235 lines
20 KiB
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235 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84c8a2ac-d7b8-46f3-9888-ce6c1485ac65" ID-PMC="PMC3088436" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-68-1" ID-PubMed="21594036" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-68-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 68" ModsDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho–)calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" checkinTime="1451250894870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Beglinger, Elly J. & De Voogd, Nicole J." docDate="2010" docId="F7FFB8FCDA0EDBD736EBD94DD6C64079" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 68: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 68" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" docTitle="Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera Schmidt 1868" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="63" masterDocId="5D0AFFB7C87613675E79FFF7DA38AE2E" masterDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1668164561298" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>68</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360729" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F7FFB8FCDA0EDBD736EBD94DD6C64079" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F7FFB8FCDA0EDBD736EBD94DD6C64079" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<subSubSection pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera" subGenus="Corticellopsis">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="62" pageNumber="63" start="start">Calthropella</pageBreakToken>
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Corticellopsis stelligera (Schmidt, 1868)
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</taxonomicName>
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Figs 32
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium stelligerum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligerum">Corticium stelligerum</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
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: 25, pl. III fig. 6;
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<bibRefCitation author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Museum d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="O. Schmidt Sponge Catalogue" volumeTitle="An illustrated guide to the Graz Museum Collection, with notes on additional material" year="1992">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
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and Stone 1992
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 10, pl. I figs 4-6.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticella stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera">Corticella stelligera</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
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: 281;
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<bibRefCitation author="Lendenfeld, R von" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 204" title="Die Tetractinelliden der Adria. (Mit einem Anhange ueber die Lithistiden)." volume="61" year="1894">Lendenfeld 1894</bibRefCitation>
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: 18, pl. II fig. 11, pl. III fig. 49;
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
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: 339, pl. XXII fig. 1.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera">Corticellopsis stelligera</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Bergquist, PR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 105" title="The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1. (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida)" volume="188" year="1968">Bergquist 1968</bibRefCitation>
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: 62.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera">Calthropella stelligera</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="75 - 87" title="Contribucion al conocimiento de los espongiarios de las islas Canarias. 1. Demosponjas ' Homosclerophorida y Astrophorida' del litoral de Tenerife." volume="6" year="1982">Cruz and Bacallado 1982</bibRefCitation>
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: 81;
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<bibRefCitation author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="S / C Tenerife" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Esponjas marinas de Canarias" volumeTitle="Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias" year="2002">Cruz 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 89;
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<bibRefCitation author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 593.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Type fragment of LMJG 15352 from Sebenico, Northern Adriatic (slide in ZMA). There are further fragments, not examined, BMNH 1867.7.26.14, 45, 104, BMNH 1910.1.1.863, MZUS P0005, and slides BMNH 1868.3.2.5 and ZMB 6563).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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From
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<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt (1868)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent (1895)</bibRefCitation>
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, based on a fragment presented to the British Museum (Natural History), BMNH 1910.1.1.863. Encrusting on corals and bridging crevices between coral branches, thickness about 5 mm. Colour white (in dry condition), yellowish inside.
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<bibRefCitation author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Museum d'Histoire naturelle" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="O. Schmidt Sponge Catalogue" volumeTitle="An illustrated guide to the Graz Museum Collection, with notes on additional material" year="1992">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
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and Stone (1992)
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</bibRefCitation>
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picture the Schmidt specimen of which a fragment was studied from Sebenico as a massively encrusting sponge of 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4 cm, encrusted and riddled with shells. According to
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<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
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it has a thickness of 5 mm.
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<bibRefCitation author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="S / C Tenerife" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Esponjas marinas de Canarias" volumeTitle="Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias" year="2002">Cruz (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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reports pale yellow or greyish live colour. The World Porifera Database (
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<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Balkema, Rotterdam" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="World Porifera database" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera" year="2008">van Soest et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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) has an in situ picture made by Dr B. Picton from a locality just off the coast of Marseille showing a pale yellow colour. No apparent oscules.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Skeleton: densely spiculous at the surface, organic with few spicules in the interior. No definite skeletal structure.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Spicules: calthrops, euasters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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Calthrops (Fig. 32B) or short-shafted triaenes (Fig. 32A), variable in size, cladi 142
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–288.2–">-288.2-</normalizedToken>
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356
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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16
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–25.6–">-25.6-</normalizedToken>
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33
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(cladomes 212
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–436.0–">-436.0-</normalizedToken>
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570
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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), Topsent gives cladus lengths 130-400
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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12-30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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Microscleres euasters in two categories (although the LMJG fragment available to us only contained a single one: strongylasters 16
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–20.2–">-20.2-</normalizedToken>
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22
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter (Fig. 32C) with microspined rays in the studied fragment).
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<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt (1868)</bibRefCitation>
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gives 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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as size of the strongylasters, whereas the oxyasters were measured by him as 50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Topsent gives only ray lengths, 30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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for the oxyasters (which could conform to 50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in overall diameter), and 4-7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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for the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘chiasters’">'chiasters'</normalizedToken>
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(which seems a bit too short for an overall 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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diameter mentioned by Schmidt). Presumably the various type specimens have considerable size variation in the asters.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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Figure 32.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stelligera" subGenus="Corticellopsis">Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera</taxonomicName>
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, one of the types, LMJG 15352 from Sebenico, Northern Adriatic, A overview of megascleres B calthrops C cortical strongylasters (oxyasters were not present in the studied fragment).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fairly shallow water, from intertidal caves to 20 m.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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Adriatic; Marseille; Canary Islands; NW Aegean Sea, 39°N; 25°E (Algeria is given by previous authors, but this is probably based on a misunderstanding of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Schmidt’s">Schmidt's</normalizedToken>
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text).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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The species is the type of the preoccupied genus
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticella" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticella</taxonomicName>
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Sollas (1888) replaced by
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticellopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticellopsis" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticellopsis</taxonomicName>
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Bergquist, 1968 (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="127 - 133" title="Family Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Van Soest and Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
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for details). It is apparently quite rare as there are only a few records from the Mediterranean (Northern Adriatic, Greece, and unconfirmed from Marseille). Schmidt (l.c.) mentions Algeria in his text, but very probably refers to another
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Corticium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticium" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Corticium</taxonomicName>
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species (either
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella candelabrum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="candelabrum">Calthropella candelabrum</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella plicatum" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatum">Calthropella plicatum</taxonomicName>
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=
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus plicatus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="plicatus">Dercitus plicatus</taxonomicName>
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). The species has been reported recently from the Canary Islands (
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<bibRefCitation author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="75 - 87" title="Contribucion al conocimiento de los espongiarios de las islas Canarias. 1. Demosponjas ' Homosclerophorida y Astrophorida' del litoral de Tenerife." volume="6" year="1982">Cruz and Bacallado 1982</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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<bibRefCitation author="Cruz, T" journalOrPublisher="S / C Tenerife" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Esponjas marinas de Canarias" volumeTitle="Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias" year="2002">Cruz 2002</bibRefCitation>
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) as pale yellow or grey masses with a skeleton of calthrops with cladi of 60-320
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, irregular chiasters (strongylasters) of 8-23
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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diameter, drawn with smooth rays,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="five–rayed">five-rayed</normalizedToken>
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oxyasters also drawn with smooth rays of 16-40
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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give calthrops cladi of 120-240
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘chiasters’">'chiasters'</normalizedToken>
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with 5-8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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ray lengths, and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="six–rayed">six-rayed</normalizedToken>
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oxyasters of 20-28
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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ray length. They also mention the presence of considerable amounts of oxeas, but these were assumed to be foreign. The various measurements
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<pageBreakToken pageId="63" pageNumber="64" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
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either ray length or overall diameter make it difficult to monitor the size variation of the asters. This species needs to be revised further, based on examination of all extant specimens.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |