524 lines
58 KiB
XML
524 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.101" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2660010-a35d-44e8-bec9-30be29310c2e" ID-PMC="PMC9113980" ID-PubMed="35514224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6595559" approvalRequired="3" approvalRequired_for_bibRefs="2" approvalRequired_for_document="1" checkinTime="1653931989723" checkinUser="diego" docAuthor="Chai, Jing, Lu, Chen-Qi, Yi, Mu-Rong, Dai, Nian-Hua, Weng, Xiao-Dong, Di, Ming-Xiao, Peng, Yong, Tang, Yong, Shan, Qing-Hua, Wang, Kai, Liu, Huan-Zhang, Zhao, Hai-Peng, Jin, Jie-Qiong, Cao, Ru-Jun, Lu, Ping, Luo, Lai-Chun, Murphy, Robert W, Zhang, Ya-Ping & Che, Jing" docDate="2022" docId="03CFDA2EFF98C234FF08114E95212018" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolResearch.43.3.469-480.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological research 43 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.101" docTitle="Andrias jiangxiensis Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="477" masterDocId="FFF6A256FF9DC23CFF9710319114271E" masterDocTitle="Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities." masterLastPageNumber="480" masterPageNumber="469" pageNumber="474" updateTime="1668170038296" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities.</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Chai, Jing</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lu, Chen-Qi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Yi, Mu-Rong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dai, Nian-Hua</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Weng, Xiao-Dong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Di, Ming-Xiao</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Peng, Yong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tang, Yong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shan, Qing-Hua</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wang, Kai</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Liu, Huan-Zhang</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhao, Hai-Peng</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jin, Jie-Qiong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cao, Ru-Jun</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lu, Ping</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Luo, Lai-Chun</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Murphy, Robert W</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhang, Ya-Ping</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Che, Jing</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:title>Zoological research</mods:title>
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||
</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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||
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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||
<mods:number>2022-04-29</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>43</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>469</mods:start>
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<mods:end>480</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.101</mods:url>
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||
</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.101</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">e2660010-a35d-44e8-bec9-30be29310c2e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC9113980</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">35514224</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6595559</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595542" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195702576" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6595542" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CFDA2EFF98C234FF08114E95212018" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CFDA2EFF98C234FF08114E95212018" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="477" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="474" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[159,788,353,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<heading level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[159,367,383,404]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[159,367,383,404]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Andrias jiangxiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[382,477,383,404]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[382,477,383,404]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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Lu, Wang, Chai, Yi, Peng, Murphy, Zhang, and Che
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[416,776,413,434]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[159,788,353,1992]" box="[416,776,413,434]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[423,507,413,434]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[166,227,1880,1899]" captionTargetBox="[295,1348,251,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[285,1355,240,1864]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4 Holotype of Andrias jiangxiensis sp. nov. (KIZ 037731) in preservative A–C: Holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov., in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. D, E: Dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views of head of holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. F, G: Ventral view of the left hand (F) and left foot (G) of the holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. Photos by Chen-Qi Lu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595569/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Figure 4</figureCitation>
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; Supplementary Table S4)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="474" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[159,788,353,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3797738301" collectionCode="KIZ" country="China" county="Jing'an" location="Guanzhuang" municipality="Guanzhuang" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" specimenCode="KIZ 037731" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Jiangxi" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[159,264,442,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<typeStatus box="[159,260,442,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode box="[270,392,442,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">KIZ 037731</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount box="[401,507,442,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" type="adult">adult male</specimenCount>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[520,604,442,463]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[166,227,1880,1899]" captionTargetBox="[295,1348,251,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[285,1355,240,1864]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4 Holotype of Andrias jiangxiensis sp. nov. (KIZ 037731) in preservative A–C: Holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov., in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. D, E: Dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views of head of holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. F, G: Ventral view of the left hand (F) and left foot (G) of the holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. Photos by Chen-Qi Lu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595569/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Figure 4</figureCitation>
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),
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<emphasis box="[625,690,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">ex situ</emphasis>
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from first generation of offspring of the wild-caught parents, which were collected in
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<collectingMunicipality box="[286,416,502,523]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Guanzhuang</collectingMunicipality>
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Township,
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<collectingCounty box="[539,611,502,523]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Jing’an</collectingCounty>
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County,
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<collectingRegion box="[709,783,502,523]" country="China" name="Jiangxi" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Jiangxi</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[159,222,532,553]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" value="China">China</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[159,788,353,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3797738302" collectionCode="KIZ" country="China" county="Jing'an" location="Guanzhuang" municipality="Guanzhuang" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" specimenCode="KIZ 037728, 037730, KIZ 037729" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Jiangxi" typeStatus="paratype">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[159,275,562,583]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<typeStatus box="[159,271,562,583]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode box="[283,407,562,583]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">KIZ 037728</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCode box="[417,495,562,583]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">037730</specimenCode>
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(
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<specimenCount box="[506,653,562,583]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" type="adult">adult females</specimenCount>
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),
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<specimenCode box="[667,787,562,583]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">KIZ 037729</specimenCode>
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(
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<specimenCount box="[164,280,592,613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" type="adult">adult male</specimenCount>
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), all with the same collection information as the holotype
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="474" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[159,788,353,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[159,275,652,673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[281,481,652,673]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[281,481,652,673]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Andrias jiangxiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[487,573,652,673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[487,573,652,673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: (1) head length almost equal to width; (2) head and lower jaw relatively smooth, with small tubercles arranged irregularly; (3) lateral neck fold discontinuous with body fold at forelimb insertion; (4) finger III distinctly longer than finger I; and (5) dorsum red-brown or yellow-brown in life, with large, irregular black patches.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[159,788,353,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[159,311,892,913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Comparisons:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[334,552,892,913]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[334,552,892,913]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Andrias jiangxiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[575,678,892,913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[575,678,892,913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
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</emphasis>
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can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName authority="(Temminck, 1836)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[355,680,922,943]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
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||
<emphasis box="[355,482,922,943]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">A. japonicus</emphasis>
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||
(Temminck, 1836)
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</taxonomicName>
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by having smoother head with indistinct tubercles (vs. dense, distinct, large tubercles). Considering that no population has been genetically identified as both pure
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Blanchard" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[508,646,1012,1033]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidianus">
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||
<emphasis box="[508,646,1012,1033]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">A. davidianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
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and
|
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[699,780,1012,1033]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sligoi">
|
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<emphasis box="[699,780,1012,1033]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">A. sligoi</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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, and that farm-bred individuals exhibit genetic contamination (
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<bibRefCitation author="Yan F & Lu JC & Zhang BL & Yuan ZY & Zhao HP & Huang S" box="[166,344,1072,1093]" journalOrPublisher="Current Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" pagination="590 - R 592" part="28" refId="ref10523" refString="Yan F, Lu JC, Zhang BL, Yuan ZY, Zhao HP, Huang S, et al. 2018. The Chinese giant salamander exemplifies the hidden extinction of cryptic species. Current Biology, 28 (10): R 590 - R 592." title="The Chinese giant salamander exemplifies the hidden extinction of cryptic species" type="journal article" year="2018">Yan et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
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), to avoid confusion due to translocated animals or hybrids, morphological comparisons are constrained to
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<typeStatus box="[355,452,1132,1153]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">holotypes</typeStatus>
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only. Specifically,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Andrias jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[290,384,1162,1183]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[290,384,1162,1183]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
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differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Blanchard" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[534,678,1162,1183]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[534,678,1162,1183]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">A. davidianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus box="[698,786,1162,1183]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
MNHN-RA-0.7613, images posted on: http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/ra/0.7613) by having a smooth head and lower jaw with indistinct, small, irregularly arranged tubercles (vs. head and lower jaw rough, with distinct, regularly arranged tubercles); from
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[698,787,1312,1333]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sligoi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[698,787,1312,1333]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">A. sligoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus box="[164,253,1342,1363]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
BMNH 1945.11.7.1., images in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Turvey ST & Marr MM & Barnes I & Brace S & Tapley B & Murphy RW" box="[579,786,1342,1363]" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" pagination="10070 - 10084" part="9" refId="ref10354" refString="Turvey ST, Marr MM, Barnes I, Brace S, Tapley B, Murphy RW, et al. 2019. Historical museum collections clarify the evolutionary history of cryptic species radiation in the world's largest amphibians. Ecology and Evolution, 9 (18): 10070 - 10084." title="Historical museum collections clarify the evolutionary history of cryptic species radiation in the world's largest amphibians" type="journal article" year="2019">Turvey et al. (2019))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
by having a smooth skin on the snout and around eyes (vs. with numerous distinct tubercles), and a distinct finger length formula (finger III distinctly longer than finger I vs. finger III equal to finger I).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="474" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[159,788,353,1992]" lastBlockId="5.[839,1471,246,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[159,434,1491,1512]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus box="[331,429,1491,1512]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male, body size relatively small, SVL
|
||
<quantity box="[274,361,1521,1542]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="381.0">381 mm</quantity>
|
||
, TTL
|
||
<quantity box="[416,502,1521,1542]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.89" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="589.0">589 mm</quantity>
|
||
; tail muscular, thick at base, gradually flattening posteriorly and distally; dorsal fin well developed, ventral fin much reduced, maximum tail height
|
||
<quantity box="[159,255,1611,1632]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="76.2">76.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; tail short, TAL
|
||
<quantity box="[430,520,1611,1632]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="208.0">208 mm</quantity>
|
||
, TAL 54.6% SVL, 35.3% TTL. Head dorsally compressed, wide, HL 102% HW; snout truncated, blunt, widen gradually posteriorly, projecting beyond lower jaw in ventral view; jaw muscular, distinctively widen from snout; jaw muscles continuous with two ovoid, convex temporal muscles dorsally posterior to each eye; nostrils small, NL
|
||
<quantity box="[346,431,1791,1812]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, anteriorly and laterally positioned, eye–nare distance
|
||
<quantity box="[351,442,1821,1842]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.76" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="27.6">27.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Eyes small, rounded, EL
|
||
<quantity box="[704,783,1821,1842]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 2.8 times NL, protuberant in life, lacking eyelids; dorsolaterally positioned, wide apart, IND 31.6% IOD, EL 44.2% SOD. Mouth large, corner almost reaching mid temporal protuberances; supralabial fold distinct; extending from posterior edge of mouth to axillary. Skin of head and lower jaw mostly smooth with small tubercles scattered dorsolaterally on temporal head and neck in life, all distributed irregularly, gradually increasing in numbers posteriorly; tubercles indistinct after preservation. Transverse gular fold present, without distinct glands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[839,1471,246,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Body robust, dorsally compressed but less than head, elongated, AXD 34.1% TTL; costal grooves in life, less distinct after preservation; vertebral groove distinct on posterior 3/4 of body; neck fold strongly developed, from corner of mouth to posterosuperior axillary; lateral body folds strongly developed, anterior end inferior and discontinuous from neck fold at limb insertion point, extending to caudal base; single dorsolateral series of large tubercles just above base of lateral fold on each side of vertebrate from neck to caudal base, more distinct in life, barely visible after preservation; remaining body skin mostly smooth in life.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[839,1471,246,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Limbs short, robust, dorsoventrally compressed, with distinct lateral skin folds, more prominent on posterior limbs; hindlimbs relatively longer and stronger than forelimbs, FLL 10% TTL, PLL 12% TTL. Hands and feet dorsally compressed, finger and toe tips enlarged, rounded; finger and toe tips and ventral hands and feet covered with dark carotin layer; four fingers, no webbing, length formula II>III>I>IV, lateral skin fringe distinct on finger IV, continuous with lateral limb fold; five toes, with rudimentary webbing, toe length formula III>IV>II>V>I, toe III, IV, and Vwith stronger lateral fringes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[839,1471,246,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[839,1091,1049,1070]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
|
||
Coloration of
|
||
<typeStatus box="[989,1087,1049,1070]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In life (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1169,1254,1049,1070]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[159,220,1011,1030]" captionTargetBox="[272,1353,240,995]" captionTargetId="figure-266@7.[272,1353,240,995]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5 The holotype of Andrias jiangxiensis sp. nov. (KIZ 037731) in life A–C: Coloration of dorsum of whole body (A), head (B), and enlarged view (C) of left periocular area. Photos by Chen-Qi Lu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595571/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), dorsum red-brown, with large continuous or discontinuous irregular black patches, gradually decreasing and broken from midbody to head and tail, a few black spots scattered between large patches; ventral surface grayish brown, with black spots scattered along the mandibular margin only; small white spots with tan edge throughout the body; grayish white around eyes, iris gold with black markings. In preservative (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1241,1331,1257,1278]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[166,227,1880,1899]" captionTargetBox="[295,1348,251,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-0@6.[285,1355,240,1864]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4 Holotype of Andrias jiangxiensis sp. nov. (KIZ 037731) in preservative A–C: Holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov., in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. D, E: Dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views of head of holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. F, G: Ventral view of the left hand (F) and left foot (G) of the holotype of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. Photos by Chen-Qi Lu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595569/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), bright tints faded, dorsum and abdomen faded to grayish brown and gray, respectively, white spots with tan edge, black patches and spots remain distinct; horny epidermis on tips of fingers and toes as well as palms and soles brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[839,1471,246,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[839,944,1406,1427]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Variation:</emphasis>
|
||
No significant differences in morphology and coloration were found among all adult specimens of the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1424,1467,1436,1457]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series, or between genders. However, a distinctive ontogenetic shift existed in coloration. Juveniles less than
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
long were mostly spotted (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1164,1267,1525,1546]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[159,220,1469,1488]" captionTargetBox="[272,1353,1094,1453]" captionTargetId="figure-306@7.[272,1353,1094,1453]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6 Ontogenetic variation in coloration pattern A: Coloration of dorsum with spotted pattern in a juvenile with body length of ~20 cm. B: Coloration of dorsum having larger patch patterns in an adult with body length over 50 cm. Photos by Mu-Rong Yi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595573/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Figure 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
) instead of having larger patches; after exceeding
|
||
<quantity box="[1162,1229,1555,1576]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
|
||
, their coloration pattern resembled the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[989,1032,1584,1605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1160,1258,1584,1605]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[159,220,1469,1488]" captionTargetBox="[272,1353,1094,1453]" captionTargetId="figure-306@7.[272,1353,1094,1453]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6 Ontogenetic variation in coloration pattern A: Coloration of dorsum with spotted pattern in a juvenile with body length of ~20 cm. B: Coloration of dorsum having larger patch patterns in an adult with body length over 50 cm. Photos by Mu-Rong Yi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595573/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Figure 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="474" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[839,1471,246,1992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[839,963,1614,1635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet “
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[1205,1322,1614,1635]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1205,1322,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” refers to the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[839,885,1644,1665]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of the new species in Jiangxi, China. It denotes the endemicity of the new species to Jiangxi based on our detailed population surveys. We suggest Jiangxi Giant Salamander as its English common name, and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1353,1461,1732,1755]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Ữ & 大 ª</emphasis>
|
||
(Pinyin: Jiāng Xī Dà Ní) as its Chinese common name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="5" pageNumber="474" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[839,1471,246,1992]" lastBlockId="7.[159,788,1577,1992]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[839,1196,1793,1814]" pageId="5" pageNumber="474">Distribution and natural history:</emphasis>
|
||
Questionnaires with local residents suggest that this species was densely distributed in two towns of Jing’an County before the 1990s. Due to commercial breeding, some indigenous purebred individuals served as breed stock in some local small farms. According to our field monitoring, the wild population of this species appears to occur only in Jiulingshan National Nature Reserve. This protected area contains intact habitat, including forested mountains and streams without villages and human activities. It also contains a diversity of teleosts, amphibians, non-avian reptiles, birds and a few mammals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595569" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6595569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595569/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="475" startId="6.[166,227,1880,1899]" targetBox="[295,1348,251,1864]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[166,1474,1880,1961]" box="[166,916,1880,1899]" pageId="6" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,916,1880,1899]" pageId="6" pageNumber="475">
|
||
Figure 4 Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[370,564,1880,1899]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">Andrias jiangxiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[570,646,1880,1899]" pageId="6" pageNumber="475" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(KIZ 037731) in preservative
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[166,1474,1880,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="475">
|
||
A–C: Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[324,451,1911,1929]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[324,451,1911,1929]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="475">A. jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[457,534,1911,1930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[457,534,1911,1930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="475" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. D, E: Dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views of head of holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[188,316,1942,1960]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[188,316,1942,1960]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="475">A. jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[322,398,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[322,398,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="475" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
F, G: Ventral view of the left hand (F) and left foot (G) of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[1039,1166,1942,1960]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1039,1166,1942,1960]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="475">A. jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1172,1248,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1172,1248,1942,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="475" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Photos by Chen-Qi Lu.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595571" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6595571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595571/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" startId="7.[159,220,1011,1030]" targetBox="[272,1353,240,995]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[159,1257,1011,1061]" box="[159,858,1011,1030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[159,858,1011,1030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">
|
||
Figure 5 The holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[402,596,1011,1030]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">Andrias jiangxiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[602,678,1011,1030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(KIZ 037731) in life
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[159,1257,1011,1061]" box="[159,1257,1042,1061]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">A–C: Coloration of dorsum of whole body (A), head (B), and enlarged view (C) of left periocular area. Photos by Chen-Qi Lu.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595573" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6595573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595573/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" startId="7.[159,220,1469,1488]" targetBox="[272,1353,1094,1453]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[159,1466,1469,1549]" box="[159,652,1469,1488]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[159,652,1469,1488]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">Figure 6 Ontogenetic variation in coloration pattern</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[159,1466,1469,1549]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">A: Coloration of dorsum with spotted pattern in a juvenile with body length of ~20 cm. B: Coloration of dorsum having larger patch patterns in an adult with body length over 50 cm. Photos by Mu-Rong Yi.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="476" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[159,788,1577,1992]" lastBlockId="7.[839,1467,1577,1992]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">
|
||
During the field surveys from
|
||
<date box="[506,679,1699,1720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" value="2020-09">September 2020</date>
|
||
to
|
||
<date pageId="7" pageNumber="476" value="2022-03">March 2022</date>
|
||
, over 291 wild individuals of adults and juveniles were found in medium-sized, pristine mountain streams with
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" unit="m" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 m</quantity>
|
||
wide, water depth
|
||
<quantity box="[395,505,1789,1810]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" unit="m" value="0.8" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.1">0.1–1.5 m</quantity>
|
||
, and with rocky substrate (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[166,305,1820,1841]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[166,227,979,998]" captionTargetBox="[280,1361,240,962]" captionTargetId="figure-499@8.[280,1361,240,962]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7 The habitat of Andrias jiangxiensis sp. nov. in Daqi Mountain, Jing’an County, Jiangxi, China A, B: Summer (A) and winter (B) scene of 8–10 meters-wide stream with excellent vegetation coverage. C: A breeding cave for A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. found in a backwater bay of the stream. Red arrow indicates the exit of the cave. D: Enlarged area near the exit of the cave. Dashed circles in cyan indicate six larvae of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov., and the ones in white indicate the co-occurring shrimps and fishes. Photos by Mu-Rong Yi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595575/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">Figure 7A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Many natural caves formed by fallen wood, tree roots and cracks among rocks on both sides of streams provide hiding places for the new species. As a nocturnal species,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[249,394,1910,1931]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[249,394,1910,1931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">A. jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[401,487,1910,1931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[401,487,1910,1931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
forages at night. Dorsal color patterning makes it blend well with the rocks at the bottom of the stream, making it difficult to find in flowing water. Vomit and excrement analyses of five wild individuals in
|
||
<date box="[1366,1466,1577,1598]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" value="2021-07">July 2021</date>
|
||
revealed fish, frogs, aquatic insects, and crustaceans in the natural diet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[839,1467,1577,1992]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">
|
||
Two breeding caves were found in a backwater bay of the stream in
|
||
<date box="[944,1086,1699,1720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" value="2021-01">January 2021</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1100,1236,1699,1720]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[166,227,979,998]" captionTargetBox="[280,1361,240,962]" captionTargetId="figure-499@8.[280,1361,240,962]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7 The habitat of Andrias jiangxiensis sp. nov. in Daqi Mountain, Jing’an County, Jiangxi, China A, B: Summer (A) and winter (B) scene of 8–10 meters-wide stream with excellent vegetation coverage. C: A breeding cave for A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. found in a backwater bay of the stream. Red arrow indicates the exit of the cave. D: Enlarged area near the exit of the cave. Dashed circles in cyan indicate six larvae of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov., and the ones in white indicate the co-occurring shrimps and fishes. Photos by Mu-Rong Yi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595575/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">Figure 7C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<date box="[1296,1443,1699,1720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" value="2022-01">January 2022</date>
|
||
. A large number of larvae gathered at the entrance, emerging most likely two months after hatching (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1241,1379,1759,1780]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[166,227,979,998]" captionTargetBox="[280,1361,240,962]" captionTargetId="figure-499@8.[280,1361,240,962]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7 The habitat of Andrias jiangxiensis sp. nov. in Daqi Mountain, Jing’an County, Jiangxi, China A, B: Summer (A) and winter (B) scene of 8–10 meters-wide stream with excellent vegetation coverage. C: A breeding cave for A. jiangxiensis sp. nov. found in a backwater bay of the stream. Red arrow indicates the exit of the cave. D: Enlarged area near the exit of the cave. Dashed circles in cyan indicate six larvae of A. jiangxiensis sp. nov., and the ones in white indicate the co-occurring shrimps and fishes. Photos by Mu-Rong Yi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595575/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">Figure 7C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Larvae sightings peaked in February and exceeded 100 individuals per day. This continued until March, when no more new larvae emerged from the cave, and the larvae outside began to scatter throughout the stream. Combined with a questionnaire to local giant salamander farmers, we speculate that the breeding season of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[1053,1203,1941,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1053,1203,1941,1962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">A. jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1214,1305,1941,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1214,1305,1941,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="476" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
occurs in mid-September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6595575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6595575/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" startId="8.[166,227,979,998]" targetBox="[280,1361,240,962]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[166,1475,979,1090]" box="[166,1136,979,998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,1136,979,998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">
|
||
Figure 7 The habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[392,585,979,998]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">Andrias jiangxiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[591,668,979,998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in Daqi Mountain, Jing’an County, Jiangxi, China
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[166,1475,979,1090]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">
|
||
A, B: Summer (A) and winter (B) scene of 8–10 meters-wide stream with excellent vegetation coverage. C: Abreeding cave for
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[1310,1438,1009,1027]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1310,1438,1009,1027]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">A. jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="8" pageNumber="477" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
found in a backwater bay of the stream. Red arrow indicates the exit of the cave. D: Enlarged area near the exit of the cave. Dashed circles in cyan indicate six larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[401,528,1071,1089]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[401,528,1071,1089]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">A. jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[534,610,1071,1090]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[534,610,1071,1090]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and the ones in white indicate the co-occurring shrimps and fishes. Photos by Mu-Rong Yi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="477" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[166,795,1126,1992]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,319,1126,1147]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">Conservation:</emphasis>
|
||
Our long-term field monitoring of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">A. jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[299,393,1156,1177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[299,393,1156,1177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
yielded only a single incident of a breeding, wild population in the protected area at Daqi Mountain, Jing’an County. This protected area has a riverine habitat of only
|
||
<quantity box="[314,394,1246,1267]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" unit="km" value="6.5">6.50 km</quantity>
|
||
in linear distance and 36.0 km
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[702,710,1243,1257]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">2</superScript>
|
||
of area. The upstream water runs inconstantly throughout the year, as flash floods occur occasionally in summer and droughts often occur in the winter, which lead to frequent habitat fragmentations. The downstream habitat out of the nature reserve is blocked by a dam and is inhabitable to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">A. jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[297,390,1427,1448]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[297,390,1427,1448]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
due to anthropogenic activities. This small, isolated, and sometimes fragmented population is particularly vulnerable to environmental changes, and thus the species faces a great extinction threat. Therefore, following the IUCN criteria B1 (extent of occurrence less than
|
||
<quantity box="[703,779,1548,1569]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[779,787,1545,1559]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">2</superScript>
|
||
, known to exist at only a single location, and extreme fluctuation of extent of occurrence) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" box="[598,730,1608,1629]" journalOrPublisher="Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" refId="ref9312" refString="IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd ed. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, 32." title="IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd ed" type="book" year="2012">IUCN, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we recommend to classify
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che, 2022" authorityName="Chai & Lu & Yi & Dai & Weng & Di & Peng & Tang & Shan & Wang & Liu & Zhao & Jin & Cao & Lu & Luo & Murphy & Zhang & Che" authorityYear="2022" box="[412,561,1639,1660]" class="Amphibia" family="Cryptobranchidae" genus="Andrias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[412,561,1639,1660]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">A. jiangxiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[572,663,1639,1660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[572,663,1639,1660]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as Critically Endangered (CR), and we recommend to list the species as Class II protected in China, and to implement further assessments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="477" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[166,795,1126,1992]" lastBlockId="8.[847,1475,1126,1798]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,415,1760,1781]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">Local cultural values</emphasis>
|
||
: Local cultural pride might have contributed positively to the conservation of indigenous species. Interviews near the survey sites found that most people did not often eat CGS, although nine out of 50 persons had eaten CGS one or two times from curiosity. Six of the 50 interviewed people in Jing’an County, including the towns Guanzhuang and Zhongyuan, could distinguish between the indigenous and introduced CGS species by the shape of head and coloration of adults. They proudly said the indigenous species is “more beautiful” than others (Supplementary Dataset S1); one person described the indigenous species as having a smoother head without tubercles. This differed from negative cultural views of CGS reported in Shaanxi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cunningham AA & Turvey ST & Zhou F & Meredith HMR & Guan W & Liu XL" box="[854,1112,1276,1297]" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" pagination="265 - 273" part="50" refId="ref8998" refString="Cunningham AA, Turvey ST, Zhou F, Meredith HMR, Guan W, Liu XL, et al. 2016. Development of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus farming industry in Shaanxi Province, China: conservation threats and opportunities. Oryx, 50 (2): 265 - 273." title="Development of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus farming industry in Shaanxi Province, China: conservation threats and opportunities" type="journal article" year="2016">Cunningham et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), indicating diverse cultural values across China.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[847,1475,1126,1798]" pageId="8" pageNumber="477">
|
||
We interviewed the owners of two small-scale farms adjacent to the field survey sites, which have existed for years (Supplementary Dataset S1). They did not cease activities following the dramatic slide in CGS prices from 3 000 RMB/kg (US $470/kg) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheng YL & Zhang ZW" box="[998,1226,1463,1484]" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Fish Farming" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" pagination="3 - 4" part="31" refId="ref8866" refString="Cheng YL, Zhang ZW. 2015. Analysis of the current situation of Chinese giant salamander industry in Shaanxi province. Scientific Fish Farming, 31 (9): 3 - 4. (in Chinese)" title="Analysis of the current situation of Chinese giant salamander industry in Shaanxi province" type="journal article" year="2015">Cheng & Zhang, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shu GC & Liu P & Zhao T & Li C & Hou YM & Zhao CL" box="[1241,1405,1463,1484]" journalOrPublisher="Asian Herpetological Research" pageId="8" pageNumber="477" pagination="271 - 279" part="12" refId="ref10112" refString="Shu GC, Liu P, Zhao T, Li C, Hou YM, Zhao CL, et al. 2021. Disordered translocation is hastening local extinction of the Chinese giant salamander. Asian Herpetological Research, 12 (3): 271 - 279." title="Disordered translocation is hastening local extinction of the Chinese giant salamander" type="journal article" year="2021">Shu et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to 60 RMB/kg ($9/kg) after 2015. They had refused to use outside sources of CGS (Supplementary Dataset S1), even during the “salamander rush” involving large-scale salamander trading. Such small-scale farms in remote montane villages may be more likely to preserve purebred indigenous lineages than large commercial farms that frequently introduce and sell animals of unknown provenance. They can serve as effective targets for genetic screening, and as reservoirs for potential future population augmentation programs which should such be deemed necessary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |