194 lines
18 KiB
XML
194 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7928" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6d2d4622-b503-4ea4-8a38-98791f6b7c07" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127853468" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2367-5365-1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="2367-5365-1" ModsDocOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (1)" ModsDocTitle="Choreutidae of Madeira: review of the known species and description of the male of Anthophila threnodes (Walsingham, 1910) (Lepidoptera)" checkinTime="1418152055505" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Rota, Jadranka, Aguiar, Antonio M. F. & Karsholt, Ole" docDate="2014" docId="43526241EEF75062E6F5695FAF5A96C0" docLanguage="en" docName="NotaLepidopt 37(1): 91-103" docOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7928" docTitle="Anthophila threnodes Walsingham 1910" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="95" masterDocId="FFC1605228680902FFBC0C33FFD4FF8D" masterDocTitle="Choreutidae of Madeira: review of the known species and description of the male of Anthophila threnodes (Walsingham, 1910) (Lepidoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="103" masterPageNumber="91" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" updateTime="1643519968993" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Choreutidae of Madeira: review of the known species and description of the male of Anthophila threnodes (Walsingham, 1910) (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rota, Jadranka</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Aguiar, Antonio M. F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Karsholt, Ole</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Nota Lepidopterologica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>37</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>91</mods:start>
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<mods:end>103</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7928</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7928</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2367-5365-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127853468" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:43526241EEF75062E6F5695FAF5A96C0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/43526241EEF75062E6F5695FAF5A96C0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Choreutidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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<taxonomicName authority="Walsingham, 1910" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes (Walsingham, 1910)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 1, 2, 9-18
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1817" authorityName="Hübner" authorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Hemerophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemerophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Hemerophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
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Walsingham, 1910: 257.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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Holotype. 1♀, 'B.M. Genitalia Slide 20115 A.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Diak’">Diak'</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Type’">'Type'</normalizedToken>
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'Madeira, V. 1886, Leech, 62296' | 'Walsingham Collection 1910-427' | 'Hemerophila threnodes Wals., ♀, Ent. Monthly Mag. 46, p. 257 (1910). Type ♀ (1/1) descr. 62296' (BMNH). 1♂, 1♀, 'Madeira: 1858. Wollaston. BM 1858-21.' | 'Simaethis fabriciana L. teste Stn. Ann-Mag. N. H. (3. s) III. 210, no 4 (1859), Topotype Madeira.' |
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘V’">'V'</normalizedToken>
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[May] (BMNH); 1♂, Funchal, 20-31.iii.1995, leg. L. Sippola, genitalia slide Rota JR2013-05, DNA voucher for extraction An_th2 (ZMUC); 1♂, Cabo
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Girão">Girao</normalizedToken>
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, Cruz da Caldeira, 8.vii.1999, leg. A. M. F. Aguiar, genitalia slide Rota JR2013-04, DNA voucher for exraction An_th1 (AMFA); 1♀, Vereda da Entrosa, Arco de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Jorge, 225 m, 12.ii.2000, leg. A. M. F. Aguiar (AMFA); 3♂, 2♀, same data but la. 14.ii.2001,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urtica" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Urtica</taxonomicName>
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sp., leg. A. M. F. Aguiar & J. Jesus (AMFA, ICLAM); 2♂, 3♀, same data but 200 m, la. 29.xi.2001,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urtica" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Urtica</taxonomicName>
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sp., leg. A. M. F. Aguiar & O. Karsholt, genitalia slides Hendriksen 5240, Karsholt 5236 (AMFA, ZMUC); 2♀, same data but, 15.v.2003, leg. A. M. F. Aguiar & J. Jesus (AMFA); 1♀, AM 5089, Levada Grande, Boaventura, 285m, 4.iii.2000, larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urtica membranacea" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="membranacea">Urtica membranacea</taxonomicName>
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, leg. A. M. F. Aguiar (AMFA); 1♀, Monte, 20.iii.2002, leg. L. Sippola (SIP).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1817" authorityName="Hübner" authorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Hemerophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemerophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Hemerophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
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was originally described from one female collected in Madeira by J. H. Leech in May 1886. No exact locality was stated. Based on the material collected more recently, we provide a description of the male. We also illustrate female genitalia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
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is characterized by its dark, almost black wings and a scattering of light bluish scales on the thoracic dorsum and forewing upperside (Figs 1, 2). The forewings have a cream-white spot at two-thirds of costa and another such spot at four-fifths of the dorsum; fringes are black and cream-white beyond black fringe-line. Hindwings are uniform dark brown.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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Figures 1-4. Adults in dorsal and lateral view. 1-2.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
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; 3-4.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila fabriciana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabriciana">Anthophila fabriciana</taxonomicName>
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(scale bar = 2 mm).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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Figures 5-8. Adults in dorsal and lateral view. 5-6.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Choreutis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choreutis nemorana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemorana">Choreutis nemorana</taxonomicName>
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; 7-8.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Tebenna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tebenna micalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="micalis">Tebenna micalis</taxonomicName>
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(scale bar = 2 mm).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">Male genitalia (Fig. 9). Tegumen triangular with small uncus extending from its apex. Papillae anales present as elongate, somewhat elliptical patches with long hairs. Gnathos well developed as a long, somewhat curved, pointed hook. Vinculum ventrally rounded with a small, triangular saccus (obscured in Fig. 9a, but visible in slide JR2013-04, which is not illustrated). Valva broad, somewhat oval, with a pointed costal process and an unsclerotized triangular, rounded extension distally; distally and ventrally covered with hairs. Juxta as a hood-like plate (in Fig. 9b attached to phallus). Phallus shorter than valva, slightly sigmoidal, with a sharp spine at one-third from apex (Fig. 9c).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="93">
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Figures 9-10.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
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: male genitalia (9a), phallus (9b, c) (9a and 9b from slide Karsholt 5236, ZMUC; 9c from slide JR2013-04, ZMUC), female genitalia (10a), inset showing magnified corpus bursae (10b) (scale bar = 0.2 mm).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="94" start="start">Female</pageBreakToken>
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genitalia (Fig. 10). Apophysis posterioris slender, slightly broader at base; ca. 1.5 times as long as anterioris and much less thick. Apophysis anterioris greatly enlarged in the middle, tapering basally and even more so distally. Ostium on segment 7. Ductus bursae very gradually widening into corpus, with a slight twist of about one to two revolutions. Corpus bursae oval, small, with a signum as small patch of dentations (Fig. 10b).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="host plant">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Host plant.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urtica membranacea" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="membranacea">Urtica membranacea</taxonomicName>
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Poir. ex Savigny and probably other
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urtica" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Urtica</taxonomicName>
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spp. (
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<taxonomicName family="Urticaceae" genus="Urticaceae" lsidName="Urticaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Larvae have been found in March, May, and November, and adults have been collected in February, March, May, and July, indicating at least two broods. The adult flies during the day. It occurs in open landscapes at low altitudes.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="immature stages and biology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Immature stages and biology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">(Figs 11-18). Larva is off-white with dark brown spots (Figs 14, 15) and it spins a thin web on or around the young leaves on which it feeds (Figs 12, 13). The pupa is reddish brown (Fig. 16), and in addition to the single rows of dorsal spines on abdominal segments A2-7 (Figs 17, 18) it also has dorsal lacunae - small round holes in a row immediately posterior to the spines.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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Figures 11-16.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
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: 11. Adult on its host plant; 12-13. Larval webbing tying young leaves; 14-15. Larva; 16. Pupa and an empty pupal shell in the inset.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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Figures 17-18.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
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pupa (17) with the close-up of dorsal spines and lacunae (18).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="95">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="95" start="start">Anthophila</pageBreakToken>
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threnodes
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</taxonomicName>
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is characterized by its blackish wings, and should be relatively easy to differentiate from the other
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Lepidoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lepidoptera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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in Madeira. It resembles
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila fabriciana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabriciana">Anthophila fabriciana</taxonomicName>
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but the wings of that species are much lighter greyish brown. Male genitalia are very similar to those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila fabriciana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabriciana">Anthophila fabriciana</taxonomicName>
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, but they differ in having a much shorter spine on the phallus. Female genitalia are similar to those of other species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anthophila</taxonomicName>
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, but they differ in only having a hint of spiralization in the basal third of the ductus bursae, unlike those of e.g.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila fabriciana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabriciana">Anthophila fabriciana</taxonomicName>
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(L.),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila abhasica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abhasica">Anthophila abhasica</taxonomicName>
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Danilevsky, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila armata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armata">Anthophila armata</taxonomicName>
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Danilevsky, where the spiralization is apparent. We cannot find differences between the larvae of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila threnodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="threnodes">Anthophila threnodes</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Anthophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthophila fabriciana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabriciana">Anthophila fabriciana</taxonomicName>
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in their general appearance (the differentiation between the two would likely be possible based on the ultrastructure as seen with the scanning electron microscope, but this has not been done).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |