150 lines
22 KiB
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150 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="654F0BEE4A9D1AE0CCCCEACAD9C07408" ID-CLB-Dataset="4941" ID-DOI="10.1649/0010-065X-73.4.905" ID-GBIF-Dataset="549ef63a-2c40-4e70-b360-155e111016a3" ID-ISSN="1938-4394" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4790165" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1621946898888" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Hespenheide, Henry A." docDate="2019" docId="DB5AFC3EC7265729C37AE3D1FC6FF9C7" docLanguage="en" docName="TheColeopBull.73.4.905-939.pdf" docOrigin="The Coleopterists Bulletin (MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests) 73 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.4.905" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D94AA43905A5ECAD3A4A280834A9134.5:TheColeopBull.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="6D94AA43905A5ECAD3A4A280834A9134" docStyleName="TheColeopBull.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Laemosaccus Schonherr 1826" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="906" masterDocId="27638446C7275728C07DE130FF9FFFF9" masterDocTitle="A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry" masterLastPageNumber="939" masterPageNumber="905" pageNumber="906" updateTime="1698989715722" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="14C9DC52646DF0EA6BAF4403C8427018">A Review of the Genus Laemosaccus Schönherr, 1826 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Mesoptiliinae) from Baja California and America North of Mexico: Diversity and Mimicry</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="67ADE1093E6CE8F7618E336C3530B32F">Hespenheide, Henry A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="55F001DCB75388FEBC8E7067487D2807">The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B8E0007B81577FE34D88D018F13AF8C6">
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<mods:date id="F947624984AD606060D67ADDFD336B2F">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="41950029C818789E687A604626D660FE">MIMICRY AND LAEMOSACCUS In an earlier paper (Hespenheide 1996), I presented the hypothesis that species of Laemosaccus of the L. nephele group with red humeral spots on the elytra were Batesian mimics of members of the Chrysomelidae in the subfamily Clytrinae. There is no evidence that Laemosaccus species are distasteful, and what is either L. nephele and / or L. obrieni have been reported as prey items of birds (Beal 1912). In Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona, 21 forms (species and “ subspecies ”) of Clytrinae were hypothesized to be the primary models of 22 species of mimics in the families Anthribidae (one species), Bruchidae (two species), Buprestidae (four species), Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae (three species), Coccinellidae (six species), Curculionidae, subfamily Baridinae (one species), and Laemosaccus (five species). Of these, the coccinellids and the cryptocephaline chrysomelids are probably distasteful Mullerian co-mimics. Ecologically, the species of Laemosaccus co-occurred with their clytrine models on both desert legumes and canyon oaks, although more clytrine species occurred in the desert and more Laemosaccus species occurred in the canyons. Species of clytrines showing the mimetic pattern are common throughout Mexico (Bellamy 2003, who renamed the Mexican buprestid genus Acherusia Laporte and Gory, 1837 as Mimicoclytrina Bellamy to reflect their resemblance to clytrines), but decline in numbers of species and in the proportion of the clytrine fauna through Central America to Panama (Hespenheide 1996, fig. 2). Laemosaccus seems to follow a similar pattern. Mimicry is more common in large faunas, especially in wet tropical areas (Hespenheide 1986, 1995); because the largest clytrine fauna is in Mexico, the clytrine mimicry complex is also larger there (Hespenheide 1996). This complex has more members than I first enumerated and deserves further study. The evolution of mimicry produces resemblances between unrelated species (Laemosaccus and other putative mimics, with clytrines and perhaps other Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidae as models; see Hespenheide 1976, 1996) and selects against the divergence of related species. In Batesian mimicry - hypothesized to be the form of relationship between Laemosaccus and clytrines - the selection for precision of mimicry is stronger on the mimic (Laemosaccus), so that resemblances among them should be closer, regardless of ancestry. Close morphological resemblances based on ecology rather than ancestry may be termed mimetic homoplasy (Hespenheide 2005) and can make recognition of species difficult (as in Laemosaccus) or complicate phylogenetic analyses. I have speculated (Hespenheide 1996) that the sympatric “ subspecies ” of the clytrine models (Moldenke 1970) may in fact be reproductively isolated sibling species. It will be interesting to see whether or not genomic studies show the closeness of relationships among Laemosaccus species that the morphology suggests</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="60FA7BE00422DE79475275B96AFAF1F0">2019-12-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="24D8158E8D61C0314FE6D8CDEB7B1445">73</mods:number>
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<treatment id="DB5AFC3EC7265729C37AE3D1FC6FF9C7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4788805" ID-GBIF-Taxon="184571772" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4788805" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DB5AFC3EC7265729C37AE3D1FC6FF9C7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5AFC3EC7265729C37AE3D1FC6FF9C7" lastPageNumber="906" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">
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<heading id="0804FA44C7265729C37AE3D1FBA5FD0E" box="[775,1082,737,759]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C37AE3D1FBA5FD0E" ID-CoL="8HHBB" authority="Schonherr, 1823" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1826" box="[775,1082,737,759]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laemosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C37AE3D1FBA5FD0E" bold="true" box="[775,1082,737,759]" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">
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<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C37AE3D1FC13FD0F" bold="true" box="[775,908,737,758]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Laemosaccus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="376230D9C7265729C3E9E3D2FBA5FD0E" author="Schonherr, C. J." box="[916,1082,738,759]" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" pagination="1136" refId="ref41752" refString="Schonherr, C. J. 1823. Curculionides (Tabula synoptica familiae Curculionidum). Isis von Oken, 1823 (10): col. 1136." type="journal article" year="1823">Schönherr, 1823</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="1BE91EA3C7265729C2B8E23CFC71FCC5" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="534C4D28C7265729C2B8E23CFC71FCC5" blockId="1.[685,1173,780,1598]" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">
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<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C2B8E23CFCC8FCD8" bold="true" box="[709,855,780,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">
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<typeStatus id="8C48F38AC7265729C2B8E23CFD68FCD8" box="[709,759,780,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Type</typeStatus>
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Species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C315E23CFD76FCC5" ID-CoL="8JDP2" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhynchaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiatus">
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<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C315E23CFBD0FCD8" box="[872,1103,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Rhynchaenus plagiatus</emphasis>
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(Fabricius)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="376230D9C7265729C28AE217FC0AFCC5" author="Schonherr, C. J." box="[759,917,807,828]" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" pagination="1136" refId="ref41752" refString="Schonherr, C. J. 1823. Curculionides (Tabula synoptica familiae Curculionidum). Isis von Oken, 1823 (10): col. 1136." type="journal article" year="1823">Schönherr 1823</bibRefCitation>
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: c.1136).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1BE91EA3C7265729C2B8E271FC6FF9C7" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="534C4D28C7265729C2B8E271FC6FF9C7" blockId="1.[685,1173,780,1598]" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">
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In the last revision of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C469E271FB0BFCAF" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1826" box="[1044,1172,833,854]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laemosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C469E271FB0BFCAF" box="[1044,1172,833,854]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Laemosaccus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from North
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C362E26CFBBBFC88" authority=", Champion (1903)" authorityName=", Champion" authorityYear="1903" box="[799,1060,860,881]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="America" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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America,
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<bibRefCitation id="376230D9C7265729C301E26CFBBBFC88" author="Champion, G. C." box="[892,1060,860,881]" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" pagination="280 - 288" refId="ref41055" refString="Champion, G. C. 1903. Group Laemosaccina [pp. 280 - 288]. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta, Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae Vol. IV, part 4 (F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, editors). London, UK." type="book chapter" year="1903">Champion (1903)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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treated two species that occur in the
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<collectingCountry id="2BE40DB8C7265729C3E7E246FC55FC72" box="[922,970,886,907]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">USA</collectingCountry>
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and 13 other species that occur in
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<collectingCountry id="2BE40DB8C7265729C354E2A1FCEEFC5F" box="[809,881,913,934]" name="Mexico" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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and Central
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C397E2A1FBA1FC5F" authorityName=", Champion" authorityYear="1903" box="[1002,1086,913,934]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="America" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="908" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">America</taxonomicName>
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. Wibmer and O’ Brien (1986) list nearly 30 additional species from South
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C359E2F6FCE7FC22" authorityName=", Champion" authorityYear="1903" box="[804,888,966,987]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="America" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="908" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">America</taxonomicName>
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, and I have seen many other undescribed species from
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<collectingCountry id="2BE40DB8C7265729C3BEE2D1FB94FC0F" box="[963,1035,993,1014]" name="Mexico" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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and Central
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C2D0E2CBFC9EFBE9" authorityName=", Champion" authorityYear="1903" box="[685,769,1019,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="America" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="908" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">America</taxonomicName>
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. After study of personal collections and a survey of specimens in collections, American
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C2D0E500FCB2FBBC" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1826" box="[685,813,1072,1093]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laemosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C2D0E500FCB2FBBC" box="[685,813,1072,1093]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Laemosaccus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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north of
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<collectingCountry id="2BE40DB8C7265729C3F6E500FC4CFBBC" box="[907,979,1072,1093]" name="Mexico" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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appear to represent 12 species, 10 of which are undescribed. These can be classified into two groups that do not appear to be closely related: the
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C309E5B0FC43FB6C" box="[884,988,1152,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laemosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nephele">
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<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C309E5B0FC43FB6C" box="[884,988,1152,1173]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">L. nephele</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, containing most species, which are typically black with larger or smaller orange or red humeral or posthumeral elytral spots and whose woody hosts are usually oaks or mesquite and other legumes; and the
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C4FDE5DAFD6AFAE3" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laemosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">
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<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C4FDE5DAFD6AFAE3" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">L. texanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group with two all-black species whose hosts are in perennial
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C3F1E42FFC6AFACD" box="[908,1013,1311,1332]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
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, including
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C41BE42FFCA5FAB6" authority="L. The" authorityName="L. The" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Gossypium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C41BE42FFD6FFAB6" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Gossypium</emphasis>
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L. The
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</taxonomicName>
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latter group appears to be richer in
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<collectingCountry id="2BE40DB8C7265729C2D0E464FD6AFA90" box="[685,757,1364,1385]" name="Mexico" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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and Central
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C317E464FC24FA90" authorityName=", Champion" authorityYear="1903" box="[874,955,1364,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="America" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="908" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">America</taxonomicName>
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and extends into South
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C2D0E45FFC9EFA7D" authorityName=", Champion" authorityYear="1903" box="[685,769,1391,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="America" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="908" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">America</taxonomicName>
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. Additional groups of
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<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C3A5E45FFBC7FA7D" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1826" box="[984,1112,1391,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laemosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C3A5E45FFBC7FA7D" box="[984,1112,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Laemosaccus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occur in
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<collectingCountry id="2BE40DB8C7265729C2BBE4BAFC91FA66" box="[710,782,1418,1439]" name="Mexico" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Central and South
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C38DE4BAFBDBFA66" authorityName=", Champion" authorityYear="1903" box="[1008,1092,1418,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="America" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="908" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">America</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the morphological diversity among these may warrant the recognition of additional genera. Although few species have been reared, larvae of most species are probably borers in woody branches of relatively small diameter (
|
||
<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C334E73EFCF3F9DA" box="[841,876,1550,1571]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C305E73EFC43F9DA" box="[888,988,1550,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laemosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nephele">
|
||
<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C305E73EFC43F9DA" box="[888,988,1550,1571]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">L. nephele</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or in the stems of perennial herbs (
|
||
<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C32DE719FCEDF9C7" box="[848,882,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94F336ABC7265729C3FDE719FC7CF9C7" box="[896,995,1577,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Laemosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="906" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6187913AC7265729C3FDE719FC7CF9C7" box="[896,995,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="906">L. texanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |