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<document id="169D6437F60E370B053366AF3B00F786" ID-CLB-Dataset="55246" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="95de53d6-ac5c-424e-a3ed-087bc2e2912b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8090240" ID-ZooBank="C6664128-1B4E-40C8-80E8-6D09AB49CB30" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1687949290506" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2023" docId="03C387E86621FFF1FF68E2928409FA7A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5310.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5310 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Astrotholus molginos Mah 2023" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFFAFF906631FFE3FFFFE7588613FFBB" masterDocTitle="New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1699530808066" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="347C0854C59FE7C3B184064F45A5C8AA">New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7B50A5112D091D585B3C834044A98D63">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9E67F5427E70A63FEB70FF20EDEA603A">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="25F66B7E9AB23F112EC3C777B9B24B6B">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="CA3C2383B7B1BB9893B24B489451073C" type="CLB-Dataset">55246</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="20D7C3CBBA3D287D77AC91575F9AF24D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C387E86621FFF1FF68E2928409FA7A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090108" ID-GBIF-Taxon="210479568" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8090108" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387E86621FFF1FF68E2928409FA7A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E86621FFF1FF68E2928409FA7A" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="C37065756621FFF3FF68E2928428FA5E" box="[151,571,1482,1509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6621FFF3FF68E2928428FA5E" blockId="16.[151,571,1482,1545]" box="[151,571,1482,1509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D09D81926621FFF3FF68E2928428FA5E" bold="true" box="[151,571,1482,1509]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6621FFF3FF68E2928428FA5E" bold="true" box="[151,571,1482,1509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6621FFF3FF68E2928789FA5E" ID-CoL="d4cd6e3c-4ee1-4ed6-8d60-da1e4c22455d" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,410,1482,1509]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="molginos">Astrotholus molginos</taxonomicName>
n. gen, n. sp.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37065756621FFF3FF68E2B78757F9B2" box="[151,324,1519,1545]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6621FFF3FF68E2B78757F9B2" blockId="16.[151,571,1482,1545]" box="[151,324,1519,1545]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6621FFF3FF68E2B78757F9B2" box="[151,324,1519,1545]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 4A–F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37065756621FFF3FF68E16F8786F922" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6621FFF3FF68E16F870BF9EA" blockId="16.[151,1436,1591,1689]" box="[151,280,1591,1617]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6621FFF3FF68E16F870BF9EA" bold="true" box="[151,280,1591,1617]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6621FFF3FF38E1038786F922" blockId="16.[151,1436,1591,1689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The species epithet
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6621FFF3FE5CE1038419F9CE" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[419,522,1627,1653]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="molginos">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6621FFF3FE5CE1038419F9CE" box="[419,522,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">molginos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to the Greek “of hide or skin” alluding to the dermis which covers the body surface of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37065756621FFF3FF68E19E8442F802" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6621FFF3FF68E19E8719F95B" blockId="16.[151,1436,1734,1977]" box="[151,266,1734,1760]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6621FFF3FF68E19E8719F95B" bold="true" box="[151,266,1734,1760]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6621FFF3FF38E1B38442F802" blockId="16.[151,1436,1734,1977]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Stellate body with R/r=1.2–2.0, abactinal plates imbricate, irregular on disk but showing strongly linear, transverse series interradially (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6621FFF3FE0EE0578482F892" box="[497,657,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4A, B, D</figureCitation>
). Body surface covered by thin dermal tissue (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6621FFF3FB5EE057830EF892" box="[1185,1309,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4D, E</figureCitation>
). Abactinal plates with 1–9, usually 2–4 short glassine spinelets with most arranged on the convex side of the imbricate plates (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6621FFF3FF60E00F870AF8CA" box="[159,281,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4D, E</figureCitation>
), in single series interradially but in clusters elsewhere. Furrow spines 3 to 6 (at R=
<quantity id="4C929B1B6621FFF3FB3BE00F8307F8CA" box="[1220,1300,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="2.2">2.2 cm</quantity>
), webbed in weakly palmate to straight series. Subambulacral spines two or three in a cluster standing apart from furrow spines, at transverse to oblique angle (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6621FFF3FE10E0C78456F802" box="[495,581,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF1566766620FFF2FF68E03E874CF851" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6620FFF2FF68E03E874CF851" blockId="17.[151,1437,1894,2026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6620FFF2FF68E03E8480F8C5" bold="true" box="[151,659,1894,1918]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
FIGURE 4.
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6620FFF2FEE2E03E87ECF8C5" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[285,511,1894,1918]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="molginos" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6620FFF2FEE2E03E87ECF8C5" bold="true" box="[285,511,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Astrotholus molginos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976620FFF2FDF8E03E8443F8C5" box="[519,592,1894,1918]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
n. sp.
</emphasis>
USNM 1659633 Holotype.
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6620FFF2FC44E03E85C7F8C5" bold="true" box="[955,980,1894,1918]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A.</emphasis>
Abactinal surface.
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6620FFF2FB62E03E82A7F8C5" bold="true" box="[1181,1204,1894,1918]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B.</emphasis>
Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns.
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6620FFF2FE39E0D287CCF819" bold="true" box="[454,479,1930,1954]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C.</emphasis>
Actinal surface.
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6620FFF2FD6CE0D284B8F819" bold="true" box="[659,683,1930,1954]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">D.</emphasis>
Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates.
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6620FFF2FBBFE0D28244F819" bold="true" box="[1088,1111,1930,1954]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E.</emphasis>
Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates.
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6620FFF2FD33E0F684CCF87D" bold="true" box="[716,735,1966,1990]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">F.</emphasis>
Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37065756623FFF1FF68E7CE848FFE16" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6623FFF1FF68E7CE870BFF0B" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,321]" box="[151,280,150,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6623FFF1FF68E7CE870BFF0B" bold="true" box="[151,280,150,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Comments</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6623FFF1FF38E7E38348FEFA" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,321]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6623FFF1FF38E7E387A1FF6E" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[199,434,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="molginos" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6623FFF1FF38E7E387A1FF6E" box="[199,434,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Astrotholus molginos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976623FFF1FE48E7E38412FF6E" box="[439,513,187,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
n. sp. appears to be the most morphologically dissimilar relative to the other species within
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6623FFF1FF18E7878775FF42" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[231,358,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6623FFF1FF18E7878775FF42" box="[231,358,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Astrotholus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976623FFF1FE90E78787AEFF42" box="[367,445,223,249]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
This is attributed to the flattened plates, as well as the dermis present on the abactinal surface and the relatively simple spination rather than the granuliform spinelets present in
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6623FFF1FB66E65B8725FEFA" authority="(Fisher, 1940)" authorityName="CASIZ" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6623FFF1FB66E65B838EFEA7" box="[1177,1437,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Astrotholus antarcticus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6623FFF1FF60E67F873DFEFA" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[159,302,295,321]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This species shares the greatest morphological affinity with
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6623FFF1FC27E67F82DBFEFA" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[984,1224,295,321]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="infernalis" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6623FFF1FC27E67F82DBFEFA" box="[984,1224,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Astrotholus infernalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976623FFF1FB31E67F830AFEFA" box="[1230,1305,295,321]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
n. sp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6623FFF1FF68E636848FFE16" blockId="18.[151,668,366,429]" box="[151,668,366,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6623FFF1FF68E6368731FE33" bold="true" box="[151,290,366,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Occurrence</emphasis>
Scotia Sea, South Atlantic,
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37065756623FFF1FF68E6828409FA7A" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6623FFF1FF68E6828732FE4F" blockId="18.[151,1437,474,1473]" box="[151,289,474,500]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6623FFF1FF68E6828732FE4F" bold="true" box="[151,289,474,500]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6623FFF1FF38E6A785BAFDDA" blockId="18.[151,1437,474,1473]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Body stellate, R/r=1.2–2.0, disk strongly arched and centrally rising up above surface on arms triangular, interradial arcs weakly curved (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6623FFF1FE04E57B8465FD86" box="[507,630,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
). Lateral edge thin and flat. No specimens found larger than R=
<quantity id="4C929B1B6623FFF1FAB7E57B838AFD86" box="[1352,1433,547,573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="2.2">2.2 cm</quantity>
. Body surface covered with thin dermal tissue layer (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6623FFF1FD1FE51F858EFDDA" box="[736,925,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4A, B, D, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6623FFF1FF38E533821AFC1E" blockId="18.[151,1437,474,1473]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Abactinal plates flat and round in outline, imbricate (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6623FFF1FCE4E5338584FD3E" box="[795,919,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4B, D</figureCitation>
). Each plate with short glassine spinelets 1–9, mostly 2–4 located on proximal (non-imbricate) convex end of plate. Remainder of plate bare lacking accessories. Spinelets in clusters on most plates but arranged single file on interradial disk plate surfaces. Plates largest on disk and radial regions along arms, smallest distally on interradial regions on disk. Disk and radial arm plates in irregular arrangement in contrast to those interradially, which are present in ordered, transverse series from disk and radial arm plates to superomarginal plates (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6623FFF1FD42E447850BFC82" box="[701,792,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
). Interradial ordered plates more elongate than those on central disk region (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6623FFF1FE85E41B87E4FCE6" box="[378,503,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4B, D</figureCitation>
). Anus flanked by approximately four abactinal plates with spinelets directed over opening. Papulae in single pores, four to six, observed at base of arms and on disk but concealed by imbricate plates. Madreporite polygonal in shape with shallow sulci. No pedicellariae observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6623FFF1FF38E4F78326FB1A" blockId="18.[151,1437,474,1473]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Marginal plates form scalloped lateral edge around periphery of body, with distinct spacing present between plates (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6623FFF1FF60E48B872FFC56" box="[159,316,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4B, D, E</figureCitation>
). Superomarginals present on abactinal surface, inferomarginals on actinal surface. Superomarginal plates offset, alternating in series with transverse interradial plate series. At R=1.2, approximately 60 marginal plates are present in each interradius versus 40 per interradius at R=
<quantity id="4C929B1B6623FFF1FCB8E343858BFB8E" box="[839,920,1051,1077]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="0.9">0.9 cm</quantity>
. Superomarginals quadrate to round, flattened to convex with short spinelets, 1 to 4 present on surface. Inferomarginals round, offset contact with superomarginals. Inferomarginals 1:1 with actinal plate series, which are present in distinct, ordered linear series on actinal surface (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6623FFF1FF60E3DF86E6FB1A" box="[159,245,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
). Terminal plates large, approximately the size of 10 adjacent marginal plates, broadly triangular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6623FFF1FF38E3F38349FAB6" blockId="18.[151,1437,474,1473]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Actinal intermediate areas forming distinct linear rows in each interradius with each actinal plate series showing direct correspondence between the inferomarginal plates to an adambulacral plate (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6623FFF1FBDBE3978268FB52" box="[1060,1147,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). Each actinal plate round, imbricate, covered by a thin dermal tissue. Each plate with spinelets, 1 to 3 with greatest number proximally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6623FFF1FF38E24F8409FA7A" blockId="18.[151,1437,474,1473]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Furrow spines webbed, 3 to 6 (at R=0.8 to 2.2) highest number proximally decreasing distally (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6623FFF1FB1DE24F8324FA8A" box="[1250,1335,1303,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
). Furrow spines in more palmate curve proximally becoming nearly straight midway to distally along arm. Subambulacral spines two or three in a cluster standing apart from furrow spines, at transverse to oblique angle (
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6623FFF1FB02E2078346FAC2" box="[1277,1365,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-15@17.[151,1436,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Astrotholus molginos n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1659633 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Lateral view showing off plates and plate patterns. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal-lateral and marginal plates. E. Contact between abactinal and marginal plates showing thickened dermis over plates. F. Actinal surface showing furrow spines and plate patterns on actinal intermediate plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090252/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
). Oral plates prominent with raised central ridge, furrow spines on oral plates, 7 to 8. Fissure between oral plates well developed. Living color unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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