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<mods:title id="69321C73CB22AB7FC9D860E3205927E0">A synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Trinidad and Tobago</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FF9C2BD0C80C0CC8457C73D5B27603D0">González, Jorge M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8F74D6E5D816293A5F42E6F76D6FBCC">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="6C4E93155B086821768CE259A0F5E0F1">2004</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03BA87FEFFEF4554FE85FA0A5081F92B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6271436" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119608990" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6271436" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BA87FEFFEF4554FE85FA0A5081F92B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87FEFFEF4554FE85FA0A5081F92B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<subSubSection id="C3096563FFEF4558FE85FA0A5738FA5E" box="[264,835,1438,1464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFEF4558FE85FA0A5738FA5E" blockId="7.[264,835,1438,1464]" box="[264,835,1438,1464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFEF4558FE85FA0A5738FA5E" bold="true" box="[264,835,1438,1464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFEF4558FE85FA0A5699FA5E" authority="Houlbert 1918" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[264,738,1438,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="licus" subSpecies="insularis">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFEF4558FE85FA0A566FFA5E" bold="true" box="[264,532,1438,1464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Telchin licus insularis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FDAEFA0A56A1FA5E" author="Houlbert" box="[547,730,1438,1464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert 1918</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 9)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3096563FFEF4557FE85FA7E559FF9D0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFEF4558FE85FA7E57A9F9C6" blockId="7.[264,1323,1513,1761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFEF4558FE85FA7E5660F9E6" ID-CoL="RQMQ" authority="Drury 1773" authorityName="Drury" authorityYear="1773" box="[264,539,1513,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFEF4558FE85FA7E55EFF9E7" box="[264,404,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Castnia licus</emphasis>
Drury 1773
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FDABFA7D56CDF9E6" author="Potter" box="[550,694,1513,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="17" refString="Potter, T. J. (1893) Castnia licus: a banana pest. Journal of the Trinidad Field Naturalists' Club, 1, 141 - 142." type="journal article" year="1893">Potter (1893)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FD4FFA7D5731F9E6" author="Kaye" box="[706,842,1513,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Kaye, W. J. (1901) A preliminary catalogue of the Lepidoptera Heterocera of Trinidad. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1901, 115 - 158, 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1901">Kaye (1901)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FCDBFA7D5795F9E6" author="Ballou" box="[854,1006,1513,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" refString="Ballou, H. A. (1905) Review of the insect pests affecting the sugar-cane. West Indian Bulletin, 6, 37 - 47." type="journal article" year="1905">Ballou (1905)</bibRefCitation>
; Urich (1909, 1915);
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FB58FA7D55F9F9C6" author="Wolcott" pageId="7" pageNumber="17" refString="Wolcott, G. N. (1913) Report on a trip to Demerara, Trinidad and Barbados during the winter of 1913. Journal of Economic Entomology, 6, 443 - 457." type="journal article" year="1913">Wolcott (1913)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FE00F99D564AF9C6" author="Skinner" box="[397,561,1545,1568]" pageId="7" pageNumber="17" refString="Skinner, H. M. (1930) The giant moth borer of sugar-cane (Castnia licus - Drury). Tropical Agriculture, 7 (supplement), 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1930">Skinner (1930)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FDB1F99D573AF9C6" author="Vesey-Fitzgerald" box="[572,833,1545,1568]" pageId="7" pageNumber="17" refString="Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. (1936) The incidence of the large moth borer, Castnia licus, in wild plants in Trinidad. Tropical Agriculture, 13, 37." type="journal article" year="1936">Vesey­Fitzgerald (1936)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FCC1F99D57B5F9C6" author="Graf" box="[844,974,1545,1568]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Graf, L. J. (1942) Local insect pests. Notes on insects that attack coconut, cacao, sugar-cane, and citrus in Trinidad. Yuille's Printerie Ltd., Port of Spain, Trinidad, 28 pp." type="book" year="1942">Graf (1942)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFEF4558FE85F9BE501EF9A6" blockId="7.[264,1323,1513,1761]" box="[264,1125,1577,1601]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFEF4558FE85F9BE56E6F9A6" ID-CoL="967KB" authority="Houlbert 1918" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[264,669,1577,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="licus" subSpecies="insularis">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFEF4558FE85F9BE558CF9A7" box="[264,503,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Castnia licus insularis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FE72F9BD56E6F9A6" author="Houlbert" box="[511,669,1577,1600]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FD25F9BD572CF9A6" author="Houlbert" box="[680,855,1577,1600]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert (1918)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FCEFF9BD501AF9A6" author="Kaye" box="[866,1121,1577,1600]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Kaye, W. J., Lamont, N. (1927) A catalogue of the Trinidad Lepidoptera Heterocera (Moths). Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture of Trinidad and Tobago, 3, 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1927">Kaye &amp; Lamont (1927)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFEF4558FE85F9DE55FDF966" blockId="7.[264,1323,1513,1761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFEF4558FE85F9DE561DF986" ID-CoL="RQMP" authority="Boisduval 1874" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1874" box="[264,614,1609,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licoides">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFEF4558FE85F9DE55CFF987" box="[264,436,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Castnia licoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FE36F9DD561DF986" author="Boisduval" box="[443,614,1609,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" refString="Boisduval, J. B. A. D. (1874) Species general des Lepidopteres Heteroceres. Tome premier: Sphingides, Sesiides, Castnides. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 568 pp." type="book" year="1874">Boisduval 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FDFDF9DD5687F986" author="Myers" box="[624,764,1609,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1931) A preliminary report on an investigation into the biological control of West Indian insect pests. Empire Marketing Board 42, London, 172 pp." type="book" year="1931">Myers (1931</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FC8AF9DD5744F986" author="Myers" box="[775,831,1609,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1935) Second report on an investigation into the biological control of West Indian pests. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 26, 181 - 252." type="journal article" year="1935">1935</bibRefCitation>
, 1938); Box (1954);
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FB90F9DD50DDF986" author="Cock" box="[1053,1190,1609,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (ed.) (1985) A review of biological control of pests in the Commonwealth Caribbean and Bermuda up to 1982. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Communication 9. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Farnham Royal, UK, 218 pp." type="book" year="1985">Cock (1985)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FB3DF9DD55F9F966" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" refString="Des Vignes, W. (1987) Literature review of control of giant moth-borer, Castnia licoides (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) on sugarcane. Journal of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago, 87, 63 - 67." type="journal article">Des Vignes (1987)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFEF4558FE85F91E5016F946" blockId="7.[264,1323,1513,1761]" box="[264,1133,1673,1697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFEF4558FE85F91E56C5F946" ID-CoL="967KB" authority="Houlbert 1918" authorityName="Houlbert" authorityYear="1918" box="[264,702,1673,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="licoides" subSpecies="insularis">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFEF4558FE85F91E5663F947" box="[264,536,1674,1697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Castnia licoides insularis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FD92F91D56C5F946" author="Houlbert" box="[543,702,1673,1696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FD45F91D5735F946" author="Lathy" box="[712,846,1673,1696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Lathy, P. I. (1922) An account of the Castniinae in the collection of Madame Gaston Fournier (Lepidoptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 9 (49), 68 - 86." type="journal article" year="1922">Lathy (1922</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FCD4F91D57E9F946" author="Lathy" box="[857,914,1673,1696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Lathy, P. I. (1925) The Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Trinidad and Tobago. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 16, 242 - 243." type="journal article" year="1925">1925</bibRefCitation>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FC28F91D5012F946" author="Rothschild" box="[933,1129,1673,1696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="17" refString="Rothschild, L. W. (1919) Supplementary notes to the review of Houlbert and Oberthur's monograph of Castniinae by Talbot and Prout. Novitates Zoologicae, 26 (1), 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1919">Rothschild (1919)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFEF4558FE85F93E57B7F926" blockId="7.[264,1323,1513,1761]" box="[264,972,1705,1729]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFEF4558FE85F93E55CFF927" ID-CoL="RQMP" box="[264,436,1706,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licoides">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFEF4558FE85F93E55CFF927" box="[264,436,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Castnia licoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ab.
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFEF4558FE6FF93E563CF927" box="[482,583,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">licoidella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FDC0F93D5697F926" author="Houlbert" box="[589,748,1705,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="15" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert 1918</bibRefCitation>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FD7BF93D5707F926" author="Lathy" box="[758,892,1705,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Lathy, P. I. (1922) An account of the Castniinae in the collection of Madame Gaston Fournier (Lepidoptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 9 (49), 68 - 86." type="journal article" year="1922">Lathy (1922</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FC0BF93D57C4F926" author="Lathy" box="[902,959,1705,1728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Lathy, P. I. (1925) The Castniidae (Lepidoptera) of Trinidad and Tobago. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 16, 242 - 243." type="journal article" year="1925">1925</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFEF4558FE85F95E573EF906" blockId="7.[264,1323,1513,1761]" box="[264,837,1737,1761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFEF4558FE85F95E55EDF907" box="[264,406,1738,1761]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Leucocastnia</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFEF4558FE10F95E56D5F906" ID-CoL="967KB" authority="(Houlbert)" authorityName="Houlbert" baseAuthorityName="Houlbert" box="[413,686,1737,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="licus" subSpecies="insularis">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFEF4558FE10F95E5648F907" box="[413,563,1738,1761]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">licus insularis</emphasis>
(Houlbert)
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FD35F95D573AF906" author="Cock" box="[696,833,1737,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (2003) On the number of species of moths (Lepidoptera) in Trinidad and Tobago. Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2003, 49 - 58." type="journal article" year="2003">Cock (2003)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFEF4557FE85F8855694FD90" blockId="7.[264,1323,1809,1875]" lastBlockId="8.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFEF4558FE85F88555E0F8CC" box="[264,411,1809,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFEF4558FE85F88555E0F8CC" box="[264,411,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Telchin licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widespread and variable species in South and Central
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFEF4558FBCAF88550CBF8CD" box="[1095,1200,1809,1835]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">America</collectingCountry>
. The taxonomic status of the associated subspecies and forms are confusing, and as
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFEF4558FB07F8AD5150F8B5" author="Miller" box="[1162,1323,1849,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="16" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (ed.). Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea - Pyraloidea - Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publications, Gainesville, USA, pp. 133 - 137, 176 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1995">Miller (1995)</bibRefCitation>
points out “far too many specific epithets and/or forms have been described”. Several recent works have made changes (González 2003;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FC0DFED05062FEB8" author="Lamas" box="[896,1049,324,350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FBA6FED050C7FEB8" author="Miller" box="[1067,1212,324,350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (ed.). Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea - Pyraloidea - Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publications, Gainesville, USA, pp. 133 - 137, 176 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1995">Miller 1995</bibRefCitation>
) without establishing a clear unambiguous taxonomy. Our treatment here, therefore, must be considered provisional pending a detailed study based on good dated series, genitalia dissections, and ideally DNA analysis.
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE04557FD22FE285732FE33" box="[687,841,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FD22FE285732FE33" box="[687,841,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Telchin licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FBD6FE2850B9FE30" box="[1115,1218,444,470]" name="Suriname" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Surinam</collectingCountry>
, but the nominate subspecies may be restricted to east
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FCA0FE70570FFE18" box="[813,884,484,510]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(G. Lamas pers. comm.). It has been suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE04557FE4CFD985662FDC3" box="[449,537,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FE4CFD985662FDC3" box="[449,537,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE04557FDD2FD985715FDC3" ID-CoL="RQP3" box="[607,878,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castniomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atymnius">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FDD2FD985715FDC3" box="[607,878,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Castniomera atymnius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be conspecific (see discussion above under the later species), but the most recent treatment (
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FC55FDA05010FDA8" author="Lamas" box="[984,1131,564,590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas 1995</bibRefCitation>
) retains them as separate species, and we follow that here.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE04557FEB5FD105036FC68" blockId="8.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Based on five males and one female from
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FCA1FD1057EBFD78" box="[812,912,644,670]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
with no specific locality,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FB4FFD10552CFD20" author="Houlbert" pageId="8" pageNumber="15" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert (1918)</bibRefCitation>
recognized an “intermediate variety” compared to those from the “Guyanes” and named it “form
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FE40FD405630FD0B" box="[461,587,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">insularis”,</emphasis>
which characteristically “never had more than four reddishorange spots in the external margin of the hind wings”. We follow current usage and treat this form as a valid subspecies (
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FDF2FCB0576EFCD8" author="Lamas" box="[639,789,804,830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FCACFCB057D4FCD8" author="Miller" box="[801,943,804,830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FC31FCB05781FCD8" author="Miller" box="[956,1018,804,830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (ed.). Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea - Pyraloidea - Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publications, Gainesville, USA, pp. 133 - 137, 176 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
), but we doubt that it will prove to be distinct from nominate
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE04557FD3EFCD8577CFC83" box="[691,775,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FD3EFCD8577CFC83" box="[691,775,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when the species is fully researched. Similar populations occur in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FE72FCE05608FC68" box="[511,627,884,910]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Colombia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FD21FCE0575EFC68" box="[684,805,884,910]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(G. Lamas pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE04557FEB5FC085169FB28" blockId="8.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE04557FEB5FC085601FC50" ID-CoL="RQMP" authority="Boisduval" authorityName="Boisduval" box="[312,634,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licoides">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FEB5FC08558CFC53" box="[312,503,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Castnia licoides</emphasis>
Boisduval
</taxonomicName>
, was described from
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FCF4FC0857BAFC50" box="[889,961,924,950]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(Santa Catharina), and is now considered a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE04557FDCCFC5056EDFC3B" box="[577,662,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FDCCFC5056EDFC3B" box="[577,662,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FD6CFC505708FC38" author="Miller" box="[737,883,964,990]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (ed.). Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea - Pyraloidea - Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publications, Gainesville, USA, pp. 133 - 137, 176 - 177." type="book chapter" year="1995">Miller 1995</bibRefCitation>
), but the name has been used in the
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FE85FC785517FBE0" box="[264,364,1004,1030]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
literature for
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE04557FD82FC7856A9FBE3" box="[527,722,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="licus" subSpecies="insularis">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FD82FC7856A9FBE3" box="[527,722,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. licus insularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. des
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FCCEFC7857A0FBE0" author="Vignes" box="[835,987,1004,1030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="14" refString="Des Vignes, W. (1987) Literature review of control of giant moth-borer, Castnia licoides (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) on sugarcane. Journal of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago, 87, 63 - 67." type="journal article" year="1987">Vignes 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FC7DFC7850D5FBE0" author="Houlbert" box="[1008,1198,1004,1030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="15" refString="Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730." type="journal article" year="1918">Houlbert (1918)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FB6AFC78552DFBC8" author="Lathy" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Lathy, P. I. (1922) An account of the Castniinae in the collection of Madame Gaston Fournier (Lepidoptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 9 (49), 68 - 86." type="journal article" year="1922">Lathy (1922)</bibRefCitation>
report “
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE04557FE35FB80560EFBCB" ID-CoL="RQMP" box="[440,629,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licoides">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FE35FB80560EFBCB" box="[440,629,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Castnia licoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ab.
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FD2BFB80576EFBCB" box="[678,789,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">licoidella</emphasis>
Strand” (Fig. 10) “from St. Ann’s”,
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FB32FB80515CFBC8" box="[1215,1319,1044,1070]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
. The form
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FEF0FBA85597FBB3" box="[381,492,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">licoidella</emphasis>
is thought to have been described from
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FC4EFBA85782FBB0" box="[963,1017,1084,1110]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FB85FBA850E0FBB0" author="Lamas" box="[1032,1179,1084,1110]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87." type="journal article" year="1995">Lamas 1995</bibRefCitation>
) and is usually treated as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE04557FDD6FBF056D6FB9B" box="[603,685,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FDD6FBF056D6FB9B" box="[603,685,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on a comparison of the genitalia (
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FB01FBF05165FB98" author="Miller" box="[1164,1310,1124,1150]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). Ph. D. thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA, 571 pp." type="book" year="1986">Miller 1986</bibRefCitation>
), although G. Lamas (pers. comm.) suggests it may be a valid species. In our opinion,
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FB7DFB185541FB28" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
specimens associated with this name are color pattern varieties of
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE04557FBC4FB205171FB2B" box="[1097,1290,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="licus" subSpecies="insularis">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FBC4FB205171FB2B" box="[1097,1290,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. licus insularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE04557FEB5FB48559FF9D0" blockId="8.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
This is the most common and widespread castniid in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FC21FB48506BFB10" box="[940,1040,1244,1270]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
and as indicated above, it has been mentioned in the
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FDEDFA9056BFFAF8" box="[608,708,1284,1310]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
literature under several synonyms. Perhaps surprisingly, it is not known from
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE04557FDDAFAB856C9FAA0" box="[599,690,1324,1350]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tobago</collectingCountry>
. It is locally known as the giant moth borer or large moth borer of sugar cane,
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE04557FDB7FAC057B3FA88" ID-CoL="4TWQL" box="[570,968,1364,1390]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinarum">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE04557FDB7FAC05735FA8B" box="[570,846,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Saccharum officinarum</emphasis>
(Poaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(des
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FB8AFAC050E5FA88" author="Vignes" box="[1031,1182,1364,1390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="14" refString="Des Vignes, W. (1987) Literature review of control of giant moth-borer, Castnia licoides (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) on sugarcane. Journal of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago, 87, 63 - 67." type="journal article" year="1987">Vignes 1987</bibRefCitation>
). It can be a significant pest; individually the larvae are the most damaging pest of sugar cane (
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FB53FAE8553CFA58" author="Myers" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1931) A preliminary report on an investigation into the biological control of West Indian insect pests. Empire Marketing Board 42, London, 172 pp." type="book" year="1931">Myers 1931</bibRefCitation>
). Early in the twentieth century, large­scale netting of adults was a control measure – more than 100,000 could be caught on one estate in one season (
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FBBDFA5850C5FA00" author="Urich" box="[1072,1214,1484,1510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" refString="Urich, F. W. (1912) Sugar-cane insects in Trinidad. West Indian Bulletin, 12, 388 - 391." type="journal article" year="1912">Urich 1912</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FB42FA58553CF9E8" author="Wolcott" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" refString="Wolcott, G. N. (1913) Report on a trip to Demerara, Trinidad and Barbados during the winter of 1913. Journal of Economic Entomology, 6, 443 - 457." type="journal article" year="1913">Wolcott 1913</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FED6FA60558BF9E8" author="Cock" box="[347,496,1524,1550]" pageId="8" pageNumber="14" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (ed.) (1985) A review of biological control of pests in the Commonwealth Caribbean and Bermuda up to 1982. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Communication 9. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Farnham Royal, UK, 218 pp." type="book" year="1985">Cock (1985)</bibRefCitation>
summarizes efforts towards its biological control, which thus far have been unsuccessful.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3096563FFE04556FEB5F9D05643FBB0" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE04556FEB5F9D05618FE18" blockId="8.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastBlockId="9.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FEB5F9D05592F9B8" author="Skinner" box="[312,489,1604,1630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" refString="Skinner, H. M. (1930) The giant moth borer of sugar-cane (Castnia licus - Drury). Tropical Agriculture, 7 (supplement), 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1930">Skinner (1930)</bibRefCitation>
presents a detailed life cycle of the moth, including color illustrations in which two adult “forms” can be seen, and discusses control measures in sugar cane. We summarize Skinner’s observations here and note that they are similar to the brief descriptions in
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FEE5F928567EF930" author="Ballou" box="[360,517,1724,1750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="14" refString="Ballou, H. A. (1905) Review of the insect pests affecting the sugar-cane. West Indian Bulletin, 6, 37 - 47." type="journal article" year="1905">Ballou (1905</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FD9FF9285635F930" author="Ballou" box="[530,590,1724,1750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="14" refString="Ballou, H. A. (1912) Insect pests of the Lesser Antilles. Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies, Pamphlet Series, 71, 1 - 210." type="journal article" year="1912">1912</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE04557FD1CF928575BF930" author="Graf" box="[657,800,1724,1750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="15" refString="Graf, L. J. (1942) Local insect pests. Notes on insects that attack coconut, cacao, sugar-cane, and citrus in Trinidad. Yuille's Printerie Ltd., Port of Spain, Trinidad, 28 pp." type="book" year="1942">Graf (1942)</bibRefCitation>
. Eggs are typically laid singly at the base of the cane between the dry trash and the stem. Eggs are
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE04557FC0EF97057BCF918" box="[899,967,1764,1790]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
in length, spindle shaped, and with five longitudinal keels. They are rosy­lavender when first laid and hatch in 7–14 days. The newly hatched larvae (
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE04557FD19F8A056A2F8A8" box="[660,729,1844,1870]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
in length) make their way down between the leaf sheath and the cane to ground level, where they make a small cavity and then tunnel into the heart of the cane. The larva tunnels upwards and downwards, and creates a shelter in the rootstock where it normally rests. Larvae mature after about eight weeks, often longer, and are about
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE14556FE3AFE005660FE48" box="[439,539,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
long. Pupation takes place in the rootstock or at the base of the cane, and lasts 4–6 weeks. The larva makes an emergence window
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE14556FBC7FE2850A0FE30" box="[1098,1243,444,470]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="88.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="76.0">76–100 mm</quantity>
above ground level before pupation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE14556FEB5FD985643FBB0" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Sugar cane is an exotic crop in the Americas (
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FCDBFD98505AFDC0" author="Purseglove" box="[854,1057,524,550]" pageId="9" pageNumber="17" refString="Purseglove, J. W. (1968) Tropical crops Monocotyledons. Longman Group, London, 607 pp." type="book" year="1968">Purseglove 1968</bibRefCitation>
), so
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FBDBFD9850D3FDC3" box="[1110,1192,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FBDBFD9850D3FDC3" box="[1110,1192,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
must have native host plants that were used before sugar cane became available.
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FBC2FDA0508EFDA8" author="Ballou" box="[1103,1269,564,590]" pageId="9" pageNumber="14" refString="Ballou, H. A. (1905) Review of the insect pests affecting the sugar-cane. West Indian Bulletin, 6, 37 - 47." type="journal article" year="1905">Ballou (1905)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FE85FDC855D3FD90" author="Myers" box="[264,424,604,630]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1931) A preliminary report on an investigation into the biological control of West Indian insect pests. Empire Marketing Board 42, London, 172 pp." type="book" year="1931">Myers (1931)</bibRefCitation>
suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FDCFFDC856EEFD93" box="[578,661,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FDCFFDC856EEFD93" box="[578,661,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
became a significant pest of sugar cane in the first years of the 20th century, perhaps two centuries after sugar cane was first grown in the region. In order to locate possible sources for effective parasitoids and predators for use in the biological control of
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FE6EFD405643FD0B" box="[483,568,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FE6EFD405643FD0B" box="[483,568,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in sugar cane,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FD7AFD4057E8FD08" author="Myers" box="[759,915,724,750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1931) A preliminary report on an investigation into the biological control of West Indian insect pests. Empire Marketing Board 42, London, 172 pp." type="book" year="1931">Myers (1931</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FC2EFD4057A4FD08" author="Myers" box="[931,991,724,750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1932) The original habitat and hosts of three major sugar-cane pests of tropical America. (Diatraea, Castnia and Tomaspis). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 23, 257 - 271." type="journal article" year="1932">1932</bibRefCitation>
) studied the question of its original food plants. He considered
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FD22FD68577FFCF3" box="[687,772,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FD22FD68577FFCF3" box="[687,772,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be primarily a forest species and found that
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FE85FCB056F1FCD8" box="[264,650,804,830]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bihai">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FE85FCB055B8FCDB" box="[264,451,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Heliconia bihai</emphasis>
(Heliconiaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, a common species of disturbed and secondary forests, frequently is used as a food plant in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE14556FD44FCD85756FC80" box="[713,813,844,870]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
up to
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE14556FC0CFCD857B5FC80" box="[897,974,844,870]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="610.0">610 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FC6DFCD8500CFC80" author="Myers" box="[992,1143,844,870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1932) The original habitat and hosts of three major sugar-cane pests of tropical America. (Diatraea, Castnia and Tomaspis). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 23, 257 - 271." type="journal article" year="1932">Myers 1932</bibRefCitation>
). According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FE85FCE055D5FC68" author="Myers" box="[264,430,884,910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1935) Second report on an investigation into the biological control of West Indian pests. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 26, 181 - 252." type="journal article" year="1935">Myers (1935)</bibRefCitation>
, the young larva begins boring high up into the stalk, probably where the egg is laid. Initially it ascends the stem, but then descends; all large larvae are found at or below the ground surface, before passing up the stem
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE14556FCF7FC5057B8FC38" box="[890,963,964,990]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 m</quantity>
to pupate. Mature leaves commonly show a transverse row of regularly spaced holes across their width. These holes are made as the young larva bores its way into the growing spike when the young leaf is still wrapped within the spike.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3096563FFE14555FEB5FBF05633FC80" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE14556FEB5FBF05522F8C0" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Although
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FE3DFBF0567CFB9B" box="[432,519,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FE3DFBF0567CFB9B" box="[432,519,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
commonly attacks
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FD79FBF0572CFB9B" box="[756,855,1124,1149]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bihai">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FD79FBF0572CFB9B" box="[756,855,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. bihai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE14556FC0EFBF05791FB98" box="[899,1002,1124,1150]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
, it has several other hosts.
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FE85FB1855D6FB40" author="Ballou" box="[264,429,1164,1190]" pageId="9" pageNumber="14" refString="Ballou, H. A. (1912) Insect pests of the Lesser Antilles. Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies, Pamphlet Series, 71, 1 - 210." type="journal article" year="1912">Ballou (1912)</bibRefCitation>
mentions
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FDA0FB1856B5FB40" ID-CoL="622GQ" box="[557,718,1164,1190]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bromeliaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FC81FB1857E4FB40" ID-CoL="DPL" box="[780,927,1164,1190]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Orchidaceae</taxonomicName>
as “its original food plants”, but this has not been confirmed and probably reflects confusion with another castniid.
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FB78FB20552DFB10" author="Graf" pageId="9" pageNumber="15" refString="Graf, L. J. (1942) Local insect pests. Notes on insects that attack coconut, cacao, sugar-cane, and citrus in Trinidad. Yuille's Printerie Ltd., Port of Spain, Trinidad, 28 pp." type="book" year="1942">Graf (1942)</bibRefCitation>
repeats this information without attributing a source.
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FC76FB4850C9FB10" author="Skinner" box="[1019,1202,1244,1270]" pageId="9" pageNumber="17" refString="Skinner, H. M. (1930) The giant moth borer of sugar-cane (Castnia licus - Drury). Tropical Agriculture, 7 (supplement), 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1930">Skinner (1930)</bibRefCitation>
mentions banana, coconut, and canna as food plants, but does not provide the source of this information. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FE31FAB85676FAA3" box="[444,525,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FE31FAB85676FAA3" box="[444,525,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely known to use bananas at different localities throughout its range from
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE14556FE1AFAC05661FA88" box="[407,538,1364,1390]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE14556FDCBFAC056F6FA88" box="[582,653,1364,1390]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FD2DFAC0575FFA88" author="Dyar" box="[672,804,1364,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="15" refString="Dyar, H. G. (1905) Larva of Castnia licus Drury. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 7, 83 - 84." type="journal article" year="1905">Dyar 1905</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FCB9FAC0509DFA88" author="Gonzalez" box="[820,1254,1364,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="15" refString="Gonzalez, J. M. &amp; Fernandez Yepez, F. (1993) Lista preliminar de las especies de Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) del Parque nacional &quot; Henri Pittier &quot;, Venezuela. Diagnosis y comentarios. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 53 (139), 47 - 53." type="journal article" year="1993">González &amp; Fernández Yépez 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FB78FAC0553DFA70" author="Lara" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Lara E., F. (1964) The banana stalk borer Castniomera humboldti (Boisduval) in La Estrella Valley, Costa Rica. I. Morphology. Turrialba, 14, 128 - 134." type="journal article" year="1964">Lara 1964</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FEDAFAE8559CFA70" author="Matta" box="[343,487,1404,1430]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Matta, A. da. (1921) Os insectos damninhos. X. Uma Lepidobroca da Bananeira, Castnia licus, Fab. Chacaras e Quintaes (Sao Paulo), 23, 101 - 102." type="journal article" year="1921">Matta 1921</bibRefCitation>
; Salt 1929).
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FD06FAE8574AFA70" author="Myers" box="[651,817,1404,1430]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1932) The original habitat and hosts of three major sugar-cane pests of tropical America. (Diatraea, Castnia and Tomaspis). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 23, 257 - 271." type="journal article" year="1932">Myers (1932)</bibRefCitation>
notes finding larvae commonly in pseudostems of plantains (
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FD96FA3056EFFA58" ID-CoL="CZK" box="[539,660,1444,1470]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Musaceae</taxonomicName>
) in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE14556FD40FA305750FA58" box="[717,811,1444,1470]" name="Guyana" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Guyana</collectingCountry>
, and the species has been reported from banana in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE14556FE09FA585593FA00" box="[388,488,1484,1510]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
(Potter 1892).
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FD13FA58573BFA00" author="Myers" box="[670,832,1484,1510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1935) Second report on an investigation into the biological control of West Indian pests. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 26, 181 - 252." type="journal article" year="1935">Myers (1935)</bibRefCitation>
notes that the larvae, even when mature, are found higher up in the pseudostem of plantains, up to
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE14556FC20FA6057A1F9E8" box="[941,986,1524,1550]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
above soil level, where they pupate. He further suggests that
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FD1FF9885774F9D3" box="[658,783,1564,1589]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humilis">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FD1FF9885774F9D3" box="[658,783,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. humilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely to be a host plant, and he searched unsuccessfully for larvae in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE14556FDD5F9D056C7F9B8" box="[600,700,1604,1630]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
on
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FD67F9D057E7F9BB" box="[746,924,1604,1629]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psittacorum">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FD67F9D057E7F9BB" box="[746,924,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. psittacorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which he considered a savannah plant.
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FEDFF9F85588F960" author="Myers" box="[338,499,1644,1670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1932) The original habitat and hosts of three major sugar-cane pests of tropical America. (Diatraea, Castnia and Tomaspis). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 23, 257 - 271." type="journal article" year="1932">Myers (1932)</bibRefCitation>
also twice found larvae in
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FCBBF9F850E3F960" ID-CoL="4DWVD" box="[822,1176,1644,1670]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virgatum">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FCBBF9F85066F963" box="[822,1053,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Paspalum virgatum</emphasis>
(Poaceae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE14556FB4DF9F8515CF960" box="[1216,1319,1644,1670]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
, but he did not state whether he reared adults from this host.
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FB84F9005151F948" author="Vesey-Fitzgerald" box="[1033,1322,1684,1710]" pageId="9" pageNumber="17" refString="Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. (1936) The incidence of the large moth borer, Castnia licus, in wild plants in Trinidad. Tropical Agriculture, 13, 37." type="journal article" year="1936">Vesey­Fitzgerald (1936)</bibRefCitation>
quotes
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FED3F928567AF930" author="Myers" box="[350,513,1724,1750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1932) The original habitat and hosts of three major sugar-cane pests of tropical America. (Diatraea, Castnia and Tomaspis). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 23, 257 - 271." type="journal article" year="1932">Myers (1932)</bibRefCitation>
as recording
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FD2AF9285687F933" box="[679,764,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE14556FD2AF9285687F933" box="[679,764,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE14556FCC6F92857ADF930" ID-CoL="8W5" box="[843,982,1724,1750]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
, but this seems to be a misquote.
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FED6F9705584F918" author="Myers" box="[347,511,1764,1790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1935) Second report on an investigation into the biological control of West Indian pests. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 26, 181 - 252." type="journal article" year="1935">Myers (1935)</bibRefCitation>
reported second hand records from
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE14556FC3AF9705069F918" box="[951,1042,1764,1790]" name="Guyana" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Guyana</collectingCountry>
in “ginger” and “razor grass”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE14555FEB5F8A05633FC80" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastBlockId="10.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE14556FEB5F8A05628F8A8" author="Vesey-Fitzgerald" box="[312,595,1844,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="17" refString="Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. (1936) The incidence of the large moth borer, Castnia licus, in wild plants in Trinidad. Tropical Agriculture, 13, 37." type="journal article" year="1936">Vesey­Fitzgerald (1936)</bibRefCitation>
continued Myers’ studies on the natural hosts, and found that
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FE85FE885512FED3" box="[264,361,284,309]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bihai">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FE85FE885512FED3" box="[264,361,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. bihai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FE29FE885664FED3" box="[420,543,284,309]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humilis">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FE29FE885664FED3" box="[420,543,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. humilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the most frequent host plants, but that
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FB96FE8850AFFED3" box="[1051,1236,284,309]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulverulenta">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FB96FE8850AFFED3" box="[1051,1236,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. pulverulenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is associated with well­developed shady forest, is rarely attacked. In contrast to Myers’ (1935) observations,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE24555FD9CFEF8574EFE60" author="Vesey-Fitzgerald" box="[529,821,364,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" refString="Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. (1936) The incidence of the large moth borer, Castnia licus, in wild plants in Trinidad. Tropical Agriculture, 13, 37." type="journal article" year="1936">Vesey­Fitzgerald (1936)</bibRefCitation>
found that
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FC58FEF850F5FE63" box="[981,1166,364,389]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="psittacorum">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FC58FEF850F5FE63" box="[981,1166,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. psittacorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regularly attacked whether in wet savannah, open secondary forest, or coconut plantations. He also found that incidence is sometimes high on
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FC8DFE2850C7FE30" ID-CoL="4RRS3" box="[768,1212,444,470]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Renealmia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteosa">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FC8DFE285782FE33" box="[768,1017,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Renealmia bracteosa</emphasis>
(Zingiberaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, which is associated with sheltered forest clearings or light shade of secondary forest growth. Finally, Vesey­Fitzgerald lists two further species that are rarely used:
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FBDCFD9850DAFDC3" ID-CoL="8VWHQ" box="[1105,1185,524,549]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FBDCFD9850DAFDC3" box="[1105,1185,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Costus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FB51FD985545FDA8" ID-CoL="8M7" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Costaceae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FE0EFDA05742FDA8" ID-CoL="6N9WG" box="[387,825,564,590]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Ischnosiphon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arouma">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FE0EFDA056F8FDAB" box="[387,643,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ischnosiphon arouma</emphasis>
(Marantaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, noting that the former is associated with stream sides and the latter with dense shady forest. He concludes that the preferred hosts are typical of unstable communities with only moderate shade, and that to a degree this description also can be applied to sugar cane. Vesey­Fitzgerald does not explicitly state that larvae were reared to adults from these hosts. However, his comment “experiments have shown that larvae found in the wild plants considered can be transferred to cane and vice versa, without any harmful effects”, indicates a rather detailed study from which the host records can be trusted.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3096563FFE24554FEB5FCE05081F92B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE24555FEB5FCE057EDF918" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
One of the more puzzling records is that of coconut,
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FC3DFCE0501EFC6B" box="[944,1125,884,909]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Cocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nucifera">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FC3DFCE0501EFC6B" box="[944,1125,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cocos nucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This food plant has been reported at least once from
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE24555FD30FC085742FC50" box="[701,825,924,950]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE24555FCCBFC085052FC50" box="[838,1065,924,950]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15" refString="Genty, P., Desmier de Chenon, R. &amp; Morin, J. P. (1978) Ravageurs du palmier a huile en Amerique Latin. Plagas de la palma aceitera en America latina. Oil palm pests in Latin America. Oleagineux, 33, 325 - 419." type="journal article">
Genty
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FC1BFC0857B0FC53" box="[918,971,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. (1978)
</bibRefCitation>
in their review of the oil palm pests of Latin
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE24555FD96FC5056FBFC38" box="[539,640,964,990]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">America</collectingCountry>
state that
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FD77FC505737FC3B" box="[762,844,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FD77FC505737FC3B" box="[762,844,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FC0CFC5057A0FC3B" box="[897,987,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FC0CFC5057A0FC3B" box="[897,987,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) has been found on coconut palm in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE24555FEE6FC78559CFBE0" box="[363,487,1004,1030]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, but we have found no confirmation of this statement. We have traced the original
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE24555FE11FB80567BFBC8" box="[412,512,1044,1070]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
record back to Urich’s (1909) account of the 'Cane Sucker' (as
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FA9DFB805544FBB3" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FA9DFB805544FBB3" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in which he states that &quot;Mr. Ottier has found caterpillars of this moth attacking young coconut palms at Laventille and Mr. Collens discovered a caterpillar feeding on the soft internal leaf tissue of a palm (
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FD11FB185705FB43" box="[668,894,1164,1189]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Oreodoxa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleracea">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FD11FB185705FB43" box="[668,894,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Oreodoxa oleracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[i.e. palmiste,
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FBA3FB18516CFB43" box="[1070,1303,1164,1189]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Roystonea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleracea">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FBA3FB18516CFB43" box="[1070,1303,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Roystonea oleracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]) from the Cascade Valley&quot;. Urich (1909) goes on to repeat observations presumably, although not explicitly, based on
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE24555FD1AFB485735FB10" author="Kappler" box="[663,846,1244,1270]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15" refString="Kappler, A. (1887) Surinam, sein Land, seine Nature Bevolkerung und seine Kulture-Verhaltnisse mit Bezug auf Kolonisation. J. G. Cotta, Stuttgart, 384 pp." type="book" year="1887">Kappler (1887)</bibRefCitation>
relating to
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FC54FB485084FB13" box="[985,1279,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Eupalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyparissias">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FC54FB485084FB13" box="[985,1279,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eupalamides cyparissias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FE85FA9055FCFAFB" box="[264,391,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Lapaeumides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dedalus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FE85FA9055FCFAFB" box="[264,391,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. dedalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE24555FE37FA905659FAF8" box="[442,546,1284,1310]" name="Suriname" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Surinam</collectingCountry>
: “Mr August Kappler, a
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE24555FCC6FA9057D5FAF8" box="[843,942,1284,1310]" name="Suriname" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Surinam</collectingCountry>
planter, refers to
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FB09FA905542FAA3" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Castnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daedalus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FB09FA905542FAA3" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Castnia daedalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(an allied species) as being conspicuous by the damage its caterpillar does to the coconut palm. … the caterpillar bores through the bark and penetrates into the soft tissues; after a time the lower leaves turn yellow and hang down perpendicularly without dropping off. The caterpillar is removed from its burrow with a pair of pointed forceps and if the wound so caused is treated with tar the tree will recover, but the fruit for that year will be lost. When, however the growing point turns yellow, Kappler says that there is no recovery possible and the tree generally dies.” In a later publication,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE24555FC4FF9885020F9D0" author="Urich" box="[962,1115,1564,1590]" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" refString="Urich, F. W. (1915) Insects affecting the coconut palm in Trinidad. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, Trinidad and Tobago, 14, 200 - 203." type="journal article" year="1915">Urich (1915)</bibRefCitation>
seems to confuse the observations he quoted from
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE24555FD07F9D05696F9B8" box="[650,749,1604,1630]" name="Suriname" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Surinam</collectingCountry>
with the situation for
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE24555FC7DF9D0503FF9BB" box="[1008,1092,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE24555FC7DF9D0503FF9BB" box="[1008,1092,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE24555FBE7F9D050AAF9B8" box="[1130,1233,1604,1630]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
, stating “the caterpillar attacks young coconut plants by eating the soft tissues of the developing fronds and if left too long destroys the bud. The leaves of the frond attacked generally burns yellow and the caterpillar which will usually be found at the base of the frond and be cut out and the wound tarred, or treated with crude oil.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE24555FEB5F8985150F8A8" blockId="10.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Subsequent reports, many of which refer to palms rather than young palms, are probably derived from those of Urich (1909, 1915), rather than based on new observations (e.g.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE34554FE85FE885764FD08" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,1630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE34554FE85FE88559DFED0" author="Giblin-Davis" box="[264,486,284,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="15" refString="Giblin-Davis, R. M. (2001) Borers of palms. In: Howard, F. W., Moore, D., Giblin-Davis, R. M., &amp; Abad, R. G. (eds.). Insects on palms. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 267 - 304." type="book chapter" year="2001">Giblin­Davis 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE34554FE7FFE885600FED0" author="Lever" box="[498,635,284,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" refString="Lever, R. J. A. W. (1969) Pests of the coconut palm. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 190 pp." type="book" year="1969">Lever 1969</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE34554FD05FE885753FED0" author="Skinner" box="[648,808,284,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Skinner, H. M. (1930) The giant moth borer of sugar-cane (Castnia licus - Drury). Tropical Agriculture, 7 (supplement), 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1930">Skinner 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE34554FCB9FE88503BFED0" author="Vesey-Fitzgerald" box="[820,1088,284,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. (1936) The incidence of the large moth borer, Castnia licus, in wild plants in Trinidad. Tropical Agriculture, 13, 37." type="journal article" year="1936">Vesey­Fitzgerald 1936</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE34554FBC0FE885094FED0" author="Wolcott" box="[1101,1263,284,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Wolcott, G. N. (1933) An Economic Entomology of the West Indies. The Entomological Society of Puerto Rico, San Juan, 688 pp." type="book" year="1933">Wolcott 1933</bibRefCitation>
). We note that Urich did not state whether the records which he quoted were based on larvae or reared adults, and we have some doubts about the accuracy of this report; as it has not been confirmed, and confusion with
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE34554FDF1FE00575AFE4B" box="[636,801,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Eupalamides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyparissias">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE34554FDF1FE00575AFE4B" box="[636,801,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E. cyparissias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not impossible (see comments under that species). However, we also note that
<taxonomicName id="4C134D6BFFE34554FD34FE285770FE33" box="[697,779,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Castniidae" genus="Telchin" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="licus">
<emphasis id="B967EAFAFFE34554FD34FE285770FE33" box="[697,779,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. licus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a relatively wide host range, and that, furthermore,
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE34554FE0CFE705661FE18" author="Urich" box="[385,538,484,510]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Urich, F. W. (1915) Insects affecting the coconut palm in Trinidad. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, Trinidad and Tobago, 14, 200 - 203." type="journal article" year="1915">Urich (1915)</bibRefCitation>
specifically refers to young palms, i.e. with host plant architecture broadly similar to that of several other hosts. Possibly this behavior is rare, and given the subsequent observations of
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE34554FDD8FDA05683FDA8" author="Myers" box="[597,760,564,590]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, J. G. (1932) The original habitat and hosts of three major sugar-cane pests of tropical America. (Diatraea, Castnia and Tomaspis). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 23, 257 - 271." type="journal article" year="1932">Myers (1932)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B19FFE34554FCBAFDA0502DFDA8" author="Vesey-Fitzgerald" box="[823,1110,564,590]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. (1936) The incidence of the large moth borer, Castnia licus, in wild plants in Trinidad. Tropical Agriculture, 13, 37." type="journal article" year="1936">Vesey­Fitzgerald (1936)</bibRefCitation>
regarding habitat preference, this behavior may well be restricted to partially shady situations. Furthermore, bearing in mind that replanting of coconuts has not been very extensively practiced in
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE34554FE85FD385517FD20" box="[264,364,684,710]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
as the industry declined during the twentieth century, it may well be that this damage to young palms has been overlooked.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE34554FEB5FD685179F9B8" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,1630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Material examined: ST. GEORGE: 1ɗ,
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE34554FCADFD685726FCF0" box="[800,861,764,790]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mi" value="6.0">6 mi</quantity>
. N of Arima,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FB9DFD6850EDFCF0" box="[1040,1174,764,790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1962-07-03">Jul 3 1962</date>
, T.E. Pliske (AME); 1ɗ, 5½ mi. WNW Arima, Arima Pass, Andrew’s Trace,
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE34554FB91FCB050B9FCD8" box="[1052,1218,804,830]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7912" metricValueMax="6.096" metricValueMin="5.4864" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="ft" value="1900.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="1800.0">1800–2000 ft</quantity>
.,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FB58FCB05538FC80" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1969-12-22">22 Dec 1969</date>
(AMNH); 1ɗ
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE34554FE7EFCD8565FFC80" box="[499,548,844,870]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mi" value="2.0">2mi</quantity>
. ENE Arima, Hts. of Guanapo Rd., Guanape Plot,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FBF2FCD85091FC80" box="[1151,1258,844,870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1970-12-08">8­XII­70</date>
, Ehrlich &amp; Gilbert, leg. (AMNH); 1Ψ, 3 ½ mi. N. Arima, Simla
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE34554FC5DFCE05067FC68" box="[976,1052,884,910]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="ft" value="600.0">600 ft</quantity>
.,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FBA0FCE050BCFC68" box="[1069,1223,884,910]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1969-12-12">12 Dec 1969</date>
, Ehrlich &amp; Gilbert (AMNH); 1ɗ, Arima Valley, Asa Wright Nature Centre,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FB9AFC0850DAFC50" box="[1047,1185,924,950]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1978-07-23">23 Jul 1978</date>
, R.A. Mendez (AMNH); 1Ψ, Arima Valley,
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE34554FD2AFC505683FC38" box="[679,760,964,990]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE27502FFFE34554FC84FC50570AFC38" box="[777,881,964,990]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="925" value="10.683333">10°41’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE27502FFFE34554FC0FFC505795FC38" box="[898,1006,964,990]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="925" value="-61.283333">61°17’W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FC73FC5050EAFC38" box="[1022,1169,964,990]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1993-12-05">5 Dec 1993</date>
, W.M. Neukirchen (UMSM)**; 1ɗ, Fondes Amandes,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FCA7FC7857C6FBE0" box="[810,957,1004,1030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1963-02-03">3 Feb 1963</date>
, B. Heineman (AMNH); 1Ψ, Guanapo Rd.,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FE3CFB80563AFBC8" box="[433,577,1044,1070]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1963-01-20">20 Jan 1963</date>
, B. Heineman (AMNH); 1Ψ, Lalaja South Road, milestone 1,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FA91FB805150FBC8" box="[1308,1323,1044,1070]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1978-11-08">8</date>
Nov 1978, M.J.W. Cock (MJWC); 1? Maracas,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FCCEFBA857E4FBB0" box="[835,927,1084,1110]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1912-05">12 May</date>
[19]17. N. Lamont (NMS)*; 1ɗ, Mt. Pleasant,
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE34554FE3FFBF0567FFB98" box="[434,516,1124,1150]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FD99FBF056C2FB98" box="[532,697,1124,1150]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1993-11-30">30 Nov 1993</date>
, W.M. Neukirchen (UMSM)**; 1ɗ, Port of
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE34554FB6DFBF0515DFB98" box="[1248,1318,1124,1150]" name="Spain" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spain</collectingCountry>
, Botanical Gardens,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FE79FB185606FB40" box="[500,637,1164,1190]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1933-02-03">3 Feb 1933</date>
(AMNH); 1ɗ, 1Ψ, Port of
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE34554FC45FB185075FB40" box="[968,1038,1164,1190]" name="Spain" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spain</collectingCountry>
, Emperor Valley,
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE34554FB6AFB185528FB28" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.144" metricValueMax="15.24" metricValueMin="3.048" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="ft" value="300.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="100.0">100 – 500 ft</quantity>
., St. A. Rogers (HEC); 3ɗɗ, 1Ψ, &lt;
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE34554FD7CFB20572EFB28" box="[753,853,1204,1230]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mi" value="15.0">15 miles</quantity>
of Port of
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE34554FC58FB205060FB28" box="[981,1051,1204,1230]" name="Spain" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spain</collectingCountry>
, &lt;
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE34554FBBAFB2050E9FB28" box="[1079,1170,1204,1230]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="ft" value="1000.0">1000 ft</quantity>
.,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FB2EFB20516EFB28" box="[1187,1301,1204,1230]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1913-12">Dec 1913</date>
–
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FE85FB485507FB10" box="[264,380,1244,1270]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1914-04">Apr 1914</date>
, F.W. Jackson (HEC); 1?, St. Ann’s,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FCB5FB4857ADFB10" box="[824,982,1244,1270]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1915-11-20">20 Nov 1915</date>
, N. Lamont (NMS)*; 10ɗɗ, St. Anne’s, R. Dick (BMNH); 1ɗ, St. Ann’s Valley,
<quantity id="4CEB9B0DFFE34554FCE9FA9057D5FAF8" box="[868,942,1284,1310]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2192" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="ft" value="400.0">400 ft</quantity>
.,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FC33FA905052FAF8" box="[958,1065,1284,1310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1922-01">Jan 1922</date>
, F.W. Jackson (HEC); 1ɗ, St. Ann’s, Port of
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE34554FD91FAB85619FAA0" box="[540,610,1324,1350]" name="Spain" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spain</collectingCountry>
, on plants by roadside,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FC0AFAB857B7FAA0" box="[903,972,1324,1350]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">7 Sep</date>
[19]75, E. Fuhr (AME); ST. PATRICK: 1 ɗ, Parrylands Oilfield,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FD33FAC05719FA88" box="[702,866,1364,1390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1980-08-21">21 Aug 1980</date>
, M.J.W. Cock (MJWC); VICTORIA: 1Ψ, San Fernando,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FE7CFAE856F2FA70" box="[497,649,1404,1430]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1917-10-18">18 Oct 1917</date>
, R.W. Farmborough (HEC); ST. PATRICK/VICTORIA: 1?, R[ock] P[enal] Road,
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FDB9FA3056FFFA58" box="[564,644,1444,1470]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1910-02">10 Feb</date>
[19]36. N. Lamont (NMS)*;
<collectingCountry id="F3047678FFE34554FC6DFA305009FA58" box="[992,1138,1444,1470]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">TRINIDAD</collectingCountry>
: 1ɗ, F. Johnson (AMNH); 1ɗ Lowsley (BMNH); 1ɗ, 1Ψ, c. 1874, presented by R. Meldola (HEC); 1ɗ, 1919, F.W. Jackson (HEC); 1ɗ
<date id="FFAD1028FFE34554FD01FA605778F9E8" box="[652,771,1524,1550]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1922-12">Dec 1922</date>
, W.J. Kaye (AME); 1ɗ, 1926, F.W. Jackson (HEC); 1Ψ, E.A. Smith Coll. (NMNH); 2ɗɗ (HEC); 3 ɗɗ (AME). There are several specimens in UWI, in Sir Norman Lamont’s collection, but we do not have details of these.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE34554FE85F9005099F94D" blockId="11.[264,1274,1684,1741]" box="[264,1250,1684,1707]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">*Specimens reported to us by K. Bland (pers. comm.) which the authors have not examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC36E8FFE34554FE85F9225081F92B" blockId="11.[264,1274,1684,1741]" box="[264,1274,1718,1741]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">** Specimens reported to us by G. Lamas (pers. comm.) which the authors have not examined.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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