" captionTargetId-3="figure-462@16.[129,1473,145,1060]" captionTargetId-4="figure-486@17.[114,1458,144,1059]" captionTargetId-5="figure-470@18.[129,1473,144,1059]" captionTargetId-6="figure-183@19.[114,1458,144,1414]" captionTargetId-7="figure-11@20.[161,1441,145,1852]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionTargetPageId-4="17" captionTargetPageId-5="18" captionTargetPageId-6="19" captionTargetPageId-7="20" captionText-0="Figure 6. Three-dimensional model of the complete skeleton of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery.A, dorsal view. B, ventral view." captionText-1="Figure 7. Three-dimensional model of the skull of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, lateral view.C, ventral view.Abbreviations:bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; col, columella; cp, compound bone; cps, conchal process of septomaxilla; d, dentary; ecp, ectopterygoid; exo, exoccipital; f, frontal; mx, maxillary; na, nasal; occ, occipital; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; psp, parasphenoid rostrum; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; smx, septomaxilla; so, supraoccipital; st, supratemporal; su, supraorbital; v, vomer." captionText-2="Figure 8. Three-dimensional model of the premaxilla of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view.C, lateral view. D, anterior view.E, posterior view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process of premaxilla; pc, premaxillary channel; tp, transverse process of premaxilla; vp, vomerine process of premaxilla.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-3="Figure 9. Three-dimensional model of the left maxilla of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, labial view. B, lingual view.C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: ep, ectopterygoid process; pp, palatine process. The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-4="Figure 10. Three-dimensional model of the left palatine and pterygoid of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, labial view.B, lingual view.C, ventral view. D, dorsal view. Abbreviations: chp, choanal process of the palatine; mp, maxillary process of palatine; PA, palatine; PT, pterygoid.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-5="Figure 11. Three-dimensional model of the left mandible of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery.A, labial view.B, lingual view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view.Abbreviations: AN, angular; CP, compound bone; D, dentary; dpd, dorsal process of dentary; mf, mandibular fossa; pcr, prearticular crest; rp, retroarticular process of compound bone; sac, surangular crest of compound bone; SP, splenial; vpd, ventral process of dentary.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-6="Figure 12. A, D, three-dimensional model of a mid-body vertebra of: A, the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734); and D, Xenopholis scalaris (NHMUK 2023.3195) based on μCT imagery. B, C, E, F, three-dimensional model of the last maxillary tooth of: (B, C) the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734); and (E, F) X. scalaris (NHMUK 2023.3195) based on μCT imagery.Abbreviation:MX, maxillary. The white arrow points to the rostral end of the cranium." captionText-7="Figure 13. Three-dimensional model of the skull of: A, the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734); and B, Xenopholis scalaris (NHMUK 2023.3195) in frontal view, based on μCT imagery. Abbreviation:lf, lacrimal foramen." pageId="17" pageNumber="522">Figs 6–13</figureCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE502FFB0F10E5079FBB0B76E" box="[1026,1044,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">):</emphasis>
|
||
Skull and postcranial skeleton are well ossified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE502FFB0F62650DEFC7DB482" blockId="17.[810,1459,1424,1698]" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE502FFB0F62650DEFCCFB787" box="[810,875,1424,1447]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">Snout:</emphasis>
|
||
The premaxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13410589E502FFB0F11550DEFBF5B788" box="[1049,1105,1424,1448]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[115,180,1545,1569]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-157@15.[114,1458,144,1517]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Three-dimensional model of the premaxilla of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view.C, lateral view. D, anterior view.E, posterior view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process of premaxilla; pc, premaxillary channel; tp, transverse process of premaxilla; vp, vomerine process of premaxilla.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." pageId="17" pageNumber="522">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) is short and blunt. The ascending process is frontolaterally expanded and slanted posteriorly, giving it a wishbone shape from above, with its anterior surface having a sigmoid curvature in the lateral view. The transverse process is short and slightly curved, almost rectangular in shape in dorsal view. The posterior end of the vomerine process bears a notch; it fails to contact the tip of the septomaxilla. Both anterior and posterior sections of the nasal bone are tapered; the dorsal surface is bulged.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE502FFB3F626538BFF42B46C" blockId="17.[810,1459,1732,1975]" lastBlockId="18.[129,778,1243,1612]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="523" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE502FFB0F626538BFC2FB4FC" box="[810,907,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="522">Braincase</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13410589E502FFB0F693538AFC7FB4FC" box="[927,987,1732,1756]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1879,1903]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,144,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-10@14.[161,1441,144,1851]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Three-dimensional model of the skull of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, lateral view.C, ventral view.Abbreviations:bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; col, columella; cp, compound bone; cps, conchal process of septomaxilla; d, dentary; ecp, ectopterygoid; exo, exoccipital; f, frontal; mx, maxillary; na, nasal; occ, occipital; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; psp, parasphenoid rostrum; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; smx, septomaxilla; so, supraoccipital; st, supratemporal; su, supraorbital; v, vomer." pageId="17" pageNumber="522">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
): The parietal is short and blunt, lacking a conspicuous lateral ridge (= adductor ridge). The lateral aspect of the prefrontal exhibits an expanded lateral lamina. The dorsal margin of the prefrontal bears a notch that almost contacts the lateral edge of the dorsal lamina of the nasal. The lateral aspect of the prefrontal shows a conspicuous outer orbital ridge. The lateral foot process is well developed, in contact with the dorsal surface of the maxilla, where it expands frontally and dorsally as a plate, giving it an inverted T-shape in lateral view. The medial extension is short, poorly differentiated and almost in contact with the pterygoid. The lacrimal foramen is large and vertically ovoid. The anterior margin of the frontal is trapezium-shaped; the lateral margin is slightly convex. The postorbital is highly reduced, crescent-shaped, not in contact with the frontal. Supraoccipital sagittal and adductor crests are poorly developed. The basisphenoid is wide, with no conspicuous lateral ridges on the ventral surface. The parasphenoid rostrum is not divided. The columella is short and thick, approximately as long as the diameter of its footplate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E501FFB3F58C5171FB91B68C" pageId="18" pageNumber="523" startId="18.[128,193,1087,1111]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,1059]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE501FFB3F58C5171FB91B68C" blockId="18.[128,1466,1087,1196]" pageId="18" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE501FFB3F58C5171FF41B677" bold="true" box="[128,229,1087,1111]" pageId="18" pageNumber="523">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Three-dimensional model of the left mandible of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE501FFB3F6405171FB30B678" authority="(RBINS 2734)" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[844,1172,1087,1112]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE501FFB3F6405171FBA7B677" bold="true" box="[844,1027,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="523">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE501FFB3F11E510EFB2EB678" box="[1042,1162,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="523">RBINS 2734</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on μCT imagery. A, labial view. B, lingual view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: AN, angular; CP, compound bone; D, dentary; dpd, dorsal process of dentary; mf, mandibular fossa; pcr, prearticular crest; rp, retroarticular process of compound bone; sac, surangular crest of compound bone; SP, splenial; vpd, ventral process of dentary. The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE501FFB3F58D5323FC57B7EF" blockId="18.[129,778,1645,1983]" lastBlockId="18.[825,1475,1243,1487]" pageId="18" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE501FFB3F58D5323FEF0B4A5" box="[129,340,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="523">Palatomaxillary arch:</emphasis>
|
||
The maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13410589E501FFB3F4D25323FDB1B4A6" box="[478,533,1645,1670]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1089,1113]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,145,1060]" captionTargetId="figure-462@16.[129,1473,145,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Three-dimensional model of the left maxilla of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, labial view. B, lingual view.C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. Abbreviations: ep, ectopterygoid process; pp, palatine process. The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." pageId="18" pageNumber="523">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) is short and stout, with a strong sigmoid curvature in dorsal and ventral view. The palatine process of the maxilla is elongate, with its tapered rounded tip strongly curved towards the ectopterygoid process. The ectopterygoid process is expanded, short and sharp. The maxilla has nine teeth on each side, with one row of replacement teeth on the lingual side. The palatine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13410589E501FFB3F4B85267FE5EB561" box="[436,506,1833,1857]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1087,1111]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-486@17.[114,1458,144,1059]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Three-dimensional model of the left palatine and pterygoid of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, labial view.B, lingual view.C, ventral view. D, dorsal view. Abbreviations: chp, choanal process of the palatine; mp, maxillary process of palatine; PA, palatine; PT, pterygoid.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." pageId="18" pageNumber="523">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) bears five teeth, with one row of replacement teeth on the labial side. The choanal process of the palatine is curved towards the rostral end of the cranium and is shark-fin-shaped in dorsal view. The maxillary process of the palatine is short and small. The pterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13410589E501FFB3F75952E9FD3EB59F" box="[597,666,1959,1983]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1087,1111]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-486@17.[114,1458,144,1059]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10. Three-dimensional model of the left palatine and pterygoid of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery. A, labial view.B, lingual view.C, ventral view. D, dorsal view. Abbreviations: chp, choanal process of the palatine; mp, maxillary process of palatine; PA, palatine; PT, pterygoid.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." pageId="18" pageNumber="523">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) is slender and lanceolate, ~1.6 times the length of the palatine, bearing eight teeth on its anterior portion only (i.e. approximately half of its length), with one row of replacement teeth on the labial side. The ectopterygoid process is large and well defined, outwardly curved in dorsal view; its anterior part is horizontally expanded, bearing a large notch. The lateral furculum of the ectopterygoid is short and sharp; the medial furculum is straight and elongate with a pointed tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE501FFB2F63550BEFEF9B455" blockId="18.[825,1474,1520,1982]" lastBlockId="19.[113,761,1598,1653]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="524" pageId="18" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE501FFB3F63550BEFBC4B428" box="[825,1120,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="523">Suspensorium and mandible:</emphasis>
|
||
The mandible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13410589E501FFB3F01F50BEFAF9B428" box="[1299,1373,1520,1544]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1087,1111]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1059]" captionTargetId="figure-470@18.[129,1473,144,1059]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Three-dimensional model of the left mandible of the holotype of Paikwaophis kruki (RBINS 2734) based on μCT imagery.A, labial view.B, lingual view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view.Abbreviations: AN, angular; CP, compound bone; D, dentary; dpd, dorsal process of dentary; mf, mandibular fossa; pcr, prearticular crest; rp, retroarticular process of compound bone; sac, surangular crest of compound bone; SP, splenial; vpd, ventral process of dentary.The white arrows point to the rostral end of the cranium." pageId="18" pageNumber="523">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) is stout and moderately curved. The dorsal process of the dentary is upwardly curved and expands further posteriorly than the ventral process. The dentary bone bears 12 teeth, with one row of replacement teeth on the lingual side. The largest dentary nutrient foramen is elongated, oval-shaped and lies below the seventh tooth. The prearticular crest of the compound bone is about twice as high as the surangular crest. The angular is slender and triangular. The splenial is triangular, tooth-shaped and slightly shorter than the angular. The supratemporal is flat and slender, having a sigmoid curvature in the dorsal view, with its posterior margin outwardly curved. The quadrate is expanded and stout, almost triangular in lateral view, and approximately as long as the supratemporal. The supratemporal angular surface of the quadrate is expanded and elongated. The stylohyal is long, completely fused with the quadrate, strongly protruding backwards.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E500FFB2F57D50ECFDF9B42E" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" startId="19.[113,178,1442,1466]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,1414]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE500FFB2F57D50ECFDF9B42E" blockId="19.[113,1447,1442,1550]" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE500FFB2F57D50ECFF72B79A" bold="true" box="[113,214,1442,1466]" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
A, D, three-dimensional model of a mid-body vertebra of: A, the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE500FFB2F6A250ECFB52B79A" authority="(RBINS 2734)" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[942,1270,1442,1466]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE500FFB2F6A250ECFBC0B79A" bold="true" box="[942,1124,1442,1466]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE500FFB2F17F50EDFB4FB79A" box="[1139,1259,1442,1466]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">RBINS 2734</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and D,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE500FFB2F04850ECFF17B7F6" baseAuthorityName="Wucherer" baseAuthorityYear="1861" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Xenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scalaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE500FFB2F04850ECFF17B7F6" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">Xenopholis scalaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK 2023.3195) based on μCT imagery. B, C, E, F, three-dimensional model of the last maxillary tooth of: (B, C) the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE500FFB2F5855094FE76B7D2" authority="(RBINS 2734)" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[137,466,1498,1522]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE500FFB2F5855094FEE4B7D2" bold="true" box="[137,320,1498,1522]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE500FFB2F4425095FE62B7D2" box="[334,454,1498,1522]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">RBINS 2734</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and (E, F)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE500FFB2F74F5095FD3BB7D2" baseAuthorityName="Wucherer" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[579,671,1498,1522]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Xenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scalaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE500FFB2F74F5095FD3BB7D2" box="[579,671,1498,1522]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">X. scalaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK 2023.3195) based on μCT imagery. Abbreviation: MX, maxillary. The white arrow points to the rostral end of the cranium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE500FFB2F57D53D5FDB2B530" blockId="19.[113,763,1690,1808]" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE500FFB2F57D53D5FF72B492" box="[113,214,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">Dentition:</emphasis>
|
||
Diacranterian (presence of a diastema), aglyphous opisthodont (ungrooved fangs); prediastemal maxillary teeth: 7/7; postdiastemal maxillary teeth: 2/2; pterygoid teeth: 8/8; palatine teeth: 5/5; dentary teeth: 12/12.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE500FFB2F57D527FFC70B4B5" blockId="19.[113,762,1841,1959]" lastBlockId="19.[810,1459,1598,1685]" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE500FFB2F57D527FFEE3B569" box="[113,327,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">Postcranial skeleton:</emphasis>
|
||
Trunk vertebrae 175, neural spines smooth, ungrooved and not laterally expanded; conspicuous hypapophyses present on anterior trunk vertebrae only (approximately one-quarter of trunk vertebrae, hypapophyses abruptly decreasing in size from ~46th vertebra), absent on posterior vertebrae; caudal vertebrae 42, with distinct haemapophyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE500FFB6F62653F8FD70B3C1" blockId="19.[810,1459,1718,1961]" lastBlockId="23.[113,763,144,826]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="528" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE500FFB2F62653F8FBC0B4EE" box="[810,1124,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">Distribution and natural history:</emphasis>
|
||
The forest at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C1A7AEE500FFB2F01E53F9FAE4B4EF" box="[1298,1344,1719,1743]" pageId="19" pageNumber="524">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality is a fairly dense growth of small [
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E500FFB2F147539BFB11B4CD" box="[1099,1205,1749,1773]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" unit="cm" value="11.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="10.0">10–13 cm</quantity>
|
||
diameter at breast height (DBH)] to medium (
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E500FFB2F10853BBFBCBB52C" box="[1028,1135,1781,1805]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" unit="cm" value="30.0" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="15.0">15–45 cm</quantity>
|
||
DBH) trees, with an occasional large tree>
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E500FFB2F6AB525AFC4DB50C" box="[935,1001,1812,1836]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" unit="cm" value="45.0">45 cm</quantity>
|
||
DBH. Their trunks are densely grown, with a 5-cm-deep cover of moss to ≥
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E500FFB2F188527DFB65B56B" box="[1156,1217,1843,1867]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
|
||
above the ground, but many trees are mossy to their canopy limbs. The trees are ~
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E500FFB2F072521DFA17B54A" box="[1406,1459,1875,1899]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
high, and few have branches until ~
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7CD285E500FFB2F19B523CFB77B5A9" box="[1175,1235,1906,1930]" count="25" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E500FFB2F19B523CFB6BB5A9" box="[1175,1231,1906,1930]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
Large aroids with big whorled leaves are epiphytes from ground level to the bottom of the canopy branches, but only on ~20% or less of the trees. An understorey layer of small-diameter brush with dwarf palms and long, strap-leaved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE504FFB6F46A5581FE41B2C6" box="[358,485,207,230]" class="Liliopsida" family="Rapateaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rapateaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
exists, with lots of pesky vines that make walking a challenge. The ground is covered with
|
||
<quantity id="4C82B4E9E504FFB6F57D5443FF7DB305" box="[113,217,269,293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="528" unit="cm" value="37.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="30.0">30–45 cm</quantity>
|
||
of recently fallen leaf litter over peaty soil invaded by fine roots growing upwards from larger roots of the trees. Many of the small- to medium-sized trees are prop-rooted species, with a labyrinth of declivities among them filled with leaf litter and/or moss. These are havens for many tiny frogs that we hear calling all day long and at night. The mossy epiphyte load is not so vigorous as in a more substantial cloud forest, but getting there.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E507FFB5F58D5216FBB1B5AC" pageId="20" pageNumber="525" startId="20.[129,194,1880,1904]" targetBox="[161,1441,145,1852]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE507FFB5F58D5216FBB1B5AC" blockId="20.[129,1372,1880,1933]" pageId="20" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE507FFB5F58D5216FF41B550" bold="true" box="[129,229,1880,1904]" pageId="20" pageNumber="525">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Three-dimensional model of the skull of: A, the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE507FFB5F6125216FBC3B551" authority="(RBINS 2734)" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[798,1127,1880,1905]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE507FFB5F6125216FC71B550" bold="true" box="[798,981,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="525">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE507FFB5F6EF5217FBFFB551" box="[995,1115,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="525">RBINS 2734</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and B,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE507FFB5F1BE5216FAF8B550" baseAuthorityName="Wucherer" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1202,1372,1880,1904]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Xenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scalaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE507FFB5F1BE5216FAF8B550" box="[1202,1372,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="525">Xenopholis scalaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK 2023.3195) in frontal view, based on μCT imagery. Abbreviation: lf, lacrimal foramen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E506FFB4F57D5219FC8FB5AB" pageId="21" pageNumber="526" startId="21.[113,178,1879,1903]" targetBox="[146,1426,144,1851]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE506FFB4F57D5219FC8FB5AB" blockId="21.[113,1390,1879,1931]" pageId="21" pageNumber="526">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE506FFB4F57D5219FF72B54F" bold="true" box="[113,214,1879,1903]" pageId="21" pageNumber="526">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Three-dimensional model of the complete skeleton of the syntype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE506FFB4F66F5219FBA9B54F" baseAuthorityName="Wucherer" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[867,1037,1879,1903]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Xenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scalaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE506FFB4F66F5219FBA9B54F" box="[867,1037,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="526">Xenopholis scalaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 1946.1.8.66) based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. Note the hemipenial body in pink.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF054984E505FFB7F58D5218FD17B5FD" pageId="22" pageNumber="527" startId="22.[129,194,1878,1902]" targetBox="[161,1441,143,1850]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE505FFB7F58D5218FD17B5FD" blockId="22.[129,1429,1878,2014]" pageId="22" pageNumber="527">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE505FFB7F58D5218FF41B54E" bold="true" box="[129,229,1878,1902]" pageId="22" pageNumber="527">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Three-dimensional model of the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE505FFB7F76B5218FCB5B54E" baseAuthorityName="Wucherer" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[615,785,1878,1902]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Xenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scalaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE505FFB7F76B5218FCB5B54E" box="[615,785,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="527">Xenopholis scalaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK 2023.3195) based on μCT imagery. A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. C, ventral view. Abbreviations: bo = basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; col, columella; cp, compound bone; cps, conchal process of septomaxilla; d, dentary; ecp, ectopterygoid; exo, exoccipital; f, frontal; mx, maxillary; na, nasal; occ, occipital; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; psp, parasphenoid rostrum; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; smx, septomaxilla; so, supraoccipital; st, supratemporal; su, supraorbital; v, vomer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE504FFB6F58154A7FD5EB05E" blockId="23.[113,763,144,826]" pageId="23" pageNumber="528">
|
||
The skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE504FFB6F40454A7FE1CB021" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[264,440,489,513]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE504FFB6F40454A7FE1CB021" box="[264,440,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="528">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be conducive to burrowing in the soft peaty soil immediately under the decomposing top layer of the leaf litter of cloud forests, and we assume that the new genus is fossorial or semi-fossorial, as also suggested by, inter alia, the highly reduced postorbital bones (Cundall and Irish 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE504FFB6F58157CBFD5FB09C" blockId="23.[113,763,144,826]" pageId="23" pageNumber="528">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE504FFB6F58157CBFE9FB0BD" baseAuthorityName="RBINS" baseAuthorityYear="2734" box="[141,315,645,669]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kruki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE504FFB6F58157CBFE9FB0BD" box="[141,315,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="528">Paikwaophis kruki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is saurophagous, at least in part, given that we found a few small lizard scales in the large intestine of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C1A7AEE504FFB6F79057EAFD53B09C" box="[668,759,676,700]" pageId="23" pageNumber="528" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5190CE504FFB6F581578AFEA8B119" blockId="23.[113,763,144,826]" pageId="23" pageNumber="528">
|
||
Unlike its sister genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE504FFB6F484578AFE57B0FC" box="[392,499,708,732]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Xenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE504FFB6F484578AFE57B0FC" box="[392,499,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="528">Xenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), defensive mechanisms, such as body flattening and head hiding (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB64FDE504FFB6F73757ADFF01B13B" author="Mira-Mendes CV & Oliveira RM & Ruas DS" pageId="23" pageNumber="528" pagination="699" refId="ref13615" refString="Mira-Mendes CV, Oliveira RM, Ruas DS et al. Xenopholis scalaris (Wucherer's Ground Snake). Defensive behavior. Herpetological Review 2013; 44: 699." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Mira-Mendes
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE504FFB6F7C057AAFD5FB0DB" box="[716,763,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="528">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB64FDE504FFB6F5BD564CFE54B13B" author="de Oliveira Meneses AS & Fernandes M & Torres Cardoso AG" box="[177,496,770,795]" pageId="23" pageNumber="528" pagination="194 - 6" refId="ref11922" refString="de Oliveira Meneses AS, Fernandes M, Torres Cardoso AG et al. Esconder la cabeza en Xenopholis undulatus (Dipsadidae) en el Brasil central. Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetologia 2022; 5: 194 - 6." type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
de Oliveira Meneses
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE504FFB6F484564DFE13B13A" box="[392,439,770,794]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="528">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), have not been observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A628FE504FFB6F587566CFEA2B11A" authorityName="Kok & Means" authorityYear="2024" box="[139,262,802,826]" family="Colubridae" genus="Paikwaophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90EC51EE504FFB6F587566CFEA2B11A" box="[139,262,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="528">Paikwaophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |