212 lines
24 KiB
XML
212 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B6618F70267EBEBBD7226D9BBC60D704">A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="641A8E9F00C67C3A8FAA6EA5AE593EFF">Singh, Navneet</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8EA56D4580B002655D0E4E3DF15694B6">Ranjan, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F85F53189FA08FB9E01A49E806F047E3">Talukdar, Avishek</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C80EA8DE5C5384D6AEE6BFB4ACC2635F">Joshi, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FCB40EC09C69D1CD7BCD101038382B40">Kirti, Jagbir Singh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9D4EE8F824DD6FA8B5CE91DF1FE60599">Chandra, Kailash</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EC481311018DDA519389FFE35948EBB3">Mally, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1B3F53FFE41BF877EF912A7A04E17BC6" type="email">spilomallynae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="134C246192ADED6B571ECBB9BCC7D061">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="89B8009D82DB94CB597345DDF8213608">
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<mods:date id="9BA9066019AEE71C81A79F43CC11F37D">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4C4E84FD771CA21431DE62457F6AF618">2022-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A64EC4F37D2D09B82F664A435B7F11FB">5197</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="70BF68F2AF76543C76A9AC0B897B3BCB">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="4DD19EA612FEE29F32440A92B4FD4062">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="92BDFABB5C4044D4F512725674202A15" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4AD726419D6CF21AB10A19AD44853DBC" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C8791FFFFD800EFF785580FD9358B2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7782010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7782010" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C8791FFFFD800EFF785580FD9358B2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C8791FFFFD800EFF785580FD9358B2" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFFD800FFF785580FE8F5E97" box="[151,373,474,500]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFD800FFF785580FE8F5E97" blockId="38.[151,373,474,500]" box="[151,373,474,500]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<heading id="D0967F65FFFD800FFF785580FE8F5E97" bold="true" box="[151,373,474,500]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFD800FFF785580FE8F5E97" bold="true" box="[151,373,474,500]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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2.9.
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFF275580FE8F5E97" ID-CoL="93MZY" ID-ENA="72364" authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1846" box="[200,373,474,500]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Schoenobiinae">Schoenobiinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFFD800EFF785678FD9358B2" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFD800FFF785678FA665D93" blockId="38.[151,1437,546,753]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFD800FFF785678FE2F5D5F" bold="true" box="[151,469,546,572]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Diversity and distribution:</emphasis>
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worldwide,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFD8F5678FCFF5D5F" authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1846" box="[608,773,546,572]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Schoenobiinae">Schoenobiinae</taxonomicName>
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comprise 241 species in 29 genera, which are mostly found in tropical and subtropical regions (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFD800FFDC6561CFCDE5D03" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." box="[553,804,582,608]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
, Nuss
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFD800FFC9F561DFC535D03" box="[880,937,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2003–2022,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFD800FFBD1561CFAFF5D03" author="Leger, T. & Mally, R. & Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M." box="[1086,1285,582,608]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
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||
Léger
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFD800FFB68561DFB3B5D03" box="[1159,1217,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2020
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFFD800FFAD7561CFA8E5D03" box="[1336,1396,582,608]" name="India" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">India</collectingCountry>
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, 36 species are recorded in 10 genera, representing 14.93% of the global diversity of
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFBC35630FB2F5DE7" authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1846" box="[1068,1237,618,644]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Schoenobiinae">Schoenobiinae</taxonomicName>
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||
. Of the 10 genera recorded from
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFFD800FFEAE56D4FE875DCB" box="[321,381,654,680]" name="India" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">India</collectingCountry>
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, six genera are known through single species, three genera are reported by less than 10 species and one genus,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFE6E56E8FD745DAF" authority="Treitschke" authorityName="Treitschke" authorityYear="1832" box="[385,654,690,716]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Scirpophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFD800FFE6E56E8FDEA5DAF" box="[385,528,690,716]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Scirpophaga</emphasis>
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||
Treitschke
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</taxonomicName>
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is known by 15 species (
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||
<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFFD800FFC5956E8FBF65DAF" box="[950,1036,690,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="38.[152,255,1994,2018]" captionTargetId="figure-255@38.[346,1241,776,1970]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 27. Species diversity of Indian Schoenobiinae genera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7849039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7849039/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
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). In
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFFD800FFBAC56E8FB855DAF" box="[1091,1151,690,716]" name="India" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">India</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFB6356E8FACB5DAF" authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1846" box="[1164,1329,690,716]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Schoenobiinae">Schoenobiinae</taxonomicName>
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are most diverse in the North East, followed by the Gangetic Plain, and the Deccan Peninsula biogeographic zones (
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<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFFD800FFAD3568CFA6A5D93" box="[1340,1424,726,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="39.[152,255,1256,1280]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,190,1225]" captionTargetId="figure-19@39.[151,1436,181,1233]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 28. Species diversity of Indian Schoenobiinae in different biogeographic zones/zones." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252348/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="DF1E9881FFFD800FFF775390FCDD5881" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7849039" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7849039" box="[152,807,1994,2018]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7849039/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[152,255,1994,2018]" targetBox="[358,1230,787,1958]" targetPageId="38">
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||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFD800FFF775390FCDD5881" blockId="38.[152,807,1994,2018]" box="[152,807,1994,2018]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFD800FFF775390FEDF5881" bold="true" box="[152,293,1994,2018]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
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Species diversity of
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFE155390FDC15881" box="[506,571,1994,2018]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFDAE5390FD2C5881" authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1846" box="[577,726,1994,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Schoenobiinae">Schoenobiinae</taxonomicName>
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genera.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
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||
<caption id="DF1E9881FFFC800EFF7750B2FB965A62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252348" box="[152,1132,1256,1281]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252348/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" startId="39.[152,255,1256,1280]" targetBox="[160,1427,190,1225]" targetPageId="39">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFC800EFF7750B2FB965A62" blockId="39.[152,1132,1256,1281]" box="[152,1132,1256,1281]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFC800EFF7750B2FEDF5A63" bold="true" box="[152,293,1256,1280]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
|
||
Species diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFC800EFE1550B2FDC15A63" box="[506,571,1256,1280]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFC800EFDAE50B2FD2C5A63" authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1846" box="[577,726,1256,1280]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Schoenobiinae">Schoenobiinae</taxonomicName>
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in different biogeographic zones/zones.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFC800EFF285174FDCF599A" blockId="39.[151,1437,1326,2001]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFC800EFF285174FE615A2A" bold="true" box="[199,411,1326,1353]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Adult characters:</emphasis>
|
||
with their long and narrow body and the usually uniformly coloured satin white or brown wings with reduced maculation,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFC800EFE105109FD5E5A0E" authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1846" box="[511,676,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Schoenobiinae">Schoenobiinae</taxonomicName>
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||
moths resemble the
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFC800EFC675109FBFD5A0E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[904,1031,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crambinae">Crambinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The proboscis is vestigial, the labial palps are long and snout-like. The forewings’ radial venation is variable, and CuP has the terminal portion preserved as a tubular vein near the forewing margin in most genera. In the hindwing, CuA is not pectinate. The abdomen extends well beyond the hindwings, and the females exhibit a conspicuous apical tuft or corethrogyne. Males have a distinctive modification of the seventh (S7) and eighth (S8) abdominal sternites: a rounded, membranous area on S8, covered by a posteriad brush of stiff scales extending from the posterior margin of S7, along with plate-like, scale-bearing coremata flanking the vinculum. In male genitalia, the short uncus sits on a wide base and ends in an acuminate tip, the gnathos is sometimes modified, but mostly simple. The lateral margins of the tegumen each bear a conspicuous, taxon-specifically shaped process. The valvae are simple or have the sacculus modified. The ovipositor of the female genitalia exhibits high, narrow or elongate lobes. The short ductus bursae is usually sclerotised near the joint with the ductus seminalis, the corpus bursae is without signa in the majority of genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFC800EFB3852E1FA6D59B6" author="Lewvanich, A." box="[1239,1431,1723,1749]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="185 - 298" refId="ref289366" refString="Lewvanich, A. (1981) A revision of the Old World species of Scirpophaga (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 42 (4), 185 - 298." type="journal article" year="1981">Lewvanich 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFC800EFF785285FEDF5999" author="Passoa, S." box="[151,293,1759,1786]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref299438" refString="Passoa, S. (1985) Taxonomy of the larvae and pupae of economically important Pyralidae in Honduras. Master's Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 486 pp." type="book" year="1985">Passoa 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFC800EFEDF5285FDD2599A" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." box="[304,552,1759,1785]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFC800EFF285359FCCF5806" blockId="39.[151,1437,1326,2001]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFC800EFF285359FE5C587E" bold="true" box="[199,422,1795,1821]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Larval characters:</emphasis>
|
||
larvae can be readily recognised by a membranous sac anterior to the prothoracic coxae on the midline. The cream-coloured larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFC800EFD95537DFCF35822" authorityName="Treitschke" authorityYear="1832" box="[634,777,1831,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Scirpophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFC800EFD95537DFCF35822" box="[634,777,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Scirpophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFC800EFCAE537DFC125822" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[833,1000,1831,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Rupela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFC800EFCAE537DFC6A5822" box="[833,912,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Rupela</emphasis>
|
||
Walker
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinctive by their short setae and the reduced head and anal shield (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFC800EFDFD5311FD585805" author="Passoa, S." box="[530,674,1867,1894]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref299438" refString="Passoa, S. (1985) Taxonomy of the larvae and pupae of economically important Pyralidae in Honduras. Master's Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 486 pp." type="book" year="1985">Passoa 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFC800EFD425311FCD35806" author="Solis, M. A." box="[685,809,1867,1893]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref309925" refString="Solis, M. A. (2006) Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) larvae intercepted at U. S. ports of entry: Revision of Pyraloidea in " Keys to some frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae " by Weisman 1986. USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory, 2006, 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="2006">Solis 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFC800EFF285335FD9358B2" blockId="39.[151,1437,1326,2001]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFC800EFF285335FEA458EA" bold="true" box="[199,350,1903,1929]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Food plants:</emphasis>
|
||
larvae are stem borers of various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFC800EFD0F5335FCC658EA" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[736,828,1903,1929]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFC800EFC9C5335FC0C58EA" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[883,1014,1903,1929]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in damp and wet habitats. Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFC800EFF7853C9FEDC58CE" authorityName="Treitschke" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,294,1939,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Scirpophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFC800EFF7853C9FEDC58CE" box="[151,294,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Scirpophaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known pests of agriculturally important grasses like sugarcane, rice and wheat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFC800EFB3853C9FA6D58CE" author="Lewvanich, A." box="[1239,1431,1939,1965]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="185 - 298" refId="ref289366" refString="Lewvanich, A. (1981) A revision of the Old World species of Scirpophaga (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 42 (4), 185 - 298." type="journal article" year="1981">Lewvanich 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFC800EFF7853EDFE7458B2" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." box="[151,398,1975,2001]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFC800EFE7653EDFDA758B2" author="Leger, T. & Mally, R. & Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M." box="[409,605,1975,2001]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Léger
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFC800EFE0E53E2FDE358B2" box="[481,537,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |