treatments-xml/data/03/BC/AA/03BCAA78FF8DFFCEFF019A4DFEF1B630.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.5733/afin.056.0102" ID-ISSN="2305-2562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7649964" checkinTime="1676640476114" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Appleton, C. C. &amp; Miranda, N. A. F." docDate="2015" docId="03BCAA78FF8DFFCEFF019A4DFEF1B630" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.56.1.1-17.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 56 (1)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5733/afin.056.0102" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0201127D758FBEB889983D376DC13FCB.2:AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="0201127D758FBEB889983D376DC13FCB" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Radix rubiginosa" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="FF85D200FF8EFFC8FFF09E65FFBFB754" masterDocTitle="Two Asian freshwater snails newly introduced into South Africa and an analysis of alien species reported to date" masterLastPageNumber="1" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1677083510915" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title>Two Asian freshwater snails newly introduced into South Africa and an analysis of alien species reported to date</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Appleton, C. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Miranda, N. A. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2015-01-21</mods:number>
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<mods:number>56</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5733/afin.056.0102</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2305-2562</mods:identifier>
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<heading box="[241,1006,1064,1091]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
<subSubSection box="[241,631,1064,1090]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="3.[241,1006,1064,1091]" box="[241,631,1064,1090]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4R9HS" ID-ENA="2917281" authority="(Michelin, 1831)" baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[241,631,1064,1090]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[241,434,1064,1090]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Radix rubiginosa</emphasis>
(Michelin, 1831)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="3.[241,1006,1064,1091]" box="[638,1006,1064,1091]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
(Basommatophora: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[860,999,1064,1091]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Lymnaeidae</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[575,672,1108,1134]" box="[575,672,1108,1134]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<figureCitation box="[575,644,1108,1134]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[376,409,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox="[234,1089,1322,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-242@2.[234,1089,1322,1639]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Radix rubiginosa from Amatikulu (photos: H. Madsen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649966/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[658,672,1108,1134]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[241,274,639,661]" captionTargetBox="[205,1119,223,601]" captionTargetId="figure-358@4.[205,1119,223,601]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Shells of Radix rubiginosa from Amatikulu (photos: N. Miranda). Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649972/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[144,1104,1152,1598]" box="[144,293,1152,1178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis box="[144,293,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Identification</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[144,1104,1152,1598]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
The shape and coloration of the shell of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[599,748,1188,1214]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[599,748,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">R. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is variable and in Africa it can be mistaken for the indigenous 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1848" box="[457,678,1220,1246]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis box="[457,678,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Lymnaea natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<superScript attach="left" box="[677,685,1220,1234]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">1</superScript>
Krauss, 1848, itself a variable species (Brown 1994). 
<bibRefCitation author="NADASAN, D. S." box="[317,495,1252,1278]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref9212" refString="NADASAN, D. S. 2011. The invasive potential of the freshwater snail Radix rubiginosa recently introduced into South Africa. PhD thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." type="book" year="2011">Nadasan (2011)</bibRefCitation>
used discriminant function analysis to show that both juvenile and adult 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[345,495,1284,1310]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[345,495,1284,1310]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">R. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from Amatikulu) had larger, more broadly ovate shells than 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1848" box="[196,337,1316,1342]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis box="[196,337,1316,1342]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">L. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a natural habitat in Glenwood, Durban, with a higher body whorl and narrower aperture, often with a nearly straight outer margin. The maximum recorded shell height and width for 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[445,598,1380,1406]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[445,598,1380,1406]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">R. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 34× 
<quantity box="[685,765,1380,1406]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation author="BRANDT, R. A. M." box="[780,923,1380,1406]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 423" refId="ref7437" refString="BRANDT, R. A. M. 1974. The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand. Archiv fur Molluskenkunde 105: 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1974">Brandt 1974</bibRefCitation>
) whereas for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1848" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">L. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is 25× 
<quantity box="[365,465,1412,1439]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="14.5">14.5 mm</quantity>
(Brown 1994). The shell of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[787,939,1412,1438]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[787,939,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">R. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also thicker than that of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1848" box="[278,421,1444,1470]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis box="[278,421,1444,1470]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">L. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Thickness measurements made by 
<bibRefCitation author="NADASAN, D. S." box="[824,1001,1444,1470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref9212" refString="NADASAN, D. S. 2011. The invasive potential of the freshwater snail Radix rubiginosa recently introduced into South Africa. PhD thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." type="book" year="2011">Nadasan (2011)</bibRefCitation>
<quantity box="[1007,1104,1444,1470]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
from the outer apertural margins of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[547,700,1476,1502]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[547,700,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">R. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1848" box="[755,900,1476,1502]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis box="[755,900,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">L. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n=15 each) were 0.19– 
<quantity box="[209,310,1508,1534]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="0.16">0.16 mm</quantity>
and 0.13– 
<quantity box="[428,529,1508,1534]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
respectively. Thus the shell of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[876,1028,1508,1534]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[876,1028,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">R. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows nearly 
<quantity box="[220,298,1540,1566]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
higher and 
<quantity box="[427,491,1540,1567]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
broader than 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1848" box="[643,785,1540,1566]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis box="[643,785,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">L. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is 
<quantity box="[862,1024,1540,1567]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6" metricValueMax="7" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="0.06" valueMax="0.07" valueMin="0.05">0.05–0.07 mm</quantity>
(28.9– 44.2%) thicker.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[144,1104,1630,1676]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<superScript attach="left" box="[144,151,1630,1642]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">1</superScript>
The taxonomy of 
<emphasis box="[320,436,1630,1652]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1799" box="[320,402,1631,1652]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Lymnaea</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[409,436,1630,1651]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is poorly resolved. The species 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1848" box="[731,823,1630,1651]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis box="[731,823,1630,1651]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has traditionally been referred to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1799" box="[183,265,1655,1676]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[183,265,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Lymnaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and we follow this usage, but note that others have referred it to 
<taxonomicName authority="(Correa et al. 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Correa" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[855,1095,1654,1676]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[855,908,1654,1675]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Radix</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="CORREA, A. C. &amp; ESCOBAR, J. S. &amp; DURAND, P. &amp; RENAUD, F. &amp; DAVID, P. &amp; JARNE, P. &amp; POINTIER, J-P. &amp; BOUSSES, S." box="[920,1089,1654,1676]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="381" refId="ref7846" refString="CORREA, A. C., ESCOBAR, J. S., DURAND, P., RENAUD, F., DAVID, P., JARNE, P., POINTIER, J-P. &amp; HURTREZ- BOUSSES, S. 2010. Bridging the gap in the molecular phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), vectors of fascioliasis. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 381." type="journal article" year="2010">
Correa 
<emphasis box="[989,1035,1654,1676]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649972" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7649972" box="[241,1083,638,661]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649972/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" startId="4.[241,274,639,661]" targetBox="[205,1119,223,601]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph blockId="4.[241,1083,638,661]" box="[241,1083,638,661]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
Fig. 2. Shells of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[391,547,639,660]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[391,547,639,660]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Radix rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Amatikulu (photos: N. Miranda). Scale bars = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="4.[181,1142,703,826]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
The anatomy of lymnaeids is remarkably homogeneous across the family and 
<bibRefCitation author="NADASAN, D. S." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref9212" refString="NADASAN, D. S. 2011. The invasive potential of the freshwater snail Radix rubiginosa recently introduced into South Africa. PhD thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." type="book" year="2011">Nadasan (2011)</bibRefCitation>
failed to find any differences between the reproductive systems of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[990,1141,735,761]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[990,1141,735,761]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">R. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the indigenous 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1848" box="[392,531,767,793]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis box="[392,531,767,793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">L. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The reproductive system of South African 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1848" box="[1002,1141,767,793]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis box="[1002,1141,767,793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">L. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by 
<bibRefCitation author="PRETORIUS, S. J. &amp; VAN EEDEN, J. A." box="[381,741,799,826]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref9413" refString="PRETORIUS, S. J. &amp; VAN EEDEN, J. A. 1969. Some aspects of the morphology of Lymnaea natalensis Krauss (Mollusca: Basommatophora). Wetenskaplike Bydraes van die P. U. vir C. H. O. Reeks B: Natuurwetenskappe 6: 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1969">Pretorius and Van Eeden (1969)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[181,1142,856,1044]" box="[181,397,856,882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis box="[181,397,856,882]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Molecular analysis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[181,1142,856,1044]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
Molecular analyses indicate that the lymnaeids from Amatikulu (RRA) conform to 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[181,375,921,947]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[181,375,921,947]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Radix rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[390,459,921,947]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="5.[144,174,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[251,988,204,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[277,969,835,1490]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig 3. (A) Tree based on 533 nucleotides of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit ImtDNA of lymnaeid samples, with the outgroup Planorbis corneus. (B) Tree based on 360 nucleotides of the mt 16S rDNA of lymnaeid samples, with the outgroup Stagnicola elodes. Numbers on branches represent Bayesian posterior probabilities percentages, neighbour-joining and maximum parsimony bootstrap values, respectively. Only values greater than 50% are shown; * indicates support of &lt;50% for distance analysis. Figures adapted from Nadasan (2011). RRA – lymnaeid samples from Amatikulu, South Africa; LND – lymnaeid samples from Durban, South Africa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7649976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7649976/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The lymnaeid collected in Durban (LND) is the indigenous 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1848" box="[181,398,953,979]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis box="[181,398,953,979]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Lymnaea natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as supported by morphological characteristics according to 
<bibRefCitation author="PRETORIUS, S. J. &amp; VAN EEDEN, J. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref9413" refString="PRETORIUS, S. J. &amp; VAN EEDEN, J. A. 1969. Some aspects of the morphology of Lymnaea natalensis Krauss (Mollusca: Basommatophora). Wetenskaplike Bydraes van die P. U. vir C. H. O. Reeks B: Natuurwetenskappe 6: 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1969">Pretorius and Van Eeden (1969)</bibRefCitation>
, Brown (1994) (see also the key to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[828,965,985,1011]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Lymnaeidae</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry box="[1000,1142,985,1011]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">South Africa</collectingCountry>
below) and a phylogenetic study on the basis of the 18S rDNA gene (
<bibRefCitation author="NADASAN, D. S." box="[956,1122,1017,1043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref9212" refString="NADASAN, D. S. 2011. The invasive potential of the freshwater snail Radix rubiginosa recently introduced into South Africa. PhD thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." type="book" year="2011">Nadasan 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[181,1142,1074,1677]" box="[181,326,1074,1100]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis box="[181,326,1074,1100]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Parasitology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[181,1142,1074,1677]" lastBlockId="6.[181,1142,204,357]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[208,400,1107,1133]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[208,400,1107,1133]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Radix rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is of medical and veterinary importance in its native southeast Asia where it serves as the intermediate host for a variety of trematodes. These include the fasciolid 
<taxonomicName authority="Cobbold, 1855" authorityName="Cobbold" authorityYear="1855" box="[281,658,1170,1197]" class="Trematoda" family="Fasciolidae" genus="Fasciola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gigantica">
<emphasis box="[281,487,1171,1197]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fasciola gigantica</emphasis>
Cobbold, 1855
</taxonomicName>
, the giant liver fluke of domestic stock; three schistosomes (blood flukes), 
<taxonomicName authority="Chandler, 1926" authorityName="Chandler" authorityYear="1926" box="[499,945,1203,1229]" class="Trematoda" family="Schistosomatidae" genus="Schistosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="incognitum">
<emphasis box="[499,768,1203,1229]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Schistosoma incognitum</emphasis>
Chandler, 1926
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Kruatrachue, Bhaibulaya &amp; Harinasuta, 1965" authorityName="Kruatrachue, Bhaibulaya &amp; Harinasuta" authorityYear="1965" class="Trematoda" family="Schistosomatidae" genus="Orientobilharzia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="harinasutai">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Orientobilharzia harinasutai</emphasis>
Kruatrachue, Bhaibulaya &amp; Harinasuta, 1965
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Kruatrachue, 1968" authorityName="Kruatrachue" authorityYear="1968" class="Trematoda" family="Schistosomatidae" genus="Trichobilharzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="macgraithi">
<emphasis box="[847,1141,1235,1261]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Trichobilharzia macgraithi</emphasis>
Kruatrachue, 1968
</taxonomicName>
, parasites of various mammals and birds; and two echinostomes 
<taxonomicName authority="Leiper, 1911" authorityName="Leiper" authorityYear="1911" box="[181,622,1299,1325]" class="Trematoda" family="Echinostomatidae" genus="Echinostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="malayanum">
<emphasis box="[181,469,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Echinostoma malayanum</emphasis>
Leiper, 1911
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="(Bloch, 1782)" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[682,1142,1299,1325]" class="Trematoda" family="Echinostomatidae" genus="Hypoderaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="conoideum">
<emphasis box="[682,973,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Hypoderaeum conoideum</emphasis>
(Bloch, 1782)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="BRANDT, R. A. M." box="[189,336,1331,1357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 423" refId="ref7437" refString="BRANDT, R. A. M. 1974. The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand. Archiv fur Molluskenkunde 105: 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1974">Brandt 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="CHITRAMVONG, Y. P. &amp; UPATHAM, E. S. &amp; SUKHAPANTH, N." box="[351,636,1331,1357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="43 - 48" refId="ref7773" refString="CHITRAMVONG, Y. P., UPATHAM, E. S. &amp; SUKHAPANTH, N. 1981. Effects of some physico-chemical factors on the survival of Bithynia siamensis, Radix rubiginosa and Indoplanorbis exustus. Malacological Review 14: 43 - 48." type="journal article" year="1981">
Chitramvong 
<emphasis box="[508,567,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
1981
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="BUNNAG, T. &amp; THIRACHANDRA, S. &amp; IMPAND, P. &amp; VORASANTA, P. &amp; IMLARP, S." box="[651,875,1331,1357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="163 - 170" refId="ref7683" refString="BUNNAG, T., THIRACHANDRA, S., IMPAND, P., VORASANTA, P. &amp; IMLARP, S. 1983. Schistosoma incognitum and its zoonotic potential role in Phitsanulok and Phichit provinces, northern Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 14: 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="1983">
Bunnag 
<emphasis box="[748,807,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="WOODRUFF, D. S. &amp; UPATHAM, E. S." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref10078" refString="WOODRUFF, D. S. &amp; UPATHAM, E. S. 1993. Snail-transmitted diseases of medical and veterinary importance in Thailand and the Mekong valley. Journal of Medical and Applied Malacology 4: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1993">Woodruff &amp; Upatham 1993</bibRefCitation>
; World Health Organization 2005). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cobbold" authorityYear="1855" box="[641,852,1363,1389]" class="Trematoda" family="Fasciolidae" genus="Fasciola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gigantica">
<emphasis box="[641,852,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fasciola gigantica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a parasite of ungulates, including domestic stock, but may also infect people as do 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leiper" authorityYear="1911" box="[885,1052,1395,1421]" class="Trematoda" family="Echinostomatidae" genus="Echinostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="malayanum">
<emphasis box="[885,1052,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">E. malayanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1782" class="Trematoda" family="Echinostomatidae" genus="Hypoderaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="conoideum">H. conoideum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The normal hosts of these echinostomes are ducks and rats respectively. None of the schistosomes is able to produce patent infections in exposed people, but their cercariae cause a sometimes severe dermatitis. 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[783,978,1491,1517]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[783,978,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Radix rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been shown experimentally to be susceptible to the nematode 
<taxonomicName authority="Bhaibulaya &amp; Cross, 1971" authorityName="Bhaibulaya &amp; Cross" authorityYear="1971" class="Secernentea" family="Metastrongylidae" genus="Angiostrongylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strongylida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="malaysiensis">
<emphasis box="[810,1141,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Angiostrongylus malaysiensis</emphasis>
Bhaibulaya &amp; Cross, 1971
</taxonomicName>
which may also infect people (
<bibRefCitation author="DONDERO, T. J. &amp; LIM, B. L." box="[867,1130,1555,1582]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="38 - 40" refId="ref8109" refString="DONDERO, T. J. &amp; LIM, B. L. 1976. The freshwater snail Lymnaea rubiginosa as an experimental host of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis: a preliminary report. South-East Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 7: 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="1976">Dondero &amp; Lim 1976</bibRefCitation>
). The discovery of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[382,535,1587,1613]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis box="[382,535,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">R. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry box="[574,718,1587,1613]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">South Africa</collectingCountry>
is therefore of veterinary importance since 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cobbold" authorityYear="1855" box="[247,382,1619,1644]" class="Trematoda" family="Fasciolidae" genus="Fasciola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gigantica">
<emphasis box="[247,382,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">F. gigantica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
infection is a recognised problem in domestic stock in the country (
<bibRefCitation author="REINECKE, R. K." box="[189,360,1651,1677]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref9512" refString="REINECKE, R. K. 1983. Veterinary Helminthology. Pretoria, Butterworths." type="book" year="1983">Reinecke 1983</bibRefCitation>
). The only known snail host for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cobbold" authorityYear="1855" box="[708,839,1651,1676]" class="Trematoda" family="Fasciolidae" genus="Fasciola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gigantica">
<emphasis box="[708,839,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">F. gigantica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry box="[871,1011,1651,1677]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">South Africa</collectingCountry>
is 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krauss" authorityYear="1848" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis italics="true" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Lymnaea natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which occurs widely in both flowing and standing water bodies across the northern, eastern and southern parts of 
<collectingCountry box="[671,816,235,261]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="DE KOCK, K. N. &amp; WOLMARANS, C. T. &amp; STRAUSS, H. D. &amp; KILLIAN, M." box="[831,1069,235,261]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="49 - 53" refId="ref8007" refString="DE KOCK, K. N., WOLMARANS, C. T., STRAUSS, H. D. &amp; KILLIAN, M. 2001. Verspreiding en habitats van Lymnaea natalensis, tussengasheerslak van die lewerbot Fasciola gigantica, in Suid-Afrika. Suid Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 20: 49 - 53." type="journal article" year="2001">
De Kock 
<emphasis box="[943,1001,235,261]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
). If 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michelin" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Radix" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">R. rubiginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is susceptible to the South African strain of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cobbold" authorityYear="1855" box="[788,920,268,293]" class="Trematoda" family="Fasciolidae" genus="Fasciola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gigantica">
<emphasis box="[788,920,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">F. gigantica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it could exacerbate the transmission of fascioliasis in the lowlands of 
<collectingRegion box="[737,913,299,325]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
and possibly further north as well.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</heading>
</treatment>
</document>