427 lines
57 KiB
XML
427 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bb856a5-26cb-4abc-8e4a-04d3716144b1" ID-PMC="PMC9010403" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1093-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" ID-PubMed="35586542" ID-ZooBank="23B7070849A94681AC20494D06F98CCE" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1093-1" checkinTime="1649449468463" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benda, Daniel, Pohl, Hans, Nakase, Yuta, Beutel, Rolf & Straka, Jakub" docDate="2022" docId="6AE7326E19615C31B8C88BD8E4EE9085" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1093: 1-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1093" docPubDate="2022-04-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" docTitle="Deltoxenos Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka 2022, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="78A7DB5E-AA8B-4DCE-9F60-2001D2B218CB" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" masterDocTitle="A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668151620981" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Benda, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-0411</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">benda.daniel@email.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pohl, Hans</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-6612</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nakase, Yuta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beutel, Rolf</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Straka, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-1245</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-04-07</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1093</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>134</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1093-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="194520404" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:78A7DB5E-AA8B-4DCE-9F60-2001D2B218CB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6AE7326E19615C31B8C88BD8E4EE9085" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/78A7DB5E-AA8B-4DCE-9F60-2001D2B218CB" authority="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka, 2022" authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Deltoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deltoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Deltoxenos</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" baseAuthorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos bidentatus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos bidentatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Pasteels, 1950, here designated.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Maxilla not prominent, only slightly raised or nearly fused to labial area. Meso-metathoracic segmental border slightly or distinctly constricted laterally (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="F47" captionText="Figure 47. Deltoxenos bidentatus, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Afreumenes cf. aethiopicus stylopized by female of D. bidentatus, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI - abdominal segment I, sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure47" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">47C, D</figureCitation>
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), especially in species with elongated cephalothorax. Pro-mesothoracic segmental border rarely constricted. Dorsal labral field slightly or distinctly arcuate, raised or flat, in the latter case narrower laterally than medially (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A clypeus and labrum, detail, ventral side B right mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: aamd - sclerotized mandibular membrane, cll - clypeal lobe, cls - clypeal sensillum, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, lc - labial corner, ls - labral seta in cavity (spine-shaped sensilla), md - mandible, mdb - mandibular bulge, mdbs - sensillum of mandibular bulge, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mdt - mandibular tooth, mdts - spine of mandibular tooth, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), mxb - maxillary base (at mandible base), mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, vlf - ventral field of labral area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669325" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3A</figureCitation>
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). Lateral parts of abdomen posterior to spiracles not pale (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A ventral side B dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, asI - abdominal segment I, bo - birth opening, cll - clypeal lobe, csI - constriction of abdominal segment I, lehc - lateral extension of head capsule, md - mandible, msn - mesonotum, mst - mesosternum, mtn - metanotum, mtst - metasternum, os - mouth opening, pn - pronotum, pst - prosternum (prosternal extension), sI - abdominal sternite I, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, sbma - segmental border between metathorax and abdomen, sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, sp - spiracle, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669323" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="F47" captionText="Figure 47. Deltoxenos bidentatus, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Afreumenes cf. aethiopicus stylopized by female of D. bidentatus, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI - abdominal segment I, sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure47" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">47D</figureCitation>
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). Mandible not protruding from capsule. In contrast to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, head and prothorax ventrally delimited by birth opening medially and by suture laterally.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure47" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 47" startId="F47">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 47.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Pasteels" baseAuthorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Deltoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deltoxenos bidentatus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Deltoxenos bidentatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="de Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Afreumenes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afreumenes aethiopicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">Afreumenes cf. aethiopicus</taxonomicName>
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stylopized by female of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="D. bidentatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D. bidentatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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detail of host abdomen with adult female
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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ventral side of cephalothorax
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI - abdominal segment I, sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
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Very variable, ca. as long as wide, slightly wider than long, or distinctly longer than wide. Meso-metathoracic segmental border slightly or distinctly constricted laterally (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="F47" captionText="Figure 47. Deltoxenos bidentatus, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Afreumenes cf. aethiopicus stylopized by female of D. bidentatus, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI - abdominal segment I, sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure47" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">47C, D</figureCitation>
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), especially in species with elongated cephalothorax. Pro-mesothoracic segmental border rarely constricted. Extremely variable in size, length 0.9-2.83 mm, maximum width 0.74-2.43 mm. Anterior head margin evenly rounded or protruding. Thorax slightly or distinctly widening posteriorly, sometimes nearly parallel-sided. Cephalothorax with conspicuous color pattern. Coloration comprising multiple brown and orange shades forming distinct pattern.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule.</emphasis>
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Ca.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
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~
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<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
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as long as entire cephalothorax including lateral cephalic extension. Coloration of head forming specific color pattern with pale and dark combined. Clypeal area well delimited from labral area, arcuate, or protruding and forming clypeal lobe. Surface smooth or slightly wrinkled. Sensilla (24 to 45 or more) regularly distributed on clypeal area or mainly concentrated on clypeal lobe. Border between clypeal region and frontal area not clearly distinguishable but border still recognizable. Cuticle of frontal region very variable, from distinctly wrinkled, slightly wrinkled to nearly smooth, or covered with distinct papillae. Border between head and prothorax well visible or faintly recognizable on dorsal side, often indicated by colored transverse stripe (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A ventral side B dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, asI - abdominal segment I, bo - birth opening, cll - clypeal lobe, csI - constriction of abdominal segment I, lehc - lateral extension of head capsule, md - mandible, msn - mesonotum, mst - mesosternum, mtn - metanotum, mtst - metasternum, os - mouth opening, pn - pronotum, pst - prosternum (prosternal extension), sI - abdominal sternite I, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, sbma - segmental border between metathorax and abdomen, sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, sp - spiracle, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669323" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
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Smooth, wrinkled or reticulated, with dispersed sensilla. Not delimited or indistinctly delimited by furrow on medial side, but border of field still distinctly visible (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side B vestigial antenna, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cll - clypeal lobe, cra - cavity of vestigial antenna, fr - frontal region, msn - mesonotum, occ - occipital area, paa - periantennal area, pn - pronotum, pra - plate of vestigial antenna, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, sra - sensillum of vestigial antenna, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field, sssf - sensillum of supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669326" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="F49" captionText="Figure 49. Deltoxenos bidentatus, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: dlf - dorsal labral field of labral area, fr - frontal region, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669371" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">49B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
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Preserved as poorly defined area, with several small, rounded plates, antennal sensilla, or cavity, often combined (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side B vestigial antenna, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cll - clypeal lobe, cra - cavity of vestigial antenna, fr - frontal region, msn - mesonotum, occ - occipital area, paa - periantennal area, pn - pronotum, pra - plate of vestigial antenna, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, sra - sensillum of vestigial antenna, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field, sssf - sensillum of supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669326" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Deltoxenos bidentatus, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F right lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48C</figureCitation>
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). Periantennal area smooth or wrinkled.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 48" startId="F48">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 48.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Pasteels" baseAuthorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Deltoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deltoxenos bidentatus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Deltoxenos bidentatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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ventral side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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left vestigial antenna, dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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right vestigial antenna, dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
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right lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
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Ventral field wider than long, elliptic to nearly circular. Dorsal field slightly or distinctly arcuate, raised, or flat and laterally narrower than medially (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A clypeus and labrum, detail, ventral side B right mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: aamd - sclerotized mandibular membrane, cll - clypeal lobe, cls - clypeal sensillum, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, lc - labial corner, ls - labral seta in cavity (spine-shaped sensilla), md - mandible, mdb - mandibular bulge, mdbs - sensillum of mandibular bulge, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mdt - mandibular tooth, mdts - spine of mandibular tooth, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), mxb - maxillary base (at mandible base), mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, vlf - ventral field of labral area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669325" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ca. 4-6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
wider than long in midline. Dorsal field with ~ 10-25 setae or sensilla inserted in cavities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Mandibles anteromedially directed at an angle of 25-65° and nested in mandibular capsule. Mandibular bulge distinctly raised, with several sensilla. Cuticle of mandible completely smooth to partially sculptured (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="F49" captionText="Figure 49. Deltoxenos bidentatus, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: dlf - dorsal labral field of labral area, fr - frontal region, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669371" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">49E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mandibular tooth narrow or slightly widened, pointed apically or ventrally, armed with spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669371" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 49" startId="F49">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 49.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Pasteels" baseAuthorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Deltoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deltoxenos bidentatus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Deltoxenos bidentatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
right mandible and maxilla, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: dlf - dorsal labral field of labral area, fr - frontal region, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Very variable in shape, distinctly reduced and almost fused with labial area, or slightly raised but not distinctly prominent (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A clypeus and labrum, detail, ventral side B right mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: aamd - sclerotized mandibular membrane, cll - clypeal lobe, cls - clypeal sensillum, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, lc - labial corner, ls - labral seta in cavity (spine-shaped sensilla), md - mandible, mdb - mandibular bulge, mdbs - sensillum of mandibular bulge, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mdt - mandibular tooth, mdts - spine of mandibular tooth, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), mxb - maxillary base (at mandible base), mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, vlf - ventral field of labral area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669325" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="F49" captionText="Figure 49. Deltoxenos bidentatus, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: dlf - dorsal labral field of labral area, fr - frontal region, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669371" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">49E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cuticle smooth or wrinkled. Apical maxillary region not or slightly projecting beyond mandibular apex. Basal portion firmly connected with labium and not overlapping with mandible, or in some cases elevated and overlapping with mandible very slightly. Vestige of palp inconspicuous, forming cavity or poorly defined area with indistinct plate. Usually located medially on ventral side of maxilla (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A clypeus and labrum, detail, ventral side B right mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: aamd - sclerotized mandibular membrane, cll - clypeal lobe, cls - clypeal sensillum, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, lc - labial corner, ls - labral seta in cavity (spine-shaped sensilla), md - mandible, mdb - mandibular bulge, mdbs - sensillum of mandibular bulge, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mdt - mandibular tooth, mdts - spine of mandibular tooth, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), mxb - maxillary base (at mandible base), mxp - vestige of maxillary palp, sbcl - segmental border between clypeus and labrum, vlf - ventral field of labral area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669325" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maxillary base more or less distinctly produced anterolaterally as submaxillary groove.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium.</emphasis>
|
||
Labial area usually distinct between maxillae, delimited anteriorly by mouth opening and posteriorly by birth opening. Flat, longer than wide or wider than long. Cuticular surface smooth or reticulated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Widely arcuate to nearly straight or bisinuate, sclerotized along margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax and abdominal segment I.</emphasis>
|
||
Pro-mesothoracic and meso-metathoracic borders more or less distinct, usually separated by mesal furrows, combined with pigmented stripes or spots on dorsal and ventral side (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A ventral side B dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, asI - abdominal segment I, bo - birth opening, cll - clypeal lobe, csI - constriction of abdominal segment I, lehc - lateral extension of head capsule, md - mandible, msn - mesonotum, mst - mesosternum, mtn - metanotum, mtst - metasternum, os - mouth opening, pn - pronotum, pst - prosternum (prosternal extension), sI - abdominal sternite I, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, sbma - segmental border between metathorax and abdomen, sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, sp - spiracle, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669323" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="F47" captionText="Figure 47. Deltoxenos bidentatus, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Afreumenes cf. aethiopicus stylopized by female of D. bidentatus, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI - abdominal segment I, sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure47" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">47C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Border between metathorax and abdomen usually formed by ridge or indicated by change of cuticular sculpture (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A ventral side B dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, asI - abdominal segment I, bo - birth opening, cll - clypeal lobe, csI - constriction of abdominal segment I, lehc - lateral extension of head capsule, md - mandible, msn - mesonotum, mst - mesosternum, mtn - metanotum, mtst - metasternum, os - mouth opening, pn - pronotum, pst - prosternum (prosternal extension), sI - abdominal sternite I, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, sbma - segmental border between metathorax and abdomen, sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, sp - spiracle, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669323" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cuticle of thoracic segments on ventral side reticulate with scattered inconspicuous or more distinct pigmented papillae. Dorsal side of thorax smooth or slightly reticulated. Prosternal extension undifferentiated, evenly arched. Meso- and metathorax usually transverse or elongated in some cases. Lateral parts of abdomen posterior to spiracles dark (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A ventral side B dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, asI - abdominal segment I, bo - birth opening, cll - clypeal lobe, csI - constriction of abdominal segment I, lehc - lateral extension of head capsule, md - mandible, msn - mesonotum, mst - mesosternum, mtn - metanotum, mtst - metasternum, os - mouth opening, pn - pronotum, pst - prosternum (prosternal extension), sI - abdominal sternite I, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, sbma - segmental border between metathorax and abdomen, sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, sp - spiracle, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669323" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="F47" captionText="Figure 47. Deltoxenos bidentatus, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Afreumenes cf. aethiopicus stylopized by female of D. bidentatus, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: asI - abdominal segment I, sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm - segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure47" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669369" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">47D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Setae and cuticular spines present on lateral region of abdominal segment I (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Deltoxenos bidentatus, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F right lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669370" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiracles.</emphasis>
|
||
Located on posterior third of cephalothorax, slightly elevated with anterodorsal and anterolateral orientation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Differing from other genera by the following combination of characters. Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye at least 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as large as diameter of vestigial antenna. Distinct paired furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field absent. Cephalotheca always elliptic (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs A frontal view B lateral view. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cl - clypeus, coe - compound eye, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, fi - frontal impression, fr - frontal region, gn - gena, hyp - hypopharynx, md - mandible, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), ob - occipital bulge, os - mouth opening, pom - postmentum, prm - praementum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field, vlf - ventral labral field of area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669327" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="F50" captionText="Figure 50. Deltoxenos rueppelli, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669372" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">50A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Frontal fissure hardly distinct of nearly absent (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, male, cephalotheca, SEM micrographs A frontal view B mouthparts. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, at - antennal torulus (rudiments of antennal torulus), cll - clypeal lobe, cls - clypeal sensillum, coe - compound eye, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, es - epistomal suture, fi - frontal impression, fr - frontal region, gn - gena, hyp - hypopharynxgeal protuberance, md - mandible, mdb - mandibular bulge, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mdt - mandibular tooth, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), mxb - maxillary base (at mandible base), ob - occipital bulge, os - mouth opening, paa - periantennal area, pom - postmentum, prm - praementum, sra - sensillum of vestigial antenna, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field, sssf - sensillum of supra-antennal sensillary field, vlf - ventral field of labral area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669328" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="F50" captionText="Figure 50. Deltoxenos rueppelli, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669372" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">50D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maxilla not distinctly elongated, at most 1.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than basally wide (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="F50" captionText="Figure 50. Deltoxenos rueppelli, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669372" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">50E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Occipital bulge well developed (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, male, cephalotheca, SEM micrographs A frontal view B mouthparts. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, at - antennal torulus (rudiments of antennal torulus), cll - clypeal lobe, cls - clypeal sensillum, coe - compound eye, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, es - epistomal suture, fi - frontal impression, fr - frontal region, gn - gena, hyp - hypopharynxgeal protuberance, md - mandible, mdb - mandibular bulge, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mdt - mandibular tooth, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), mxb - maxillary base (at mandible base), ob - occipital bulge, os - mouth opening, paa - periantennal area, pom - postmentum, prm - praementum, sra - sensillum of vestigial antenna, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field, sssf - sensillum of supra-antennal sensillary field, vlf - ventral field of labral area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669328" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="F50" captionText="Figure 50. Deltoxenos rueppelli, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669372" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">50D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Coloration forming pattern of pale and dark shades (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs A frontal view B lateral view. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cl - clypeus, coe - compound eye, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, fi - frontal impression, fr - frontal region, gn - gena, hyp - hypopharynx, md - mandible, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), ob - occipital bulge, os - mouth opening, pom - postmentum, prm - praementum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field, vlf - ventral labral field of area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669327" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="F50" captionText="Figure 50. Deltoxenos rueppelli, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669372" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">50A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669372" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 50" startId="F50">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 50.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Kinzelbach" baseAuthorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Deltoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deltoxenos rueppelli" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rueppelli">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Deltoxenos rueppelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
vestigial antenna
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
In frontal view rounded laterally, elliptic, in lateral view pointed anteriorly. Coloration forming pattern of pale and dark shades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cephalothecal capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Compound eyes with darker individual ommatidia well visible on pale ocular background. Clypeal lobe straight or slightly arcuate in frontal view, prominent in lateral view, in some cases bulging (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, male, cephalotheca, SEM micrographs A frontal view B mouthparts. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, at - antennal torulus (rudiments of antennal torulus), cll - clypeal lobe, cls - clypeal sensillum, coe - compound eye, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, es - epistomal suture, fi - frontal impression, fr - frontal region, gn - gena, hyp - hypopharynxgeal protuberance, md - mandible, mdb - mandibular bulge, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mdt - mandibular tooth, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), mxb - maxillary base (at mandible base), ob - occipital bulge, os - mouth opening, paa - periantennal area, pom - postmentum, prm - praementum, sra - sensillum of vestigial antenna, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field, sssf - sensillum of supra-antennal sensillary field, vlf - ventral field of labral area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669328" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="F50" captionText="Figure 50. Deltoxenos rueppelli, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669372" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">50D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sensilla mainly concentrated on clypeal lobe. Frontal impression more or less distinct (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs A frontal view B lateral view. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cl - clypeus, coe - compound eye, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, fi - frontal impression, fr - frontal region, gn - gena, hyp - hypopharynx, md - mandible, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), ob - occipital bulge, os - mouth opening, pom - postmentum, prm - praementum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field, vlf - ventral labral field of area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669327" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, male, cephalotheca, SEM micrographs A frontal view B mouthparts. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, at - antennal torulus (rudiments of antennal torulus), cll - clypeal lobe, cls - clypeal sensillum, coe - compound eye, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, es - epistomal suture, fi - frontal impression, fr - frontal region, gn - gena, hyp - hypopharynxgeal protuberance, md - mandible, mdb - mandibular bulge, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mdt - mandibular tooth, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), mxb - maxillary base (at mandible base), ob - occipital bulge, os - mouth opening, paa - periantennal area, pom - postmentum, prm - praementum, sra - sensillum of vestigial antenna, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field, sssf - sensillum of supra-antennal sensillary field, vlf - ventral field of labral area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669328" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Occipital bulge distinct (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Deltoxenos cf. bequaerti, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs A frontal view B lateral view. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cl - clypeus, coe - compound eye, dlf - dorsal field of labral area, fi - frontal impression, fr - frontal region, gn - gena, hyp - hypopharynx, md - mandible, mdc - mandibular capsule (clypeal origin), mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), ob - occipital bulge, os - mouth opening, pom - postmentum, prm - praementum, ssf - supra-antennal sensillary field, vlf - ventral labral field of area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669327" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="F50" captionText="Figure 50. Deltoxenos rueppelli, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, mx - vestige of maxilla, ob - occipital bulge." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669372" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">50D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye smaller,> 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
larger than diameter of vestigial antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney-shaped and bulging, medially delimited by more or less distinct frontal impression, lacking furrows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Of standard shape, with recognizable complete torulus. Periantennal area not clearly delimited from supra-antennal sensillary field. Small plates, cavities or sensilla present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Labral area distinct, with setae on dorsal field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed. Mandibular bulge with sensilla, separated from pointed tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinct, prominent, completely dark. Vestige of palp distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium and hypopharynx.</emphasis>
|
||
Labium distinct between and below maxillae, dark. Praementum and postmentum separated by furrow. Hypopharyngeal protuberance present or not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Well visible, not covered by ventral labral field, distinctly arcuate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Deeply nested within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Straka and Benda unpubl. results).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diversity and distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
A lineage of Afrotropical origin with later expansion to the Palearctic and Indomalayan regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Present distribution of 7 species comprising the Old World and Australasian region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Various genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Eumenini">Eumenini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Odynerini">Odynerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eumeninae">Eumeninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Name derived from the generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Delta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Delta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Delta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Saussure, one of the most common host genera. Gender masculine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
All described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Deltoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deltoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Deltoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. nov. were previously placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on parasitism in solitary wasps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach 1971b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite this concept, this group is morphologically well defined. Although this group was not recognized in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kinzelbach’s">Kinzelbach's</normalizedToken>
|
||
concept, we classify it as a separate genus based on molecular phylogenies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and morphological characters newly reported here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |