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<document ID-DOI="10.1643/i2021126" ID-ISSN="2766-1520" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7846951" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1681928530997" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Parker, Elyse &amp; Near, Thomas J." docDate="2022" docId="03D5B246FFCFFFD0FF57FD6758F334F3" docLanguage="en" docName="IchthyolHerpetol.110.4.662-674.pdf" docOrigin="Ichthyology &amp; Herpetology 110 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2021126" docStyle="DocumentStyle:25DEBD253B07840CEE0E8BE8BE2C6752.1:IchthyolHerpetol.2021-.journal_article" docStyleId="25DEBD253B07840CEE0E8BE8BE2C6752" docStyleName="IchthyolHerpetol.2021-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Harpagiferidae T. Gill 1861" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="667" masterDocId="FFECCA3EFFCAFFD6FFD9FFED5959331B" masterDocTitle="Phylogeny Reconciles Classification in Antarctic Plunderfishes" masterLastPageNumber="674" masterPageNumber="662" pageNumber="667" updateTime="1682080570565" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Phylogeny Reconciles Classification in Antarctic Plunderfishes</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Parker, Elyse</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Near, Thomas J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Ichthyology &amp; Herpetology</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-11-03</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>110</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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<mods:start>662</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2766-1520</mods:identifier>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[142,533,650,673]" box="[142,533,650,673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<heading box="[142,533,650,673]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" reason="4">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[142,533,650,673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<treatmentCitation author="Gill, T." box="[142,533,650,673]" page="510" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" year="1861">
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="624ZP" ID-ENA="43254" authority="T. Gill 1861: 510" authorityName="T. Gill" authorityPageNumber="510" authorityYear="1861" box="[142,533,650,673]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,533,650,673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
Harpagiferidae T.
<bibRefCitation author="Gill, T." box="[364,533,650,673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="510 - 512" refId="ref10172" refString="Gill, T. 1861. Synopsis of the harpagiferoids. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 13: 510 - 512." type="journal article" year="1861">Gill 1861: 510</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="668" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph blockId="5.[142,812,703,756]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<emphasis box="[142,527,703,726]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,315,703,726]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<typeStatus box="[142,193,703,726]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Type</typeStatus>
species.—
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[316,527,703,725]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Harpagifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bispinis">Harpagifer bispinis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(Forster in
<bibRefCitation author="Bloch, M. E. &amp; J. G. Schneider" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" refId="ref9057" refString="Bloch, M. E., and J. G. Schneider. 1801. Systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Sumtibus auctoris impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano commissum, Berolini." type="book" year="1801">Bloch and Schneider, 1801: 45</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[142,812,786,956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,275,786,809]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Definition.—</emphasis>
The least inclusive clade that includes
<taxonomicName authority="(Forster)" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1801" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Harpagifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bispinis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Harpagifer bispinis</emphasis>
(Forster)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authority="Lonnberg (1905: 40 - 41)" authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityPageNumber="40 - 41" authorityYear="1905" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirus">
<emphasis box="[382,567,815,837]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Artedidraco mirus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Lonnberg, E." pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="1 - 69" refId="ref10801" refString="Lonnberg, E. 1905. The fishes of the Sweedish South Polar Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903 5: 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1905">Lönnberg (1905: 40– 41)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The reference phylogeny is one inferred from a Sanger sequenced dataset comprising two mitochondrial gene regions and seven nuclear genes (
<bibRefCitation author="Dornburg, A. &amp; S. Federman &amp; A. D. Lamb &amp; C. D. Jones &amp; T. J. Near" box="[519,765,904,926]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="1379 - 1384" refId="ref9558" refString="Dornburg, A., S. Federman, A. D. Lamb, C. D. Jones, and T. J. Near. 2017. Cradles and museums of Antarctic teleost biodiversity. Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution 1: 1379 - 1384." type="journal article" year="2017">Dornburg et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[142,812,986,1097]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,472,986,1009]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Morphological apomorphies.—</emphasis>
(1) Gill membranes are united and joined at the isthmus but do not form a fold (
<bibRefCitation author="Eakin, R. R." pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="81 - 147" refId="ref9643" refString="Eakin, R. R. 1981. Osteology and relationships of the fishes of the Antarctic family Harpagiferidae (Pisces, Notothenioidei), p. 81 - 147. In: Antarctic Research Series, vol. 31, Biology of the Antarctic Seas IX. L. S. Kornicker (ed.). American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C." type="book chapter" year="1981">Eakin, 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Balushkin, A. V." box="[213,395,1045,1068]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="109" refId="ref8908" refString="Balushkin, A. V. 2000. Morphology, classification, and evolution of notothenioid fishes of the Southern Ocean (Notothenioidei, Perciformes). Journal of Ichthyology 40: S 74 - S 109." type="book chapter" year="2000">Balushkin, 2000</bibRefCitation>
) and (2) the presence of one or two epurals (
<bibRefCitation author="Eakin, R. R." box="[236,371,1074,1097]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="81 - 147" refId="ref9643" refString="Eakin, R. R. 1981. Osteology and relationships of the fishes of the Antarctic family Harpagiferidae (Pisces, Notothenioidei), p. 81 - 147. In: Antarctic Research Series, vol. 31, Biology of the Antarctic Seas IX. L. S. Kornicker (ed.). American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C." type="book chapter" year="1981">Eakin, 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[142,813,1127,1648]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,304,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Composition.—</emphasis>
There are 18 valid and distinct species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="T. Gill" authorityYear="1861" box="[142,305,1157,1179]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Harpagiferidae</taxonomicName>
with six species of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eastman and Eakin" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[529,639,1156,1178]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Harpagifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[529,639,1156,1178]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Harpagifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 12 species of Artedidraconinae.
<bibRefCitation author="Duhamel, G. &amp; N. Gasco &amp; P. Davaine" box="[386,694,1186,1208]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="1 - 419" refId="ref9606" refString="Duhamel, G., N. Gasco, and P. Davaine. 2005. Poissons des iles Kerguelen et Crozet. Guide regional de l'ocean Austral. Patrimoines Naturels 63: 1 - 419." type="journal article" year="2005">Duhamel et al. (2005: 328</bibRefCitation>
, 358) and
<bibRefCitation author="Eastman, J. T. &amp; R. R. Eakin" box="[142,450,1215,1238]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="273 - 280" refId="ref10053" refString="Eastman, J. T., and R. R. Eakin. 2021. Checklist of the species of notothenioid fishes. Antarctic Science 33: 273 - 280." type="journal article" year="2021">Eastman and Eakin (2021)</bibRefCitation>
call into question the distinctiveness of the five additional species of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eastman and Eakin" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[695,811,1244,1266]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Harpagifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[695,811,1244,1266]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Harpagifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by V. P. Prirodina and A. V. Neyelov (
<taxonomicName authority="Prirodina 2000" authorityName="Prirodina" authorityYear="2000" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Harpagifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andirashevi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">H. andirashevi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Prirodina, V. P." box="[275,448,1303,1325]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="488 - 494" refId="ref11722" refString="Prirodina, V. P. 2000. On the systematic position of littoral and deep-water species of the genus Harpagifer (Harpagiferidae, Notothenioidei) from Macquarie Island with a description of two new species. Journal of Ichthyology 40: 488 - 494." type="journal article" year="2000">Prirodina 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Prirodina 2002" authorityName="Prirodina" authorityYear="2002" box="[465,771,1303,1325]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Harpagifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nybelini">
<emphasis box="[465,585,1303,1325]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">H. nybelini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Prirodina, V. P." box="[597,771,1303,1325]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="701 - 712" refId="ref11768" refString="Prirodina, V. P. 2002. Redescription of littoral and deep-sea species of the genus Harpagifer (Harpagiferidae, Notothenioidei) off islands of the Indian Ocean Sector of the Southern Ocean with description of a new species. Journal of Ichthyology 42: 701 - 712." type="journal article" year="2002">Prirodina 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Prirodina 2004" authorityName="Prirodina" authorityYear="2004" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Harpagifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crozetensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">H. crozetensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Prirodina, V. P." box="[262,432,1333,1355]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="395 - 399" refId="ref11818" refString="Prirodina, V. P. 2004. Harpagifer crozetensis sp. nova (Harpagiferidae, Notothenioidei), a new species from the littoral of the Crozet Islands (Indian Ocean Sector of Antarctica). Journal of Ichthyology 44: 395 - 399." type="journal article" year="2004">Prirodina 2004</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Prirodina 2000" authorityName="Prirodina" authorityYear="2000" box="[445,807,1333,1355]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Harpagifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macquariensis">
<emphasis box="[445,628,1333,1354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">H. macquariensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Prirodina, V. P." box="[637,807,1333,1355]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="488 - 494" refId="ref11722" refString="Prirodina, V. P. 2000. On the systematic position of littoral and deep-water species of the genus Harpagifer (Harpagiferidae, Notothenioidei) from Macquarie Island with a description of two new species. Journal of Ichthyology 40: 488 - 494." type="journal article" year="2000">Prirodina 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authority="Neyelov and Prirodina 2006" authorityName="Neyelov and Prirodina" authorityYear="2006" box="[194,658,1362,1385]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Harpagifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="permitini">
<emphasis box="[194,323,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">H. permitini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Neyelov, A. V. &amp; V. P. Prirodina" box="[332,658,1362,1385]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref11339" refString="Neyelov, A. V., and V. P. Prirodina. 2006. Description of Harpagifer permitini sp. nova (Harpagiferidae) from the sublittoral zone of South Georgia and redescription of the littoral H. georgianus Nybelin. Journal of Ichthyology 46: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2006">Neyelov and Prirodina 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Duhamel, G. &amp; N. Gasco &amp; P. Davaine" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="1 - 419" refId="ref9606" refString="Duhamel, G., N. Gasco, and P. Davaine. 2005. Poissons des iles Kerguelen et Crozet. Guide regional de l'ocean Austral. Patrimoines Naturels 63: 1 - 419." type="journal article" year="2005">Duhamel et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
warn that these species are diagnosed primarily by the degree of development of the supraorbital protuberance, which is known to vary widely within a single species (
<bibRefCitation author="Eastman, J. T. &amp; R. R. Eakin" box="[149,468,1479,1502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="273 - 280" refId="ref10053" refString="Eastman, J. T., and R. R. Eakin. 2021. Checklist of the species of notothenioid fishes. Antarctic Science 33: 273 - 280." type="journal article" year="2021">Eastman and Eakin, 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Given these concerns, we conservatively recognize six species of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eastman and Eakin" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[638,751,1508,1530]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Harpagifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[638,751,1508,1530]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Harpagifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and suggest that species delimitation analyses based on morphological and molecular data are needed to confirm the distinctiveness of the five species described by V. P. Prirodina and A. V. Neyelov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[142,812,1679,2024]" lastBlockId="5.[859,1530,178,1234]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,405,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Phylogenetic analyses.—</emphasis>
Consistent with previous molecular phylogenetic studies (
<bibRefCitation author="Derome, N. &amp; W. - J. Chen &amp; A. Dettai &amp; C. Bonillo &amp; G. Lecointre" box="[390,620,1708,1730]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="139 - 152" refId="ref9392" refString="Derome, N., W. - J. Chen, A. Dettai, C. Bonillo, and G. Lecointre. 2002. Phylogeny of Antarctic dragonfishes (Bathydraconidae, Notothenioidei, Teleostei) and related families based on their anatomy and two mitochondrial genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24: 139 - 152." type="journal article" year="2002">Derome et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Lecointre, G. &amp; C. Gallut &amp; C. Bonillo &amp; A. Couloux &amp; C. Ozouf-Costaz &amp; A. Dettai" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="1135 - 1145" refId="ref10709" refString="Lecointre, G., C. Gallut, C. Bonillo, A. Couloux, C. Ozouf-Costaz, and A. Dettai. 2011. The Antarctic fish genus Artedidraco is paraphyletic (Teleostei, Notothenioidei, Artedidraconidae). Polar Biology 34: 1135 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2011">Lecointre et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Near, T. J. &amp; A. Dornburg &amp; K. L. Kuhn &amp; J. T. Eastman &amp; J. N. Pennington &amp; T. Patarnello &amp; L. Zane &amp; D. A. Fernandez &amp; C. D. Jones" box="[213,404,1738,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="3434 - 3439" refId="ref11113" refString="Near, T. J., A. Dornburg, K. L. Kuhn, J. T. Eastman, J. N. Pennington, T. Patarnello, L. Zane, D. A. Fernandez, and C. D. Jones. 2012. Ancient climate change, antifreeze, and the evolutionary diversification of Antarctic fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109: 3434 - 3439." type="journal article" year="2012">Near et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Near, T. J. &amp; D. J. MacGuigan &amp; E. Parker &amp; C. D. Struthers &amp; C. D. Jones &amp; A. Dornburg" box="[418,476,1737,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="268 - 279" refId="ref11198" refString="Near, T. J., D. J. MacGuigan, E. Parker, C. D. Struthers, C. D. Jones, and A. Dornburg. 2018. Phylogenetic analysis of Antarctic notothenioids illuminates the utility of RADseq for resolving Cenozoic adaptive radiations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 129: 268 - 279." type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
),
<emphasis box="[497,729,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<taxonomicName box="[497,614,1737,1759]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Artedidraco</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[624,729,1737,1759]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(s.l.) is paraphyletic in the ddRAD phylogenies inferred from both concatenated data and species tree analyses (
<figureCitation box="[662,739,1796,1818]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[103,131,1720,1740]" captionTargetBox="[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on maximum likelihood analyses of concatenated ddRAD datasets using IQ-TREE. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846955/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[755,770,1796,1819]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[103,131,1505,1525]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-157@6.[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on multispecies coalescent analyses of SNPs extracted from ddRAD datasets using tetrad. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">3</figureCitation>
). A clade containing
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lonnberg" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[348,565,1825,1847]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Neodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="skottsbergi">
<emphasis box="[348,565,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Neodraco skottsbergi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Roule" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[636,780,1825,1847]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Neodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loennbergi">
<emphasis box="[636,780,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">N. loennbergi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is resolved as the sister lineage of all other species of Artedidraconinae. All other species of
<emphasis box="[562,812,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<taxonomicName box="[562,679,1884,1906]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Artedidraco</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[686,812,1885,1906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(s.s.) included in this study (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1914" box="[518,637,1914,1935]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orianae">
<emphasis box="[518,637,1914,1935]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. orianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityYear="1905" box="[662,764,1914,1935]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirus">
<emphasis box="[662,764,1914,1935]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. mirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eastman and Eakin" baseAuthorityYear="1999" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareobarbatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. glareobarbatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[358,504,1943,1965]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackletoni">
<emphasis box="[358,504,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. shackletoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) resolve as a monophyletic group with strong node support (
<figureCitation box="[531,608,1972,1994]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[103,131,1720,1740]" captionTargetBox="[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on maximum likelihood analyses of concatenated ddRAD datasets using IQ-TREE. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846955/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[623,638,1972,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[103,131,1505,1525]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-157@6.[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on multispecies coalescent analyses of SNPs extracted from ddRAD datasets using tetrad. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">3</figureCitation>
). Relationships among species of
<taxonomicName box="[360,477,2001,2023]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[360,477,2001,2023]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Artedidraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are consistent and strongly supported across all analyses: specimens of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1346,1492,178,200]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackletoni">
<emphasis box="[1346,1492,178,200]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. shackletoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not resolve as a monophyletic group because specimens of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eastman and Eakin" baseAuthorityYear="1999" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareobarbatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. glareobarbatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are nested within the species (
<figureCitation box="[1357,1447,238,260]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[103,131,1720,1740]" captionTargetBox="[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on maximum likelihood analyses of concatenated ddRAD datasets using IQ-TREE. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846955/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Figs. 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[1460,1493,237,260]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[103,131,1505,1525]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-157@6.[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on multispecies coalescent analyses of SNPs extracted from ddRAD datasets using tetrad. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">3A</figureCitation>
). A clade containing
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1054,1201,267,289]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackletoni">
<emphasis box="[1054,1201,267,289]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. shackletoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, specimens of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eastman and Eakin" baseAuthorityYear="1999" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareobarbatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. glareobarbatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityYear="1905" box="[953,1042,297,319]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirus">
<emphasis box="[953,1042,297,319]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. mirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is resolved as the sister lineage of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1914" box="[1423,1529,297,319]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orianae">
<emphasis box="[1423,1529,297,319]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. orianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[867,940,326,348]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[103,131,1720,1740]" captionTargetBox="[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on maximum likelihood analyses of concatenated ddRAD datasets using IQ-TREE. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846955/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[953,968,326,349]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[103,131,1505,1525]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-157@6.[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on multispecies coalescent analyses of SNPs extracted from ddRAD datasets using tetrad. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[859,1530,178,1234]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
In both the concatenated and species tree analyses of the min84 dataset,
<taxonomicName box="[1042,1159,385,407]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1042,1159,385,407]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Artedidraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is resolved as sister to a clade containing
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[987,1171,414,436]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Histiodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="velifer">
<emphasis box="[987,1171,414,436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Histiodraco velifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1914" box="[1227,1370,414,436]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Pogonophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1227,1370,414,436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Pogonophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[1384,1473,415,437]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[103,131,1720,1740]" captionTargetBox="[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on maximum likelihood analyses of concatenated ddRAD datasets using IQ-TREE. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846955/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Figs. 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[1484,1517,414,437]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[103,131,1505,1525]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-157@6.[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on multispecies coalescent analyses of SNPs extracted from ddRAD datasets using tetrad. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">3A</figureCitation>
). This clade, inclusive of
<taxonomicName box="[1140,1257,444,466]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1140,1257,444,466]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Artedidraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1277,1374,444,466]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Histiodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="velifer">
<emphasis box="[1277,1374,444,466]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">H. velifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1914" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Pogonophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Pogonophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is resolved as the sister lineage of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roule" authorityYear="1913" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Dolloidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longedorsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Dolloidraco longedorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[1010,1104,503,525]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[103,131,1720,1740]" captionTargetBox="[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on maximum likelihood analyses of concatenated ddRAD datasets using IQ-TREE. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846955/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Figs. 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[1119,1153,503,526]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[103,131,1505,1525]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-157@6.[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on multispecies coalescent analyses of SNPs extracted from ddRAD datasets using tetrad. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">3A</figureCitation>
). These relationships among the major artedidraconine lineages are also resolved in the species tree analysis of the min126 dataset (
<figureCitation box="[1334,1410,562,585]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[103,131,1505,1525]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-157@6.[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on multispecies coalescent analyses of SNPs extracted from ddRAD datasets using tetrad. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
); however, the concatenated analyses of the min126 and min144 datasets as well as the species tree analysis of the min144 dataset result in slightly different topologies. In each of these analyses,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roule" authorityYear="1913" box="[963,1126,680,702]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Dolloidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longedorsalis">
<emphasis box="[963,1126,680,702]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">D. longedorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is resolved as the sister lineage of the clade containing
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1055,1150,709,731]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Histiodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="velifer">
<emphasis box="[1055,1150,709,731]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">H. velifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1914" box="[1211,1354,709,731]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Pogonophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1211,1354,709,731]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Pogonophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and this clade including
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roule" authorityYear="1913" box="[981,1153,739,761]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Dolloidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longedorsalis">
<emphasis box="[981,1153,739,761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">D. longedorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1175,1275,739,761]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Histiodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="velifer">
<emphasis box="[1175,1275,739,761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">H. velifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1914" box="[1354,1497,739,761]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Pogonophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1354,1497,739,761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Pogonophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is resolved as the sister lineage of
<taxonomicName box="[1215,1332,768,790]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1215,1332,768,790]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Artedidraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[1348,1470,769,791]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[103,131,1720,1740]" captionTargetBox="[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on maximum likelihood analyses of concatenated ddRAD datasets using IQ-TREE. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846955/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Figs. 2B, C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[1483,1517,768,791]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[103,131,1505,1525]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-157@6.[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on multispecies coalescent analyses of SNPs extracted from ddRAD datasets using tetrad. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">3C</figureCitation>
). These alternative phylogenetic hypotheses likely emerge from differences in the phylogenetic information content across our analyzed datasets. Specifically, the hypothesized placement of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roule" authorityYear="1913" box="[1030,1204,886,908]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Dolloidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longedorsalis">
<emphasis box="[1030,1204,886,908]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">D. longedorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister to
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1368,1470,886,908]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Histiodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="velifer">
<emphasis box="[1368,1470,886,908]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">H. velifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1914" box="[859,1002,916,938]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Pogonophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[859,1002,916,938]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Pogonophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is resolved only in datasets which contain fewer missing data and therefore also include fewer loci (
<figureCitation captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[103,131,1720,1740]" captionTargetBox="[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on maximum likelihood analyses of concatenated ddRAD datasets using IQ-TREE. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846955/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[890,905,975,998]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[103,131,1505,1525]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-157@6.[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on multispecies coalescent analyses of SNPs extracted from ddRAD datasets using tetrad. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">3</figureCitation>
). It has been demonstrated that stricter thresholds on missing data may result in the filtering out of loci with the highest mutation rates, thereby producing datasets with lower phylogenetic information content (
<bibRefCitation author="Huang, H. &amp; L. L. Knowles" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" pagination="357 - 365" refId="ref10332" refString="Huang, H., and L. L. Knowles. 2016. Unforeseen consequences of excluding missing data from next-generation sequences: simulation study of RAD sequences. Systematic Biology 65: 357 - 365." type="journal article" year="2016">Huang and Knowles, 2016</bibRefCitation>
). The reduction of phylogenetic informativeness in the datasets with fewer loci is evident by the decreasing node support observed for bipartitions in the phylogenies as the number of loci in a dataset is reduced (
<figureCitation box="[867,940,1211,1233]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[103,131,1720,1740]" captionTargetBox="[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[113,1480,178,1691]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on maximum likelihood analyses of concatenated ddRAD datasets using IQ-TREE. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846955/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[953,968,1211,1234]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[103,131,1505,1525]" captionTargetBox="[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-157@6.[103,1491,178,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Artedidraconinae based on multispecies coalescent analyses of SNPs extracted from ddRAD datasets using tetrad. Bootstrap support values for nodes less than 100% are shown. (A) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 64,980 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 84 of the 168 sampled specimens (min84). The sectors of the Southern Ocean where specimens were collected are indicated with colored circles at the tips of the phylogeny. (B) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 19,042 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 126 of the 168 sampled specimens (min126). (C) Phylogeny resulting from analysis of the dataset that includes 1,331 ddRAD loci. The DNA sequence alignments include data for at least 144 of the 168 sampled specimens (min144). See Data Accessibility for tree file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[859,1530,1264,2024]" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[859,1019,1264,1287]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Morphology.—</emphasis>
There are significant differences among species of
<taxonomicName box="[891,1008,1294,1316]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[891,1008,1294,1316]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Artedidraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Parker &amp; Near" authorityYear="2022" box="[1069,1164,1294,1316]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Neodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1069,1164,1294,1316]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Neodraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in several meristic traits (
<figureCitation box="[1459,1524,1294,1316]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[142,170,774,794]" captionTargetBox="[142,1530,178,744]" captionTargetId="figure-384@7.[142,1530,178,744]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) of meristic trait data for five species of Artedidraco and two species of Neodraco. (A) Biplot visualization of PC axes 1 and 2. (B) Visualization of variable loadings for all PC axes 1, 2, and 3. Points and convex hulls in biplots are colored according to species. In panel B, D1 ¼ first dorsal-fin spines, D2 ¼ second dorsal-fin rays, A ¼ anal-fin rays, P ¼ pectoral-fin rays, and ULL ¼ tubular scales in upper lateral line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846959/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation box="[859,974,1323,1345]" captionStart-0="Table 1" captionStart-1="Table 2" captionStart-2="Table 3" captionStart-3="Table 4" captionStartId-0="7.[142,190,1646,1666]" captionStartId-1="8.[103,151,178,198]" captionStartId-2="8.[103,151,1646,1666]" captionStartId-3="9.[142,190,178,198]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="9" captionText-0="Table 1. Counts of tubular upper lateral line scales in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." captionText-1="Table 2. Counts of first dorsal-fin spines in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." captionText-2="Table 3. Counts of anal-fin rays in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." captionText-3="Table 4. Counts of second dorsal-fin rays in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0353D8FFCDFFD1FF57F98358E63587" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0353D8FFC2FFDEFFBEFF5F581B33FA" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" tableUuid-0="DF0353D8FFCDFFD1FF57F98358E63587" tableUuid-1="DF0353D8FFC2FFDEFFBEFF5F581B33FA">Tables 1–4</tableCitation>
; Supplemental
<tableCitation box="[1144,1272,1323,1345]" captionStart-0="Table 3" captionStart-1="Table 4" captionStartId-0="8.[103,151,1646,1666]" captionStartId-1="9.[142,190,178,198]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="Table 3. Counts of anal-fin rays in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." captionText-1="Table 4. Counts of second dorsal-fin rays in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Tables S3–4</tableCitation>
; see Data Accessibility).
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Roule" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[859,1069,1353,1375]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Neodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loennbergi">
<emphasis box="[859,1069,1353,1375]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Neodraco loennbergi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lonnberg" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1131,1272,1353,1375]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Neodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="skottsbergi">
<emphasis box="[1131,1272,1353,1375]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">N. skottsbergi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit a significantly lower mean number of tubular upper lateral-line scales compared with species of
<taxonomicName box="[1174,1291,1411,1433]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1174,1291,1411,1433]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Artedidraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pairwise rank sum Wilcoxon test:
<emphasis box="[1038,1051,1442,1463]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">P</emphasis>
, 0.05 for comparisons with all species except
<taxonomicName box="[939,1111,1470,1492]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longibarbatus">
<emphasis box="[939,1111,1470,1492]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. longibarbatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<tableCitation box="[1126,1206,1471,1493]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[142,190,1646,1666]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1. Counts of tubular upper lateral line scales in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0353D8FFCDFFD1FF57F98358E63587" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" tableUuid="DF0353D8FFCDFFD1FF57F98358E63587">Table 1</tableCitation>
, Supplemental
<tableCitation box="[1381,1483,1471,1493]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="9.[142,190,178,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 4. Counts of second dorsal-fin rays in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Table S4f</tableCitation>
; see Data Accessibility). The mean number of spines in the first dorsal fin exhibited by
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1119,1265,1529,1551]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackletoni">
<emphasis box="[1119,1265,1529,1551]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. shackletoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eastman and Eakin" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1323,1504,1529,1551]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareobarbatus">
<emphasis box="[1323,1504,1529,1551]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. glareobarbatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is significantly higher than that of species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Parker &amp; Near" authorityYear="2022" box="[1351,1446,1559,1581]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Neodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1351,1446,1559,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Neodraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityYear="1905" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. mirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis box="[936,949,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">P</emphasis>
, 0.05 for all comparisons;
<tableCitation box="[1279,1363,1589,1611]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[103,151,178,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Counts of first dorsal-fin spines in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0353D8FFC2FFDEFFBEFF5F581B33FA" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" tableUuid="DF0353D8FFC2FFDEFFBEFF5F581B33FA">Table 2</tableCitation>
; Supplemental
<tableCitation box="[859,977,1618,1640]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="9.[142,190,178,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 4. Counts of second dorsal-fin rays in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Table S4b</tableCitation>
; see Data Accessibility).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityYear="1905" box="[1287,1483,1618,1640]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirus">
<emphasis box="[1287,1483,1618,1640]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Artedidraco mirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1914" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orianae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. orianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName box="[1000,1170,1647,1669]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longibarbatus">
<emphasis box="[1000,1170,1647,1669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. longibarbatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit fewer anal-fin rays than observed in other species of
<taxonomicName box="[1166,1283,1677,1699]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1166,1283,1677,1699]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Artedidraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the two species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Parker &amp; Near" authorityYear="2022" box="[859,954,1706,1728]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Neodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[859,954,1706,1728]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Neodraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation box="[976,1064,1706,1729]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[103,151,1646,1666]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 3. Counts of anal-fin rays in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Table 3</tableCitation>
). In addition,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityYear="1905" box="[1245,1435,1706,1728]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirus">
<emphasis box="[1245,1435,1706,1728]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Artedidraco mirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1914" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="667" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orianae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">A. orianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit a lower mean number of second dorsal-fin rays (
<tableCitation box="[918,1001,1765,1788]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="9.[142,190,178,198]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 4. Counts of second dorsal-fin rays in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Table 4</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[859,1530,1264,2024]" lastBlockId="6.[103,773,1729,2024]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="668" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">
The disparity in the meristic traits is reflected in the results of the PCA (
<figureCitation box="[993,1055,1824,1847]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[142,170,774,794]" captionTargetBox="[142,1530,178,744]" captionTargetId="figure-384@7.[142,1530,178,744]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) of meristic trait data for five species of Artedidraco and two species of Neodraco. (A) Biplot visualization of PC axes 1 and 2. (B) Visualization of variable loadings for all PC axes 1, 2, and 3. Points and convex hulls in biplots are colored according to species. In panel B, D1 ¼ first dorsal-fin spines, D2 ¼ second dorsal-fin rays, A ¼ anal-fin rays, P ¼ pectoral-fin rays, and ULL ¼ tubular scales in upper lateral line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846959/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="667">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The first three PC axes account for 93.4% of the variance in meristic traits. The first PC axis (51.2% of the variation) mostly represents variation in the first dorsal-fin spines and the number of tubular scales in the upper lateral line, the second PC axis (30.2%) mostly describes variation in the number of second dorsal-fin rays and anal-fin rays, and the third PC axis (12.0%) mostly represents variation in the number of pectoral-fin rays. Plotting PC2 against PC1 reveals separation of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lonnberg" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[479,689,1762,1784]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Neodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="668" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="skottsbergi">
<emphasis box="[479,689,1762,1784]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="668">Neodraco skottsbergi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Roule" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Neodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="668" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loennbergi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="668">N. loennbergi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all species of
<taxonomicName box="[424,541,1797,1819]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="668" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[424,541,1797,1819]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="668">Artedidraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
along both PC2 and PC1 (
<figureCitation box="[162,224,1831,1854]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[142,170,774,794]" captionTargetBox="[142,1530,178,744]" captionTargetId="figure-384@7.[142,1530,178,744]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) of meristic trait data for five species of Artedidraco and two species of Neodraco. (A) Biplot visualization of PC axes 1 and 2. (B) Visualization of variable loadings for all PC axes 1, 2, and 3. Points and convex hulls in biplots are colored according to species. In panel B, D1 ¼ first dorsal-fin spines, D2 ¼ second dorsal-fin rays, A ¼ anal-fin rays, P ¼ pectoral-fin rays, and ULL ¼ tubular scales in upper lateral line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846959/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="668">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The distribution of specimens in the PC meristic morphospace is consistent with the diagnosis of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Parker &amp; Near" authorityYear="2022" box="[643,738,1865,1887]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Harpagiferidae" genus="Neodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="668" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[643,738,1865,1887]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="668">Neodraco</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a lower number of tubular scales in the upper lateral line as well two or three spines in the first dorsal fin (
<figureCitation box="[606,668,1933,1955]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[142,170,774,794]" captionTargetBox="[142,1530,178,744]" captionTargetId="figure-384@7.[142,1530,178,744]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) of meristic trait data for five species of Artedidraco and two species of Neodraco. (A) Biplot visualization of PC axes 1 and 2. (B) Visualization of variable loadings for all PC axes 1, 2, and 3. Points and convex hulls in biplots are colored according to species. In panel B, D1 ¼ first dorsal-fin spines, D2 ¼ second dorsal-fin rays, A ¼ anal-fin rays, P ¼ pectoral-fin rays, and ULL ¼ tubular scales in upper lateral line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846959/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="668">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation box="[678,766,1933,1955]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[142,190,1646,1666]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 1. Counts of tubular upper lateral line scales in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0353D8FFCDFFD1FF57F98358E63587" pageId="6" pageNumber="668" tableUuid="DF0353D8FFCDFFD1FF57F98358E63587">Tables 1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation box="[103,119,1967,1990]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[103,151,178,198]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Counts of first dorsal-fin spines in species of Neodraco and Artedidraco. n refers to total number of specimens examined and SD refers to the standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0353D8FFC2FFDEFFBEFF5F581B33FA" pageId="6" pageNumber="668" tableUuid="DF0353D8FFC2FFDEFFBEFF5F581B33FA">2</tableCitation>
). The PC plot shows almost no separation of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[627,772,1967,1989]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="668" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackletoni">
<emphasis box="[627,772,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="668">A. shackletoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eastman and Eakin" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[153,334,2001,2023]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Artedidraconidae" genus="Artedidraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="668" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareobarbatus">
<emphasis box="[153,334,2001,2023]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="668">A. glareobarbatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[349,413,2001,2024]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[142,170,774,794]" captionTargetBox="[142,1530,178,744]" captionTargetId="figure-384@7.[142,1530,178,744]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) of meristic trait data for five species of Artedidraco and two species of Neodraco. (A) Biplot visualization of PC axes 1 and 2. (B) Visualization of variable loadings for all PC axes 1, 2, and 3. Points and convex hulls in biplots are colored according to species. In panel B, D1 ¼ first dorsal-fin spines, D2 ¼ second dorsal-fin rays, A ¼ anal-fin rays, P ¼ pectoral-fin rays, and ULL ¼ tubular scales in upper lateral line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7846959/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="668">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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