542 lines
73 KiB
XML
542 lines
73 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="9B283A8DC45FB575EEB627095F57EEC8">The life histories of Americerura (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae: Cerurinae) from southern Brazil, with the description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B88D5B0557AD9C717C9AC2B89F5AC7A5">Carvalho, Ana Paula S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="011E7A27559E42930E0B8C0C9EF6475F">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4F8D2D654C6CC90FA97B80ECC62165CF">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F921C064E25BE5DEC0B88FA2B229939B">45 - 48</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="B38B65215837FF813D9DFC02FC9F2B8C" box="[455,860,923,950]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5837FF813D9DFC02FC9F2B8C" blockId="19.[302,1013,923,981]" box="[455,860,923,950]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">
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<heading id="A06681C65837FF813D9DFC02FC9F2B8C" box="[455,860,923,950]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813D9DFC02FC9F2B8C" authority="(Schaus, 1901)" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[455,860,923,950]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813D9DFC02FD602B8C" box="[455,675,923,950]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Americerura rivera</emphasis>
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(Schaus, 1901)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B38B65215837FF813D74FC23FC362BEF" box="[302,1013,954,981]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" type="description">
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5837FF813D74FC23FC362BEF" blockId="19.[302,1013,923,981]" box="[302,1013,954,981]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">
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(
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<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5837FF813D6CFC23FE152BEF" box="[310,470,954,981]" captionStart-0="Figure 9" captionStart-1="Figure 10" captionStart-2="Figure 11" captionStartId-0="20.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionStartId-1="21.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionStartId-2="22.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox-0="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetBox-1="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetBox-2="[163,1153,142,802]" captionTargetId-0="figure-3@20.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId-1="figure-3@21.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId-2="figure-243@22.[163,1153,142,802]" captionTargetPageId-0="20" captionTargetPageId-1="21" captionTargetPageId-2="22" captionText-0="Figure 9. Early stages of Americerura rivera. All larvae are shown in lateral view; all are derived from two eggs found at JdC on Xylosma pseudosalzmannii. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, lateral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-1="Figure 10. Fifth-instar Americerura rivera. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Pink saddle form, lateral view, derived from an egg found at JdC on Xylosma pseudosalzmannii. b. Pink saddle form, dorsal view, derived from an egg found at JdC on X. pseudosalzmannii. c. Pink saddle form, threat display, derived from an egg found at JdC on X. pseudosalzmannii. d. White form, lateral view, found as a larva in Santa Catarina." captionText-2="Figure 11. Americerura rivera final-instar larva, showing distinct larval phenotype, encountered on Salix humboldtiana in Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul. a. Dorsal. b. Lateral." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480205" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480207" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480209" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10480205/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10480207/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10480209/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Figures 9–11</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5837FF813DB8FC23FDC32BEF" box="[482,512,954,981]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="25.[160,225,1724,1747]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,776,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-35@25.[163,1153,774,1693]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 13. Prepupa and cocoon of Americerura rivera. a. Prepupal larva,pink saddle form, derived from an egg found at JdC on Xylosma pseudosalzmannii. b. Cocoon from larva shown in a." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480215/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">13</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5837FF813E4DFC23FD922BEF" box="[535,593,954,981]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="32.[160,225,887,910]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetId="figure-212@32.[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 19. Americerura adult specimens. a. A. argynnis male, reared, DZ57366 (DZUP). b. A. splendens male, reared, DZ57362 (DZUP).c. A. rivera male, reared, DZ57364 (DZUP). d. A. argynnis female, reared, DZ57365 (DZUP). e. A. splendens female, reared, DZ57359 (DZUP). f. A. rivera female, reared, DZ57363 (DZUP). g. A. brasiliensis holotype male, reared, DZ57361 (DZUP). h. A. brasiliensis male, paratype (USNM). i. A. annulifera Uruguay (NHMUK). j. A. brasiliensis female paratype, reared, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. A. rarata male, USA, Texas (USNM). l. A. tehuacana male, Mexico (NHMUK). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480227/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">19c,f</figureCitation>
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); Accession numbers: DZUPIL 166
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B38B65215837FF813C9AFC69FCD32C4B" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5837FF813C9AFC69FE252C33" blockId="19.[192,784,1008,1137]" box="[192,486,1008,1033]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">
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<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813C9AFC69FE252C33" authority="Schaus, 1901" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1901" box="[192,486,1008,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Cerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813C9AFC69FE8F2C33" box="[192,332,1008,1033]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Cerura rivera</emphasis>
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Schaus, 1901
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5837FF813C9AFB8AFD212C16" blockId="19.[192,784,1008,1137]" box="[192,738,1043,1068]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">
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<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813C9AFB8AFE122C16" authority="(Schaus)" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" box="[192,465,1043,1068]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Tecmessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813C9AFB8AFEAF2C16" box="[192,364,1043,1068]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Tecmessa rivera</emphasis>
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(Schaus)
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation id="9F004B5B5837FF813DAFFB8AFD212C16" author="Schintlmeister A" box="[501,738,1043,1068]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" refId="ref19651" refString="Schintlmeister A. 2013. World catalogue of insects, volume II: Notodontidae & Oenosandridae (Lepidoptera). Leiden (Boston): Brill." type="book" year="2013">Schintlmeister (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5837FF813C9AFBACFD4E2C74" blockId="19.[192,784,1008,1137]" box="[192,653,1077,1102]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">
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<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813C9AFBACFE122C74" authority="(Schaus)" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" box="[192,465,1077,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Tecmessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813C9AFBACFEAF2C74" box="[192,364,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Tecmessa rivera</emphasis>
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(Schaus)
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation id="9F004B5B5837FF813DAFFBACFD4E2C74" author="Becker VO" box="[501,653,1077,1102]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref18357" refString="Becker VO. 2014. Checklist of new world Notodontidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea). Lepidoptera Novae. 7: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2014">Becker (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5837FF813C9AFBC1FCD32C4B" blockId="19.[192,784,1008,1137]" box="[192,784,1112,1137]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">
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<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813C9AFBC1FE2E2C4B" authority="(Schaus)" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" box="[192,493,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813C9AFBC1FE4B2C4B" box="[192,392,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Americerura rivera</emphasis>
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(Schaus)
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation id="9F004B5B5837FF813E4BFBC1FCD32C4B" author="St Laurent RA & Goldstein PZ & Miller JS & Markee A & Staude HS & Kawahara AY & Miller SE & Robbins RK" box="[529,784,1112,1137]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" pagination="1093" refId="ref19786" refString="St Laurent RA, Goldstein PZ, Miller JS, Markee A, Staude HS, Kawahara AY, Miller SE, Robbins RK. 2023. Phylogenetic systematics, diversification, and biogeography of Cerurinae (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) and a description of a new genus. Insect Syst Diversity [Internet]. 7. doi: 10. 1093 / isd / ixad 004." type="journal article" year="2023">St Laurent et al. (2023)</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B38B65215837FF813CFAFB04FDA82E28" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5837FF813CFAFB04FED72C8D" blockId="19.[160,1156,1181,1380]" box="[160,276,1181,1207]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813CFAFB04FED72C8D" bold="true" box="[160,276,1181,1207]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5837FF813CFAFB59FF3B2D5E" blockId="19.[160,1156,1181,1380]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813CFAFB59FF292CE0" bold="true" box="[160,234,1216,1242]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Larva.</emphasis>
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The first instar is not noticeably distinct from that of
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<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813F23FB58FBC72CE0" box="[889,1028,1217,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813F23FB58FBC72CE0" box="[889,1028,1217,1242]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">A. splendens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with only a minor alteration in stemapod spine spacing. The final instar is most similar to
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<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813CFAFA9FFEEA2D25" box="[160,297,1286,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813CFAFA9FFEEA2D25" box="[160,297,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">A. splendens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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due to a white lateral band on A4, but in
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<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813F4EFA9FFCAC2D25" box="[788,879,1286,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813F4EFA9FFCAC2D25" box="[788,879,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">A. rivera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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this band is usually not broken. The purple dorsal saddle form of
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<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813EDAFAB0FD182D78" box="[640,731,1321,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813EDAFAB0FD182D78" box="[640,731,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">A. rivera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is so far known to be unique to this species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5837FF813CFAFA09FDA82E28" blockId="19.[160,1155,1424,1554]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813CFAFA09FF242D90" bold="true" box="[160,231,1424,1450]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Adult.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813CACFA08FE032D90" box="[246,448,1425,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813CACFA08FE032D90" box="[246,448,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Americerura rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most likely to be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813F0CFA08FC122D90" box="[854,977,1425,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813F0CFA08FC122D90" box="[854,977,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">A. argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813854FA08FBAA2D90" box="[1038,1129,1425,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813854FA08FBAA2D90" box="[1038,1129,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">A. rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger, has less lustrous wings, and bears a black marking in the centre of the anal margin antemedial spot of the forewing, this spot (and others on the wing) are greenish-yellow rather than pure yellow as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295837FF813DB7FA60FDA52E28" box="[493,614,1529,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813DB7FA60FDA52E28" box="[493,614,1529,1554]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">A. argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B38B65215837FF8A3CFAF9A7FD9E2B67" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="2063" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5837FF813CFAF9A7FDD82E62" blockId="19.[160,1155,1598,1728]" box="[160,539,1598,1624]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813CFAF9A7FDD82E62" bold="true" box="[160,539,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Description of immature stages.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5837FF843CFAF9F8FE812BD6" blockId="19.[160,1155,1598,1728]" lastBlockId="22.[160,1155,945,1004]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="2061" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85837FF813CFAF9F8FF102E41" bold="true" box="[160,211,1633,1659]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Egg.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5837FF813CB1F9FBFEAF2E41" box="[235,364,1634,1659]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Early stages of Americerura rivera. All larvae are shown in lateral view; all are derived from two eggs found at JdC on Xylosma pseudosalzmannii. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, lateral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480205" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480205/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058">Figure 9a,b</figureCitation>
|
||
) Duration: Unknown, eggs hatched 5 days after discovery;
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5837FF813870F9FBFB402E41" box="[1066,1155,1634,1659]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="19" pageNumber="2058" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter (n = 1); circular, dorsally domed, base truncated and flattened. Overall colouration cream except for dark brown lateral band above truncated portion of egg, surface above the lateral ridge uniform in colour, lacking pattern except the dark brown micropyle at centre.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="AFEE66225830FF863CFAF9D4FCEC2E86" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480205" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480205" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480205/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="2059" startId="20.[160,225,1613,1636]" targetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5830FF863CFAF9D4FCEC2E86" blockId="20.[160,1157,1613,1724]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2059">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85830FF863CFAF9D4FF382E5E" bold="true" box="[160,251,1613,1636]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2059">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295830FF863DC3F9D4FD892E5E" box="[409,586,1613,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="2059" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85830FF863DC3F9D4FD892E5E" box="[409,586,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2059">Americerura rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All larvae are shown in lateral view; all are derived from two eggs found at JdC on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295830FF863DF6F9F2FD6D2EB8" box="[428,686,1643,1666]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="2059" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85830FF863DF6F9F2FD6D2EB8" box="[428,686,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2059">Xylosma pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, lateral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="AFEE66225831FF873CFAF9D4FBBD2E86" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480207" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480207" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480207/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="2060" startId="21.[160,225,1613,1636]" targetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5831FF873CFAF9D4FBBD2E86" blockId="21.[160,1156,1613,1724]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2060">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85831FF873CFAF9D4FEC52E5E" bold="true" box="[160,262,1613,1636]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2060">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Fifth-instar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295831FF873D27F9D4FDEF2E5E" box="[381,556,1613,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="2060" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85831FF873D27F9D4FDEF2E5E" box="[381,556,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2060">Americerura rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Pink saddle form, lateral view, derived from an egg found at JdC on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295831FF873DE6F9F2FD7F2EB8" box="[444,700,1643,1666]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="2060" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85831FF873DE6F9F2FD7F2EB8" box="[444,700,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2060">Xylosma pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. b. Pink saddle form, dorsal view, derived from an egg found at JdC on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295831FF873DCAF911FD902EA5" box="[400,595,1672,1695]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="2060" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85831FF873DCAF911FD902EA5" box="[400,595,1672,1695]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2060">X. pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. c. Pink saddle form, threat display, derived from an egg found at JdC on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295831FF873D1CF93CFDCA2E86" box="[326,521,1701,1724]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="2060" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85831FF873D1CF93CFDCA2E86" box="[326,521,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2060">X. pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. d. White form, lateral view, found as a larva in Santa Catarina.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="AFEE66225832FF843CFAFCDBFCFC2B4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480209" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480209" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480209/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061" startId="22.[160,225,834,857]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,802]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5832FF843CFAFCDBFCFC2B4C" blockId="22.[160,1156,834,886]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85832FF843CFAFCDBFEC92B63" bold="true" box="[160,266,834,857]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295832FF843D49FCDBFE052B63" box="[275,454,834,857]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85832FF843D49FCDBFE052B63" box="[275,454,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">Americerura rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
final-instar larva, showing distinct larval phenotype, encountered on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295832FF843CFAFCC6FE992B4C" box="[160,346,863,886]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humboldtiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85832FF843CFAFCC6FE992B4C" box="[160,346,863,886]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">Salix humboldtiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul. a. Dorsal. b. Lateral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5832FF843CFAFBBBFC332DE6" blockId="22.[160,1156,1058,1500]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85832FF843CFAFBBBFEE42C06" bold="true" box="[160,295,1058,1084]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">First instar.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5832FF843D65FBBAFE6B2C06" box="[319,424,1059,1084]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Early stages of Americerura rivera. All larvae are shown in lateral view; all are derived from two eggs found at JdC on Xylosma pseudosalzmannii. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, lateral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480205" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480205/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">Figure 9c</figureCitation>
|
||
) Duration: ~5–6 days (n = 2); body length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5832FF843FC7FBBAFBE12C06" box="[925,1058,1059,1084]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="6.3" metricValueMin="6.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061" unit="mm" value="6.25" valueMax="6.3" valueMin="6.2">6.2–6.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods, 9.0–
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5832FF843D09FBDFFE642C65" box="[339,423,1094,1119]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061" unit="mm" value="9.2">9.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 2); head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5832FF843FCFFBDFFBF22C65" box="[917,1073,1094,1119]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.949999999999999" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.8999999999999995" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061" unit="mm" value="0.695" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.69">0.69–0.70 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 2), head hypognathous, glossy black. Body cylindrical, segments equal sized, T1 with pair of relatively large glossy black scoli at lateral apices of segment angled overhead, scoli with apparently fewer than 10 spines, each spine with single seta at apex, each seta longer than spine producing it; A10 with black dorsal shield and pair of glossy black paraprocts; upon hatching general colouration black but with feeding and growth colouration becomes deeper black-brown with light grey striations laterally and fine grey line supraspiracularly. Body naked except primary setae; thoracic legs black, A3–A6 prolegs coloured as for lateral portion of abdominal segments; crochets not examined; anal prolegs modified to form elongated black, robustly spined stemapods with maroon eversible component that is extruded when threatened, stemapod spines longest at terminus and four noticeably longer spines spaced roughly evenly along each stemapod.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5832FF843CFAF988FE0A2E11" blockId="22.[160,457,1553,1579]" box="[160,457,1553,1579]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85832FF843CFAF988FEED2E11" bold="true" box="[160,302,1553,1579]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">Chaetotaxy.</emphasis>
|
||
Not studied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5832FF853CFAF9F8FCAA2935" blockId="22.[160,1156,1633,1728]" lastBlockId="23.[160,1156,142,271]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="2062" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85832FF843CFAF9F8FE8F2E41" bold="true" box="[160,332,1633,1659]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">Second instar.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5832FF843D39F9FBFE122E41" box="[355,465,1634,1659]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Early stages of Americerura rivera. All larvae are shown in lateral view; all are derived from two eggs found at JdC on Xylosma pseudosalzmannii. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, lateral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480205" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480205/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061">Figure 9d</figureCitation>
|
||
) Duration: 4–5 days (n = 2); body length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5832FF843F9DF9FBFBE32E41" box="[967,1056,1634,1659]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061" unit="mm" value="9.3">9.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods,
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5832FF843D72F91CFE482EA4" box="[296,395,1669,1694]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.29" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061" unit="mm" value="12.9">12.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 1); head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5832FF843FD6F91CFBE92EA4" box="[908,1066,1669,1694]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1749999999999998" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.15" pageId="22" pageNumber="2061" unit="mm" value="1.1749999999999998" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="1.15">1.15–1.20 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 2), gross morphology very similar to first instar, but T1 apical scoli smaller and stemapods more robust, thoracic segments noticeably defined, taller, and rectangular in overall shape, forming a blunt, lighter brown point at T3. Colouration similar to first instar except lighter red overall becoming pink laterally, thoracic, A7, and A8 segments lighter brown dorsally; stemapods with lighter brown banding near terminus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5833FF853CFAFEA2FD592AE8" blockId="23.[160,1156,315,722]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85833FF853CFAFEA2FEF1296F" bold="true" box="[160,306,315,341]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">Third instar.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5833FF853D13FEA5FE76296F" box="[329,437,316,341]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Early stages of Americerura rivera. All larvae are shown in lateral view; all are derived from two eggs found at JdC on Xylosma pseudosalzmannii. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, lateral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480205" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480205/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">Figure 9e</figureCitation>
|
||
) Average duration: 6 days (n = 2); body length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5833FF853FB9FEA5FB40296F" box="[995,1155,316,341]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.465" metricValueMax="1.49" metricValueMin="1.44" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062" unit="mm" value="14.65" valueMax="14.9" valueMin="14.4">14.4–14.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods, 19.0–
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5833FF853D99FEC7FDEB294D" box="[451,552,350,375]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062" unit="mm" value="20.8">20.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 2); head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5833FF853874FEC7FB40294D" box="[1070,1155,350,375]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 2) gross morphology and patterning as in second instar, thoracic segments more noticeably defined and rectangular with hump at T3 forming a more accentuated point, ventrum of A3–A6 truncated, base held flush with leaf surface at rest, concealing prolegs, paraprocts relatively longer. Colouration greener on thoracic segments and along terminal abdominal segments, dark brown dorsal saddle pattern (with medial area darkest) barely contrasts against brown-green supraspiracular lateral ground colour, saddle widest at A4 bleeding into pink lateral region; spiracles slightly more noticeable, orange; true legs and prolegs reddish brown; larger three to four spines of stemapods lighter brown in colour than remainder of black stemapods, spines tipped apically by darker brown, stemapods distally banded with light brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5833FF853CFAFD67FF362D1A" blockId="23.[160,1156,766,1312]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85833FF853CFAFD67FE892B22" bold="true" box="[160,330,766,792]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">Fourth instar.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5833FF853D3BFD66FE0F2B22" box="[353,460,767,792]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="20.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@20.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 9. Early stages of Americerura rivera. All larvae are shown in lateral view; all are derived from two eggs found at JdC on Xylosma pseudosalzmannii. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, lateral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480205" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480205/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">Figure 9f</figureCitation>
|
||
) Duration: 5 days (n = 1); body length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5833FF853FEFFD66FBDD2B22" box="[949,1054,767,792]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.03" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062" unit="mm" value="20.3">20.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods,
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5833FF853D73FCBBFE482B01" box="[297,395,802,827]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.56" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062" unit="mm" value="25.6">25.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 1); head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5833FF853FD7FCBBFC332B01" box="[909,1008,802,827]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.88" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062" unit="mm" value="2.88">2.88 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 1) head colouration lighter than in previous instars, overall gross morphology somewhat similar to third instar but proportionally larger and more robust, T1 apical scoli smaller relative to body, paraprocts larger relative to body, thoracic segments much more noticeably defined and rectangular, hump at T3 more accentuated, giving overall appearance of thorax an angled shape, appearing triangular viewed from above, ventrum of A3–A6 truncated as in third instar. Overall colouration vibrant apple green fading to bluish green lateral to ventrum, laterally speckled by light green flecks, dorsal saddle pattern well defined, widest at A4 where saddle forms point that extends to spiracle and faint brown hue present angled posteriorly below point, colouration of saddle deep chestnut brown and mostly uniform in colour along length except darkest mesally and thoracic saddle darker than abdominal, spiracles contrasting bright orange, true legs light yellow-green and brown, prolegs light green; stemapods covered in tooth-like spines three to four of which are larger than remainder, stemapods dark brown with faint lighter banding distally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5833FF8A3CFAFAD5FCCF2AB6" blockId="23.[160,1156,1356,1728]" lastBlockId="24.[160,1157,142,652]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="2063" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85833FF853CFAFAD5FEE42D5C" bold="true" box="[160,295,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">Fifth instar.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5833FF853D64FAD4FE772D5C" box="[318,436,1357,1382]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="21.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@21.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 10. Fifth-instar Americerura rivera. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Pink saddle form, lateral view, derived from an egg found at JdC on Xylosma pseudosalzmannii. b. Pink saddle form, dorsal view, derived from an egg found at JdC on X. pseudosalzmannii. c. Pink saddle form, threat display, derived from an egg found at JdC on X. pseudosalzmannii. d. White form, lateral view, found as a larva in Santa Catarina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480207" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480207/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">Figures 10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5833FF853DE7FAD4FE192D5C" box="[445,474,1357,1382]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,802]" captionTargetId="figure-243@22.[163,1153,142,802]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Americerura rivera final-instar larva, showing distinct larval phenotype, encountered on Salix humboldtiana in Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul. a. Dorsal. b. Lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480209" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480209/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">11</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5833FF853DBEFAD4FDCE2D5C" box="[484,525,1357,1382]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="25.[160,225,1724,1747]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,776,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-35@25.[163,1153,774,1693]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 13. Prepupa and cocoon of Americerura rivera. a. Prepupal larva,pink saddle form, derived from an egg found at JdC on Xylosma pseudosalzmannii. b. Cocoon from larva shown in a." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480215/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">13a</figureCitation>
|
||
) Duration: ~8 days (n = 1); body length ~
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5833FF853F8CFAD4FBE62D5C" box="[982,1061,1357,1382]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062" unit="mm" value="31.0">31 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods, ~
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5833FF853D6FFAF6FE442DB2" box="[309,391,1391,1416]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062" unit="mm" value="39.0">39 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 1); head capsule not measured, head colouration deep reddish brown to light grey. Overall morphology differs substantially in the final instar, but as in previous instars, thoracic segments enlarged and broad, forming a triangular shape when viewed from above,
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED15833FF853E9CFA4EFD222DCA" box="[710,737,1495,1520]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">T1</specimenCode>
|
||
lacks spined scoli and instead has a distinctly squared anterior appearance with black spots at the apices. When threatened bright red integument immediately behind and above the head of
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED15833FF853FD7F984FC6B2E0C" box="[909,936,1565,1590]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">T1</specimenCode>
|
||
is exposed.
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED15833FF85386AF984FB882E0C" box="[1072,1099,1565,1590]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062">T3</specimenCode>
|
||
with an acute hump; body overall apple green without specks or spots except for reddish brown splotch surrounding
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED15833FF853D80F9FBFE3B2E41" box="[474,504,1634,1659]" collectionCode="A" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062" type="Herbarium">A8</specimenCode>
|
||
spiracle, this splotch may be faint; spiracles bright orange except black (or dark orange)
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED15833FF853DA9F91CFDD22EA4" box="[499,529,1669,1694]" collectionCode="A" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062" type="Herbarium">A8</specimenCode>
|
||
spiracle. Dorsum from head to
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED15833FF853F2DF91CFC612EA4" box="[887,930,1669,1694]" collectionCode="A" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="23" pageNumber="2062" type="Herbarium">A10</specimenCode>
|
||
with a well-defined saddle-like pattern that is sharply delimited from green ground colour of remainder of body. Colouration of saddle mostly concolorous over thoracic and abdominal segments but with greenish hue on
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED1583CFF8A3D98FF28FE1E28F0" box="[450,477,177,202]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">T1</specimenCode>
|
||
and black eyespots at anterior margin of
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED1583CFF8A3FF4FF28FC0828F0" box="[942,971,177,202]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">T1</specimenCode>
|
||
. Thoracic saddle widest at
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED1583CFF8A3D48FF4DFEEE28D7" box="[274,301,212,237]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">T1</specimenCode>
|
||
becoming gradually narrower approaching the apical protuberance of
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED1583CFF8A3839FF4DFB4328D7" box="[1123,1152,212,237]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">T3</specimenCode>
|
||
, thoracic component of saddle connected to abdominal saddle at
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED1583CFF8A3F23FF6FFC572935" box="[889,916,246,271]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">T3</specimenCode>
|
||
hump, saddle overall is smoothly maculated except for narrow longitudinal striations where darker ground colour breaks through, saddle widest at
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED1583CFF8A3E07FEA5FDBE296F" box="[605,637,316,341]" collectionCode="A" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" type="Herbarium">A4</specimenCode>
|
||
, with dark-brown striations above spiracle and a bright white posteriorly angled, irregularly edged band reaches almost to base of
|
||
<specimenCode id="AB379ED1583CFF8A383FFEC7FB40294D" box="[1125,1155,350,375]" collectionCode="A" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" type="Herbarium">A4</specimenCode>
|
||
proleg,
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD23583CFF8A3CA3FE18FEA729A0" box="[249,356,385,410]" count="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" type="larva">one larva</specimenCount>
|
||
lacked this band which was replaced by a pyriform white spot with a deep red margin; saddle displays three distinct colour forms, either bright white, vivid purple-pink that contrasts strongly against bright white outline of saddle and lateral band, or white at margins with blue-green and pink tinged medial area. True legs green with black at segment interfaces, prolegs green near body with deep red at terminus. Stemapods coloured dorsally as for saddle, but green invades laterally, covered in uniform black spines, extendable part of stemapods red and yellow early in 5th instar, shifting to all bright yellow later in the instar. Paraprocts shiny black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583CFF8A3CFAFD21FED62B22" blockId="24.[160,1155,696,792]" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3CFAFD21FF272AE8" bold="true" box="[160,228,696,722]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
Duration: At least 24 days based on cocoon building to adult emergence. The first week of this period the larva is likely still prepupal inside cocoon. Morphology of pupa not examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583CFF8A3CFAFCDAFD9E2B67" blockId="24.[160,605,835,861]" box="[160,605,835,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3CFAFCDAFEC32B67" bold="true" box="[160,256,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Cocoon.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F583CFF8A3D4DFCDDFE532B67" box="[279,400,836,861]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="25.[160,225,1724,1747]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,776,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-35@25.[163,1153,774,1693]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 13. Prepupa and cocoon of Americerura rivera. a. Prepupal larva,pink saddle form, derived from an egg found at JdC on Xylosma pseudosalzmannii. b. Cocoon from larva shown in a." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480215/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Figure 13b</figureCitation>
|
||
) As in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3D84FCDDFD942B67" box="[478,599,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3D84FCDDFD942B67" box="[478,599,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">A. argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B38B6521583CFF883CFAFC10FE0629DB" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="2065" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583CFF8A3CFAFC10FEBE2CE1" blockId="24.[160,1156,905,1728]" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3CFAFC10FEED2B99" bold="true" box="[160,302,905,931]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Life history.</emphasis>
|
||
We observed
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD23583CFF8A3DB3FC13FD9A2B99" box="[489,601,906,931]" count="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" type="egg">two eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
in nature on a moderately sized (~
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F583CFF8A3846FC13FB892B99" box="[1052,1098,906,931]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
tall)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3CFAFC34FE452BFC" box="[160,390,941,966]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3CFAFC34FE452BFC" box="[160,390,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">X. pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they hatched in the morning, between 8.00 and 10.00am. Interestingly,
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD23583CFF8A3D64FC56FE5C2BD2" box="[318,415,975,1000]" count="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" type="egg">one egg</specimenCount>
|
||
was on a stem and the other on the adaxial surface of a leaf. Apart from the single egg on the stem, we have never observed any
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3FE5FC6BFB872C31" box="[959,1092,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3FE5FC6BFB872C31" box="[959,1092,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Americerura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs deposited on anything other than the adaxial leaf surfaces of the host plants. Only one of the
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD23583CFF8A3CADFBAEFEB72C6A" box="[247,372,1079,1104]" count="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" type="larva">two larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
from these eggs survived to adult. We also observed larvae on a small plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3D3AFBC3FDF22C49" box="[352,561,1114,1139]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliatifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3D3AFBC3FDF22C49" box="[352,561,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Xylosma ciliatifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and on a large tree of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3F1DFBC3FBE32C49" box="[839,1056,1114,1139]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humboldtiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3F1DFBC3FBE32C49" box="[839,1056,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Salix humboldtiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Various sightings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3D69FBE4FE7B2CAC" box="[307,440,1149,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3D69FBE4FE7B2CAC" box="[307,440,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Americerura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae on the internet from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583CFF8A3F54FBE4FC882CAC" box="[782,843,1149,1174]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583CFF8A3FD1FBE4FC372CAC" box="[907,1012,1149,1174]" name="Paraguay" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
seem to be this species, and all such sightings appear to be from various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3FC7FB06FB9B2C82" box="[925,1112,1183,1208]" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3FC7FB06FC3A2C82" box="[925,1017,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Xylosma</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(St Laurent pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583CFF883C9AFB7CFE6F28D7" blockId="24.[160,1156,905,1728]" lastBlockId="26.[160,1156,142,237]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="2065" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">
|
||
Regarding the larva found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3E62FB7CFCDA2CC4" box="[568,793,1253,1278]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humboldtiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3E62FB7CFCDA2CC4" box="[568,793,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Salix humboldtiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we initially thought it could represent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3D40FA9EFE6F2D1A" box="[282,428,1287,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3D40FA9EFE6F2D1A" box="[282,428,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">A. annulifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as it matched the figures of that species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9F004B5B583CFF8A3F9CFA9EFB472D1A" author="Bourquin F" box="[966,1156,1287,1312]" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" pagination="399 - 408" refId="ref18504" refString="Bourquin F. 1939. Metamorfosis de Cerura annulifera (Lep. Notodontidae). Physis. 17: 399 - 408." type="journal article" year="1939">Bourquin (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
quite well and was found on the host plant of that species: compare our images of this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3C83FAD4FEFF2D5C" box="[217,316,1357,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3C83FAD4FEFF2D5C" box="[217,316,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">A. rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F583CFF8A3D08FAD4FE052D5C" box="[338,454,1357,1382]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[160,225,834,857]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,802]" captionTargetId="figure-243@22.[163,1153,142,802]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Americerura rivera final-instar larva, showing distinct larval phenotype, encountered on Salix humboldtiana in Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul. a. Dorsal. b. Lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480209" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480209/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Figure 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) to a preserved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3EC5FAD4FCF52D5C" box="[671,822,1357,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3EC5FAD4FCF52D5C" box="[671,822,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">A. annulifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583CFF8A3FD3FAD4FC2F2D5C" box="[905,1004,1357,1382]" name="Uruguay" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F583CFF8A3858FAD4FBB52D5C" box="[1026,1142,1357,1382]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="25.[160,225,656,679]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,143,624]" captionTargetId="figure-3@25.[163,1153,142,625]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 12. Americerura annulifera preserved larva, Uruguay (images mirrored to match orientation of other larval photographs) (NHMUK). a. Lateral. b. Dorsal. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480213/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). When comparing our specimen to the figures in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9F004B5B583CFF8A3EB2FAF6FC652DB2" author="Bourquin F" box="[744,934,1391,1416]" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" pagination="399 - 408" refId="ref18504" refString="Bourquin F. 1939. Metamorfosis de Cerura annulifera (Lep. Notodontidae). Physis. 17: 399 - 408." type="journal article" year="1939">Bourquin (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the most obvious similarities are the presence of a single lateral spot and the well-defined dorsal stripes on the margins of the saddle, although these are also present in the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3CFAFA4EFEC32DCA" box="[160,256,1495,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3CFAFA4EFEC32DCA" box="[160,256,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">A. rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colour forms to some degree. However, the resulting adult from this larva was clearly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3D62FA63FE5E2E29" box="[312,413,1530,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3D62FA63FE5E2E29" box="[312,413,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">A. rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. white ground colour, that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3F33FA63FBC12E29" box="[873,1026,1530,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3F33FA63FBC12E29" box="[873,1026,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">A. annulifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is brown,
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F583CFF8A3CFBF984FEE12E0C" box="[161,290,1565,1590]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="32.[160,225,887,910]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetId="figure-212@32.[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 19. Americerura adult specimens. a. A. argynnis male, reared, DZ57366 (DZUP). b. A. splendens male, reared, DZ57362 (DZUP).c. A. rivera male, reared, DZ57364 (DZUP). d. A. argynnis female, reared, DZ57365 (DZUP). e. A. splendens female, reared, DZ57359 (DZUP). f. A. rivera female, reared, DZ57363 (DZUP). g. A. brasiliensis holotype male, reared, DZ57361 (DZUP). h. A. brasiliensis male, paratype (USNM). i. A. annulifera Uruguay (NHMUK). j. A. brasiliensis female paratype, reared, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. A. rarata male, USA, Texas (USNM). l. A. tehuacana male, Mexico (NHMUK). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480227/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">Figure 19i</figureCitation>
|
||
). We were aware of the sister relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3F85F984FB842E0C" box="[991,1095,1565,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3F85F984FB842E0C" box="[991,1095,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">A. rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3CFBF9A6FEF82E62" box="[161,315,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3CFBF9A6FEF82E62" box="[161,315,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">A. annulifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the ongoing phylogenomic work with Argentinian and Uruguayan material (St Laurent unpublished) and so the similarity between the larvae of these two species was somewhat expected. As we have already illustrated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3C99F93EFE852EFA" box="[195,326,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3C99F93EFE852EFA" box="[195,326,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">A. argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583CFF8A3DD6F93EFDDE2EFA" box="[396,541,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583CFF8A3DD6F93EFDDE2EFA" box="[396,541,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="2063">A. splendens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
above, larvae of this genus are polymorphic and seemingly can be induced to produce different phenotypes due to environmental factors. Thus, host plant species may also play a role in phenotype, but this requires further study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="AFEE6622583DFF8B3CFAFD09FC412AFF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480213" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480213/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064" startId="25.[160,225,656,679]" targetBox="[163,1152,143,624]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583DFF8B3CFAFD09FC412AFF" blockId="25.[160,1156,656,709]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583DFF8B3CFAFD09FEC42A9D" bold="true" box="[160,263,656,679]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583DFF8B3D54FD09FE2A2A9D" box="[270,489,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583DFF8B3D54FD09FE2A2A9D" box="[270,489,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064">Americerura annulifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
preserved larva, Uruguay (images mirrored to match orientation of other larval photographs) (NHMUK). a. Lateral. b. Dorsal. Scale bar = 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="AFEE6622583DFF8B3CFAF925FC292ECB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480215" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480215/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064" startId="25.[160,225,1724,1747]" targetBox="[163,1153,776,1693]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583DFF8B3CFAF925FC292ECB" blockId="25.[160,1155,1724,1777]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583DFF8B3CFAF925FEC62EE9" bold="true" box="[160,261,1724,1747]" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Prepupa and cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583DFF8B3DA8F925FD622EE9" box="[498,673,1724,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583DFF8B3DA8F925FD622EE9" box="[498,673,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064">Americerura rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. a. Prepupal larva, pink saddle form, derived from an egg found at JdC on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583DFF8B3DC8F943FD572ECB" box="[402,660,1754,1777]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583DFF8B3DC8F943FD572ECB" box="[402,660,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="2064">Xylosma pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. b. Cocoon from larva shown in a.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583EFF883CFAFE83FEE4290E" blockId="26.[160,1156,282,481]" box="[160,295,282,308]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFAFE83FEE4290E" bold="true" box="[160,295,282,308]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Host plants</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583EFF883CFAFEA4FE0629DB" blockId="26.[160,1156,282,481]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFAFEA4FDA6296C" box="[160,613,317,342]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883CFAFEA4FEB0296C" box="[160,371,317,342]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliatifolia">Xylosma ciliatifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883DD8FEA4FDA6296C" box="[386,613,317,342]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">X. pseudosalzmannii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883EFEFEA4FCBE296C" box="[676,893,317,342]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humboldtiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883EFEFEA4FCBE296C" box="[676,893,317,342]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Salix humboldtiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883FD6FEA4FBC6296C" box="[908,1029,317,342]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in nature, which were also used to complete the rearing events in captivity. We offered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883CFBFE1AFEEB29A6" box="[161,296,387,412]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Banara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parviflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFBFE1AFEEB29A6" box="[161,296,387,412]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">B. parviflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to one of the larvae that were found as an egg on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883FC3FE1AFBBE29A6" box="[921,1149,387,412]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883FC3FE1AFBBE29A6" box="[921,1149,387,412]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">X. pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it was not accepted and thus we transferred it back to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883F1BFE3CFBE42984" box="[833,1063,421,446]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883F1BFE3CFBE42984" box="[833,1063,421,446]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">X. pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the remainder of the rearing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B38B6521583EFF883CFAFD97FE032B07" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583EFF883CFAFD97FEEF2A12" blockId="26.[160,1156,526,829]" box="[160,300,526,552]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFAFD97FEEF2A12" bold="true" box="[160,300,526,552]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583EFF883CFAFDABFE032B07" blockId="26.[160,1156,526,829]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="1B4AACD0583EFF883CFAFDABFF0E2A71" box="[160,205,562,587]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">This</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
widespread species is known to us from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583EFF883EE1FDABFCE92A71" box="[699,810,562,587]" name="Argentina" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F848583EFF883F60FDABFC412A71" box="[826,898,562,587]" country="Argentina" name="Chaco" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Chaco</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583EFF883F99FDABFBF72A71" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC5837FF883D9DFC02FE032B07:FE4E6071583EFF883F99FDABFBF72A71" box="[963,1076,562,587]" country="Argentina" municipality="This" name="Missiones" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" stateProvince="Chaco">Missiones</location>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583EFF88381DFDABFB402A71" box="[1095,1155,562,587]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F848583EFF883CFCFDCDFF292AAA" isEnumeration="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Paraíba, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583EFF883CA3FDEEFEA22AAA" box="[249,353,631,656]" name="Paraguay" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583EFF883DC2FDEEFE392AAA" box="[408,506,631,656]" name="Uruguay" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F583EFF883E59FDEEFDD02AAA" box="[515,531,631,656]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583EFF883E9DFDEEFCD22AAA" box="[711,785,631,656]" name="Bolivia" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F583EFF883F07FDEEFC662AAA" box="[861,933,631,656]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/daw7-8h44" name="The Cleveland Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" type="Museum">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
may be this species but has slightly different maculation.
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583EFF883E08FD03FDB52A89" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC5837FF883D9DFC02FE032B07:FE4E6071583EFF883E08FD03FDB52A89" box="[594,630,666,691]" country="Bolivia" name="We" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">We</location>
|
||
are also aware of an apparently undescribed species very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883DCDFD25FE6B2AEF" box="[407,424,700,725]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883DCDFD25FE6B2AEF" box="[407,424,700,725]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883DF2FD25FE2D2AEF" box="[424,494,700,725]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">. rivera</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583EFF883E74FD25FD672AEF" box="[558,676,700,725]" name="Venezuela" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583EFF883EF6FD25FD162AEF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC5837FF883D9DFC02FE032B07:FE4E6071583EFF883EF6FD25FD162AEF" box="[684,725,700,725]" country="Bolivia" name="The" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">The</location>
|
||
distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883F24FD25FC4C2AEF" box="[894,911,700,725]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883F24FD25FC4C2AEF" box="[894,911,700,725]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883FCAFD25FC162AEF" box="[912,981,700,725]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">. rivera</emphasis>
|
||
in the Pampa is currently unclear as we are aware of specimens seemingly intermediate between widespread
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883CA2FC9BFE942B21" box="[248,343,770,795]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CA2FC9BFE942B21" box="[248,343,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Pampa species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883EDBFC9BFCD12B21" box="[641,786,770,795]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883EDBFC9BFCD12B21" box="[641,786,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. annulifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="1B4AACD0583EFF883F79FC9BFC882B21" box="[803,843,770,795]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">See</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
the
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583EFF883FD2FC9BFC3C2B21" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC5837FF883D9DFC02FE032B07:FE4E6071583EFF883FD2FC9BFC3C2B21" box="[904,1023,770,795]" country="Bolivia" municipality="See" name="Discussion" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Discussion</location>
|
||
for further examination of this topic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |