451 lines
55 KiB
XML
451 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="8A43F7940C765B51E9CD67C5E6D6E9C9" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.188745" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dfdb39e9-8c2f-4825-9435-2a562dcf6fd5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="188745" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461096618451" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dorchin, Netta, Mcevoy, Miles V., Dowling, Todd A., Abrahamson, Warren G. & Moore, Joseph G." docDate="2009" docId="074287C9FFC8E31BFF01FBBC5B313F2C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02152p035.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2152" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhopalomyia capitata Felt 1908" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FB7BFFB1FFCFE312FF96FFE25A543D73" masterDocTitle="Revision of the goldenrod-galling Rhopalomyia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in North America" masterLastPageNumber="35" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1698589499081" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FA903319AF60449E821B46997F2D93D8">
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<mods:title id="3B2761F987674FFBC3D61FB29BC5E7AE">Revision of the goldenrod-galling Rhopalomyia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="76A292176EA080B3B8C309404C829831">Dorchin, Netta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="9828FCF44701A48A728D05E4647F7C59">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C7B75327E93F0BB55B406A07978C0F73">Mcevoy, Miles V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="C58E9504D3C9E3F89A6D939B560B540D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C4370B01CD6249282BE4A7B11A9F7850">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8D6FCD1755A30D663C2F60D1BE337847">Dowling, Todd A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="FEDE8B8E504A5A4FDFAD8E93220CC2FE" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="C2E1D9661CD27DA94F2696AE0F86DA3F">Abrahamson, Warren G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="ACEE115B51FA5BEC1C293487E06AEE97">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BC19AEBE5272E9544BFDC2B44DEDB841">Moore, Joseph G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A00905A0D9C6CCA09D5136C0E9C66017">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CD037CB3FF7D77829B2BBD4E0BAC6C79">
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<mods:date id="DE8D546A08C5660E3AB288EC40F3EBCF">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1F6B35FC8FA20E9E5C16F53990FB6B03">2152</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="5F934CF5B68B9DA11E27ECF0E27DAEA3" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.188745</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E95B522C6A71DA605EBE3CC189ADFB54" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="074287C9FFC8E31BFF01FBBC5B313F2C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6217047" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119620546" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6217047" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:074287C9FFC8E31BFF01FBBC5B313F2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/074287C9FFC8E31BFF01FBBC5B313F2C" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection id="C7F16554FFC8E315FF01FBBC584D390B" box="[151,537,1118,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC8E315FF01FBBC584D390B" blockId="7.[151,537,1118,1144]" box="[151,537,1118,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="D41C81B3FFC8E315FF01FBBC584D390B" bold="true" box="[151,537,1118,1144]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC8E315FF01FBBC584D390B" ID-CoL="8DN69" authority="Felt 1908" authorityName="Felt" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,537,1118,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
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<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC8E315FF01FBBC584D390B" bold="true" box="[151,537,1118,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC8E315FF01FBBC5BCA390B" bold="true" box="[151,414,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhopalomyia capitata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EB7A4B2EFFC8E315FE30FBBC584D390B" author="Felt" box="[422,537,1118,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" refString="Felt, E. P. (1908) Appendix D. pp. 286 - 422, 489 - 510. In: 23 rd report of the state entomologist on injurious and other insects of the state of New York, 1907. New York State Museum Bulletin, 124, 5 - 541." type="journal article" year="1908">Felt 1908</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C7F16554FFC8E315FF01FB4A593C3BC1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC8E315FF01FB4A587139CC" blockId="7.[151,549,1192,1215]" box="[151,549,1192,1215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AFFB11F1FFC8E315FF01FB4A587139CC" box="[151,549,1192,1215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC8E315FF01FB4A587139CC" ID-CoL="8DN69" authority="Felt 1908: 363" authorityName="Felt" authorityPageNumber="363" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,549,1192,1215]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
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<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC8E315FF01FB4A5BD739CC" box="[151,387,1192,1215]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhopalomyia capitata</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0E4A10CEFFC8E315FE1CFB4A587139CC" author="Felt" box="[394,549,1192,1215]" page="363" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1908">
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<bibRefCitation id="EB7A4B2EFFC8E315FE1CFB4A5BA739CC" author="Felt" box="[394,499,1192,1215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" refString="Felt, E. P. (1908) Appendix D. pp. 286 - 422, 489 - 510. In: 23 rd report of the state entomologist on injurious and other insects of the state of New York, 1907. New York State Museum Bulletin, 124, 5 - 541." type="journal article" year="1908">Felt 1908</bibRefCitation>
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: 363
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC8E315FF01FB0C593C3BC1" blockId="7.[151,1436,1262,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Adult: Antenna with 18 flagellomeres in male, 17–18 or 18–19 flagellomeres in female (spring and summer generations, respectively); necks of male flagellomeres III–VII 0.78–0.89 times as long as nodes, female flagellomeres without necks. Palpus 2-segmented, second segment at least 1.5 times longer than first, setose and setulose. Wing length
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<quantity id="48139B3AFFC8E315FE4FFA80583E380F" box="[473,618,1378,1404]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="3.2" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.9">2.9–3.5 mm</quantity>
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in male,
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<quantity id="48139B3AFFC8E315FD4BFA80593A380F" box="[733,878,1378,1404]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="3.3" valueMax="3.4" valueMin="3.2">3.2–3.4 mm</quantity>
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in female. Legs densely covered by brownish scales; empodia considerably longer than claws. Male terminalia (
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<figureCitation id="17D02A5AFFC8E315FC09FA6B59A338D0" box="[927,1015,1417,1443]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 19" captionStartId="16.[151,270,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[177,1421,189,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,164,1882]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 19. Male terminalia (in dorsal view unless otherwise noted). 9. Rhopalomyia anthophila. 10. Rhopalomyia anthophila, left gonopod, ventral. 11. Rhopalomyia bulbula. 12. Rhopalomyia guttata. 13. Rhopalomyia capitata. 14. Rhopalomyia clarkei. 15. Rhopalomyia cruziana. 16. Rhopalomyia fusiformae. 17. Rhopalomyia hirtipes. 18. Rhopalomyia gina. 19. Rhopalomyia gina, lateral. Scale bars = 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188747/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
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): gonocoxite cylindrical, setose and setulose, with prominent, setose mediobasal lobe as long as aedeagus; gonocoxal apodeme narrow, undivided; gonostylus evenly curved in posterior margin, straight in anterior margin, setose and setulose throughout, with relatively large, brush-like tooth; aedeagus very wide, truncate; hypoproct M-shaped, with shallow notch, setulose; cerci deeply separated by a triangular notch, strongly setose and setulose. Female abdomen (Fig. 29): tergite 7 trapezoid, less sclerotized along lateral and anterior margins, with two anterior trichoid sensilla, several rows of setae posteriorly, and groups of setae mesolaterally; tergite 8 wide Y-shaped, with two anterior trichoid sensilla; ovipositor 5.0–5.6 times as long as tergite 7.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C7F16554FFC8E315FF50F95C5E1A3A3F" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC8E315FF50F95C5E1A3A3F" blockId="7.[151,1436,1262,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Pupa (
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||
<figureCitation id="17D02A5AFFC8E315FE8EF95C5BE53BAB" box="[280,433,1726,1752]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 47" captionStartId="22.[151,279,1751,1775]" captionTargetBox="[329,1259,201,1726]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[323,1264,194,1727]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 47. Pupal heads. 40. Rhopalomyia anthophila, ventral. 41. Rhopalomyia anthophila, lateral. 42. Rhopalomyia capitata, ventral. 43. Rhopalomyia capitata, lateral. 44. Rhopalomyia clarkei, ventral. 45. Rhopalomyia clarkei, lateral. 46. Rhopalomyia gina, ventral. 47. Rhopalomyia gina, lateral. Scale bars = 200 μm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188749/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 42–43</figureCitation>
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): Light orange. Antennal bases tapering into tiny pointed tips, their bases wide V-shaped in frontal view. Frons with tiny pointed projection at mid width, which is absent in pupae of spring generation, and with tapered posterolateral projections; posterior edge widely rounded. Prothoracic spiracle divided apically into two lobes. Abdominal segments with tiny barbs throughout.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C7F16554FFC8E31AFF50F8BA58663C9B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC8E315FF50F8BA5EAB3AE9" blockId="7.[151,1436,1262,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC8E315FF50F8BA5BDD3A01" bold="true" box="[198,393,1880,1906]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<typeStatus id="5050887DFFC8E315FF50F8BA5B573A01" box="[198,259,1880,1906]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type</typeStatus>
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material:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC8E315FE0DF8BB58A43A00" authority="Felt." authorityName="Felt." box="[411,752,1881,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
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<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC8E315FE0DF8BB58FD3A01" box="[411,681,1881,1906]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhopalomyia capitata</emphasis>
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Felt.
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</taxonomicName>
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<typeStatus id="5050887DFFC8E315FC97F8BB59253A00" box="[769,881,1881,1907]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCount id="99EDFD56FFC8E315FC11F8BB59AE3A00" box="[903,1018,1881,1907]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount id="99EDFD56FFC8E315FB86F8BB5E383A00" box="[1040,1132,1881,1907]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="F7FC764FFFC8E315FB14F8BB5E943A00" box="[1154,1216,1881,1907]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">USA</collectingCountry>
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, W. Nyack, NY,
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<date id="FB55101FFFC8E315FF01F8625B743AE9" box="[151,288,1920,1946]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1907-09-23">23/IX/1907</date>
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, E.P. Felt, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC8E315FE5EF862581F3AEA" box="[456,587,1920,1945]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
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<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC8E315FE5EF862581F3AEA" box="[456,587,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. gigantea</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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(as
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<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC8E315FDEAF86258AD3AEA" box="[636,761,1920,1945]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
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<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC8E315FDEAF86258AD3AEA" box="[636,761,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. serotina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
), Felt # a1750, deposited in Felt Collection.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC8E31AFF50F8445B183C3E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1262,2023]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,2001]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC8E315FF50F84458403AB3" bold="true" box="[198,532,1958,1984]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Other material examined</emphasis>
|
||
(all from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC8E315FD33F84559663AB3" box="[677,818,1959,1984]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
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||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC8E315FD33F84559663AB3" box="[677,818,1959,1984]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. gigantea</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
):
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<specimenCount id="99EDFD56FFC8E315FCC3F84459EF3AB3" box="[853,955,1958,1984]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
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||
,
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<specimenCount id="99EDFD56FFC8E315FC46F8445E193AB3" box="[976,1101,1958,1984]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="F7FC764FFFC8E315FBF4F8445EF43AB3" box="[1122,1184,1958,1984]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">USA</collectingCountry>
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, NY, West Dryden,
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<date id="FB55101FFFC8E315FF01F82F5B713A94" box="[151,293,1997,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1987-09-15">15/IX/1987</date>
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, M.V. McEvoy; 3 exuviae,
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<collectingCountry id="F7FC764FFFC8E315FDE0F82F58E13A94" box="[630,693,1997,2023]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">USA</collectingCountry>
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, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area,
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<date id="FB55101FFFC7E31AFF01FF7A5B4F3DC1" box="[151,283,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2005-05-15">15/V/2005</date>
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||
, N. Dorchin;
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<specimenCount id="99EDFD56FFC7E31AFE56FF7A58743DC1" box="[448,544,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
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||
,
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<specimenCount id="99EDFD56FFC7E31AFDBBFF7A58F13DC1" box="[557,677,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F7FC764FFFC7E31AFD24FF7A58A53DC1" box="[690,753,152,178]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
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, PA, Lewisburg, Furnace Rd.,
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<date id="FB55101FFFC7E31AFBF2FF7A5EBC3DC1" box="[1124,1256,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2005-05-22">22/V/2005</date>
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, N. Dorchin;
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||
<specimenCount id="99EDFD56FFC7E31AFA1BFF7A5AB43DAB" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="pupa">7 pupae</specimenCount>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F7FC764FFFC7E31AFF7BFF5C5B7F3DAB" box="[237,299,190,216]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
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||
, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area,
|
||
<date id="FB55101FFFC7E31AFB95FF5C5ED43DAB" box="[1027,1152,190,216]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2006-09-09">9/IX/2006</date>
|
||
, C. Blair;
|
||
<specimenCount id="99EDFD56FFC7E31AFB6CFF5C5F193DAB" box="[1274,1357,190,216]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F7FC764FFFC7E31AFACCFF5C5FCC3DAB" box="[1370,1432,190,216]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, PA, Bucknell University Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area,
|
||
<date id="FB55101FFFC7E31AFC1FFF075E4F3D8C" box="[905,1051,229,255]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2006-09-12">12/IX/2006</date>
|
||
, N. Dorchin;
|
||
<specimenCount id="99EDFD56FFC7E31AFB55FF075F413D8C" box="[1219,1301,229,255]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="pupa">1 pupa</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F7FC764FFFC7E31AFAB5FF075F373D8C" box="[1315,1379,229,255]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, PA, Lewisburg, Furnace Rd.,
|
||
<date id="FB55101FFFC7E31AFE56FEEE58143C55" box="[448,576,268,294]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2007-05-23">23/V/2007</date>
|
||
, N. Dorchin;
|
||
<specimenCount id="99EDFD56FFC7E31AFD48FEEE59693C55" box="[734,829,268,294]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="pupa">2 pupae</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F7FC764FFFC7E31AFCDFFEEE59D33C55" box="[841,903,268,294]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, PA, Montour Environmental Preserve,
|
||
<date id="FB55101FFFC7E31AFACFFEEE5A803C3E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2007-05-25">25/V/ 2007</date>
|
||
, M. Wise.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC7E31AFF50FEBB58663C9B" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFF50FEBB5B5E3C00" bold="true" box="[198,266,345,371]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Host:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFE82FEB85BB83C00" box="[276,492,346,371]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFE82FEB85BB83C00" box="[276,492,346,371]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Solidago gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and occasionally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFD52FEB859313C00" box="[708,869,346,371]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFD52FEB859313C00" box="[708,869,346,371]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFC34FEB85E363C00" box="[930,1122,346,371]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leavenworthii">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFC34FEB85E363C00" box="[930,1122,346,371]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. leavenworthii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EB7A4B2EFFC7E31AFBE5FEB85EAC3C07" author="Felt" box="[1139,1272,346,372]" pageId="8" pageNumber="34" refString="Felt, E. P. (1915) Appendix: A study of gall midges III. Pp. 127 - 288, 295 - 326 In: 30 th report of the State Entomologist on injurious and other insects of the state of New York 1914. New York State Museum Bulletin, 180: 7 - 336." type="journal article" year="1915">Felt (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFA10FEB85AA33CE9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFA10FEB85AA33CE9" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. serotina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFEA7FE635B863CE9" box="[305,466,385,410]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFEA7FE635B863CE9" box="[305,466,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the host plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFD47FE6359003CE9" box="[721,852,385,410]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFD47FE6359003CE9" box="[721,852,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFCF5FE635E033CE9" box="[867,1111,385,410]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFCF5FE635E033CE9" box="[867,1111,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Solidago canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the name used by Felt for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFF55FE4A5B1B3CB2" box="[195,335,424,449]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFF55FE4A5B1B3CB2" box="[195,335,424,449]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is an erroneous record for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFD58FE4A59073CB2" box="[718,851,424,449]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFD58FE4A59073CB2" box="[718,851,424,449]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFC59FE4A5E043CB2" box="[975,1104,424,449]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFC59FE4A5E043CB2" box="[975,1104,424,449]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. serotina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was synonymized under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFA13FE4A587A3C9B" authority="Semple and Cook 2006" authorityName="Semple and Cook" authorityYear="2006" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFA13FE4A5AAA3C94" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EB7A4B2EFFC7E31AFE9AFE2C58723C9B" author="Semple" box="[268,550,462,488]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Semple, J. C. & Cook, R. E. (2006) Solidago. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Eds.), Flora of North America North of Mexico, Vol. 20. Oxford Univ. Press, New York and Oxford, pp. 107 - 166." type="book" year="2006">Semple and Cook 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C7F16554FFC7E31AFF50FE165FC83BB1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC7E31AFF50FE165F1E395D" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFF50FE165BC93F7D" bold="true" box="[198,413,500,526]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gall and biology:</emphasis>
|
||
The species is bivoltine and galls of the two generations are overall similar in structure. The spring-generation galls, described here for the first time, appear in early to mid May in young
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFA8EFDFE5FCF3F46" box="[1304,1435,540,565]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFA8EFDFE5FCF3F46" box="[1304,1435,540,565]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sprouts, and are therefore found very close to the ground (
|
||
<figureCitation id="17D02A5AFFC7E31AFCD7FDA059CE3F2F" box="[833,922,578,604]" captionStart="FIGURES 70 – 77" captionStartId="26.[151,274,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[243,1354,185,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[237,1357,180,1820]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 70 – 77. Rhopalomyia rosette galls. Figs. 70 – 73. Rhopalomyia solidaginis; 70. Spring gall on Solidago altissima showing single central larval chamber. 71. Summer gall. 72. Two ramets of Solidago rugosa, the left carries a spring gall, the right ungalled, demonstrating the growth-stunting effect of the gall. 73. Summer gall on Solidago rugosa. Figs. 74 – 75. Rhopalomyia capitata. 74. Spring gall carried close to the ground on young sprout. 75. Summer gall. 76. Larval chamber in Rhopalomyia solidaginis gall on Solidago altissima. 77. Larval chambers in Rhopalomyia capitata gall on Solidago gigantea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188753/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
|
||
). The larvae that induce these galls hatch in the fall of the previous year and overwinter as first instars in rhizomes without causing any deformation. This was discovered when several rhizome sections that were dug, cut and planted in our research greenhouse in very early spring developed galled sprouts without having been exposed to any adults. The galls are composed of many short and narrow leaves among which 1–8 white, conical chambers are situated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="17D02A5AFFC7E31AFB66FD3C5F193F8B" box="[1264,1357,734,760]" captionStart="FIGURES 70 – 77" captionStartId="26.[151,274,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[243,1354,185,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[237,1357,180,1820]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 70 – 77. Rhopalomyia rosette galls. Figs. 70 – 73. Rhopalomyia solidaginis; 70. Spring gall on Solidago altissima showing single central larval chamber. 71. Summer gall. 72. Two ramets of Solidago rugosa, the left carries a spring gall, the right ungalled, demonstrating the growth-stunting effect of the gall. 73. Summer gall on Solidago rugosa. Figs. 74 – 75. Rhopalomyia capitata. 74. Spring gall carried close to the ground on young sprout. 75. Summer gall. 76. Larval chamber in Rhopalomyia solidaginis gall on Solidago altissima. 77. Larval chambers in Rhopalomyia capitata gall on Solidago gigantea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188753/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 77</figureCitation>
|
||
), each containing a single orange larva. The white chambers appear in the gall only when larvae are second instars. The central complex of short leaves is about
|
||
<quantity id="48139B3AFFC7E31AFD37FCC9588F3E36" box="[673,731,811,837]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter and surrounded by 5–10 much longer and wider leaves, giving the gall a star-like shape and an overall diameter of up to
|
||
<quantity id="48139B3AFFC7E31AFC64FCB05E683E1F" box="[1010,1084,850,876]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="17D02A5AFFC7E31AFBDBFCB05EF33E1F" box="[1101,1191,850,876]" captionStart="FIGURES 70 – 77" captionStartId="26.[151,274,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[243,1354,185,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[237,1357,180,1820]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 70 – 77. Rhopalomyia rosette galls. Figs. 70 – 73. Rhopalomyia solidaginis; 70. Spring gall on Solidago altissima showing single central larval chamber. 71. Summer gall. 72. Two ramets of Solidago rugosa, the left carries a spring gall, the right ungalled, demonstrating the growth-stunting effect of the gall. 73. Summer gall on Solidago rugosa. Figs. 74 – 75. Rhopalomyia capitata. 74. Spring gall carried close to the ground on young sprout. 75. Summer gall. 76. Larval chamber in Rhopalomyia solidaginis gall on Solidago altissima. 77. Larval chambers in Rhopalomyia capitata gall on Solidago gigantea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188753/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
|
||
). At young stages of development, the longer, surrounding leaves may sheath tightly the center of the gall and these loosen at a later stage. The spring generation galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFD11FC42595C3ECA" box="[647,776,928,953]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFD11FC42595C3ECA" box="[647,776,928,953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can easily be mistaken for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFBDDFC425F7D3ECA" box="[1099,1321,928,953]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="folliculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFBDDFC425F7D3ECA" box="[1099,1321,928,953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dasineura folliculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls that develop on the same host at the same time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EB7A4B2EFFC7E31AFD3EFC2459CF3E93" author="Dorchin" box="[680,923,966,992]" pageId="8" pageNumber="34" refString="Dorchin, N., Clarkin, C. E., Scott, E. R., Luongo, M. P. & Abrahamson, W. G. (2007) Taxonomy, life history, and population sex ratios of North American Dasineura (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on goldenrods (Asteraceae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 100, 539 - 548." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Dorchin
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFC82FC2559063E93" box="[788,850,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFBBAFC255EE43E93" box="[1068,1200,967,992]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="folliculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFBBAFC255EE43E93" box="[1068,1200,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. folliculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls never contain multiple short leaves at their center, and instead are composed of several similar-sized leaves that are wider and thicker at their base, and are accompanied by yellowish spots on leaves below and around the gall.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC7E31AFF50FBD959263B73" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Pupae developing in the spring generation galls emerge from mid to late May and induce the much slower-developing summer-generation galls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="17D02A5AFFC7E31AFD56FB805948390F" box="[704,796,1122,1148]" captionStart="FIGURES 70 – 77" captionStartId="26.[151,274,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[243,1354,185,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[237,1357,180,1820]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 70 – 77. Rhopalomyia rosette galls. Figs. 70 – 73. Rhopalomyia solidaginis; 70. Spring gall on Solidago altissima showing single central larval chamber. 71. Summer gall. 72. Two ramets of Solidago rugosa, the left carries a spring gall, the right ungalled, demonstrating the growth-stunting effect of the gall. 73. Summer gall on Solidago rugosa. Figs. 74 – 75. Rhopalomyia capitata. 74. Spring gall carried close to the ground on young sprout. 75. Summer gall. 76. Larval chamber in Rhopalomyia solidaginis gall on Solidago altissima. 77. Larval chambers in Rhopalomyia capitata gall on Solidago gigantea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188753/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 75</figureCitation>
|
||
), which become apparent around mid June and vary considerably in size. These galls are composed of several wide leaves that surround dozens of densely packed, smaller and shorter leaves, giving the gall a shape of a little sunflower that appears flatter than the similar gall of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFF2FFB345B36399C" box="[185,354,1238,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFF2FFB345B36399C" box="[185,354,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFE07FB34584A399C" box="[401,542,1238,1263]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFE07FB34584A399C" box="[401,542,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="17D02A5AFFC7E31AFDF7FB3458E83983" box="[609,700,1238,1264]" captionStart="FIGURES 70 – 77" captionStartId="26.[151,274,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[243,1354,185,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[237,1357,180,1820]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 70 – 77. Rhopalomyia rosette galls. Figs. 70 – 73. Rhopalomyia solidaginis; 70. Spring gall on Solidago altissima showing single central larval chamber. 71. Summer gall. 72. Two ramets of Solidago rugosa, the left carries a spring gall, the right ungalled, demonstrating the growth-stunting effect of the gall. 73. Summer gall on Solidago rugosa. Figs. 74 – 75. Rhopalomyia capitata. 74. Spring gall carried close to the ground on young sprout. 75. Summer gall. 76. Larval chamber in Rhopalomyia solidaginis gall on Solidago altissima. 77. Larval chambers in Rhopalomyia capitata gall on Solidago gigantea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188753/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
|
||
). Occasionally, the outer leaves merge to form a continuous sheath around the central part of the gall. Summer galls reach their final size when the larvae are still tiny first instars that are found at the base of the rosette leaves. Six to twenty white, conical chambers, similar to those found in the spring galls, appear in the gall only when the larvae molt into third instars. Larvae are usually found deep at the bottom of the chamber, facing down. The chambers are
|
||
<quantity id="48139B3AFFC7E31AFC67FA935E0538F8" box="[1009,1105,1393,1419]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6 mm</quantity>
|
||
high and
|
||
<quantity id="48139B3AFFC7E31AFB55FA935F7038F8" box="[1219,1316,1393,1419]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, and are situated among the short leaves in the center of the gall rather than being individually surrounded by a group of longer leaves, as in the rosette gall of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFD4AFA5D59D038AB" box="[732,900,1471,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFD4AFA5D59D038AB" box="[732,900,1471,1496]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pupation takes place in late August to mid September and adults emerge in September and early October.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC7E31AFF50F9EE5FC83BB1" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
During summer, some shoot tips can support both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFC83F9EF59C23B55" box="[789,918,1549,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFC83F9EF59C23B55" box="[789,918,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFC58F9EF5E193B55" box="[974,1101,1549,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="folliculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFC58F9EF5E193B55" box="[974,1101,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. folliculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae at the same time, and the resulting gall shows morphological attributes of both species, namely, feeding spots on outer leaves (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFF37F9B85B753B00" box="[161,289,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Dasineura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFF37F9B85B753B00" box="[161,289,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dasineura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and a group of many shortened leaves at its center (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFC38F9B85E1B3B00" box="[942,1103,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFC38F9B85E1B3B00" box="[942,1103,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rhopalomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFB7EF9B85F3B3B00" box="[1256,1391,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFB7EF9B85F3B3B00" box="[1256,1391,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are heavily attacked by polyembryonic endoparasitoids, and parasitism levels can reach 90% in certain localities and dates. Ectoparasitoids are also found in the galls and feed both on larvae and on pupae of the gall inducer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C7F16554FFC7E31BFF50F92C5B313F2C" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC7E31BFF50F92C5E223CB7" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2001]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,152,607]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFF50F92C5B163B9B" bold="true" box="[198,322,1742,1768]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFEDCF92D581A3B9B" box="[330,590,1743,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFEDCF92D581A3B9B" box="[330,590,1743,1768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rhopalomyia capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its close relative
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFCC6F92D59A63B9B" box="[848,1010,1743,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFCC6F92D59A63B9B" box="[848,1010,1743,1768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are two of several species that have been described from similar rosette galls on goldenrods, a fact that caused confusion with regard to the identity and validity of these species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EB7A4B2EFFC7E31AFDC9F8FE58823A45" author="Felt" box="[607,726,1820,1846]" pageId="8" pageNumber="34" refString="Felt, E. P. (1915) Appendix: A study of gall midges III. Pp. 127 - 288, 295 - 326 In: 30 th report of the State Entomologist on injurious and other insects of the state of New York 1914. New York State Museum Bulletin, 180: 7 - 336." type="journal article" year="1915">Felt 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EB7A4B2EFFC7E31AFD72F8FE592E3A45" author="Gagne" box="[740,890,1820,1846]" pageId="8" pageNumber="34" refString="Gagne, R. J. (1989) The Plant Feeding Gall Midges of North America. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York, 356 pp." type="book" year="1989">Gagné 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although their summer-generation galls are superficially similar,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFE06F8A158453A2F" box="[400,529,1859,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFE06F8A158453A2F" box="[400,529,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFDDDF8A158B93A2F" box="[587,749,1859,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFDDDF8A158B93A2F" box="[587,749,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are consistently found on different hosts (the former on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFA10F8A15AAA3AF0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFA10F8A15AAA3AF0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the latter on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFE32F888587A3AF0" box="[420,558,1898,1923]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFE32F888587A3AF0" box="[420,558,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), their adults show clear morphological differences, and recent molecular analyses confirm that they constitute distinct species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EB7A4B2EFFC7E31AFC99F8735E553AD8" author="Stireman" box="[783,1025,1937,1963]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" refString="Stireman, J. O. III, Nason, J. D. & Heard, S. B. (2005) Host-associated genetic differentiation in phytophagous insects: general phenomenon or isolated exceptions? Evidence from a goldenrod-insect community. Evolution, 59, 2573 - 2587." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Stireman
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFC14F87359E83AD9" box="[898,956,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Dorchin
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFBE3F8735EE43AD9" box="[1141,1200,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, in prep.).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EB7A4B2EFFC7E31AFAA7F8735B403AA2" pageId="8" pageNumber="34" refString="Fontes, E. M. G., Habeck, D. H. & Slansky, F. Jr. (1994) Phytophagous insects associated with goldenrods (Solidago spp.) in Gainesville, Florida. Florida Entomologist, 77, 210 - 221." type="journal article">
|
||
Fontes
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFA11F8735AEC3AA2" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded the galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFDBFF85A58E03AA2" box="[553,692,1976,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFDBFF85A58E03AA2" box="[553,692,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFC94F85A599B3AA2" box="[770,975,1976,2001]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leavenworthii">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFC94F85A599B3AA2" box="[770,975,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. leavenworthii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC7E31AFB9BF85A5ECE3AA2" box="[1037,1178,1976,2001]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC7E31AFB9BF85A5ECE3AA2" box="[1037,1178,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but attributed them erroneously to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFEDCFF7A5BBF3DC2" box="[330,491,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFEDCFF7A5BBF3DC2" box="[330,491,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EB7A4B2EFFC6E31BFE6DFF7A59543DC1" box="[507,768,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" refString="Stireman, J. O. III, Nason, J. D. & Heard, S. B. (2005) Host-associated genetic differentiation in phytophagous insects: general phenomenon or isolated exceptions? Evidence from a goldenrod-insect community. Evolution, 59, 2573 - 2587." type="journal article">
|
||
Stireman
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFDFBFF7A58FD3DC2" box="[621,681,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later showed that specimens recovered from galls on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFA10FF7A5B6D3DAB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leavenworthii">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFA10FF7A5B6D3DAB" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. leavenworthii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nested within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFD85FF5D58C03DAB" box="[531,660,191,216]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFD85FF5D58C03DAB" box="[531,660,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFCBDFF5D59F83DAB" box="[811,940,191,216]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFCBDFF5D59F83DAB" box="[811,940,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFC71FF5D5EDD3DAB" box="[999,1161,191,216]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFC71FF5D5EDD3DAB" box="[999,1161,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are relatively large but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFF01FF045B183D8C" box="[151,332,230,255]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFF01FF045B183D8C" box="[151,332,230,255]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is usually larger and adults of its summer generation have more numerous antennal flagellomeres. Females of both species have short ovipositors relative to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFBCFFEEE5EAE3C56" box="[1113,1274,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFBCFFEEE5EAE3C56" box="[1113,1274,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rhopalomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from goldenrods, but can be distinguished from each other by the typical shape of the 8th tergite in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFB67FED45FC13C3C" box="[1265,1429,310,335]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFB67FED45FC13C3C" box="[1265,1429,310,335]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose arms are narrow at their bases and widen anteriorly (Fig. 38). The male gonocoxite in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFB6AFEBF5FD43C05" box="[1276,1408,349,374]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFB6AFEBF5FD43C05" box="[1276,1408,349,374]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is much more slender and less robust than the unmistakably inflated gonocoxite of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFBD0FE665EB33CEE" box="[1094,1255,388,413]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFBD0FE665EB33CEE" box="[1094,1255,388,413]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the gonocoxal apodeme is longer and more slender in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFDF2FE4858B13CB0" box="[612,741,426,451]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFDF2FE4858B13CB0" box="[612,741,426,451]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and its gonostylus is not as stout.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8F5436DFFFC6E31BFF50FE335B313F2C" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,607]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Lastly, despite the superficial similarity of their summer galls, the spring generation galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFA8CFE335FC83C99" box="[1306,1436,465,490]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFA8CFE335FC83C99" box="[1306,1436,465,490]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFF5CFE1A5B3B3F62" box="[202,367,504,529]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFF5CFE1A5B3B3F62" box="[202,367,504,529]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are strikingly different morphologically: those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFC5FFE1A5E3A3F62" box="[969,1134,504,529]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFC5FFE1A5E3A3F62" box="[969,1134,504,529]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contain 1–2 chambers in barely modified shoot tips (
|
||
<figureCitation id="17D02A5AFFC6E31BFE67FDFC58D83F4B" box="[497,652,542,568]" captionStart="FIGURES 70 – 77" captionStartId="26.[151,274,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[243,1354,185,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[237,1357,180,1820]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 70 – 77. Rhopalomyia rosette galls. Figs. 70 – 73. Rhopalomyia solidaginis; 70. Spring gall on Solidago altissima showing single central larval chamber. 71. Summer gall. 72. Two ramets of Solidago rugosa, the left carries a spring gall, the right ungalled, demonstrating the growth-stunting effect of the gall. 73. Summer gall on Solidago rugosa. Figs. 74 – 75. Rhopalomyia capitata. 74. Spring gall carried close to the ground on young sprout. 75. Summer gall. 76. Larval chamber in Rhopalomyia solidaginis gall on Solidago altissima. 77. Larval chambers in Rhopalomyia capitata gall on Solidago gigantea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188753/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 70, 72</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48EB4D5CFFC6E31BFCE9FDFD5E5C3F4B" box="[895,1032,543,568]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Rhopalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD9FEACDFFC6E31BFCE9FDFD5E5C3F4B" box="[895,1032,543,568]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. capitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form complex multi-chambered rosettes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="17D02A5AFFC6E31BFE96FDA75B0C3F2C" box="[256,344,581,607]" captionStart="FIGURES 70 – 77" captionStartId="26.[151,274,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[243,1354,185,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[237,1357,180,1820]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 70 – 77. Rhopalomyia rosette galls. Figs. 70 – 73. Rhopalomyia solidaginis; 70. Spring gall on Solidago altissima showing single central larval chamber. 71. Summer gall. 72. Two ramets of Solidago rugosa, the left carries a spring gall, the right ungalled, demonstrating the growth-stunting effect of the gall. 73. Summer gall on Solidago rugosa. Figs. 74 – 75. Rhopalomyia capitata. 74. Spring gall carried close to the ground on young sprout. 75. Summer gall. 76. Larval chamber in Rhopalomyia solidaginis gall on Solidago altissima. 77. Larval chambers in Rhopalomyia capitata gall on Solidago gigantea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188753/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |