384 lines
60 KiB
XML
384 lines
60 KiB
XML
<document id="F21E77733DA01F564B05A468A5EBD02F" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3636.1.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0b6b2695-e991-409f-b6c2-fbe7252e4636" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="217520" ID-ZooBank="FF3A24CC-6545-4B77-83C5-2503143E7F16" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460588390862" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rodríguez, Adriana, Hernández, José Carlos & Clemente, Sabrina" docDate="2013" docId="84171C00D224F62EFC947BDA102AF91E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03636p170.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3636 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Diadema africanum Rodríguez, Hernández & Clemente, 2013, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="160" masterDocId="782E6478D22DF63EFC0378131541FFD0" masterDocTitle="A new species of Diadema (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and a neotype designation of Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845)" masterLastPageNumber="170" masterPageNumber="144" pageNumber="153" updateTime="1698325510341" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="C26758296DEE12B8ABB18515B72DD50B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E3FBF8AA1F2F882F7C1D3D20A44B18C4">
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<mods:title id="73B3AE2060075FEFC0852B29A96F1E5F">A new species of Diadema (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and a neotype designation of Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="7D01A618164130C1F8D8E943C9A4CA56" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="C9F19E66CDB9429BF6D16AA711D26C19">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0F74ECB27CE9A6950406645332087C89">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D2A29F323E4CCD0DA4249142F4F25E71">Rodríguez, Adriana</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="9CAF6071F8FC7528CCD407288C674C41" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A03F73DCAC90545122819860D56EB4FA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9A2E188AFD86FD1AF644D4AF48A519F7">Hernández, José Carlos</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="0E4B826CBBE8F0FFBCA757D4CB1CC6D7" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="025766A86DD8B16A65110E0EAE0C2A45">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="3B468EF8A9E7924C7BACB44C004C7E26">Clemente, Sabrina</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DB5115036B9D159B903428C5256DA24E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C1FDF48BE528955C31292D5D5AB7FE87">
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<mods:title id="7C099ECABB27ECE9D66B1EFF886A724F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="D6ADEE4C9EDC1C92D64C0A6AA20AADAC">
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<mods:date id="D9D0175216F8D88AF310E9B835E5A99D">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="83506C812DC586F35B651138444E61D2" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="08A394A301F07D6E0A5037B07847AA1E">3636</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="AED6C28BE73ABC23BE69A0553FF7774C" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="4410053DA89FE79FEB178B93872ED0D0">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="DC0DCBE1CB076C2A1761FB1C24517B6A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="336AFEA5EA50993C56FBD5FCDFC77287" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3636.1.6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4C69427F2AF5CEF7F372C153798C9DAC" type="GBIF-Dataset">0b6b2695-e991-409f-b6c2-fbe7252e4636</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="78C4016252BEB688B33D3F2A9825AD66" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E59C65D4DF328F91EF88060CC9C655EB" type="Zenodo-Dep">217520</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3C2F0F8CA09A4921547476936CC7F7E1" type="ZooBank">FF3A24CC-6545-4B77-83C5-2503143E7F16</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="84171C00D224F62EFC947BDA102AF91E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6145098" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119565435" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6145098" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:84171C00D224F62EFC947BDA102AF91E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/84171C00D224F62EFC947BDA102AF91E" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<subSubSection id="44A4FE9DD224F637FC947BDA14CCFBD4" pageId="9" pageNumber="153" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0C01AD16D224F637FC947BDA14AEFC32" blockId="9.[151,495,968,1028]" box="[151,495,968,995]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<heading id="57491A7AD224F637FC947BDA14AEFC32" bold="true" box="[151,495,968,995]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="153" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FC947BDA14AEFC32" bold="true" box="[151,495,968,995]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D224F637FC947BDA14CBFC33" ID-CoL="3584Z" box="[151,394,969,995]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="153" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FC947BDA14CBFC33" bold="true" box="[151,394,969,995]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">Diadema africanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="25F9CC7FD224F637FD917BDB14AEFC32" box="[402,495,968,994]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C01AD16D224F637FC947BFF14CCFBD4" blockId="9.[151,495,968,1028]" box="[151,397,1004,1028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<figureCitation id="9485B193D224F637FC947BFF159AFBD4" box="[151,219,1004,1028]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1965,1988]" captionTargetBox="[262,1312,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[262,1312,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00232, holotype of Diadema africanum: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217525/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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–10, tables 1–3.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44A4FE9DD224F637FC947C3D113BFA02" pageId="9" pageNumber="153" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="0C01AD16D224F637FC947C3D113BFA02" blockId="9.[151,1437,1070,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FC947C3D1450FB97" bold="true" box="[151,273,1070,1095]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Test and spines typically black with a red tinge and a turquoise sheen when viewed in direct sunlight. The iridophore pattern occurs as bold blue lines down either side of the naked interambulacral areas, as a pentamerous ring around the apical disc and as lines along some plate boundaries. Apical disc is hemicyclic with arch-shaped depressions on the denuded genital plates in both adults and juveniles. Gonopores measure 33% of the length of the genital plates. The periproctal cone is black with no markings. The Peristome is proportionally large measuring 40–60% of the test’s horizontal diameter. Spines are verticillate and hollow with distal barbs. Verticilations are formed of urn-shaped solid wedges that are visible when the spines are viewed in transverse section. These wedges typically number twenty in ambulacral spines and twenty-four in interambulacral spines. Only tridentate and triphyllous pedicellariae are present. The tridentate pedicellariae occur as a single form with reasonably broad, curved valves, with almost straight edges, that can either be smooth or serrated, with an expanded distal gripping region. The blades of the valves meet only along the upper fifth of their length. The head of each pedicellaria is supported by a long muscular neck, attached to a mid-length stalk.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44A4FE9DD224F637FCC47DCC1694F97A" pageId="9" pageNumber="153" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="0C01AD16D224F637FCC47DCC14BFF9CA" blockId="9.[151,1437,1070,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FCC47DCC147CFA27" bold="true" box="[199,317,1503,1527]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<typeStatus id="D30513B4D224F637FCC47DCC1479FA27" box="[199,312,1503,1527]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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TFMCBMEQ/00232 in the ‘Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Tenerife’ (TFMC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands,
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<collectingCountry id="74A9ED86D224F637FDB47E1114BBF9CA" box="[439,506,1538,1562]" name="Spain" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">Spain</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C01AD16D224F637FCC47E341151F9B2" blockId="9.[151,1437,1070,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FCC47E341409F9EF" bold="true" box="[199,328,1575,1599]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<typeStatus id="D30513B4D224F637FCC47E341402F9EF" box="[199,323,1575,1599]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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TFMCBMEQ /00233, TFMCBMEQ /00234, TFMCBMEQ /00235 in the ‘Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Tenerife’ (TFMC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands,
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<collectingCountry id="74A9ED86D224F637FFCA7E59114DF9B2" box="[969,1036,1610,1634]" name="Spain" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">Spain</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C01AD16D224F637FCC47E7D1694F97A" blockId="9.[151,1437,1070,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FCC47E7D14C0F957" bold="true" box="[199,385,1646,1671]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">Other material.</emphasis>
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Twenty-one specimens in the Zoological Collection in the ‘Departamento de Biología Animal (Ciencias Marinas)’, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="44A4FE9DD224F634FCCA7EA411B3FF27" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="9" pageNumber="153" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="0C01AD16D224F637FCCA7EA4110BF922" blockId="9.[151,1437,1070,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FCCA7EA41411F91F" bold="true" box="[201,336,1719,1743]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">Etymology.</emphasis>
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Species name refers to the geographical distribution of the species on the western coasts of Africa. It is distributed on islands and continental coasts along the African continental shelf.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C01AD16D224F634FCCA7EEC11B3FF27" blockId="9.[151,1437,1070,2033]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FCCA7EEC146CF8C7" bold="true" box="[201,301,1791,1815]" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">Ecology.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D224F637FD367EED1756F8C6" box="[309,535,1790,1814]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="153" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FD367EED1756F8C6" box="[309,535,1790,1814]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">Diadema africanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an important macro-herbivore on subtropical and tropical rocky reefs off the West African coasts. In the eastern Atlantic islands, and particularly in Madeira and the Canary Islands, the species is distributed throughout the islands at densities that can reach more than 12 individuals / m2 (Brito
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637F91B7F59100DF8B1" box="[1304,1356,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">et al</emphasis>
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. 1984; Alves
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FCDD7F7D1457F855" box="[222,278,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">et al.</emphasis>
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2001; Hernández 2006; Clemente 2007; Hernández
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FF627F7D16D3F855" box="[865,914,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">et al</emphasis>
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. 2008). The species can therefore dramatically reduce the abundance of non-crustose macroalgae resulting in the formation of sea urchin-dominated barren grounds (Hernández
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FD8A7FA614FFF81C" box="[393,446,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">et al</emphasis>
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. 2008). This phenomenon is especially relevant in Madeira, Salvage and the Canary Islands, where macroalgal beds represent the main ecosystem.
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<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D224F637FF547FCB1176F820" box="[855,1079,2008,2032]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="153" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D224F637FF547FCB1176F820" box="[855,1079,2008,2032]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="153">Diadema africanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also occurs on coral dominated reefs in
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<collectingCountry id="74A9ED86D227F634FCFB7884143CFF7F" box="[248,381,151,175]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="74A9ED86D227F634FDB878841773FF7F" box="[443,562,151,175]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Sâo Tome</collectingCountry>
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, where sea urchin control of macroalgae via grazing is beneficial for coral settlement and growth. Only a few studies have looked at the abundance and ecological role of
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<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D227F634F8C278AE1017FF04" box="[1217,1366,188,212]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D227F634F8C278AE1017FF04" box="[1217,1366,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">D. africanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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along the tropical western African coasts (e.g. John
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D227F634FE9478F31789FF27" box="[663,712,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">et al</emphasis>
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. 1977; 1992), with further investigations needed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44A4FE9DD227F634FCCA79111736FE56" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D227F634FCCA79111736FE56" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D227F634FCCA79111423FECB" bold="true" box="[201,354,258,283]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D227F634FD6A7910170BFECB" box="[361,586,259,283]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D227F634FD6A7910170BFECB" box="[361,586,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Diadema africanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs in the Eastern Atlantic islands, from Madeira Islands to the Guinean Gulf including Salvage Islands, Canary Islands,
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<collectingCountry id="74A9ED86D227F634FEB579341679FEEF" box="[694,824,295,319]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
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Islands (Hernández
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D227F634F823793B1118FEEF" box="[1056,1113,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
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2008), and
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<collectingCountry id="74A9ED86D227F634F8DC79341011FEEF" box="[1247,1360,295,319]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Sâo Tome</collectingCountry>
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Island (Lessios
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D227F634FCFF795F1477FEB3" box="[252,310,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
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2001). It has also been also recorded in continental areas of
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<collectingCountry id="74A9ED86D227F634FFE879591175FEB2" box="[1003,1076,330,354]" name="Ghana" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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(John
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D227F634F880795F11FCFEB3" box="[1155,1213,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
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1977, 1992) and in Ngor Island,
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<collectingCountry id="74A9ED86D227F634FD29797D14C2FE56" box="[298,387,366,390]" name="Senegal" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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(P. Wirtz, pers. com).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44A4FE9DD227F62EFCCA7982102AF91E" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="0C01AD16D227F634FCCA79821445FD74" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">
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<emphasis id="3ECA7104D227F634FCCA7982141AFE7A" bold="true" box="[201,347,401,426]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Description.</emphasis>
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The test is hemispherical, with a horizontal diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634FFF179811126FE7A" box="[1010,1127,402,426]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.673" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="66.73">66.73 mm</quantity>
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and a vertical diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634FC9479A5144CFE1E" box="[151,269,438,462]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.278" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="32.78">32.78 mm</quantity>
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||
in the
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<typeStatus id="D30513B4D227F634FD6679A41484FE1F" box="[357,453,439,463]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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||
and
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||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634FE0079A51738FE1E" box="[515,633,438,462]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.122999999999999" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="61.23">61.23 mm</quantity>
|
||
h.d. and
|
||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634FEEF79A51620FE1E" box="[748,865,438,462]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.136" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="31.36">31.36 mm</quantity>
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||
v.d. in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D30513B4D227F634FFEF79A51113FE1E" box="[1004,1106,438,462]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The base colour of the test epithelium is black with a red tinge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FE3879CA173FFE21" box="[571,638,473,497]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1965,1988]" captionTargetBox="[262,1312,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[262,1312,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00232, holotype of Diadema africanum: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217525/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C), while the denuded test is white (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634F83C79CA11C2FE21" box="[1087,1155,473,497]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[160,1416,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[160,1416,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view centered on ambulacrum V; D, lateral view centered on interambulacrum V; E, oral view showing auricle. F, auricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217526/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A–E). The apical system measures
|
||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634FD0B79EE143CFDC5" box="[264,381,509,533]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.814" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="18.14">18.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D30513B4D227F634FDD379ED1770FDC6" box="[464,561,510,534]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
and is hemicyclic with ocular plates II and III exsert (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634F8AB79EE11AFFDC5" box="[1192,1262,509,533]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[160,1416,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[160,1416,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view centered on ambulacrum V; D, lateral view centered on interambulacrum V; E, oral view showing auricle. F, auricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217526/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The genital plates are wider than long, and have up to four small tubercles along their inner-edge (Table 1&
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634F8E27A321062FDE9" box="[1249,1315,545,569]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[218,1348,193,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[218,1348,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Apical system and pattern of iridophores: A, genital plate, gonopore and an ambulacrum; B, close-up of the apical system (paratype), C & D, pattern of iridophores around the apical system on a living specimen in daylight; E, pattern of iridophores at night; F, pattern of iridophore on a living specimen in daylight." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217527/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B) with large genital pores that measure 33% of the genital plate length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FF727A5716F4FD8C" box="[881,949,580,604]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[218,1348,193,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[218,1348,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Apical system and pattern of iridophores: A, genital plate, gonopore and an ambulacrum; B, close-up of the apical system (paratype), C & D, pattern of iridophores around the apical system on a living specimen in daylight; E, pattern of iridophores at night; F, pattern of iridophore on a living specimen in daylight." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217527/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The ocular plates are pentagonal with a small pore located at the top of the plate and have from one to three small tubercles along the centre of the plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FC9C7A9F15A2FD74" box="[159,227,652,676]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[218,1348,193,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[218,1348,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Apical system and pattern of iridophores: A, genital plate, gonopore and an ambulacrum; B, close-up of the apical system (paratype), C & D, pattern of iridophores around the apical system on a living specimen in daylight; E, pattern of iridophores at night; F, pattern of iridophore on a living specimen in daylight." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217527/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D227F634FCCA7AA310D6FC87" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">
|
||
On the naked test, distinct arch-shaped depressions are present on the genital plates of both adults and juveniles (Table 5 &
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FD897AC01490FD3B" box="[394,465,723,747]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[218,1348,193,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[218,1348,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Apical system and pattern of iridophores: A, genital plate, gonopore and an ambulacrum; B, close-up of the apical system (paratype), C & D, pattern of iridophores around the apical system on a living specimen in daylight; E, pattern of iridophores at night; F, pattern of iridophore on a living specimen in daylight." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217527/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B). These depressions correspond to the corners of the pentamerous apical ring of iridophores seen in living sea urchins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FE4C7AE417D2FCDF" box="[591,659,759,783]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[218,1348,193,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[218,1348,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Apical system and pattern of iridophores: A, genital plate, gonopore and an ambulacrum; B, close-up of the apical system (paratype), C & D, pattern of iridophores around the apical system on a living specimen in daylight; E, pattern of iridophores at night; F, pattern of iridophore on a living specimen in daylight." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217527/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
C–E). The iridophore pattern is bold and bright on the apical system when viewed in sunlight. The periproct is
|
||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634FE957B08164DFCE3" box="[662,780,795,819]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.126" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="11.26">11.26 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D30513B4D227F634FFAF7B0F114DFCE4" box="[940,1036,796,820]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(approximately 16% of the test’s horizontal diameter) and has a small black periproctal cone that has no platelets or markings on the skin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634F9337B2C1033FC87" box="[1328,1394,831,855]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1965,1988]" captionTargetBox="[262,1312,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[262,1312,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00232, holotype of Diadema africanum: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217525/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D227F634FCCA7B7110DDFC12" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">
|
||
The ambulacra are slightly raised aborally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FEAD7B7117B1FCAA" box="[686,752,866,890]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[160,1416,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[160,1416,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view centered on ambulacrum V; D, lateral view centered on interambulacrum V; E, oral view showing auricle. F, auricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217526/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
C) and measure 30% of the width of the interambulacra (
|
||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634F96A7B711585FC4E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.65" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="8.65">8.65 mm</quantity>
|
||
) at the ambitus in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D30513B4D227F634FDCA7B94176CFC4F" box="[457,557,903,927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
. They have two rows of large primary tubercles and an offset inner series of small tubercles that are perforated and crenulated, with non-conjugate pore-pairs and phyllodes developed adorally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D227F634FCC47BDD16EBFB81" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">
|
||
The interambulacra are broader than the ambulacra at the ambitus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FFD87BDD1160FC36" box="[987,1057,974,998]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[160,1416,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[160,1416,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view centered on ambulacrum V; D, lateral view centered on interambulacrum V; E, oral view showing auricle. F, auricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217526/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D), with 5–6 series (the inner median series is more offset in some specimens giving the impression of two series) of 14 primary tubercles. Tubercles are perforate and crenulate and have areoles of moderate size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FFE07C061168FBFD" box="[995,1065,1045,1069]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[218,1348,193,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[218,1348,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Apical system and pattern of iridophores: A, genital plate, gonopore and an ambulacrum; B, close-up of the apical system (paratype), C & D, pattern of iridophores around the apical system on a living specimen in daylight; E, pattern of iridophores at night; F, pattern of iridophore on a living specimen in daylight." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217527/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A). During the day blue lines of iridophores can be seen down either side of the naked median regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D227F634FCCA7C4F105BFB6C" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">
|
||
The peristome is subcircular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FE1A7C4F171DFBA4" box="[537,604,1116,1140]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[160,1416,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[160,1416,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view centered on ambulacrum V; D, lateral view centered on interambulacrum V; E, oral view showing auricle. F, auricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217526/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B) and in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D30513B4D227F634FEF47C4E1616FBA5" box="[759,855,1117,1141]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
it measures
|
||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634FFE57C4F110AFBA4" box="[998,1099,1116,1140]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.69" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="26.9">26.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, 40% of the test’s horizontal diameter. The peristomal membrane is black with a red tinge and has five pairs of buccal tube feet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634F96D7C9315E4FB6C" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1965,1988]" captionTargetBox="[262,1312,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[262,1312,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00232, holotype of Diadema africanum: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217525/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B), with abundant triphyllous pedicellariae. The auricles are robust and have high processes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634F8BB7CB711BAFB6C" box="[1208,1275,1188,1212]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1966,1989]" captionTargetBox="[160,1416,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[160,1416,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view centered on ambulacrum V; D, lateral view centered on interambulacrum V; E, oral view showing auricle. F, auricle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217526/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D227F634FCCA7CDA1797FA66" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">
|
||
In adults the spine epithelium is black with a red tinge and a turquoise sheen when viewed in direct sunlight. In juveniles, spines are banded red and white, which is typical of the genus. Ambulacral spines measure
|
||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634F90E7CF8103EFAD3" box="[1293,1407,1259,1283]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.321" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="43.21">43.21 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D30513B4D227F634FD327D0314D0FAF8" box="[305,401,1296,1320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(28.83% of the test horizontal diameter). These spines are strongly verticillate with barbs pointing distally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FD627D2014E4FA9B" box="[353,421,1331,1355]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1874,1897]" captionTargetBox="[183,1400,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[183,1401,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Ambulacral spines (A – G): A – C, proximal, medium and distal parts of an ambulacral spine respectively; D, entire ambulacral spine; E – G, proximal, medium and distal ambulacral spine transverse sections respectively. Interambulacral spines (H – L): H – J, proximal, medium and distal parts of an interambulacral spine respectively; K, entire interambulacral spine; L – N, proximal, medium and distal interambulacral spine transverse sections respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). Proximally these spines have a mean diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634F8307D2011D8FA9B" box="[1075,1177,1331,1355]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="0.89">0.89 mm</quantity>
|
||
that decreases distally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FC9C7D4415A0FABF" box="[159,225,1367,1391]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1874,1897]" captionTargetBox="[183,1400,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[183,1401,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Ambulacral spines (A – G): A – C, proximal, medium and distal parts of an ambulacral spine respectively; D, entire ambulacral spine; E – G, proximal, medium and distal ambulacral spine transverse sections respectively. Interambulacral spines (H – L): H – J, proximal, medium and distal parts of an interambulacral spine respectively; K, entire interambulacral spine; L – N, proximal, medium and distal interambulacral spine transverse sections respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
E–G). The axial cavity comprises 28.8% of the horizontal diameter, which increases to 35.22% in the distal region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FCF27D691477FA42" box="[241,310,1402,1426]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1874,1897]" captionTargetBox="[183,1400,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[183,1401,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Ambulacral spines (A – G): A – C, proximal, medium and distal parts of an ambulacral spine respectively; D, entire ambulacral spine; E – G, proximal, medium and distal ambulacral spine transverse sections respectively. Interambulacral spines (H – L): H – J, proximal, medium and distal parts of an interambulacral spine respectively; K, entire interambulacral spine; L – N, proximal, medium and distal interambulacral spine transverse sections respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
E–G). The solid wedges are urn-shaped, and typically number twenty comprising 63.42% of the spine’s horizontal diameter in the proximal section.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D227F634FCCA7DD11748F9B9" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Interambulacral spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FDD47DD11756FA0A" box="[471,535,1474,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1874,1897]" captionTargetBox="[183,1400,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[183,1401,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Ambulacral spines (A – G): A – C, proximal, medium and distal parts of an ambulacral spine respectively; D, entire ambulacral spine; E – G, proximal, medium and distal ambulacral spine transverse sections respectively. Interambulacral spines (H – L): H – J, proximal, medium and distal parts of an interambulacral spine respectively; K, entire interambulacral spine; L – N, proximal, medium and distal interambulacral spine transverse sections respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
H–N), are long and slender, with a maximum diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634F8A77DD111A4FA0A" box="[1188,1253,1474,1498]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
proximally, and taper distally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FD397DF5143DFA2E" box="[314,380,1510,1534]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1874,1897]" captionTargetBox="[183,1400,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[183,1401,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Ambulacral spines (A – G): A – C, proximal, medium and distal parts of an ambulacral spine respectively; D, entire ambulacral spine; E – G, proximal, medium and distal ambulacral spine transverse sections respectively. Interambulacral spines (H – L): H – J, proximal, medium and distal parts of an interambulacral spine respectively; K, entire interambulacral spine; L – N, proximal, medium and distal interambulacral spine transverse sections respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
K–N). These spines measure
|
||
<quantity id="CB4600F3D227F634FEC87DF5167FFA2E" box="[715,830,1510,1534]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.862" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" unit="mm" value="58.62">58.62 mm</quantity>
|
||
in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D30513B4D227F634FF8D7DF416B3FA2F" box="[910,1010,1511,1535]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
. In transverse section the axial cavity comprises 29.92% of the horizontal diameter proximally, but increases to 39.17% in the distal region (Table 2;
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634F9737E1A15E5F995" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1874,1897]" captionTargetBox="[183,1400,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[183,1401,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. NHMTFMCBMEQ / 00233, paratype of Diadema africanum. Ambulacral spines (A – G): A – C, proximal, medium and distal parts of an ambulacral spine respectively; D, entire ambulacral spine; E – G, proximal, medium and distal ambulacral spine transverse sections respectively. Interambulacral spines (H – L): H – J, proximal, medium and distal parts of an interambulacral spine respectively; K, entire interambulacral spine; L – N, proximal, medium and distal interambulacral spine transverse sections respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
L–N). The solid wedges are urn-shaped and typically number twenty-four, 62.57% of the of the spine’s horizontal diameter in the proximal section.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D227F634FCCA7E671625F822" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Both tridentate and triphyllous pedicellariae are present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D227F634FFA77E651102F95D" box="[932,1091,1653,1677]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D227F634FFA77E651102F95D" box="[932,1091,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">D. africanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634F85F7E6711E8F95C" box="[1116,1193,1652,1676]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[222,1381,176,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[222,1410,149,1865]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pedicellariae: A – B, tridentate pedicellariae; C – I, scanning electron microscopy images (SEMs) of tridentate pedicellariae; C, a tridentate pedicellaria; D – E, individual valves of a tridentate pedicellaria (side view); F – H, individual valves of tridentate pedicellariae (internal views); I, peripheral teeth on the blade of a tridentate pedicellaria; J – K, triphyllous pedicellariae; L – N, SEM images of triphyllous pedicellariae; L, triphyllous pedicellaria; M, internal view of a triphyllous pedicellaria and N, close-up of peripheral teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217529/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). No ophicephalous pedicellariae were found, either true ophicephalous or of the claviform
|
||
<typeStatus id="D30513B4D227F634FFD37E8A1142F961" box="[976,1027,1689,1713]" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, which have been reported in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D227F634FD0C7EAF1713F904" authority="Mortensen, 1940" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1940" box="[271,594,1724,1748]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="154" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D227F634FD0C7EAF1437F904" box="[271,374,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Diadema</emphasis>
|
||
(Mortensen, 1940)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only a single form of tridentate pedicellaria is found in this species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634F96D7EAF15E4F928" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[222,1381,176,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[222,1410,149,1865]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pedicellariae: A – B, tridentate pedicellariae; C – I, scanning electron microscopy images (SEMs) of tridentate pedicellariae; C, a tridentate pedicellaria; D – E, individual valves of a tridentate pedicellaria (side view); F – H, individual valves of tridentate pedicellariae (internal views); I, peripheral teeth on the blade of a tridentate pedicellaria; J – K, triphyllous pedicellariae; L – N, SEM images of triphyllous pedicellariae; L, triphyllous pedicellaria; M, internal view of a triphyllous pedicellaria and N, close-up of peripheral teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217529/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A–I), which are abundant orally and aborally, but particularly around the periproct and around the peristome. This form of tidentate pedicellaria has a long, muscular neck on a long stalk, which allows a high degree of movement (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FC9C7F3415A3F8EF" box="[159,226,1831,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[222,1381,176,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[222,1410,149,1865]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pedicellariae: A – B, tridentate pedicellariae; C – I, scanning electron microscopy images (SEMs) of tridentate pedicellariae; C, a tridentate pedicellaria; D – E, individual valves of a tridentate pedicellaria (side view); F – H, individual valves of tridentate pedicellariae (internal views); I, peripheral teeth on the blade of a tridentate pedicellaria; J – K, triphyllous pedicellariae; L – N, SEM images of triphyllous pedicellariae; L, triphyllous pedicellaria; M, internal view of a triphyllous pedicellaria and N, close-up of peripheral teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217529/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The valves of the pedicellariae are moderately curved and only meet along the upper fifth of their length. The blade of the valves has almost straight edges that are either smooth or serrated with an expanded distal gripping region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FD607F7C14ECF857" box="[355,429,1903,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[222,1381,176,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[222,1410,149,1865]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pedicellariae: A – B, tridentate pedicellariae; C – I, scanning electron microscopy images (SEMs) of tridentate pedicellariae; C, a tridentate pedicellaria; D – E, individual valves of a tridentate pedicellaria (side view); F – H, individual valves of tridentate pedicellariae (internal views); I, peripheral teeth on the blade of a tridentate pedicellaria; J – K, triphyllous pedicellariae; L – N, SEM images of triphyllous pedicellariae; L, triphyllous pedicellaria; M, internal view of a triphyllous pedicellaria and N, close-up of peripheral teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217529/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
D–I). Triphyllous pedicellariae are more abundant than the tridentate form and are distributed all over the sea urchin test, but occur in particularly large numbers around the peristome. Their valves are small and broad (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FD847FA5148AF81E" box="[391,459,1974,1998]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[222,1381,176,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[222,1410,149,1865]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pedicellariae: A – B, tridentate pedicellariae; C – I, scanning electron microscopy images (SEMs) of tridentate pedicellariae; C, a tridentate pedicellaria; D – E, individual valves of a tridentate pedicellaria (side view); F – H, individual valves of tridentate pedicellariae (internal views); I, peripheral teeth on the blade of a tridentate pedicellaria; J – K, triphyllous pedicellariae; L – N, SEM images of triphyllous pedicellariae; L, triphyllous pedicellaria; M, internal view of a triphyllous pedicellaria and N, close-up of peripheral teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217529/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
J–N), with numerous small peripheral teeth that form two rows along the edges of the valves, which interlock when the valves are closed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9485B193D227F634FEDD7FC91661F822" box="[734,800,2010,2034]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[222,1381,176,1862]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[222,1410,149,1865]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pedicellariae: A – B, tridentate pedicellariae; C – I, scanning electron microscopy images (SEMs) of tridentate pedicellariae; C, a tridentate pedicellaria; D – E, individual valves of a tridentate pedicellaria (side view); F – H, individual valves of tridentate pedicellariae (internal views); I, peripheral teeth on the blade of a tridentate pedicellaria; J – K, triphyllous pedicellariae; L – N, SEM images of triphyllous pedicellariae; L, triphyllous pedicellaria; M, internal view of a triphyllous pedicellaria and N, close-up of peripheral teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217529/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="154">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
L–N).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="58C1FD9ED226F635FC947FBE100EF814" box="[151,1359,1965,1988]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217525/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="155" targetBox="[262,1312,193,1930]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D226F635FC947FBE100EF814" blockId="11.[151,1359,1965,1988]" box="[151,1359,1965,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D226F635FC947FBE1453F813" bold="true" box="[151,274,1965,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="155">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
NHMTFMCBMEQ/00232, holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D226F635FEAC7FBD163BF814" box="[687,890,1966,1988]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="155" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D226F635FEAC7FBD163BF814" box="[687,890,1966,1988]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="155">Diadema africanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="58C1FD9ED221F632FC947FBD1197F833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217526/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="156" targetBox="[160,1416,193,1930]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D221F632FC947FBD1197F833" blockId="12.[151,1436,1966,2019]" pageId="12" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D221F632FC947FBD1453F813" bold="true" box="[151,274,1966,1989]" pageId="12" pageNumber="156">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
NHMTFMCBMEQ/00233, paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D221F632FEA87FBD1637F814" box="[683,886,1966,1988]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="156" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D221F632FEA87FBD1637F814" box="[683,886,1966,1988]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="156">Diadema africanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view centered on ambulacrum V; D, lateral view centered on interambulacrum V; E, oral view showing auricle. F, auricle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="58C1FD9ED220F633FC947F6F144AF83E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217527/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="157" targetBox="[218,1348,193,1874]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D220F633FC947F6F144AF83E" blockId="13.[151,1436,1916,2030]" pageId="13" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D220F633FC947F6F1452F842" bold="true" box="[151,275,1916,1939]" pageId="13" pageNumber="157">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
NHMTFMCBMEQ/00233, paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D220F633FEB27F6F163DF842" box="[689,892,1916,1938]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="157" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D220F633FEB27F6F163DF842" box="[689,892,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="157">Diadema africanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Apical system and pattern of iridophores: A, genital plate, gonopore and an ambulacrum; B, close-up of the apical system (paratype), C & D, pattern of iridophores around the apical system on a living specimen in daylight; E, pattern of iridophores at night; F, pattern of iridophore on a living specimen in daylight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="58C1FD9ED223F630FC947F4114A3F833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217528/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="158" targetBox="[183,1400,193,1854]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D223F630FC947F4114A3F833" blockId="14.[151,1436,1874,2019]" pageId="14" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D223F630FC947F411452F8B8" bold="true" box="[151,275,1874,1897]" pageId="14" pageNumber="158">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
NHMTFMCBMEQ/00233, paratype of
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D223F630FEB07F4016C7F8B9" box="[691,902,1875,1897]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D223F630FEB07F4016C3F8B9" box="[691,898,1875,1897]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="14" pageNumber="158" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">Diadema africanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ambulacral spines (A–G): A–C, proximal, medium and distal parts of an ambulacral spine respectively; D, entire ambulacral spine; E–G, proximal, medium and distal ambulacral spine transverse sections respectively. Interambulacral spines (H–L): H–J, proximal, medium and distal parts of an interambulacral spine respectively; K, entire interambulacral spine; L–N, proximal, medium and distal interambulacral spine transverse sections respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="58C1FD9ED222F631FC947F42173BF83F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/217529/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="159" targetBox="[222,1381,176,1862]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D222F631FC947F42173BF83F" blockId="15.[151,1436,1873,2031]" pageId="15" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D222F631FC947F421456F8B7" bold="true" box="[151,279,1873,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="159">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Pedicellariae: A–B, tridentate pedicellariae; C–I, scanning electron microscopy images (SEMs) of tridentate pedicellariae; C, a tridentate pedicellaria; D–E, individual valves of a tridentate pedicellaria (side view); F–H, individual valves of tridentate pedicellariae (internal views); I, peripheral teeth on the blade of a tridentate pedicellaria; J–K, triphyllous pedicellariae; L–N, SEM images of triphyllous pedicellariae; L, triphyllous pedicellaria; M, internal view of a triphyllous pedicellaria and N, close-up of peripheral teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D23DF62EFCCA78841074FDEF" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,575]" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">
|
||
Comparisons between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D23DF62EFDCD788A1728FF60" box="[462,617,152,176]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D23DF62EFDCD788A1728FF60" box="[462,617,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D23DF62EFEA5788A167FFF60" box="[678,830,152,176]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D23DF62EFEA5788A167FFF60" box="[678,830,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">D. africanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using a PCA ordination based on 29 morphological characters of the test, spines and pedicellariae are illustrated in Fig. 10. Overall differences observed in the ordination are supported by the R statistic associated with the ANOSIM test (Global R-statistic=1, p<0.5), which shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D23DF62EFD1F791614F7FECC" box="[284,438,260,284]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D23DF62EFD1F791614F7FECC" box="[284,438,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">D. africanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D23DF62EFF427916169CFECC" box="[833,989,260,284]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D23DF62EFF427916169CFECC" box="[833,989,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The PCA shows differences between groups of individuals. Mean diameter of axial cavity (% spine diameter) (3) and the percentage of the spine’s diameter comprised of solid wedges (4) are variables that are highly correlated with axis 1, which means that the two species highly differ on this variables.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D23DF62EFE847963162BFE58" box="[647,874,368,392]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D23DF62EFE847963162BFE58" box="[647,874,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">Diadema africanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens have wider diameters of spines and a larger portion of the spine comprised of solid wedges. The peripheral gripping area as % of distal peripheral area (mm2) (18) and the diameter of gonopores (% of genital plate height) (25) are negatively correlated with axis 1, meaning that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D23DF62EFD3779F3148DFE27" box="[308,460,479,503]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D23DF62EFD3779F3148DFE27" box="[308,460,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">D. africanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows reduced peripheral gripping area and narrower gonopores than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D23DF62EF8F979F310D4FE27" box="[1274,1429,479,503]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D23DF62EF8F979F310D4FE27" box="[1274,1429,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There are also intraspecific variations on horizontal test diameter (mm) (21) and vertical test diameter (mm) (22) for both species, which can be seen in the ordination plot as vertical spread of the points following axis 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C01AD16D23DF62EFC947D0D102AF91E" blockId="16.[151,1437,1310,1742]" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D23DF62EFC947D0D145EFAE4" bold="true" box="[151,287,1310,1333]" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Principal Components Analyses (PCA) showing the first 2 axes that explain the 76.1 of variability (54.9 first axis, 21.3 second axis and 7.3 third axis) based on 29 quantitative variables including morphological characters of the test, spines and pedicellariae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D23DF62EFD687D4E14B6FAA2" box="[363,503,1372,1394]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D23DF62EFD687D4E14B6FAA2" box="[363,503,1372,1394]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(two specimens:
|
||
<typeStatus id="D30513B4D23DF62EFEB27D4E1640FAA2" box="[689,769,1373,1394]" pageId="16" pageNumber="160" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
plus another individual) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBED695D23DF62EF8357D4E1181FAA2" box="[1078,1216,1372,1394]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="3ECA7104D23DF62EF8357D4E1181FAA2" box="[1078,1216,1372,1394]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">D. africanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="1AB8669FD23DF62EF8D27D4E1023FAA2" box="[1233,1378,1372,1394]" pageId="16" pageNumber="160" type="generic">17 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
). The numbers correspond to: 1–5 spine characters; 6–20 pedicellarial characters and 21–29 test characters: 1. Spine diameter; 2. Number of solid wedges; 3. Mean diameter of axial cavity (% spine diameter); 4. Percentage of the spine’s diameter comprised of solid wedges; 5. Percentage of the spine’s diameter comprised by the foraminated ring; 6. Number of
|
||
<typeStatus id="D30513B4D23DF62EF8BF7DAA11B0FA1E" box="[1212,1265,1465,1486]" pageId="16" pageNumber="160">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of pedicellariae; 7. Length of distal region (mm); 8. Width of distal region (mm); 9. Length of proximal region (mm); 10. Width of proximal region (mm); 11. Total area of distal region (mm2); 12. Internal area of distal region (mm2)¸13. Peripheral area of distal region (that does not grip; mm2); 14. Peripheral gripping area (mm2); 15. Total area of proximal region (mm2);16. Adductor muscle insertion area (mm2); 17. Keel and peripheral area of proximal region (mm2); 18. Peripheral gripping area as % of distal peripheral area (mm2), 19. Height of teeth (mm); 20. Width of teeth (mm); 21. Horizontal test diameter (mm); 22. Vertical test diameter (mm); 23. Number of tubercles on genital plate; 24. Height to width (at widest point) ratio of genital plate; 25. Diameter of gonopores (% of genital plate height); 26. Apical system (% of horizontal test diameter); 27. Periproct (% of horizontal test diameter); 28. Peristome (% of horizontal test diameter).; 29. Ambulacra % of interambulacra (at ambitus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |