363 lines
52 KiB
XML
363 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="A64103DE6F2E12C46DDBE06EE5C7DF9F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.176820" ID-GBIF-Dataset="393fb969-a6a9-47f4-83f8-177e1b1f492c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="176820" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459841334512" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Achatz, Johannes G., Hooge, Matthew D. & Tyler, Seth" docDate="2007" docId="945B87ACFFBAFFE877BFB0606FF1BD9E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01479p066.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1479" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Conaperta cirrata Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="6862FFD4FFB3FFE57728B6276C29BA24" masterDocTitle="Convolutidae (Acoela) from Belize" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1698224338768" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="170079A014D1F0F1CB3AA4A43FA27779" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6561CCCA534B20BFBD53B82F85167102">
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<mods:title id="CC56112D5FFCE7BE6FCAFB3733252C46">Convolutidae (Acoela) from Belize</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="DCEC181E09E6050B1A61012A0A0E708F" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="7B3A0DA63BAEED4869724AFF3CC3CBA5">
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<mods:roleTerm id="23EA49C1567665961B6F1A8260AEC78C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="947BCE9F1E2EDA10351996D276F27735">Achatz, Johannes G.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="598D3D549B59364AEB6C0E8087C9A8F0" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="17DE2281295378D4877880120FC5639F">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9DBD5CBDE3A2B4CA15A935BFEDEC31E0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="EC2C06E2C7E5B6E1A7252DB9991724C7">Hooge, Matthew D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="6FE7C0822D510D9249523C59220165D1" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="940D671CA5F3C6409CAE51EFEEE4A622">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B12952E3F904CB7E217312212CA3B74D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1CC3F229A91C72D6E5CFF718A8D32026">Tyler, Seth</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C6D42EBA641672B43E948ED427268E5E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="63AF60C5CDCF2B5698B4FD764C019BF0" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9A3EB319523DE7EA3EE8D358E5547D9E">
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<mods:title id="0FB0C4D00E757F282455723EB1EDD5FF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="72E704B56B9085226212B0FAC6DC16E5">
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<mods:date id="DB51BAFAB99E12241AE2294359AB9117">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E7F3F60EF40AFCB6E57E9FB2057890A3" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="0CD197ABDC184741B3474211983DAA4C">1479</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="65FE8F60C1796BD666480C6D14C5ACD6" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="38FAE83BA3FA231AEEC281A1DD287F2C">35</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="0637AF53D4E93D61D5C40853E8CD92AC">66</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="ADCFE15CE1A827628F88A97F803A7711">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B3DE7D735C80BE2CCD88A21D384A8BC4" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.176820</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="220A93DD0BC628334D89357FCD82C093" type="GBIF-Dataset">393fb969-a6a9-47f4-83f8-177e1b1f492c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DD0DA76A22C883A1501C72640F9AD611" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="867500A16B245C45F64028F044829421" type="Zenodo-Dep">176820</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="945B87ACFFBAFFE877BFB0606FF1BD9E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5665130" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119360201" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5665130" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:945B87ACFFBAFFE877BFB0606FF1BD9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/945B87ACFFBAFFE877BFB0606FF1BD9E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="54E86531FFBAFFEC77BFB0606D0FBCA0" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBAFFEC77BFB0606DFBBC45" blockId="9.[151,466,1607,1668]" box="[151,466,1607,1633]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="470581D6FFBAFFEC77BFB0606DFBBC45" bold="true" box="[151,466,1607,1633]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBAFFEC77BFB0606DFBBC45" bold="true" box="[151,466,1607,1633]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBAFFEC77BFB0606D47BC45" box="[151,366,1607,1633]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="cirrata" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBAFFEC77BFB0606D47BC45" bold="true" box="[151,366,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Conaperta cirrata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="35B557D3FFBAFFEC765DB0606DFBBC45" box="[373,466,1607,1633]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBAFFEC77BFB04D6D0FBCA0" blockId="9.[151,466,1607,1668]" box="[151,294,1642,1668]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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(
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<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBAFFEC77B7B04D6D37BCA0" box="[159,286,1642,1668]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStart-2="FIGURE 9" captionStart-3="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="10.[153,256,1807,1831]" captionStartId-1="11.[153,256,1274,1298]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,255,1025,1049]" captionStartId-3="12.[151,255,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox-0="[167,1436,194,1782]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1435,194,1250]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1434,180,1001]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1434,1195,1837]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[151,1436,194,1783]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1250]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[151,1436,180,1001]" captionTargetId-3="figure@12.[151,1436,1195,1839]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrows point to false seminal vesicles, arrowhead points to bursal nozzle tissue. B. Detail of penis. Arrows point to gland cells. C. Detail of B centered on gland cells. D. Zooxanthellae and rhabdoid gland cells. Arrow points to cluster of concrements." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Frontal reconstruction showing ventral view of copulatory organs and prostatoid organs." captionText-2="FIGURE 9. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of sagittal histological sections stained with toluidine blue. A. Section through male copulatory organ. Asterisk marks common genital atrium, arrow points to spongy tissue filling penis sac, arrowhead points to burst gland cells at proximal end of penis. B. Detail showing the lining darkly stained gland necks and musculature of penis." captionText-3="FIGURE 10. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; whole mount stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of male copulatory organ and prostatoid organs. B. Projection of penis." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/176827/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/176828/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/176829/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/176830/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Figs. 7–10</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="54E86531FFBAFFEC77BFB09E6EF3BD50" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBAFFEC77BFB09E6EF3BD50" blockId="9.[151,1437,1721,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBAFFEC77BFB09E6D3EBCF7" bold="true" box="[151,279,1721,1747]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBAFFEC7635B09D6DB3BCF7" box="[285,410,1722,1747]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBAFFEC7635B09D6DB3BCF7" box="[285,410,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Conaperta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with an unciliated vagina and paired prostatoid organs at about half of its length. Bursal nozzle is straight, ~70 µm long, and directed antero-ventrally. Penis sac is surrounded and filled with spongy gland cells. Penis is ~450 µm long, with outer longitudinal muscles and thick layer of inner circular muscles, its lumen is lined with the distal tips of gland cells. A single prostatoid organ lies ventral to the penis sac and protrudes into the atrium. Units: st 9, m 39, at 79.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="54E86531FFBAFFEE77EDB1A66D59BF81" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBAFFEC77EDB1A66FD6BDC8" blockId="9.[151,1437,1721,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBAFFEC77EDB1A66DA9BDBF" bold="true" box="[197,384,1921,1947]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
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<typeStatus id="C3498818FFBAFFEC77EDB1A66D29BDBF" box="[197,256,1921,1947]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
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Material.
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</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="C3498818FFBAFFEC76A5B1A56DD6BDB8" box="[397,511,1922,1948]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="7AE3AE7FFFBAFFEC7526B1A56E4ABDB8" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[526,611,1922,1948]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">USNM</collectionCode>
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1096739, one set of 1.5-µm-thick serial sagittal sections of epoxyembedded specimen stained with toluidine blue.
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<typeStatus id="C3498818FFBAFFEC75CDB18D6F79BDE0" box="[741,848,1962,1988]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="7AE3AE7FFFBAFFEC7476B18D6F9ABDE0" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[862,947,1962,1988]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">USNM</collectionCode>
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1096740, one set of 1.5-µm-thick serial sagittal sections of epoxy-embedded specimen stained with toluidine blue.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="488D6632FFB9FFEF77B1B1286CD6BDAA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176827/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[167,1436,194,1782]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFB9FFEF77B1B1286CD6BDAA" blockId="10.[151,1436,1807,1934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFB9FFEF77B1B1286D36BD03" bold="true" box="[153,287,1807,1831]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFB9FFEF7602B1376DD9BD03" box="[298,496,1808,1831]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="cirrata" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFB9FFEF7602B1376DD9BD03" box="[298,496,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Conaperta cirrata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFB9FFEF76D3B1286E7DBD03" bold="true" box="[507,596,1807,1831]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="35B557D3FFB9FFEF76D3B1286E7DBD03" box="[507,596,1807,1831]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrows point to false seminal vesicles, arrowhead points to bursal nozzle tissue. B. Detail of penis. Arrows point to gland cells. C. Detail of B centered on gland cells. D. Zooxanthellae and rhabdoid gland cells. Arrow points to cluster of concrements.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFB9FFEF77EEB19B6964BDF3" blockId="10.[198,1357,1980,2007]" box="[198,1357,1980,2007]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFB9FFEF77EEB19B6D5EBDF2" bold="true" box="[198,375,1980,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
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<typeStatus id="C3498818FFB9FFEF77EEB19B6D2ABDF2" box="[198,259,1980,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
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Locality.
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</emphasis>
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On algae in Grouper Gardens at Twin Cays,
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<collectingCountry id="64E5762AFFB9FFEF74A0B19A6FFABDF3" box="[904,979,1981,2007]" name="Belize" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Belize</collectingCountry>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="79C6507DFFB9FFEF74CAB19A68BABDF3" box="[994,1171,1981,2007]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="16.829529">16°49’46.3” N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="79C6507DFFB9FFEF73B7B19A6969BDF3" box="[1183,1344,1981,2007]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" precision="15" value="-88.102776">88°06’10” W</geoCoordinate>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="488D6632FFB8FFEE77B1B2DD6937BF10" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176828/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[152,1435,194,1250]" targetPageId="11">
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<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFB8FFEE77B1B2DD6937BF10" blockId="11.[151,1436,1274,1332]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFB8FFEE77B1B2DD6D34BF36" bold="true" box="[153,285,1274,1298]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFB8FFEE760EB2DC6DC2BF36" box="[294,491,1275,1298]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="cirrata" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFB8FFEE760EB2DC6DC2BF36" box="[294,491,1275,1298]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Conaperta cirrata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFB8FFEE76DCB2DD6E65BF36" bold="true" box="[500,588,1274,1298]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="35B557D3FFB8FFEE76DCB2DD6E65BF36" box="[500,588,1274,1298]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Frontal reconstruction showing ventral view of copulatory organs and prostatoid organs.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFB8FFEE77EDB3456D59BF81" blockId="11.[151,1436,1378,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFB8FFEE77EDB3456E3ABF58" bold="true" box="[197,531,1378,1404]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Other Material Examined.</emphasis>
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Living specimens in squeeze preparations and one whole mount for fluorescence microscopy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="54E86531FFB8FFEE77EDB3956DAABFD1" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFB8FFEE77EDB3956DAABFD1" blockId="11.[151,1436,1378,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFB8FFEE77EDB3956D78BFE8" bold="true" box="[197,337,1458,1484]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The species name relates to the Latin
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFB8FFEE7436B3946F53BFE8" box="[798,890,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">cirratus</emphasis>
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, meaning curly, and refers to the long, curled penis of the species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="54E86531FFB8FFE877EDB0256DF7B9DE" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFB8FFEE77EDB025697BBC39" blockId="11.[151,1436,1378,2005]" box="[197,1362,1538,1565]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFB8FFEE77EDB0256D74BC38" bold="true" box="[197,349,1538,1564]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Description.</emphasis>
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Mature specimens are ~
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<quantity id="DB0A9B5FFFB8FFEE7554B0246EE9BC39" box="[636,704,1539,1565]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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long, ~800 µm wide, and lack enfolded sides (
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<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFB8FFEE73CEB0246905BC39" box="[1254,1324,1539,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[153,256,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,194,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,194,1783]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrows point to false seminal vesicles, arrowhead points to bursal nozzle tissue. B. Detail of penis. Arrows point to gland cells. C. Detail of B centered on gland cells. D. Zooxanthellae and rhabdoid gland cells. Arrow points to cluster of concrements." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176827/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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A).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFB8FFEE77EDB00C6E13BCB1" blockId="11.[151,1436,1378,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
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The epidermis is ciliated on the entire surface, with cilia ~6 µm long. On the dorsal side, numerous scattered clusters of refractive concrements are present (
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<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFB8FFEE740CB0746F59BC49" box="[804,880,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[153,256,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,194,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,194,1783]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrows point to false seminal vesicles, arrowhead points to bursal nozzle tissue. B. Detail of penis. Arrows point to gland cells. C. Detail of B centered on gland cells. D. Zooxanthellae and rhabdoid gland cells. Arrow points to cluster of concrements." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176827/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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D). Most nuclei of the epidermis are sunken beneath the body-wall musculature.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFB8FFEE77EDB0846F12BD29" blockId="11.[151,1436,1378,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Bright zooxanthellae are scattered throughout the whole parenchyma, much denser dorsally than ventrally, and often they lie outside the body-wall musculature (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFB8FFEE7473B0EC6F84BCC1" box="[859,941,1739,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[153,256,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,194,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,194,1783]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrows point to false seminal vesicles, arrowhead points to bursal nozzle tissue. B. Detail of penis. Arrows point to gland cells. C. Detail of B centered on gland cells. D. Zooxanthellae and rhabdoid gland cells. Arrow points to cluster of concrements." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176827/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 8A, 9A). They are absent in the area of the bursal tissue and the male copulatory organ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFB8FFEE75E7B0D46F3DBD29" box="[719,788,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[153,256,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,194,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,194,1783]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrows point to false seminal vesicles, arrowhead points to bursal nozzle tissue. B. Detail of penis. Arrows point to gland cells. C. Detail of B centered on gland cells. D. Zooxanthellae and rhabdoid gland cells. Arrow points to cluster of concrements." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176827/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFB8FFEE77EDB13C6D22BD89" blockId="11.[151,1436,1378,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The body color is predominately red due to the abundance of orange-red rhabdoid gland cells. Rhabdoid gland cells and mucous gland cells are scattered on the entire surface, most numerous dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFB8FFEE7220B1646972BD79" box="[1288,1371,1859,1885]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[153,256,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,194,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,194,1783]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrows point to false seminal vesicles, arrowhead points to bursal nozzle tissue. B. Detail of penis. Arrows point to gland cells. C. Detail of B centered on gland cells. D. Zooxanthellae and rhabdoid gland cells. Arrow points to cluster of concrements." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176827/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D, 8A, 9A). Anterior to the mouth, the body is filled with frontal gland cells that protrude through a frontal pore (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFB8FFEE77B7B1B46CCDBD89" box="[159,228,1939,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[153,256,1274,1298]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,194,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1250]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Frontal reconstruction showing ventral view of copulatory organs and prostatoid organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176828/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFB8FFEE77EDB19C682CBDF1" blockId="11.[151,1436,1378,2005]" box="[197,1029,1979,2005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">The statocyst is ~30 µm wide and lies ~100 µm behind the anterior tip.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="488D6632FFBFFFE977BFB2266E06BEA4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176829/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[151,1434,180,1001]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBFFFE977BFB2266E06BEA4" blockId="12.[151,1436,1025,1152]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBFFFE977BFB2266D33BE3D" bold="true" box="[151,282,1025,1049]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBFFFE9760BB2256DCEBE3D" box="[291,487,1026,1049]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="cirrata" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBFFFE9760BB2256DCEBE3D" box="[291,487,1026,1049]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Conaperta cirrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBFFFE976C7B2266E6FBE3D" bold="true" box="[495,582,1025,1049]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="35B557D3FFBFFFE976C7B2266E6FBE3D" box="[495,582,1025,1049]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; photomicrographs of sagittal histological sections stained with toluidine blue. A. Section through male copulatory organ. Asterisk marks common genital atrium, arrow points to spongy tissue filling penis sac, arrowhead points to burst gland cells at proximal end of penis. B. Detail showing the lining darkly stained gland necks and musculature of penis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="488D6632FFBFFFE977BFB16168CCBDA4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176830/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[151,1434,1195,1837]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBFFFE977BFB16168CCBDA4" blockId="12.[151,1435,1862,1920]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBFFFE977BFB1616D0FBD7A" bold="true" box="[151,294,1862,1886]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBFFFE97605B1606DD9BD7A" box="[301,496,1863,1886]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="cirrata" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBFFFE97605B1606DD9BD7A" box="[301,496,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Conaperta cirrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBFFFE976DFB1616E65BD7A" bold="true" box="[503,588,1862,1886]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="35B557D3FFBFFFE976DFB1616E65BD7A" box="[503,588,1862,1886]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; whole mount stained with Alexa-488-labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of male copulatory organ and prostatoid organs. B. Projection of penis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBFFFE877EDB1936DB7BAFE" blockId="12.[151,1436,1972,2038]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,152,1978]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Nervous tissue surrounds the statocyst. Paired ganglia lie dorso-lateral to the statocyst and give rise to a dorsal and central pair of nerve cords. Another pair runs along the lateral margins. On the ventral side, one pair of nerve cords runs along the thick lateral muscles, and another pair runs more centrally, terminating at the edge of the mouth.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBEFFE877EDB6CF694FBB0E" blockId="13.[151,1436,152,1978]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The paired testes lie dorso-lateral to the paired ovaries. The germative zones of the testes extend behind the mouth. Sperm form paired false seminal vesicles in front the penis sac and enter it dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE873D2B7376969BB0E" box="[1274,1344,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[153,256,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,194,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,194,1783]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrows point to false seminal vesicles, arrowhead points to bursal nozzle tissue. B. Detail of penis. Arrows point to gland cells. C. Detail of B centered on gland cells. D. Zooxanthellae and rhabdoid gland cells. Arrow points to cluster of concrements." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176827/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBEFFE877EDB71F6E34BB5E" blockId="13.[151,1436,152,1978]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The male and female copulatory organs open into an unciliated common genital atrium and share a common gonopore (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE87679B7476D88BB5E" box="[337,417,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[153,256,1274,1298]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,194,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1250]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Frontal reconstruction showing ventral view of copulatory organs and prostatoid organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176828/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, 9A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBEFFE877EDB7AF6D57B866" blockId="13.[151,1436,152,1978]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The vagina is unciliated and lined with a thick layer of tissue (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE87489B7AF6FCEBB86" box="[929,999,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1025,1049]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,180,1001]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,180,1001]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of sagittal histological sections stained with toluidine blue. A. Section through male copulatory organ. Asterisk marks common genital atrium, arrow points to spongy tissue filling penis sac, arrowhead points to burst gland cells at proximal end of penis. B. Detail showing the lining darkly stained gland necks and musculature of penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176829/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A). At about half of its length, paired prostatoid organs protrude into it (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE87519B7976EACBBEE" box="[561,645,432,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[153,256,1274,1298]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,194,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1250]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Frontal reconstruction showing ventral view of copulatory organs and prostatoid organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176828/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 10A). These organs are muscular, connected to each other with muscles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE8762DB7FF6D73BBD6" box="[261,346,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1195,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,1195,1839]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; whole mount stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of male copulatory organ and prostatoid organs. B. Projection of penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176830/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
A), and filled with the distal parts of gland cells containing small granules. The vagina opens to the caudal part of the seminal bursa. The bursal nozzle is straight, ~70 µm long, and directed antero-ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE877CCB40F6D1CB866" box="[228,309,552,578]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[153,256,1274,1298]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,194,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1250]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Frontal reconstruction showing ventral view of copulatory organs and prostatoid organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176828/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBEFFE877EDB4776DF7B9DE" blockId="13.[151,1436,152,1978]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The male copulatory organ consists of a glandular, muscular penis that is coiled twice and invaginated into a penis sac (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE8760EB45F6D51B8B6" box="[294,376,632,658]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[153,256,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,194,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,194,1783]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrows point to false seminal vesicles, arrowhead points to bursal nozzle tissue. B. Detail of penis. Arrows point to gland cells. C. Detail of B centered on gland cells. D. Zooxanthellae and rhabdoid gland cells. Arrow points to cluster of concrements." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176827/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 8A, 9A, 10A, B). The penis sac is surrounded by gland cells, which protrude into it and form a spacious, spongy tissue, in which the penis is embedded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE874B5B4876FC6B89E" box="[925,1007,672,698]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[153,256,1274,1298]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,194,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1250]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Frontal reconstruction showing ventral view of copulatory organs and prostatoid organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176828/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 9A). The penis is ~450 µm long, with musculature consisting of outer longitudinal muscles and a thick layer of inner circular muscles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE87249B4EF6C8EB92E" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[153,256,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,194,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,194,1783]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrows point to false seminal vesicles, arrowhead points to bursal nozzle tissue. B. Detail of penis. Arrows point to gland cells. C. Detail of B centered on gland cells. D. Zooxanthellae and rhabdoid gland cells. Arrow points to cluster of concrements." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176827/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 8A, 9A). The penis lumen is lined with the distal tips of gland cells that are densely packed with vesicles but often appear to be homogeneously stained (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE875EAB53F6F3AB916" box="[706,787,792,818]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[153,256,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,194,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,194,1783]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrows point to false seminal vesicles, arrowhead points to bursal nozzle tissue. B. Detail of penis. Arrows point to gland cells. C. Detail of B centered on gland cells. D. Zooxanthellae and rhabdoid gland cells. Arrow points to cluster of concrements." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176827/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 9A, B). At the proximal end of the penis these gland cells burst and release their vesicles into the penis lumen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE87467B5676FBEB97E" box="[847,919,832,858]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1025,1049]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,180,1001]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,180,1001]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; photomicrographs of sagittal histological sections stained with toluidine blue. A. Section through male copulatory organ. Asterisk marks common genital atrium, arrow points to spongy tissue filling penis sac, arrowhead points to burst gland cells at proximal end of penis. B. Detail showing the lining darkly stained gland necks and musculature of penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176829/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A). We could not determine if the nuclei of these cells lie beneath the penis musculature or outside the penis sac. A single prostatoid organ lies ventral to the penis sac and protrudes into the atrium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84C92A3FFFBEFFE875B6B5B76EC6B98E" box="[670,751,912,938]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[153,256,1274,1298]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,194,1250]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,194,1250]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Conaperta cirrata sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Frontal reconstruction showing ventral view of copulatory organs and prostatoid organs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176828/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, 9A, 10A). The prostatoid organ consists of a cluster of bulbous gland cells. The gland cells contain fine granules, and taper toward their distal tips, which have sclerotized cell membranes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="54E86531FFBEFFE877EDB2206FF1BD9E" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBEFFE877EDB2206834BD3E" blockId="13.[151,1436,152,1978]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE877EDB2206D17BE05" bold="true" box="[197,318,1031,1057]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Historically, the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE8757BB22F6EE4BE05" box="[595,717,1032,1057]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE8757BB22F6EE4BE05" box="[595,717,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Convoluta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included species having separate male and female gonopores as well as species with a common gonopore until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78634B4BFFBEFFE875C3B2176F84BE6E" author="Antonius" box="[747,941,1072,1098]" pageId="13" pageNumber="65" refString="Antonius, A. (1968) Faunistische Studien am Roten Meer im Winter 1961 / 62, Teil IV. Neue Convolutidae und eine Bearbeitung des Verwandtschaftskreises Convoluta (Turbellaria Acoela). Zoologisches Jahrbuch Systematik, 95, 297 - 394." type="journal article" year="1968">Antonius (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
set aside those with a common gonopore into a newly erected genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE876CBB27F6E49BE55" box="[483,608,1112,1137]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE876CBB27F6E49BE55" box="[483,608,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Conaperta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite similar architecture of the male copulatory organ, however, both of these genera were shown to be polyphyletic by molecular and morphological analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78634B4BFFBEFFE8722FB2A76CFCBEE6" author="Hooge" pageId="13" pageNumber="65" refString="Hooge, M. D., Haye, P. A., Litvaitis, M. K., Tyler, S. & Kornfield, I. (2002) Molecular systematics of the Acoela (Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes) and its concordance with morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 24, 333 - 342." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Hooge
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE87248B2A769B5BEBD" box="[1376,1436,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78634B4BFFBEFFE877C9B28F6D90BEE6" author="Petrov" box="[225,441,1192,1218]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" refString="Petrov, A., Hooge M. & Tyler S. (2004) Ultrastructure of sperms in Acoela (Acoelomorpha) and its concordance with molecular systematics. Invertebrate Biology, 123 (3), 183 - 197." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Petrov
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE8761EB28F6D5BBEE5" box="[310,370,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in a major revision of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE8741DB28F68D6BEE6" authority="Hooge and Tyler (2005)" authorityName="Hooge and Tyler" authorityYear="2005" box="[821,1279,1192,1218]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="family">
|
||
Convolutidae,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78634B4BFFBEFFE874CBB28F68D6BEE6" author="Hooge" box="[995,1279,1192,1218]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" refString="Hooge, M. D. & Tyler, S. (2005) New tools for resolving phylogenies: a systematic revision of the Convolutidae (Acoelomorpha, Acoela). Journal of Zoological Systematic and Evolutionary Research, 43 (2), 100 - 113." type="journal article" year="2005">Hooge and Tyler (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
transferred a great number of species from the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE8758AB2F76F36BECD" box="[674,799,1232,1257]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE8758AB2F76F36BECD" box="[674,799,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Conaperta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE8744DB2F76FF6BECD" box="[869,991,1232,1257]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE8744DB2F76FF6BECD" box="[869,991,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Convoluta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE873B4B2F76967BECE" box="[1180,1358,1232,1258]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Isodiametridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="family">Isodiametridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most recently, two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE8769FB2DF6E1DBF35" box="[439,564,1272,1297]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE8769FB2DF6E1DBF35" box="[439,564,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Conaperta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found to have separate male and female gonopores and were transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE8762CB3076D57BF1D" box="[260,382,1312,1337]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE8762CB3076D57BF1D" box="[260,382,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Convoluta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78634B4BFFBEFFE87696B3076EE6BF1E" author="Achatz" box="[446,719,1312,1338]" pageId="13" pageNumber="65" refString="Achatz, J. G. & Hooge, M. D. (2006) Convolutidae from Tanzania. Zootaxa, 1362, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2006">Achatz & Hooge 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE8744DB3076FCBBF1D" box="[869,994,1312,1337]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE8744DB3076FCBBF1D" box="[869,994,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Conaperta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presently comprises
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE873F6B3076D61BF46" authority="Jensen, 1878" authorityName="Jensen" authorityYear="1878" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="flavibacillum">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE873F6B30769B2BF1D" box="[1246,1435,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">C. flavibacillum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78634B4BFFBEFFE877B7B36F6D16BF46" author="Jensen" box="[159,319,1352,1378]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" refString="Jensen, O. S. (1878) Turbellaria ad litora Norvegiae occidentalia. Turbellarier ved Norges Vestkyst. J. W. Eides Bogtrykkeri, Bergen, 97 pp. (+ plates)." type="book" year="1878">Jensen, 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE87670B36F6EB1BF46" authority="Peebles, 1915" authorityName="Peebles" authorityYear="1915" box="[344,664,1352,1378]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="lineata">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE87670B36F6DF9BF45" box="[344,464,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">C. lineata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78634B4BFFBEFFE876CBB36F6EA6BF46" author="Peebles" box="[483,655,1352,1378]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" refString="Peebles, F. (1915) A description of three Acoela from the Gulf of Naples, Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 22 (9), 21, 291 - 311." type="journal article" year="1915">Peebles, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the two species described here,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE8734BB36F68F5BF45" box="[1123,1244,1352,1377]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="antonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE8734BB36F68F5BF45" box="[1123,1244,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">C. antonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE87235B36F69BDBF45" box="[1309,1428,1352,1377]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="cirrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE87235B36F69BDBF45" box="[1309,1428,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">C. cirrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These species have in common a seminal bursa with a sclerotized bursal nozzle, a common gonopore, a common unciliated genital atrium, an opening to the male copulatory organ that is positioned posterior to the opening to the seminal bursa, and a tubular penis that is surrounded by a penis sac. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE873B0B3E7693CBFFD" box="[1176,1301,1472,1497]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE873B0B3E7693CBFFD" box="[1176,1301,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Conaperta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are individually distinct and easily distinguished from each other.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE874A8B3CF6871BC25" box="[896,1112,1512,1537]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="lineata">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE874A8B3CF6871BC25" box="[896,1112,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Conaperta lineata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only species lacking gland cells associated with the penis lumen, and it is without a frontal organ or symbiotic algae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE87236B0376CC3BC75" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="antonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE87236B0376CC3BC75" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Conaperta antonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has gland cells that fill the penis lumen entirely and paired prostatoid organs with large, sclerotized needles that open into the genital atrium.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE87550B0476FBEBC5D" box="[632,919,1632,1657]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="flavibacillum">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE87550B0476FBEBC5D" box="[632,919,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Conaperta flavibacillum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinct in having sperm stored within the penis sac.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE87627B0AF6E07BC85" box="[271,558,1672,1697]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="flavibacillum">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE87627B0AF6E07BC85" box="[271,558,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Conaperta flavibacillum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE87597B0AF6F1BBC85" box="[703,818,1672,1697]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="cirrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE87597B0AF6F1BBC85" box="[703,818,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">C. cirrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the possession of a thick layer of circular penis musculature, gland cells lining the penis lumen, and prostatoid organs, which open into the vagina; however the two species can be distinguished by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE87564B0FF6EE9BCD5" box="[588,704,1752,1777]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="cirrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE87564B0FF6EE9BCD5" box="[588,704,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">C. cirrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s large frontal organ, longer penis, absence of a sphincter on the vagina, and the presence of a prostatoid organ ventral to the penis sheath.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C4D36BAFFBEFFE877EDB10F6FF1BD9E" blockId="13.[151,1436,152,1978]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Interestingly, the posterior prostatoid organ of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE875C4B10F6F48BD65" box="[748,865,1832,1857]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Conaperta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="cirrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE875C4B10F6F48BD65" box="[748,865,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">C. cirrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a different structure than its anterior prostatoid organs, and is dissimilar to any found in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE875C2B1776FA2BD4E" box="[746,907,1872,1898]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="family">Convolutidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but closely resembles the prostatoid organs occurring in species of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE87504B15F6E9FBDB6" box="[556,694,1912,1938]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="family">Anaperidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE87409B15F68C3BDB6" authority="Dorjes, 1968" authorityName="Dorjes" authorityYear="1968" box="[801,1258,1912,1938]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Achoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="pachycaudatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE87409B15F6861BDB5" box="[801,1096,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Achoerus pachycaudatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78634B4BFFBEFFE87378B15F68C3BDB6" author="Dorjes" box="[1104,1258,1912,1938]" pageId="13" pageNumber="65" refString="Dorjes, J. (1968) Die Acoela (Turbellaria) der Deutschen Nordseekuste und ein neues System der Ordnung. Zeitschrift fur zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 6, 56 - 452." type="journal article" year="1968">Dörjes, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE873DFB15F6D16BD9E" authority="Hooge" authorityName="Hooge" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="singularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE873DFB15F6CC3BD9D" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Anaperus singularis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78634B4BFFBEFFE877D9B1876D16BD9E" author="Hooge" box="[241,319,1952,1978]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" refString="Hooge, M. D. & Smith, J. P. S. (2004) New acoels (Acoela, Acoelomorpha) from North Carolina. Zootaxa, 442, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2004">Hooge</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
& Smith, 2004, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBF24D39FFBEFFE8751CB1876FFABD9E" authority="Dorjes, 1968" authorityName="Dorjes" authorityYear="1968" box="[564,979,1952,1978]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" genus="Philachoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="johanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2E86EAA8FFBEFFE8751CB1876F1BBD9D" box="[564,818,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Philachoerus johanni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78634B4BFFBEFFE87411B1876FFABD9E" author="Dorjes" box="[825,979,1952,1978]" pageId="13" pageNumber="65" refString="Dorjes, J. (1968) Die Acoela (Turbellaria) der Deutschen Nordseekuste und ein neues System der Ordnung. Zeitschrift fur zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 6, 56 - 452." type="journal article" year="1968">Dörjes, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |