226 lines
24 KiB
XML
226 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.252.3588" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a4366e50-a271-44c0-bdef-b52c8cad0b85" ID-PMC="PMC3560839" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-252-1" ID-PubMed="23378811" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-252-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 252" ModsDocTitle="Phylogenetic treatment and taxonomic revision of the trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Euctenizidae)" checkinTime="1451247847790" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bond, Jason E." docDate="2012" docId="9D564BC153FF0247F7FD8D7D06E82790" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 252: 1-209" docOrigin="ZooKeys 252" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.252.3588" docTitle="Aptostichus simus Chamberlin 1917" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="FFAD871BFFD4FF8CFFED1A5CFFE7FFA0" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic treatment and taxonomic revision of the trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Euctenizidae)" masterLastPageNumber="209" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="133" updateTime="1668155039594" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phylogenetic treatment and taxonomic revision of the trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Euctenizidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bond, Jason E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>252</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>209</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.252.3588</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.252.3588</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-252-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152039287" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9D564BC153FF0247F7FD8D7D06E82790" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D564BC153FF0247F7FD8D7D06E82790" lastPageId="136" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
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<subSubSection pageId="132" pageNumber="133" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
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<taxonomicName LSID="‘The Southern Coastal Dune Trapdoor Spider’" authority="Chamberlin, 1917" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1917" class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus simus" order="Araneae" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="132" pageNumber="133" start="start">Aptostichus</pageBreakToken>
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simus Chamberlin, 1917
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</taxonomicName>
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Figures 274-284Map 32
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="132" pageNumber="133" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus simus" order="Araneae" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">Aptostichus simus</taxonomicName>
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Chamberlin, 1917: 36. female holotype (No. 9), California, San Diego County Co., Silverstrand State Beach, 32.6346, -117.1400 4, 1m, coll. G.R. Crotch, in MCZ, examined.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="132" pageNumber="133" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
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Males of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus simus" order="Araneae" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">Aptostichus simus</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from species in the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Simus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simus</taxonomicName>
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species group by having a serrated embolus (Figs 50, 277) and lacking both elongate ventral tibia I spines and ventral tarsal spines (Figs 275, 276, 279). Females can be easily recognized by having a very large (> 150), sharply delineated patch of endite cuspules (Fig. 39, 283). The species is the only member of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Simus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simus</taxonomicName>
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group that has been collected from coastal dune habitat.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="132" pageNumber="133" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Descriptions.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
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Described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Chamberlin, RV" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" pagination="25 - 75" title="New spiders of the family Aviculariidae." volume="61" year="1917">Chamberlin (1917</bibRefCitation>
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: 36).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="135" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Material examined:</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="135" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
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Mexico: Baja California: El Descanso, Descanso Dunes, 32.2074, -116.9125 5, 22m, D Weissman, V Lee 3.iii.1992 [AP63, 89, 2♀, CAS]; United States: California: Los Angeles County: San Clemente Island, 32.878, -118.464 6, 500m, J Scott 1.vi.1938 [AP093, 1♀, CAS]; S Huntington Beach, 33.6354, -117.9656 3, 3m, W Gertsch, W Ivie 28.ix.1961 [AP628, 1♀, 1♂, AMNH]; Dunes on beach just W Los Angeles Airport, 33.9361, -118.4391 5, 10m, W Icenogle 30.viii.1973 [AP073, 1♀, AMNH]; Los Angeles, El Segundo Sand Dunes, 33.939, -118.439 4, 35m, J George 9.xii.1987 [AP441, 442, 2♂, CAS]; Playa Del Rey Beach, sand dunes between intersection 66th & Pacific & Pacific & Argonaut St, 33.959, -118.4491 3, 4m, M Ramirez, H David 6.xi.1982 [AP58, 78, 611, 2juv, 1♀, 1♂, AMNH]; Malibu, Broad Beach, 34.0338, -118.8517 3, 4m, M Ramirez [AP622, 626, 2♀, CAS]; Monterey Co.: Salinas River St Beach, 36.7831, -121.7944 1, 3m, J Bond 6.v.1997 [AP757, 1♀, AMNH], [AP777, 1264, 1♀, 1juv, AUMNH]; Moss Landing St Beach, 36.8086, -121.7883 1, 3m, J Bond 14.v.1997 [AP624, 794, 807, 808, 3♀, 1juv, AUMNH], [AP796, 1♀, AMNH]; Moss Landing St Beach, beachside dunes, 36.8091, -121.7883 1, 1m, J Bond, W Bond 27.vii.2008 [MY3749, 1♀, AUMNH]; Moss Landing St Beach, 36.8109, -121.7894 1, 6m, J Bond 17.iii.2005 [MY3080, 1♀, AUMNH], [MY3081, 1♀, FMNH], 8.xii.2005 [MY3466, 1♀, AUMNH], A Stockman, P Marek 30.i.2006 [MY3534, 1♀, FMNH]; San Diego Co.: Border Field St Park, S Monument Blvd, just N international border, 32.5351, -117.1191 1, 16m, USGS-BRD San Diego Sta. 16.i.2003 [AP917, 1♂, CAS], 1.ii.2000 [AP918, 1♀, CAS]; Border Field St Park, S Monument Blvd., 32.5422, -117.1234 1, 2m, R Fisher 2.x.1997 [AP819, 1♀, 4♂, CAS]; Border Field St Beach, 32.5436, -117.1227 1, 3m, J Bond 19.x.1998 [AP699, 701, 707 3♀, AUMNH]; Borderfield St Beach, 32.5453, -117.1249 3, 2m, W Icenogle 26.viii.1971 [AP054, 94, 2♀, 96juv, CAS], M Ramirez. H David 21.viii.1982 [AP071, 2 eggsacs, AMNH]; Tijuana
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<pageBreakToken pageId="133" pageNumber="134" start="start">Estuary</pageBreakToken>
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, N Monument Blvd., E of beach, 32.5457, -117.1243 1, 2m, USGS-BRD San Diego Field Sta. 1.x.1998 [AP1188-1190, 4♂, CAS]; Tijuana Estuary, N of Monument Blvd., E beach, 32.5479, -117.1249 1, 2m, USGS-BRD San Diego Sta. 26.ix.2002 [AP1182, 3♂, CAS], 1.vii.2002, [AP1183, 1♂, CAS], 1.ix.2002 [AP1184, 3♂, CAS], 1.viii.1998 [AP1185, 1♀, CAS], 1.x.1998 [AP1186, 2♂, CAS], 1.xi.2002 [AP1187, 3♂, CAS]; Tijuana Estuary, N of Monument Blvd., E beach, 32.5503, -117.1261 1, 1♂, USGS-BRD San Diego Sta. 1.x.1998 [AP1181, 2♂, CAS]; Otay Mesa, E Spring Canyon, N Wruck Canyon, 32.5515, -116.9998 1, 150m, R Fisher 1.viii.2002 [AP820, 2♂, CAS]; Imperial Beach, 32.5805, -117.1325 3, 0m, S Johnson 5.x.1978 [AP087, 4♀, AMNH], W Icenogle 2.x.1978 [AP091, 1♀, 62juv, AMNH], [AP097, 1♀, 58j, AMNH], 1.xi.1978 [AP598, 1♀, UCR]; N end Imperial Beach, just N YMCA Camp, 32.5871, -117.1319 2, 0m, M Hedin 12.xi.2005 [AP1209, 1♂, CAS]; N end Imperial Beach, ~0.8km N YMCA surf camp, 32.5929, -117.1321 2, 1m, M Hedin 23.ix.2002 [MY667, 1♂, AUMNH]; 0.4km N Imperial Beach, 32.59351, -117.1321 3, 3m W Icenogle 1.x.1977 [AP201, 657, 2♂, CAS]; Silverstrand St Beach, 32.6265, -117.139 3, 4m, M Ramirez, H David 4.xi.1982 [AP064, AP1260, 2♀, AMNH]; Silver Strand St Beach, 32.6267, -117.1391 3, 2m, Parrish 11.v.1963 [AP088, 1♀, AMNH]; J Bond 27.iii.96, [AP1256, 1257, 3♀, AUMNH]; 0.4km S Ponto St Beach, 33.0608, -117.3027 3, 3m, W Icenogle 22.x.1970 [AP056, 1♀, 41juv, AMNH], 8.v.1970 [AP095, 2♀, CAS]; Encinitas, Ponto St Beach, 33.0668, -117.3065 3, 4m, B Kaston 22.x.1970 [AP096, 1♀, 40juv, CAS]; Leucadia, sand dunes on beach, 33.0655, -117.3051 3, 3m, B Kaston 30.i.1971 [AP065, 1♀, AMNH], 26.ix.70 [AP651, 1♀, 50+juv, AMNH]; Encinitas, Ponto St Beach, 33.0668, -117.3065 3, 4m, B Kaston 22.x.1970 [AP055, 1♀, 20juv, CAS], W Icenogle 28.x.1970 [AP059, 28juv, AMNH], [AP067, 1♀, 15juv, CAS], [AP069, 1♀, CAS], [AP075, 1♀, 32juv, AMNH], 26.ix.1970 [AP082, 1♀, 83juv, CAS], [AP090, 1♀, 6juv, AMNH]; S Carlsbad St Beach, 33.1038, -117.3191 1, 3m, J Bond 19.x.1998 [AP698, 709, 2♀, AUMNH]; San Luis Obispo Co.: Oso Flaco Lake, 35.0305, -120.6241 3, 6m, M Irwin 22.vi.1965 [AP061, 4juv, AMNH]; Montana de Oro St Park, 35.2854, -120.8809 1, 29m, A Stockman, A Bailey 8.vii.2009 [MY3704-3706, 3juv, AUMNH]; Morro Dunes, S end Morro Bay, 35.3058, -120.8728 1, 20m, J Bond 6.xii.2005 [MY3436-3440, 4♀, 1juv, AUMNH]; N end Morro Bay, 35.3748, -120.8631 1, 4m, J Bond 6.xii.2005 [MY3441-3443, 3♀, AUMNH]; Baywood, 35.3083, -120.8683 3, 3m, P Sullivan 26.xi.1977 [AP621, 1♂, AMNH]; Morro Bay, beach N Morro Rock, 35.3739, -120.8613 1, 0m, M Hedin, S Foldi 3.iv.2005 [AP1208, 1♀, AUMNH]; Estcro Bay, 35.3453, -120.8624 6, 10m, 1.vi.1975 [AP068, 1♀, CAS]; isolated dune field just N San Simeon Bay, 35.6466, -121.211 1, 3m, J Bond 6.xii.05 [MY3447, 3449, 2♀, AUMNH]; Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Rosa Island E of marsh road to E Pt, 33.9572, -119.9784 5, 14m, M Ramirez, H David 9.viii.1994 [AP079, 80, 594, 3♀, 1juv, AMNH]; Santa Rosa Island, SE Anchorage, 33.9787, -120.0034 5, 19m, M Ramirez, H David 30.viii.1988 [AP053, 1♀, 29juv, AMNH], [AP081, 1♀, AMNH], 9.viii.1994 [AP083, 1♀, AMNH], 1.vii.1987 [AP092, 1♀, CAS]; Santa Rosa Island, dunes Skunk Pt, 33.9821, -119.9793 4, 15m, M Ramirez, H David 11.viii.1994 [AP050, 57, 1261, 2♀, 3juv, AMNH]; Santa Rosa Island, dunes E Sandy Pt, 34.0003, -120.243 4,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="134" pageNumber="135" start="start">24</pageBreakToken>
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m, M Ramirez, H David 8.viii.1994 [AP052, 3juv, AMNH]; N Carpinteria St Beach, 34.393, -119.5239 3, 3m, W Gertsch, W Ivie 27.ix.1961 [AP659, 1♀, 1♂, AMNH]; Coal Oil Pt, 34.4072, -119.8772 1, 3m, J Bond, B Opell 21.xi.1998 [AP689, 697, 702, 3♀, AUMNH], [AP695, 700, 2♀, FMNH], [AP696, 1♀, AMNH], M Ramirez, H David 24.vi.82 [AP070, 72, 76, 86, 623, 4♀, 1eggsac, AMNH], J Bond 5.iv.1996 [AP721, 735, 744, 2♀, 1juv, AUMNH], [AP743, 1♀, FMNH]; Ocean Beach Co Park, W of Lompoc, W end HWY 246, 34.69, -120.6031 3, 2m, W Icenogle 12.viii.1978 [AP074, 1♀, 62juv, AMNH]; Vandenberg Air Force Base, dunes mouth San Antonio Creek, 34.7989, -120.6199 4, 11m, 25.v.1976 [AP051, 1juv, CAS]; Jalama Co Park, 34.5098, -120.5011 1, 4m, J Bond, A Stockman, D Beamer 17.iii.2005 [MY3422-24, 2♀, 1juv, AUMNH]; Ocean Park Dunes, 34.69, -120.6031 1, 2m, J Bond, A Stockman, D Beamer 17.iii.2005 [MY3425-27, 3♀, AUMNH]; Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Preserve, 34.9624, -120.6497 1, 11m, J Bond, A Stockman, D Beamer 17.iii.05 [MY3428, 1♀, 15juv, AUMNH]; J Bond, A Stockman, D Beamer 17.iii.05 [MY3429, 1♀, AMNH]; J Bond, A Stockman, D Beamer 17.iii.05 [MY3430, 1juv, AUMNH]; Oso Flaco Lake Preserve, 35.0341, -120.6326 1, 6m, J Bond 17.iii.2005
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<pageBreakToken pageId="135" pageNumber="136" start="start">[</pageBreakToken>
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MY3431-34, 4♀, AUMNH], [MY3435, 1♀, AMNH]; Santa Cruz Co.: Santa Cruz Island,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Johnson’s">Johnson's</normalizedToken>
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Lee Beach, 33.9684, -119.8291 3, 3m, 12.ix.1982 [AP077, 1♀, 7juv, AMNH], M Ramirez 15.i.1983 [AP653, 1♂, AMNH], 3.x.1987 [AP658, 1♀, 2♂, CAS]; Ventura Co.: Pt Mugu St Park, Sycamore Cove Beach, 34.0742, -119.0207 3, 3m, M Ramirez [AP625, 627, 629, 3♀, CAS]; Pt Mugu, 34.0863, -119.05562 5, 25m, D Boe 16.vi.1979 [AP596, 1♀, UCR]; McGrath St Beach, 34.2264, -119.2614 3, 7m, M Ramirez, H David 25.vi.1982 [AP062, 1♀, 2juv, AMNH].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
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Variation, males (5). Cl 4.88-6.19, 5.61
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.21; Cw 4.31-5.19, 4.76
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.16; STRl 2.79-3.25, 3.01
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.09; STRw 2.40-2.85, 2.64
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.08; LBw 0.80-0.92, 0.84
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.02; LBl 0.45-0.63, 0.54
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.03; leg I: 5.00-5.22, 5.13
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.04; 3.69-4.06, 3.81
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.07; 3.13-3.50, 3.30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.06; 2.06-2.44, 2.26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.07; 1.50-1.86, 1.70
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.08; leg IV: 4.75-5.25, 5.03
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.08; 2.69-3.38, 3.10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.12; PTl 1.68-1.95, 1.79
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.04; PTw 1.02-1.14, 1.09
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.02; Bl 0.80-0.86, 0.83
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.01; TSp 14-29, 20.20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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2.62; TSr 12-21, 16.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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1.72; TSrd 0-0, 0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
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Variation, females (32). Cl 4.81-8.75, 6.91
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.19; Cw 3.66-7.06, 5.70
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.15; STRl 2.64-4.88, 3.87
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.10; STRw 2.31-4.31, 3.39
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.09; LBw 0.81-1.64, 1.19
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.04; LBl 0.60-1.04, 0.82
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.02; Leg I: 10.53-19.50, 15.65
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.41; ANTd 4-5, 4.22
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.07; PTLs 15-29, 20.75
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.69; TBs 2-8, 5.66
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.32.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
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<paragraph pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
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Figures 274-280.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus simus" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">Aptostichus simus</taxonomicName>
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Chamberlin, 1917 male specimens from San Diego County; scale bars = 1.0mm. 274 habitus (AP1209) [806521] 275-278 secondary sexual characteristics (AP819) 275 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806525] 276 prolateral aspect, leg I [806529] 277 ventral view, pedipalp bulb [806531] 278 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806533] 279, 280 line drawings, leg I articles 279 retrolateral and prolateral aspect of specimen from San Diego County, Imperial Beach 280 retrolateral aspect, tibia and patella, in descending from San Diego County, Imperial Beach and Santa Barbara County, Carpinteria State Beach.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
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<paragraph pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
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Figures 281-283.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus simus" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">Aptostichus simus</taxonomicName>
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female specimens. 281 habitus, from San Diego County (AP067) 282 cleared spermathecae (MY3447), from San Luis Obispo County [806538]; scale bar = 0.1mm 283 cephalothorax, ventral aspect, from San Diego County (AP095) [806542].
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
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<paragraph pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
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Figure 284. Live photograph,
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus simus" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">Aptostichus simus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Monterey County (AUMS022).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="135" pageNumber="136" type="genbank accessions">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="135" pageNumber="136">GenBank accessions.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="135" pageNumber="136">16S: AF307955-AF307969; 16S-tRNAval-12S: EU570038, JX103367-JX103400.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="136" pageNumber="137" start="start">Distribution</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and natural history.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Like
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus stephencolberti" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephencolberti">Aptostichus stephencolberti</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus miwok" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miwok">Aptostichus miwok</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus simus" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">Aptostichus simus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed throughout the California coastal dune habitats. Specimens are known from Baja California Norte, northward along beaches in San Diego, Orange, Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo Counties; their distribution ends just north of Point Conception with two disjunct populations in Monterey County and on the Channel Islands just off the California coast (Map 32). Like other coastal dune species,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus simus" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">Aptostichus simus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in relatively deep burrows on the steep faces of sand dunes and at the base of coastal vegetation. Burrows comprise a thick silk lining and are covered by a very cryptic trapdoor constructed of silk and sand. Dune habitats disturbed by high concentrations of the invasive
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aizoaceae" genus="Carpobrotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carpobrotus edulis" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="edulis">Carpobrotus edulis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ice plant) tend to lack
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus simus" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">Aptostichus simus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Map 32. Known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus simus" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">Aptostichus simus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Monterey County localities not shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus simus" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">Aptostichus simus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally abundant at some localities along the California coast but has been almost entirely extirpated from many beaches in Southern California. For example, the species is very rare at the type locality, Silver Strand State Beach. Moreover, the species is particularly vulnerable to invasive plant species (e.g., ice plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aizoaceae" genus="Carpobrotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carpobrotus edulis" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="edulis">Carpobrotus edulis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and is highly structured genetically across its distribution thus many populations contain unique alleles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bond, J" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" pagination="899 - 910" title="Deep molecular divergence in the absence of morphological and ecological change in the Californian coastal dune endemic trapdoor spider Aptostichus simus." url="10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01233.x" volume="10" year="2001">Bond et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Consequently, I would consider this species to be vulnerable or imperiled due to its low abundance at many localities and extreme structuring.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="species concept applied">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Species concept applied.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Morphological/Phylogenetic.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
|
||
As discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bond, J" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" pagination="899 - 910" title="Deep molecular divergence in the absence of morphological and ecological change in the Californian coastal dune endemic trapdoor spider Aptostichus simus." url="10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01233.x" volume="10" year="2001">Bond et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the species hypothesis presented here likely represents 2-3 additional species, however, further work is needed before we fully understand the composition and limits of this taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |