385 lines
39 KiB
XML
385 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.172.1889" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fbb4c0a3-7199-4ed7-9ea9-e04c64822790" ID-PMC="PMC3307363" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-172-7" ID-PubMed="22448114" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-172-7" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 172" ModsDocTitle="Review of Australasian spider flies (Diptera, Acroceridae) with a revision of Panops Lamarck" checkinTime="1451249321963" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Winterton, Shaun L." docDate="2012" docId="8CD0C664A013AD46C7A832394E7C5D89" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 172: 7-75" docOrigin="ZooKeys 172" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.172.1889" docTitle="Panops Lamarck 1804" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="EB3DCF52AE6FD804FF8BFFF3E4775766" masterDocTitle="Review of Australasian spider flies (Diptera, Acroceridae) with a revision of Panops Lamarck" masterLastPageNumber="75" masterPageNumber="7" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1668153278200" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Review of Australasian spider flies (Diptera, Acroceridae) with a revision of Panops Lamarck</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Winterton, Shaun L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>172</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>7</mods:start>
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<mods:end>75</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.172.1889</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.172.1889</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-172-7</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152033395" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8CD0C664A013AD46C7A832394E7C5D89" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8CD0C664A013AD46C7A832394E7C5D89" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Panops" authority="Lamarck, 1804" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops Lamarck, 1804</taxonomicName>
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Figs 12D17-55
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
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Lamarck, 1804: 263 -
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Latreille 1804</bibRefCitation>
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: 191,
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<bibRefCitation author="Latreille, PA" journalOrPublisher=".. F. Schoell, Paris" pageId="59" pageNumber="66" title="Considerations generales sur l'ordre naturel des animaux." year="1810">1809</bibRefCitation>
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: 316,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">1810</bibRefCitation>
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: 392, 443,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">1811</bibRefCitation>
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: 707,
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<bibRefCitation author="Latreille, PA" journalOrPublisher=".. J. B. Bailliere, Paris" pageId="59" pageNumber="66" title="Familles naturelles du regne animal." year="1825">1816</bibRefCitation>
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: 608,
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<bibRefCitation author="Latreille, PA" journalOrPublisher=".. J. B. Bailliere, Paris" pageId="59" pageNumber="66" title="Familles naturelles du regne animal." year="1825">1825</bibRefCitation>
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: 492,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">1829</bibRefCitation>
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: 461;
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<bibRefCitation author="Lamarck, JBPA" journalOrPublisher="d'Hautel & Gabon, Paris" pageId="59" pageNumber="66" title="Extrait du cours de Zoologie du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, sur les Animaux sans vertebres; presentant la distribution et la classification de ces animaux, les caracteres des principales divisions, et une simple liste des genres; a l'usage de ceux qui suivent ce cours." year="1812">Lamarck 1812</bibRefCitation>
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: 56;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Wiedemann 1830</bibRefCitation>
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: 18;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Macquart 1838</bibRefCitation>
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: 166;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Blanchard 1840</bibRefCitation>
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: 583;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Erichson 1840</bibRefCitation>
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: 140;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Walker 1855</bibRefCitation>
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: 332;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Schiner 1868</bibRefCitation>
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: 140;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Westwood 1876</bibRefCitation>
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: 509;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Bigot 1890</bibRefCitation>
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: 314;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Hardy 1921</bibRefCitation>
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: 76,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, GH" journalOrPublisher="New South Wales" pageId="58" pageNumber="65" pagination="65 - 71" title="Miscellaneous notes on Australian Diptera. XII. Cyrtidae, Dolichopodidae and Phoridae. Proc. Linn. Soc." volume="71" year="1946">1946</bibRefCitation>
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: 66;
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<bibRefCitation author="Brunetti, E" pageId="58" pageNumber="65" url="10.1080/00222932608633552" year="1926">Brunetti 1926</bibRefCitation>
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: 580;
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<bibRefCitation author="Paramonov, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology" pageId="59" pageNumber="66" pagination="521 - 546" title="A Review of the Australian Acroceridae (Diptera)." url="10.1071/ZO9570521" volume="5" year="1957">Paramonov 1957</bibRefCitation>
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: 525;
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<bibRefCitation author="Neboiss, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="59" pageNumber="66" pagination="205 - 222" title="Australian Panopinae (Diptera: Acroceridae)." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00031.x" volume="10" year="1971">Neboiss 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: 208;
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<bibRefCitation author="Schlinger, EI" editor="Evenhuis, NL" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Press," pageId="60" pageNumber="67" pagination="375 - 37" title="Family Acroceridae." volume="86" volumeTitle="Catalog of Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian regions. Bishop Museum Special Publication." year="1989">Schlinger and Jefferies 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 376. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops baudini" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baudini">Panops baudini</taxonomicName>
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Lamarck, 1804 by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Epicerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicerina" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicerina</taxonomicName>
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Macquart, 1850: 97 -
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Bigot 1890</bibRefCitation>
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: 316. Synonymy in:
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Hardy 1921</bibRefCitation>
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: 79;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, GH" journalOrPublisher="New South Wales" pageId="58" pageNumber="65" pagination="65 - 71" title="Miscellaneous notes on Australian Diptera. XII. Cyrtidae, Dolichopodidae and Phoridae. Proc. Linn. Soc." volume="71" year="1946">Hardy 1946</bibRefCitation>
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: 66;
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<bibRefCitation author="Paramonov, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology" pageId="59" pageNumber="66" pagination="521 - 546" title="A Review of the Australian Acroceridae (Diptera)." url="10.1071/ZO9570521" volume="5" year="1957">Paramonov 1957</bibRefCitation>
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: 521. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Epicerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicerina nigricornis" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricornis">Epicerina nigricornis</taxonomicName>
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Macquart, 1850 by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Neopanops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopanops" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neopanops</taxonomicName>
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Schlinger, 1959: 157 -
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<bibRefCitation author="Schlinger, EI" editor="Evenhuis, NL" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Press," pageId="60" pageNumber="67" pagination="375 - 37" title="Family Acroceridae." volume="86" volumeTitle="Catalog of Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian regions. Bishop Museum Special Publication." year="1989">Schlinger and Jefferies 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 376. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Neopanops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopanops boharti" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boharti">Neopanops boharti</taxonomicName>
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, Schlinger, 1959 by original designation. syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panocalda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panocalda" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panocalda</taxonomicName>
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Neboiss, 1971: 212 -
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<bibRefCitation author="Schlinger, EI" editor="Evenhuis, NL" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Press," pageId="60" pageNumber="67" pagination="375 - 37" title="Family Acroceridae." volume="86" volumeTitle="Catalog of Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian regions. Bishop Museum Special Publication." year="1989">Schlinger and Jefferies 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 376. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panocalda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panocalda grossi" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grossi">Panocalda grossi</taxonomicName>
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, Neboiss, 1971 by original designation. syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="14">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="14">
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Body length: 8.0-12.5 mm [male], 9.5-14.5 mm [female]. Colouration non-metallic or metallic; head slightly smaller than thorax width, shape hemispherical; postocular ridge and occiput rounded; three ocelli, anterior ocellus reduced in size or absent; posterior margin of eye emarginate; eye apilose or pilose (sparse) (sometimes localized dorsally); position of antennae on head adjacent to ocellar tubercle; eyes not contiguous above antennal base, contiguous below antennal base; palpus present; proboscis length variable, less than or greater than head length; flagellum shape elongate
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="15" start="start">,</pageBreakToken>
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slightly tapered (female) or elongate, cylindrical (male); flagellum apex lacking terminal setae; scapes separate; subscutellum not enlarged, barely visible; tibial spines present; pulvilli present; wing hyaline, markings absent; costa circumambient (weaker along anal margin); costal margin at pterostigma straight; humeral crossvein present; R1 not inflated distally; pterostigma and cell r1 membranous, not ribbed; vein R2+3 present; R4 and R5 present as forked petiolate veins; radial veins straight towards wing apex, slightly angled anteriorly; cell r4+5 bisected by 2r-m, basal cell narrow elongate, closed; 2r-m joining M1 to stem R4+5; R4 with or without spur vein; medial vein compliment with M1, M2 and M3 present; discal cell closed completely; medial veins reaching wing margin; cell m3 present; CuA1 joining M3, petiolate to wing margin; CuA2 fused to A1 before wing margin, petiolate to margin; wing microtrichia absent; anal lobe well developed; alula well developed; abdominal tergites smooth, rounded; abdomen shape greatly rounded, inflated (larger in female). Male genitalia (Fig. 17) typical for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="15" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Panopinae">Panopinae</taxonomicName>
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and varying little between species: gonostylus fused with gonocoxite and non-articulated, but with lightly sclerotized areas ventrally indicating flexion of gonostylus with gonocoxite; gonostylus as ventrally curved process with cup-like ventromedial surface; aedeagus consisting of flattened quadrangular, or cylindrical, parameral sheath with ventral rod-like structure with apical gonopore; ejaculatory apodeme poorly developed.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="15">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="15">
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Figure 17.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops baudini" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baudini">Panops baudini</taxonomicName>
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Lamarck. A male genitalia, lateral view B same, ventral view. Scale line = 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: c cercus; e epandrium; g gonocoxite; gs gonostylus; ps parameral sheath of aedeagus.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="16" type="included species">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="16">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="16" start="start">Included</pageBreakToken>
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species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops aurum" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurum">Panops aurum</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops austrae" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austrae">Panops austrae</taxonomicName>
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Neboiss, 1971;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops baudini" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baudini">Panops baudini</taxonomicName>
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Lamarck, 1804;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops boharti" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boharti">Panops boharti</taxonomicName>
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(Schlinger, 1959) comb. n.;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops conspicuus" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conspicuus">Panops conspicuus</taxonomicName>
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(Brunetti, 1926);
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops danielsi" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danielsi">Panops danielsi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops grossi" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grossi">Panops grossi</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Neboiss, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="59" pageNumber="66" pagination="205 - 222" title="Australian Panopinae (Diptera: Acroceridae)." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00031.x" volume="10" year="1971">Neboiss 1971</bibRefCitation>
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) comb. n.;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops jade" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jade">Panops jade</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops schlingeri" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schlingeri">Panops schlingeri</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" type="comments">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="16">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
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is the type genus for the subfamily
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Panopinae">Panopinae</taxonomicName>
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and includes some large metallic coloured species. The genus is endemic to Australia and neighbouring Papua region of Indonesia. The original concept of the genus was expanded to include species from the New World by some authors, but these have subsequently been placed in the separate and distantly related genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Lasia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lasia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lasia</taxonomicName>
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Wiedemann, 1824 (e.g.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Lasia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lasia metallica" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metallica">Lasia metallica</taxonomicName>
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Rondani, 1863;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Lasia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lasia ocelliger" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocelliger">Lasia ocelliger</taxonomicName>
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(Wiedemann, 1830)).
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<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="16">Bequaert (1931)</bibRefCitation>
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and later
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<bibRefCitation author="Neboiss, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="59" pageNumber="66" pagination="205 - 222" title="Australian Panopinae (Diptera: Acroceridae)." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00031.x" volume="10" year="1971">Neboiss (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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, discuss the historically confused and intertwined generic concepts of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Lasia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lasia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lasia</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
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(sometimes including
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Mesophysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesophysa" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesophysa</taxonomicName>
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) in previous treatments of the group by various authors. Based on a series of characters, it is clear that those Australasian species are placed in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Mesophysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesophysa" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesophysa</taxonomicName>
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, while the New World species are placed in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Lasia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lasia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lasia</taxonomicName>
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. In his description of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Neopanops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopanops" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neopanops</taxonomicName>
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|
,
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|
<bibRefCitation author="Schlinger, EI" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="60" pageNumber="67" pagination="150 - 159" title="A review of the genus Rhysogaster Aldrich, with descriptions of new genera and new species of Oriental, Ethiopian and Australian Acroceridae (Diptera)." volume="52" year="1959">Schlinger (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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|
suggested that the genus was closely related to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
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|
and provided an extensive list of characters distinguishing the two. Similarly,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Neboiss, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="59" pageNumber="66" pagination="205 - 222" title="Australian Panopinae (Diptera: Acroceridae)." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00031.x" volume="10" year="1971">Neboiss (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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|
provided a list of characteristics to differentiate
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panocalda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panocalda" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panocalda</taxonomicName>
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|
from the closely related
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
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|
and
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Neopanops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopanops" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neopanops</taxonomicName>
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|
. Both
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|
<bibRefCitation author="Schlinger, EI" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="60" pageNumber="67" pagination="150 - 159" title="A review of the genus Rhysogaster Aldrich, with descriptions of new genera and new species of Oriental, Ethiopian and Australian Acroceridae (Diptera)." volume="52" year="1959">Schlinger (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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|
and
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|
<bibRefCitation author="Neboiss, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="59" pageNumber="66" pagination="205 - 222" title="Australian Panopinae (Diptera: Acroceridae)." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00031.x" volume="10" year="1971">Neboiss (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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distinguished their respective genera based on characters such as eye pilosity, length of proboscis,
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|
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="17" start="start">shape</pageBreakToken>
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|
of ocellar tubercle, palpi length, head width, parafacial pilosity and wing length. With the inclusion of the four new species described here, and a critical re-examination of the characters used to differentiate
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Neopanops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopanops" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neopanops</taxonomicName>
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|
and
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panocalda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panocalda" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panocalda</taxonomicName>
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|
from
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
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, it is clear that all of these characters are variable and that only one genus is warranted. Some species of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
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|
have pilose eyes, either uniformly sparse and minute (i.e.
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops danielsi" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danielsi">Panops danielsi</taxonomicName>
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|
sp. n.,
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops boharti" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boharti">Panops boharti</taxonomicName>
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|
comb. n.,
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops baudini" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baudini">Panops baudini</taxonomicName>
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|
) or localized (
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops grossi" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grossi">Panops grossi</taxonomicName>
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|
comb. n.), with the other species being apilose. In no species of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
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|
are the eyes uniformly dense pilose, as is found in most other panopine genera (e.g.
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Apsona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apsona" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apsona</taxonomicName>
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|
,
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Lasia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lasia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lasia</taxonomicName>
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|
). This paucity of eye pilosity is shared with only a few other genera, including the Australian
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Leucopsina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucopsina" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucopsina</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Mesophysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesophysa" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesophysa</taxonomicName>
|
|
, as well as the highly derived genus
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Corononcodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corononcodes" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Corononcodes</taxonomicName>
|
|
Speiser, 1920 from the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions. Proboscis length is a frequently used character in acrocerid taxonomy, but in
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
|
|
the length is dramatically variable, with a proboscis much shorter than the head height in some species (e.g.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops jade" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jade">Panops jade</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops schlingeri" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schlingeri">Panops schlingeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops boharti" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boharti">Panops boharti</taxonomicName>
|
|
comb. n.) while the rest have a proboscis longer than the head height.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a variable genus, but can be differentiated from all other
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Panopinae">Panopinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
based on the diagnosis above, and specifically from all other genera in the Australasian region based on tibial spines being present (cf.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Apsona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apsona" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apsona</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and wing crossvein 2r-m joining to R4+5 (cf.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Leucopsina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucopsina" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucopsina</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Mesophysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesophysa" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesophysa</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Like most acrocerids, species of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
|
|
display distinct sexual dimorphism with males often have slightly
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="18" start="start">smaller</pageBreakToken>
|
|
body size and larger antennae than females. Many Old World panopine genera (e.g.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Apsona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apsona" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apsona</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Rhysogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhysogaster" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhysogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
Aldrich, 1927) have a distinctive unidirectional arrangement of the pile on the head and thorax, giving the individual a dramatic change in appearance when viewed head on (e.g. Figs 20, 23, 40); the biological significance of this is unknown.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" type="key to panops species">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="18">
|
|
Key to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Panops</taxonomicName>
|
|
species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="18">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops baudini" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baudini">Panops baudini</taxonomicName>
|
|
keys to two couplets as the eye pilosity is extremely minute in some individuals and may be overlooked. Females are unknown for
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops boharti" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boharti">Panops boharti</taxonomicName>
|
|
comb. n. and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops aurum" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurum">Panops aurum</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n., whilst males are unknown for
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops schlingeri" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schlingeri">Panops schlingeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="18">
|
|
<table lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="11" pageNumber="18">
|
|
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="18">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Fig. 39Fig. 44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="18">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Fig. 18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="18">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Fig. 18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="18">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Figs 4450</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="18">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Figs 25-30</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops baudini" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baudini">Panops baudini</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="19">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="19" rowspan="1">
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="19" start="start">Figs</pageBreakToken>
|
|
39-43
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="19" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops danielsi" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danielsi">Panops danielsi</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="19">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="19" rowspan="1">Figs 31-33</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="19" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops boharti" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boharti">Panops boharti</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="12" pageNumber="19">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="19" rowspan="1">Figs 44-47</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="19" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops grossi" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grossi">Panops grossi</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="20">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" rowspan="1">
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="20" start="start">Figs</pageBreakToken>
|
|
53-55
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops schlingeri" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schlingeri">Panops schlingeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="20">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" rowspan="1">Figs 48-52</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops jade" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jade">Panops jade</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="20">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" rowspan="1">Figs 34-38</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops conspicuus" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conspicuus">Panops conspicuus</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="13" pageNumber="20">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" rowspan="1">Figs 2128</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="21">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="21" start="start">Figs</pageBreakToken>
|
|
21-24
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops austrae" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austrae">Panops austrae</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="21">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">Figs 1926</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="21">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">Figs 25-30</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops baudini" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baudini">Panops baudini</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="21">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">Figs 18-20</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Panops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panops aurum" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurum">Panops aurum</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |